346:
1401:
496:
duchies outside the effective control of the exarch, whose authority no longer extended beyond the
Ravenna area. Fiscal and religious conflicts between the Papacy and Byzantium accelerated the disintegration of the exarchate. The armies, recruited from the local population, tended to take the pontiff's defense, and did not hesitate to turn on the exarch if he plotted against the Papacy. The Lombards took advantage of this to extend their conquests in an attempt to unify Italy under their domination. The exarchate fell in 751 with the Lombard conquest of Ravenna at the hands of the Lombard king
388:
374:
360:
163:
448:) resident in Ravenna. The term is used in historiography in a double sense: "exarchate" in the strict sense denotes the territory under the direct jurisdiction of the exarch, i.e. the area of the capital Ravenna, but the term is mainly used to designate all the Byzantine territories in continental and peninsular Italy. According to the legal sources of the time, these territories constituted the so-called
4876:
692:
36:
321:
1039:
administration. Meanwhile, the necessity for providing for the defence of the imperial territories against the
Lombards led to the formation of local militias, who at first were attached to the imperial regiments, but gradually became independent, as they were recruited entirely locally. These armed men formed the
1038:
throughout Europe. Step by step, and in spite of the efforts of the emperors at
Constantinople, the great imperial officials became local landowners, the lesser owners of land were increasingly kinsmen or at least associates of these officials, and new allegiances intruded on the sphere of imperial
1026:
and the Exarch in
Ravenna was a dynamic that could hurt or help the empire. The Papacy could be a vehicle for local discontent. The old Roman senatorial aristocracy resented being governed by an Exarch who was considered by many a meddlesome foreigner. Thus the exarch faced threats from outside as
495:
Starting from the second half of the 7th century, the autonomist tendencies of the local aristocracies and the ever-increasing temporal political role of the Church of Rome led to a progressive weakening of imperial authority in Italy. Byzantine Italy had now fragmented into a series of autonomous
1098:. The archbishoprics within the former exarchate, however, had developed traditions of local secular power and independence, which contributed to the fragmenting localization of powers. Three centuries later, that independence would fuel the rise of the independent communes.
820:
By the end of the 6th century the new order of powers had settled into a stable pattern. Ravenna, governed by its exarch, who held civil and military authority in addition to his ecclesiastical office, was confined to the city, its port and environs as far north as the
491:
dependent on the exarch of Italy, the military governor with full powers chosen by the emperor from among his generals or trusted officials to govern and defend the remaining territories italics. These districts gradually evolved into increasingly autonomous duchies.
475:. The necessities of war pushed military commanders to centralize powers, thus depriving the civil authorities which are no longer attested by sources starting from the second half of the 7th century. Thus the separation of civil and military powers introduced by
619:. In 540 Ravenna, capital of the Goths and seat of the prefecture, was reconquered and the Byzantines began to appoint their own prefects there. The long campaign ended only in 552-554 with the decisive expedition of the general
711:. The area had only a few years ago been completely pacified, and had suffered greatly during the long Gothic War. The local Byzantine forces were weak and, after taking several towns, in 569 the Lombards conquered
3045:
6041:
980:
belonged to the
Lombards, and bit by bit the Imperial representative in Italy lost all genuine power, though in name he controlled areas like Liguria (completely lost in 640 to the Lombards), or Naples and
766:
and the East meant that another imperial effort at reconquest was not possible. Because of the
Lombard incursions, the Roman possessions had fragmented into several isolated territories. In 580, Emperor
665:
Narses still remained in Italy with extraordinary powers and also reorganized the defensive, administrative and fiscal apparatus. Four military commands were allocated to defend the prefecture, one in
6056:
3755:
1700:
4915:
6051:
646:
were separated from the
Prefecture of Italy: the former did not become part of any prefecture, being governed by a praetor dependent on Constantinople, while the latter was aggregated to the
467:
The exarchate was established around 584, the year in which the presence of an exarch in
Ravenna is attested for the first time, as a consequence of the perpetual state of war with the
6036:
1011:, were almost all lost, either to the Lombards, who finally conquered Ravenna itself in 751, or by the revolt of the pope, who finally separated from the Empire on the issue of the
3988:
592:
and took possession of the city. The kingdom of
Odoacer, the first Roman-barbarian kingdom to exist in Italy, was short-lived: in 493 Odoacer was defeated by the king of the
2968:
1693:
4908:
4864:
3218:
3119:
654:
by the
Pragmatic Sanction as if to demonstrate a loss of importance, was reduced to only continental and peninsular Italy (Sardinia and Corsica, conquered by the
471:(who in the meantime had stolen approximately two thirds of the Byzantines of continental and peninsular Italy), which necessarily entailed the militarization of
4552:
3129:
3062:
6081:
6076:
6071:
3077:
3072:
1686:
920:("masters of the soldiers") more or less subject to his authority. From the perspective of Constantinople, the Exarchate consisted of the province of Italy.
4901:
4153:
3139:
3114:
615:
launched an impressive series of campaigns for the reconquest of the West and in particular Italy. On the peninsula the emperor began the long and bloody
4504:
4487:
3144:
3124:
4203:
4049:
4021:
3665:
3657:
3134:
3067:
4399:
3760:
4248:
2051:
4728:
4253:
1066:
4652:
3412:
3405:
2961:
1567:
1548:
53:
1069:, made the position of the exarch more and more untenable. Ravenna remained the seat of the exarch until the revolt of 727 over iconoclasm.
4263:
3551:
2353:
2071:
4404:
2866:
2609:
2557:
908:, was under the exarch's direct administration and formed the Exarchate in the strictest sense. Surrounding territories were governed by
3395:
5421:
4733:
4146:
2748:
2419:
1110:
647:
5570:
4834:
3400:
2860:
2468:
1637:
1614:
1502:
1471:
1417:
119:
876:
The civil and military head of these imperial possessions, the exarch himself, was the representative at Ravenna of the emperor in
100:
1101:
The southern portions of the exarchate including the imperial possessions at Naples, Calabria, and Apulia were reorganized as the
3897:
2954:
1709:
1065:
emperors and medieval developments in Latin theology and culminating in the acrimonious rivalry between the Pope of Rome and the
72:
2878:
5995:
5246:
4869:
4691:
3223:
2991:
659:
2854:
2702:
1860:
873:, etc.) that were mainly the coastal cities in the Italian peninsula since the Lombards held the advantage in the hinterland.
6091:
5314:
5238:
5227:
4839:
4829:
4701:
4622:
4308:
3880:
3824:
3745:
3612:
2758:
1090:, King of the Franks, then donated the conquered lands back to the Papacy; this donation, which was confirmed by Pepin's son
538:
509:
326:
57:
4440:
79:
4979:
established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the
6046:
5381:
5015:
4696:
4686:
4601:
4356:
4141:
2743:
2677:
2476:
2208:
2131:
1982:
1030:
In its internal history, the exarchate was subject to the splintering influences that were leading to the subdivision of
5818:
4924:
4770:
4738:
4642:
4351:
4323:
4131:
3670:
6086:
5301:
4494:
4136:
3983:
3740:
3491:
2872:
2824:
2515:
2002:
86:
6096:
4814:
4760:
4499:
4371:
4361:
4061:
3941:
3819:
3750:
3638:
3607:
3450:
3390:
2818:
2812:
2763:
2753:
2183:
2168:
2031:
1577:
4893:
46:
5498:
5440:
5251:
4674:
4198:
4054:
3839:
3730:
3617:
2930:
2213:
1117:
643:
68:
616:
5838:
5823:
5647:
5376:
5323:
5319:
5281:
5213:
5034:
3973:
3725:
3212:
2836:
2188:
2041:
1977:
1455:
1095:
788:
3091:
6066:
5642:
5589:
5526:
5366:
5356:
5185:
5155:
4879:
4303:
4029:
3849:
3735:
2924:
2599:
2491:
2453:
1948:
1878:
1406:
1077:
997:
885:
866:
834:
604:
established by Theodoric continued to maintain, as previously, the Roman provincial and state organisation.
353:
5848:
5291:
5175:
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4394:
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3167:
2830:
2778:
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2604:
2547:
2218:
1664:
1236:
1082:
was conquered by King Aistulf of the Lombards. Four years later, after the Franks drove the Lombards out,
5863:
5632:
5445:
5371:
4964:
4522:
4376:
3566:
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1740:
1723:
1670:
1510:
Hallenbeck, Jan T. (1982). "Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century".
1356:
480:
4113:
2620:
747:. However, after Alboin's murder in 573, the Lombards fragmented into several autonomous duchies (the "
638:), the Prefecture of Italy returned, although not yet completely pacified, to Roman dominion. However,
5286:
6001:
5518:
5170:
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4765:
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1828:
1772:
1459:
1224:
1212:
1194:
1179:
724:
531:
6007:
5962:
5780:
5770:
5432:
5261:
5208:
5203:
4976:
3675:
3591:
3581:
3445:
3208:
3196:
3083:
2918:
2649:
2552:
2535:
2525:
2380:
2303:
2126:
2121:
2056:
1956:
1866:
1647:
1497:. Research & Source Works Series Byzantine Series No. 39 (in French). New York: Burt Franklin.
1161:
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5150:
4947:
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4171:
4088:
3951:
3303:
3283:
3263:
3253:
3019:
2842:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2707:
2672:
2667:
2625:
2589:
2448:
2343:
2265:
2238:
2178:
2081:
2066:
1904:
1884:
1527:
1260:
1242:
1188:
1070:
905:
804:
744:
589:
550:
527:
339:
225:
5985:
5692:
5682:
5677:
5581:
5551:
5348:
5198:
5089:
5079:
5054:
5049:
4809:
4714:
4647:
4627:
4595:
4527:
4514:
4435:
4430:
4181:
3946:
3796:
3315:
3268:
3258:
3248:
2687:
2682:
2615:
2574:
2568:
2409:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2116:
2096:
2046:
2036:
2017:
1633:
1610:
1563:
1544:
1498:
1467:
1429:
1206:
958:; they controlled the interior, while Byzantine governors more or less controlled the coasts.
854:
748:
162:
1602:
6061:
5921:
5916:
5873:
5828:
5735:
5480:
5470:
5460:
5408:
5145:
5137:
4679:
4472:
4420:
4366:
4333:
4283:
4076:
4066:
3844:
3532:
3424:
3347:
3330:
3308:
3293:
3278:
3192:
2977:
2904:
2486:
2481:
2404:
2338:
2333:
2203:
2173:
2141:
1997:
1942:
1921:
1899:
1519:
1218:
1155:
969:
951:
915:
862:
762:, to Italy. However, he was defeated and killed in battle, and the continuing crises in the
740:
429:
168:
149:
5901:
5891:
5798:
5750:
5705:
5624:
5546:
5531:
5450:
5193:
5097:
5069:
5044:
5026:
4824:
4657:
4637:
4632:
4587:
4577:
4537:
4532:
4477:
4258:
3864:
3781:
3776:
3516:
3506:
3342:
3336:
3320:
3298:
3288:
3273:
2427:
2395:
2390:
2370:
2233:
2193:
2163:
2146:
2106:
2091:
2076:
2007:
1992:
1909:
1889:
1762:
1659:
1589:
1369:
1173:
1143:
1113:
1087:
1083:
985:(being overrun by the Lombard duchy of Benevento). In Rome, the pope was the real master.
870:
858:
850:
758:
tried to take advantage of the Lombardian fragmentation in 576 by sending his son-in-law,
719:
after a three-year siege in 572 and made it their capital. In subsequent years, they took
472:
212:
2285:
1437:
880:. The surrounding territory reached from the River Po, which served as the boundary with
1351:
Hallenbeck. "Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century".
5911:
5906:
5896:
5843:
5788:
5599:
5493:
5465:
5455:
5333:
5122:
5117:
5074:
5064:
4662:
4542:
4275:
4034:
3928:
3914:
3713:
3576:
3417:
3172:
2910:
2806:
2800:
2400:
2375:
2248:
2243:
2228:
2223:
2158:
2153:
2136:
2101:
1894:
1872:
1816:
1755:
1626:
1584:. Italy and Her Invaders, Vol. 5, Book VI (Replica ed.). Boston: Elibron Classics.
1230:
1200:
877:
808:
736:
708:
627:
417:
409:
1603:"The Orient Express: Abbot John's Rapid trip from Constantinople to Ravenna c. AD 700"
6030:
5793:
5745:
5710:
5700:
5609:
5309:
5112:
5107:
5059:
5039:
4968:
4952:
4582:
4459:
4425:
4163:
4098:
4071:
3956:
3571:
3511:
2594:
2432:
1936:
1810:
1782:
1490:
1254:
846:
732:
635:
483:
disappeared. Byzantine Italy was divided into various military districts governed by
1086:
claimed the territory. The Pope's ally in the military action against the Lombards,
5991:
5808:
5803:
5755:
5541:
5508:
5503:
5328:
5102:
4980:
4343:
4318:
4298:
4103:
4081:
3936:
3184:
3179:
3013:
2884:
1967:
1822:
1802:
1678:
1248:
1137:
Note: For some exarchs there exists some uncertainty over their exact tenure dates.
1045:, who were the forerunners of the free armed burghers of the Italian cities of the
837:
on the Adriatic, also under a duke nominally representing the Emperor of the East.
807:
was at some point created out of part of the exarchy's territory. The title of the
676:
561:, which he besieged the following year. Honorius, no longer feeling safe, moved to
519:
515:
367:
1543:. Research & Source Works Series No. 86 (in German). New York: Burt Franklin.
923:
The Exarchate of Ravenna was not the sole Byzantine province in Italy. Byzantine
650:. Consequently, at the end of the conflict, the prefecture of Italy, also called
6014:
5886:
5853:
5765:
5720:
5594:
5536:
4844:
4819:
4313:
4123:
3890:
3496:
3481:
2520:
2385:
1541:
Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Verwaltung in Italien (540-750)
1124:
of Calabria and Langobardia. Istria at the head of the Adriatic was attached to
1091:
1061:, as well as the split between Eastern and Western Christendom inspired both by
1046:
1031:
1008:
768:
691:
680:
612:
608:
542:
453:
437:
433:
381:
35:
4987:
and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
17:
5881:
5725:
5127:
4956:
4118:
3978:
3968:
3801:
3791:
3501:
1396:
1062:
1012:
593:
585:
476:
1483:
L'Italia bizantina nella 'Descriptio orbis romani' di Giorgio Ciprio, Memorie
1433:
1057:
During the 6th and 7th centuries, the growing menace of the Lombards and the
950:. The Lombard wedge in Italy spread to the south, and established duchies at
5667:
5556:
5165:
5160:
4667:
4547:
4039:
3907:
3854:
3786:
1787:
1167:
1149:
1035:
955:
830:
759:
755:
2946:
1495:Études sur l'Administration Byzantine dans l'Exarchat de Ravenne (568-751)
5760:
5730:
5652:
5361:
5276:
4984:
4193:
4093:
4044:
3902:
3834:
3622:
2505:
1987:
1792:
1735:
1125:
1007:
These fragments of the province of Italy, as it was when reconquered for
982:
977:
965:
961:
947:
932:
901:
897:
822:
784:
780:
700:
588:
mercenaries (i.e. the Germanic component of the imperial troops), ousted
554:
546:
523:
468:
255:
1120:
the remnants were placed into newly established military/administrative
452:, on the basis of the fact that they too, until at least the end of the
5957:
5813:
5672:
5614:
5271:
5266:
5256:
4559:
4445:
4386:
3885:
3859:
3537:
1767:
1728:
1531:
1094:
in 774, marked the beginning of the temporal power of the popes as the
1001:
993:
973:
928:
893:
763:
720:
655:
569:
562:
497:
179:
5967:
4482:
4188:
3963:
3829:
2275:
1058:
989:
924:
889:
881:
826:
704:
675:, one in the region of Lake Maggiore and Como and finally one in the
672:
658:
in the century, after Justinian's reconquest they became part of the
639:
620:
573:
441:
193:
145:
1523:
6013: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by
1027:
well as from within, hampering much real progress and development.
5662:
5657:
5637:
2253:
1777:
1750:
1049:. Other cities of the exarchate were organized on the same model.
943:
728:
716:
712:
690:
581:
577:
558:
5377:
Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)
1073:, the last exarch of Ravenna, was killed by the Lombards in 751.
568:
In 476 Ravenna fell due to a military coup d'état by the general
456:, fell under the jurisdiction of the exarch and were governed by
4467:
1745:
1632:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1628:
The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825
1418:"Duces e magistri militum nell'Italia esarcale (VI-VIII secolo)"
1106:
1023:
1019:
796:
5946:
5406:
5000:
4936:
4897:
4793:
4224:
4009:
3701:
3368:
2989:
2950:
1682:
1076:
In 752, the northeastern portion of the Exarchate known as the
909:
29:
565:
and established the new capital of the Western Empire there.
904:. All this territory, which lay on the eastern flank of the
4971:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of
1313:. Italy and Her Invaders, Vol. 5, Book VI. pp. 71–73.
996:, Ravenna (the exarchate in the limited sense), with the
900:
coast, and reached even cities not on the coast, such as
534:. The Roman Empire would never return to a single ruler.
6042:
States and territories disestablished in the 8th century
1464:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: II. c. 700 - c. 900
695:
The Byzantines (orange) and the Lombards (cyan) in 590.
6057:
8th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire
1562:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
892:
in the south, the border of the "five cities" in the
845:
The exarchate was organised into a group of duchies (
1605:. In Brown, Amelia Robertson; Neil, Bronwen (eds.).
1116:
in 847 but recovered in 871. Later after Sicily was
817:, marking it as a province of the Byzantine Empire.
5872:
5779:
5691:
5623:
5580:
5569:
5517:
5479:
5431:
5420:
5347:
5300:
5237:
5226:
5184:
5136:
5088:
5025:
5014:
4710:
4610:
4568:
4513:
4458:
4413:
4385:
4342:
4274:
4235:
4162:
4020:
3927:
3873:
3812:
3769:
3712:
3656:
3631:
3600:
3559:
3550:
3525:
3469:
3433:
3379:
3237:
3153:
3100:
3031:
3002:
2894:
2791:
2721:
2660:
2643:
2567:
2504:
2467:
2441:
2418:
2363:
2352:
2294:
2264:
2016:
1966:
1920:
1851:
1838:
1801:
1716:
276:
266:
252:
240:
219:
206:
192:
185:
175:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6052:6th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire
1625:
1512:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
829:, nominally in imperial service) and south to the
935:, while they remained Byzantine, belonged to the
1109:. These territories were ultimately lost to the
440:, the territories under the jurisdiction of the
707:, together with other Germanic allies, invaded
27:Eastern Roman administrative division (584–751)
6037:States and territories established in the 580s
3337:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
1560:Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe
5994:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate
4909:
2962:
1694:
1458:(1991). "Byzantine Italy c. 680 - c.876". In
8:
2097:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
988:At the end, 740, the Exarchate consisted of
600:, who became the new lord of Italy. The new
6017:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536
1040:
913:
812:
626:On 13 August 554, with the promulgation in
541:suffered the invasion of barbarians in the
167:Map of the Exarchate of Ravenna within the
5943:
5577:
5428:
5417:
5403:
5234:
5022:
5011:
4997:
4933:
4916:
4902:
4894:
4790:
4241:
4232:
4221:
4017:
4006:
3718:
3709:
3698:
3556:
3383:
3376:
3365:
2999:
2986:
2969:
2955:
2947:
2891:
2657:
2360:
1848:
1701:
1687:
1679:
1667:(Paul the Deacon's History of the Lombards
161:
131:
4951:. Provincial administration reformed and
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4925:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces
1485:(in Italian). La Spezia: G-Capellini XL.
739:, where they established the duchies of
632:pragmatica sanctio pro petitione Vigilii
428:, was an administrative district of the
2052:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
1416:Borri, Francesco (July–December 2005).
1281:
1274:
946:and controlled the great valley of the
687:Lombard invasion and Byzantine reaction
634:(pragmatic sanction on the requests of
184:
174:
1365:
1354:
779:in northeastern Italy around Ravenna,
1382:
1338:
1294:Paul the Deacon. "Book 2:ch. 26-27".
293:
289:
275:
265:
251:
247:
218:
205:
201:
191:
7:
825:(bordering territory of the duke of
771:reorganized them into five province
723:. Other military initiatives led by
58:adding citations to reliable sources
6082:8th century in the Byzantine Empire
6077:7th century in the Byzantine Empire
6072:6th century in the Byzantine Empire
1422:Estratto da Reti Medievali Rivista
942:The Lombards had their capital at
927:formed a separate government, and
545:: the first to cross the Alps was
25:
4835:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
2861:United Provinces of Central Italy
572:who, at the head of a militia of
557:in 401 and from there headed for
5357:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)
4983:in c. 640–660, although in
4874:
1710:List of historic states of Italy
1607:Byzantine Culture in Translation
1399:
386:
372:
358:
344:
319:
34:
4967:established after the death of
3224:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
3046:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
2843:Provisional Government of Milan
1539:Hartmann, Ludo M. (June 1971).
1428:(2). Firenze University Press.
1185:Gregory the patrician (619–625)
660:Praetorian prefecture of Africa
268:• Foundation of Exarchate
45:needs additional citations for
5315:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium
5239:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy
4309:Great Palace of Constantinople
4050:Patriarchate of Constantinople
2042:City of Fiume and its District
1466:. Cambridge University Press.
510:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
327:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
1:
5382:Tripolitania (Roman province)
4960:
2477:County of Apulia and Calabria
1983:Campagna e Marittima Province
1673:. University of Pennsylvania.
1018:The relationship between the
518:bequeathed the throne of the
4771:University of Constantinople
4352:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
3502:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
3191:Byzantine successor states (
1654:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1624:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984).
1582:553-600 The Lombard Invasion
5990: Re-established after
5302:Diocese of Annonarian Italy
4441:Saint Catherine's Monastery
3497:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
3492:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
2879:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2873:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2825:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
2003:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1067:Patriarch of Constantinople
968:, the interior mainland of
6113:
4830:Neo-Byzantine architecture
3451:Comes sacrarum largitionum
2819:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2813:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
2214:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
2184:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2169:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1042:exercitus romanae militiae
617:war against the Ostrogoths
507:
278:• Death of Eutychius
5980:
5963:Quaestura exercitus (536)
5953:
5942:
5416:
5402:
5010:
4996:
4943:
4932:
4857:
4800:
4789:
4400:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
4244:
4231:
4220:
4016:
4005:
3721:
3708:
3697:
3386:
3375:
3364:
2998:
2985:
2931:Free Territory of Trieste
2449:Principality of Benevento
1609:. Brill. pp. 55–72.
1034:and the establishment of
814:dux Veneciarum provinciae
803:). What would become the
607:Around the middle of the
526:was Emperor of the East;
421:
298:
294:
290:
286:
248:
236:
232:
202:
160:
155:
144:
5839:Palaestina III Salutaris
5035:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae
3974:Droungarios of the Fleet
2837:Italian United Provinces
2189:Principality of Piombino
1978:Patrimony of Saint Peter
1096:Patrimony of Saint Peter
432:comprising, between the
6006: Placed under the
5367:Mauretania Caesariensis
5186:Diocese of the Britains
4488:Early Byzantine mosaics
3850:Domestic of the Schools
2925:Italian Social Republic
2600:Principality of Taranto
2492:Principality of Taranto
2454:Principality of Salerno
2209:Bishopric of Tarantasia
2032:Bishopric of Bressanone
1949:Duchy of the Pentapolis
1669:. trans. from Latin by
1558:Herrin, Judith (2020).
1534:. (ISBN) 0-87169-724-6.
1407:Byzantine Empire portal
835:Duchy of the Pentapolis
833:, beyond which lay the
648:Prefecture of Illyricum
354:Kingdom of the Lombards
5849:Phoenice II Libanensis
5552:Macedonia II Salutaris
4965:praetorian prefectures
4927:(4th–7th centuries AD)
4805:Byzantine commonwealth
3567:Praetorian prefectures
3487:Logothetes tou genikou
3461:Quaestor sacri palatii
3456:Comes rerum privatarum
3229:Fall of Constantinople
3168:Sack of Constantinople
2831:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2605:Terra Sancti Benedicti
2509:(from the 9th century)
2219:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1665:Historia Langobardorum
1662:. "Book 2:ch. 26-27".
1364:Cite journal requires
1296:Historia Langobardorum
1041:
914:
813:
696:
422:Εξαρχάτον τής Ραβέννας
413:
139:Εξαρχάτον της Ραβέννας
69:"Exarchate of Ravenna"
6092:751 disestablishments
5571:Praetorian prefecture
5446:Noricum mediterraneum
5422:Praetorian prefecture
5372:Mauretania Sitifensis
5267:Picenum Suburbicarium
5228:Praetorian prefecture
5016:Praetorian prefecture
4963: 293. Permanent
4505:Komnenian renaissance
4500:Macedonian period art
4405:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
4377:Walls of Thessaloniki
3477:Logothetes tou dromou
3092:Twenty Years' Anarchy
3056:Valentinianic dynasty
3051:Constantinian dynasty
2849:Republic of San Marco
2631:Crown Colony of Malta
2459:Principality of Capua
2199:Marquisate of Saluzzo
2062:County of Santa Fiora
1724:Etruscan civilization
1671:William Dudley Foulke
1601:Moffatt, Ann (2017).
1481:Conti, P. M. (1975).
884:in the north, to the
694:
551:king of the Visigoths
532:Western Roman Emperor
424:), also known as the
414:Exarchatus Ravennatis
137:Exarchatus Ravennatis
6047:Exarchate of Ravenna
6002:Diocese of Illyricum
5996:Prefecture of Africa
5751:Galatia II Salutaris
5519:Diocese of Macedonia
5409:Eastern Roman Empire
5171:Mauretania Tingitana
5003:Western Roman Empire
4702:Units of measurement
4436:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
4329:Pammakaristos Church
4177:Corpus Juris Civilis
4128:Missionary activity
3587:Exarchate of Ravenna
3413:Imperial bureaucracy
2645:French Revolutionary
2585:State of the Presidi
2309:Republic of Florence
2281:Domini di Terraferma
1931:Exarchate of Ravenna
1829:Western Roman Empire
1773:Nuragic civilization
1648:Norwich, John Julius
1460:Rosamond McKitterick
1311:The Lombard Invasion
1213:Theodore I Calliopas
1195:Theodore I Calliopas
1053:End of the Exarchate
1013:iconoclastic reforms
976:and the interior of
811:included the phrase
406:Exarchate of Ravenna
135:Exarchate of Ravenna
54:improve this article
6008:Quaestura exercitus
5781:Diocese of the East
5771:Pontus Polemoniacus
5433:Diocese of Pannonia
5262:Lucania et Bruttium
5209:Maxima Caesariensis
5204:Flavia Caesariensis
4226:Culture and society
4089:Ecumenical councils
3592:Exarchate of Africa
3582:Quaestura exercitus
3446:Magister officiorum
3441:Praetorian prefects
3084:Byzantine Dark Ages
2919:Free State of Fiume
2867:Kingdom of Sardinia
2610:Neapolitan Republic
2558:Kingdom of Sardinia
2553:Republic of Sassari
2381:Catepanate of Italy
2304:Republic of Cospaia
2127:Duchy of Montferrat
2122:March of Montferrat
2057:County of Guastalla
1957:Exarchate of Africa
1652:A History of Venice
1103:Catepanate of Italy
937:Exarchate of Africa
795:around the city of
602:Ostrogothic Kingdom
539:Prefecture of Italy
6087:584 establishments
5859:Syria II Salutaris
5716:Armenian Satrapies
5489:Dacia Mediterranea
5411:(395–c. 640)
5339:Venetia et Histria
5247:Apulia et Calabria
4948:Notitia Dignitatum
4643:Flags and insignia
4289:Baths of Zeuxippus
4172:Codex Theodosianus
4062:Oriental Orthodoxy
3020:Later Roman Empire
2749:Lucca and Piombino
2626:Malta Protectorate
2590:Duke of San Donato
2344:Republic of Ancona
2266:Republic of Venice
2179:Duchy of Mirandola
2067:Duchy of Guastalla
1905:Duchy of Tridentum
1885:Duchy of Benevento
1852:Barbarian kingdoms
1243:John III Rizocopus
1132:Exarchs of Ravenna
1118:conquered by Arabs
1079:Ducatus Pentapolis
805:Republic of Venice
731:, penetrated into
697:
630:by Justinian of a
590:Romulus Augustulus
426:Exarchate of Italy
340:Republic of Venice
258:invasion of Italy
6097:History of Istria
6024:
6023:
5986:Septem Provinciae
5976:
5975:
5948:Other territories
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5721:Armenia III (536)
5693:Diocese of Pontus
5683:Phrygia Salutaris
5678:Phrygia Pacatiana
5582:Diocese of Thrace
5565:
5564:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5349:Diocese of Africa
5222:
5221:
5090:Diocese of Vienne
5080:Maxima Sequanorum
4992:
4991:
4891:
4890:
4853:
4852:
4810:Byzantine studies
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4596:Alexander Romance
4454:
4453:
4431:Nea Moni of Chios
4294:Blachernae Palace
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4182:Code of Justinian
4030:Eastern Orthodoxy
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3923:
3922:
3797:Scholae Palatinae
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3658:Foreign relations
3652:
3651:
3546:
3545:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3159:(1204–1453)
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2787:
2786:
2754:Massa and Carrara
2639:
2638:
2616:Hospitaller Malta
2575:Kingdom of Naples
2569:Kingdom of Sicily
2500:
2499:
2410:Duchy of Sorrento
2329:Republic of Genoa
2324:Republic of Siena
2319:Republic of Massa
2314:Republic of Lucca
2047:County of Gorizia
2037:Corsican Republic
2018:Holy Roman Empire
1569:978-0-691-20422-2
1550:978-0-8337-1584-5
1324:John of Biclaro.
1105:headquartered in
749:Rule of the Dukes
652:Provincia Italiae
522:to his two sons:
450:Provincia Italiae
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
332:
331:
244:Early Middle Ages
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6104:
6000: Later the
5984: Later the
5944:
5922:Thebais Inferior
5917:Thebais Superior
5874:Diocese of Egypt
5864:Theodorias (528)
5726:Armenia IV (536)
5578:
5481:Diocese of Dacia
5471:Valeria ripensis
5429:
5418:
5404:
5287:Tuscia et Umbria
5235:
5138:Diocese of Spain
5023:
5012:
4998:
4962:
4945:As found in the
4934:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4895:
4878:
4791:
4734:Imperial Library
4680:Byzantine Greeks
4421:Daphni Monastery
4372:Panagia Chalkeon
4367:Hagios Demetrios
4334:Prison of Anemas
4284:Basilica Cistern
4242:
4233:
4222:
4077:West Syriac Rite
4067:Alexandrian Rite
4018:
4011:Religion and law
4007:
3942:Maritime themata
3898:Palaiologan army
3751:Military manuals
3719:
3710:
3699:
3557:
3533:Megas logothetes
3384:
3377:
3366:
3239:By modern region
3160:
3107:
3106:(717–1204)
3038:
3000:
2987:
2978:Byzantine Empire
2971:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2905:Kingdom of Italy
2892:
2658:
2487:County of Sicily
2482:County of Aversa
2405:Byzantine Sicily
2391:Theme of Lucania
2361:
2339:Republic of Pisa
2334:Republic of Noli
2204:Duchy of Spoleto
2174:Duchy of Merania
2072:Kingdom of Italy
1998:Duchy of Ferrara
1943:Duchy of Perugia
1922:Byzantine Empire
1900:Duchy of Spoleto
1867:Ostrogothic rule
1849:
1717:Pre-Roman period
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1620:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1554:
1535:
1506:
1486:
1477:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1436:. Archived from
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1263:(726–727 to 751)
1257:(723 to 726–727)
1044:
919:
916:magistri militum
816:
553:. He arrived in
489:magistri militum
462:magistri militum
446:exarchus Italiae
430:Byzantine Empire
423:
390:
389:
376:
375:
362:
361:
348:
347:
336:
335:
323:
322:
316:
315:
300:
299:
169:Byzantine Empire
165:
150:Byzantine Empire
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6020:
5972:
5949:
5926:
5902:Augustamnica II
5868:
5775:
5687:
5625:Diocese of Asia
5619:
5572:
5561:
5547:Macedonia Prima
5513:
5475:
5451:Noricum ripense
5423:
5412:
5386:
5343:
5296:
5229:
5218:
5180:
5132:
5098:Alpes Maritimae
5084:
5070:Lugdunensis III
5027:Diocese of Gaul
5017:
5006:
5005:(395–476)
4988:
4955:established by
4939:
4928:
4922:
4892:
4887:
4884:
4849:
4825:Cyrillic script
4796:
4777:
4722:
4706:
4606:
4588:Digenes Akritas
4564:
4509:
4450:
4414:Other locations
4409:
4381:
4338:
4270:
4259:Cross-in-square
4227:
4208:
4158:
4012:
3993:
3919:
3869:
3865:Varangian Guard
3808:
3782:East Roman army
3777:Late Roman army
3765:
3704:
3685:
3648:
3627:
3596:
3542:
3521:
3517:Epi ton deeseon
3507:Epi tou eidikou
3465:
3429:
3371:
3352:
3339:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3219:Palaiologan era
3161:
3158:
3149:
3120:Nikephorian era
3108:
3105:
3096:
3039:
3037:(330–717)
3036:
3027:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2975:
2945:
2936:
2890:
2793:
2792:Post-Napoleonic
2783:
2717:
2653:
2647:
2635:
2577:
2573:
2572:(1130–1816) and
2571:
2563:
2508:
2496:
2463:
2437:
2428:Emirate of Bari
2414:
2401:Theme of Sicily
2396:Duchy of Naples
2371:Duchy of Amalfi
2356:
2348:
2296:
2295:Other Republics
2290:
2268:
2260:
2254:County of Tenda
2234:County of Savoy
2194:Duchy of Reggio
2164:Duchy of Mantua
2092:March of Friuli
2024:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2008:Duchy of Urbino
1993:Duchy of Castro
1970:
1962:
1916:
1910:Duchy of Tuscia
1890:Duchy of Friuli
1853:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1813:(753 BC–509 BC)
1797:
1712:
1707:
1677:
1660:Paul the Deacon
1658:
1646:
1640:
1623:
1617:
1600:
1590:John of Biclaro
1588:
1578:Hodgkin, Thomas
1576:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1538:
1524:10.2307/1006429
1509:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1454:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1415:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1134:
1088:Pepin the Short
1084:Pope Stephen II
1055:
843:
831:Marecchia River
689:
512:
506:
473:Byzantine Italy
387:
373:
359:
345:
320:
279:
269:
259:
222:
221:• 726–751
209:
208:• 584–585
166:
140:
138:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Exarch of Italy
15:
12:
11:
5:
6110:
6108:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6067:Italian states
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5998:
5988:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5912:Libya Inferior
5909:
5907:Libya Superior
5904:
5899:
5897:Augustamnica I
5894:
5889:
5884:
5878:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5697:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5653:Lycaonia (370)
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5584:
5575:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5494:Dacia Ripensis
5491:
5485:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5426:
5414:
5413:
5407:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5156:Carthaginensis
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5123:Novempopulania
5120:
5118:Narbonensis II
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5075:Lugdunensis IV
5072:
5067:
5065:Lugdunensis II
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5020:
5008:
5007:
5001:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:Byzantine Bath
4354:
4348:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4276:Constantinople
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Byzantine Rite
4026:
4024:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3915:Grand domestic
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3881:Komnenian army
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3756:Military units
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3726:Battle tactics
3722:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3418:Medieval Greek
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3173:Fourth Crusade
3164:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3130:Macedonian era
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Theodosian era
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:Italian Empire
2901:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2855:Roman Republic
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2807:Duchy of Lucca
2804:
2801:Duchy of Genoa
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2655:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:Duchy of Gaeta
2373:
2367:
2365:
2358:
2354:Southern Italy
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2297:(c. 1000–1797)
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2249:County of Nice
2246:
2244:Duchy of Aosta
2241:
2236:
2231:
2224:Savoyard state
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Duchy of Milan
2156:
2154:Duchy of Ivrea
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Duchy of Ivrea
1892:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1861:Odoacer's rule
1857:
1855:
1846:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1825:(27 BC–395 AD)
1820:
1819:(509 BC–27 BC)
1817:Roman Republic
1814:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1756:Cisalpine Gaul
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1656:
1644:
1638:
1621:
1615:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1568:
1555:
1549:
1536:
1507:
1491:Diehl, Charles
1487:
1478:
1472:
1452:
1424:(in Italian).
1412:
1411:
1410:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1366:|journal=
1343:
1331:
1316:
1301:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1231:John II Platyn
1228:
1222:
1216:
1215:(653 – c. 666)
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1054:
1051:
878:Constantinople
842:
839:
809:Doge of Venice
737:Southern Italy
709:Northern Italy
688:
685:
628:Constantinople
508:Main article:
505:
502:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
384:
378:
377:
370:
364:
363:
356:
350:
349:
342:
333:
330:
329:
324:
312:
311:
306:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:Historical era
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
223:
220:
217:
216:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
190:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
158:
157:
153:
152:
142:
141:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6109:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5945:
5941:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5834:Palaestina II
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5741:Cappadocia II
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:Armenia Maior
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5568:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:Alpes Cottiae
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5176:Tarraconensis
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:Narbonensis I
5111:
5109:
5108:Aquitanica II
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:Lugdunensis I
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4969:Constantine I
4966:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4792:
4788:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:Encyclopedias
4727:
4726:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:Hellenization
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:Everyday life
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:Acritic songs
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
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4506:
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4461:
4457:
4447:
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4439:
4437:
4434:
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4429:
4427:
4426:Hosios Loukas
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
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4378:
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4360:
4358:
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4341:
4335:
4332:
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4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
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4312:
4310:
4307:
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4300:
4297:
4295:
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4265:
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4260:
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4230:
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4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:Monophysitism
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:Armenian Rite
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
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4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4004:
3990:
3989:Naval battles
3987:
3985:
3982:
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3975:
3972:
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3524:
3518:
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3513:
3512:Protasekretis
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
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3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
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3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
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3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Komnenian era
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:Heraclian era
3076:
3074:
3073:Justinian era
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
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3035:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
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2979:
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2663:
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2642:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Duchy of Sora
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2554:
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2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
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2519:
2518:
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2507:
2503:
2493:
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2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2433:Muslim Sicily
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
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2387:
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2359:
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2327:
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2299:
2293:
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2263:
2255:
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2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
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2227:
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2222:
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2200:
2197:
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2185:
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2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
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2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
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2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
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2100:
2098:
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2055:
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2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:Duchy of Rome
1935:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
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1827:
1824:
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1815:
1812:
1811:Roman Kingdom
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Magna Graecia
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
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1769:
1766:
1764:
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1757:
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1727:
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1699:
1697:
1692:
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1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1639:0-8122-1239-8
1635:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1616:9789004349070
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
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1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
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1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1503:0-8337-0854-4
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1473:0-521-36292-X
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1443:on 2008-05-18
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1397:
1392:
1385:, p. 71.
1384:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1358:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1284:, p. 55.
1283:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:Theophylactus
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
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1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
918:
917:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
818:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
693:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:Pope Vigilius
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
511:
503:
501:
499:
493:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:8th centuries
435:
431:
427:
419:
415:
411:
407:
385:
383:
380:
379:
371:
369:
366:
365:
357:
355:
352:
351:
343:
341:
338:
337:
334:
328:
325:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
297:
285:
281:
271:
261:
257:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
214:
211:
197:
195:
188:
181:
178:
170:
164:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2021
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5968:Spania (552)
5829:Palaestina I
5809:Euphratensis
5756:Helenopontus
5736:Cappadocia I
5643:Hellespontus
5542:Epirus Vetus
5509:Praevalitana
5424:of Illyricum
5214:Valentia (?)
5199:Britannia II
5103:Aquitanica I
4981:theme system
4972:
4946:
4594:
4362:Hagia Sophia
4344:Thessalonica
4319:Hagia Sophia
4299:Chora Church
4237:Architecture
4114:Great Schism
4104:Paulicianism
4082:Miaphysitism
3937:Karabisianoi
3586:
3241:or territory
3201:Thessalonica
3185:Latin Empire
3180:Frankokratia
3155:
3115:Isaurian era
3102:
3033:
3018:
3014:Roman Empire
3004:
2907:(1861–1946)
2885:Papal States
2713:Transpadania
2286:Stato da Màr
1968:Papal States
1930:
1879:Lombard rule
1843:Early Modern
1831:(395–476 AD)
1823:Roman Empire
1803:Ancient Rome
1663:
1651:
1627:
1606:
1593:
1581:
1559:
1540:
1518:(4): 1–186.
1515:
1511:
1494:
1482:
1463:
1456:Brown, T. S.
1445:. Retrieved
1438:the original
1425:
1421:
1393:Bibliography
1378:
1357:cite journal
1346:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1282:Moffatt 2017
1277:
1249:Scholasticus
1136:
1135:
1121:
1100:
1078:
1075:
1063:iconoclastic
1056:
1029:
1017:
1006:
987:
960:
941:
922:
875:
844:
819:
800:
792:
776:
772:
753:
715:. They took
699:In 568, the
698:
666:
664:
651:
631:
625:
606:
567:
536:
520:Roman Empire
516:Theodosius I
513:
504:Introduction
494:
488:
484:
466:
461:
457:
449:
445:
425:
405:
403:
368:Papal States
309:Succeeded by
308:
303:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6015:Justinian I
5887:Aegyptus II
5819:Mesopotamia
5766:Paphlagonia
5595:Haemimontus
5573:of the East
5537:Epirus Nova
5461:Pannonia II
5194:Britannia I
5055:Germania II
4845:Megali Idea
4820:Byzantinism
4523:Agriculture
4314:Hagia Irene
4147:Kievan Rus'
4124:Mount Athos
3947:Cibyrrhaeot
3891:Vestiaritai
3746:Mercenaries
3623:Catepanates
3482:Sakellarios
3401:Family tree
3326:Mesopotamia
3145:Angelid era
3125:Amorian era
2933:(1947–1954)
2927:(1943–1945)
2921:(1920–1924)
2913:(1882–1960)
2897:unification
2887:(1814–1870)
2881:(1815–1866)
2875:(1816–1861)
2869:(1814–1860)
2863:(1859–1860)
2857:(1849–1850)
2851:(1848–1849)
2833:(1815–1859)
2827:(1814–1859)
2821:(1814–1859)
2815:(1814–1829)
2809:(1815–1847)
2803:(1815–1848)
2693:Parthenopea
2654:(1792–1815)
2612:(1647–1648)
2578:(1282–1816)
2560:(1324–1861)
2521:Agugliastra
2386:Longobardia
2023:independent
1873:Vandal rule
1225:Theodore II
1180:Eleutherius
1092:Charlemagne
1047:Middle Ages
1032:sovereignty
992:, Venetia,
769:Tiberius II
703:under King
681:Graian Alps
668:Forum Iulii
613:Justinian I
609:6th century
543:5th century
481:Constantine
464:under him.
454:7th century
382:Longobardia
304:Preceded by
6031:Categories
5992:reconquest
5882:Aegyptus I
5844:Phoenice I
5799:Cilicia II
5706:Armenia II
5456:Pannonia I
5128:Viennensis
5050:Germania I
5045:Belgica II
4985:Asia Minor
4957:Diocletian
4840:Third Rome
4766:University
4749:Philosophy
4739:Inventions
4602:Historians
4570:Literature
4553:Varangians
4395:San Vitale
4324:Hippodrome
4304:City Walls
4204:Mutilation
4199:Hexabiblos
4119:Bogomilism
4109:Iconoclasm
3979:Megas doux
3969:Greek fire
3952:Aegean Sea
3825:Kleisourai
3802:Excubitors
3792:Bucellarii
3644:Despotates
3613:Kleisourai
3552:Provincial
3396:Coronation
3370:Governance
3135:Doukid era
3068:Leonid era
2764:Pontecorvo
2722:Monarchies
2708:Subalpinia
2673:Cispadania
2668:Cisalpinia
2650:Napoleonic
2357:(774–1139)
2269:(697–1797)
1971:(754–1870)
1933:(584–751)
1881:(568–774)
1447:2008-05-21
1383:Noble 1984
1339:Conti 1975
1162:Callinicus
998:Pentapolis
956:Beneventum
896:along the
886:Pentapolis
867:Pentapolis
611:, Emperor
594:Ostrogoths
586:Turcilingi
477:Diocletian
444:of Italy (
186:Government
171:in 600 AD.
80:newspapers
5794:Cilicia I
5746:Galatia I
5701:Armenia I
5668:Pamphylia
5600:Moesia II
5557:Thessalia
5334:Raetia II
5166:Lusitania
5161:Gallaecia
5151:Balearica
5040:Belgica I
4668:Octoechos
4548:Silk Road
4040:Hesychasm
3908:Paramonai
3855:Hetaireia
3787:Foederati
3676:Diplomacy
3671:Diplomats
3577:Provinces
3406:Empresses
3209:Trebizond
3005:Preceding
2739:Guastalla
2729:Benevento
2661:Republics
2516:Judicates
2364:Byzantine
2021:and other
1959:(585–698)
1951:(554–752)
1945:(554–752)
1939:(533–751)
1924:(584–751)
1875:(435–534)
1869:(493–553)
1863:(476–493)
1854:(476–774)
1788:Iapygians
1594:Chronicle
1434:1593-2214
1326:Chronicle
1309:Hodgkin.
1269:Citations
1261:Eutychius
1251:(713–723)
1245:(710–711)
1239:(702–710)
1233:(687–702)
1227:(678–687)
1219:Gregorios
1209:(649–652)
1203:(645–649)
1197:(643–645)
1191:(625–643)
1182:(616–619)
1176:(608–616)
1170:(603–608)
1168:Smaragdus
1164:(596–603)
1158:(589–596)
1152:(585–589)
1150:Smaragdus
1146:(584–585)
1071:Eutychius
1036:feudalism
1009:Justinian
906:Apennines
841:Exarchate
793:Urbicaria
777:Annonaria
773:eparchies
760:Baduarius
756:Justin II
745:Benevento
671:, one in
598:Theodoric
226:Eutychius
146:Exarchate
5761:Honorias
5731:Bithynia
5504:Moesia I
5499:Dardania
5441:Dalmatia
5362:Byzacena
5329:Raetia I
5277:Sardinia
5252:Campania
5230:of Italy
4953:dioceses
4761:Scholars
4754:Rhetoric
4744:Medicine
4719:Learning
4618:Calendar
4495:Painters
4194:Basilika
4132:Bulgaria
4094:Arianism
4045:Hayhurum
4022:Religion
3984:Admirals
3903:Allagion
3835:Droungos
3741:Generals
3703:Military
3666:Treaties
3572:Dioceses
3391:Emperors
3304:Sardinia
3284:Dalmatia
3264:Bulgaria
3254:Anatolia
3213:Theodoro
3207: /
3203: /
3195: /
2698:Piedmont
2548:Oristano
2541:Logudoro
2531:Cagliari
2506:Sardinia
2239:Piedmont
1988:Holy See
1839:Medieval
1793:Picentes
1736:Samnites
1650:(1982).
1221:(c. 666)
1207:Olympius
1126:Dalmatia
983:Calabria
978:Campania
966:Lombardy
962:Piedmont
933:Sardinia
898:Adriatic
855:Calabria
791:and the
785:Campania
781:Calabria
754:Emperor
701:Lombards
644:Dalmatia
555:Aquileia
528:Honorius
524:Arcadius
469:Lombards
6062:Ravenna
5958:Taurica
5892:Arcadia
5854:Syria I
5824:Osroene
5814:Isauria
5673:Pisidia
5648:Islands
5615:Thracia
5610:Scythia
5605:Rhodope
5324:Aemilia
5320:Liguria
5292:Valeria
5282:Sicilia
5272:Samnium
5257:Corsica
5146:Baetica
5018:of Gaul
4973:Ravenna
4938:History
4870:Outline
4815:Museums
4715:Science
4692:Slavery
4648:Gardens
4628:Cuisine
4560:Dynatoi
4528:Coinage
4515:Economy
4483:Mosaics
4446:Mystras
4387:Ravenna
4249:Secular
4137:Moravia
3886:Pronoia
3860:Akritai
3845:Tagmata
3820:Themata
3761:Revolts
3731:Battles
3639:Kephale
3608:Themata
3538:Mesazon
3380:Central
3316:Maghreb
3269:Corsica
3259:Armenia
3249:Albania
2992:History
2779:Corsica
2769:Tuscany
2734:Etruria
2683:Liguria
2536:Gallura
2526:Arborea
2442:Lombard
2142:Tuscany
2132:Trieste
1768:Ligures
1729:Etruria
1532:1006429
1462:(ed.).
1156:Romanus
1114:Berbers
1111:Saracen
1002:Perugia
994:Ferrara
974:Tuscany
970:Venetia
952:Spoleto
929:Corsica
894:Marches
871:Lucania
863:Perugia
851:Venetia
789:Aemilia
764:Balkans
741:Spoleto
733:Central
725:Faroald
721:Tuscany
677:Cottian
656:Vandals
570:Odoacer
563:Ravenna
530:became
514:In 395
498:Aistulf
256:Lombard
254:•
215:(first)
180:Ravenna
176:Capital
156:584–751
148:of the
94:scholar
6010:in 536
5804:Cyprus
5789:Arabia
5590:Europa
5527:Achaea
4977:Africa
4880:Portal
4795:Impact
4675:People
4623:Cities
4473:Enamel
4254:Sacred
4189:Ecloga
4055:Saints
3964:Dromon
3840:Bandon
3830:Tourma
3813:Middle
3736:Beacon
3618:Bandon
3601:Middle
3470:Middle
3425:Senate
3348:Thrace
3331:Serbia
3309:Sicily
3294:Greece
3279:Cyprus
3197:Epirus
3193:Nicaea
3103:Middle
2980:topics
2845:(1848)
2839:(1831)
2794:states
2759:Naples
2469:Norman
2276:Dogado
2147:Verona
2112:Mantua
2107:Istria
2087:Finale
2077:Ancona
2025:states
1845:states
1763:Veneti
1741:Latins
1636:
1613:
1566:
1547:
1530:
1501:
1470:
1432:
1174:John I
1144:Decius
1122:themes
1059:Franks
1000:, and
990:Istria
925:Sicily
890:Rimini
882:Venice
859:Naples
827:Venice
775:: the
705:Alboin
673:Trento
640:Sicily
621:Narses
574:Heruli
547:Alaric
442:exarch
228:(last)
213:Decius
198:
194:Exarch
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5663:Lydia
5658:Lycia
5638:Caria
5532:Creta
5466:Savia
4865:Index
4697:Death
4687:Women
4658:Music
4638:Dress
4633:Dance
4578:Novel
4538:Trade
4533:Mints
4478:Glass
4468:Icons
4264:Domes
4142:Serbs
3957:Samos
3770:Early
3560:Early
3434:Early
3343:Syria
3321:Malta
3299:Italy
3289:Egypt
3274:Crete
3205:Morea
3034:Early
2895:Post-
2744:Italy
2688:Lucca
2678:Italy
2229:Savoy
2137:Turin
2117:Milan
2102:Ivrea
1778:Umbri
1751:Celts
1528:JSTOR
1441:(PDF)
1201:Plato
1189:Isaac
944:Pavia
910:dukes
902:Forlì
729:Zotto
717:Pavia
713:Milan
582:Rugii
578:Sciri
559:Milan
485:duces
458:duces
418:Greek
410:Latin
101:JSTOR
87:books
5633:Asia
4975:and
4663:Lyra
4543:silk
4154:Jews
3929:Navy
3874:Late
3714:Army
3681:Wars
3632:Late
3526:Late
3156:Late
2774:Elba
2703:Rome
2652:eras
2648:and
2621:Gozo
2420:Arab
2403:and
2082:Ceva
1746:Osci
1634:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1430:ISSN
1370:help
1255:Paul
1107:Bari
1024:Rome
1020:Pope
954:and
931:and
912:and
847:Rome
801:Urbs
797:Rome
751:").
743:and
735:and
727:and
679:and
642:and
584:and
537:The
479:and
436:and
404:The
73:news
5322:et
4460:Art
4164:Law
1841:and
1520:doi
1022:in
888:at
662:).
487:or
460:or
434:6th
282:751
272:584
262:568
56:by
6033::
4961:c.
4959:,
1592:.
1580:.
1526:.
1516:72
1514:.
1493:.
1426:VI
1420:.
1361::
1359:}}
1355:{{
1128:.
1015:.
1004:.
972:,
964:,
948:Po
939:.
869:,
865:,
861:,
857:,
853:,
849:,
823:Po
787:,
783:,
683:.
623:.
596:,
580:,
576:,
549:,
500:.
420::
416:;
412::
4917:e
4910:t
4903:v
3215:)
3211:–
3199:–
3086:"
3082:"
2970:e
2963:t
2956:v
1702:e
1695:t
1688:v
1642:.
1619:.
1596:.
1572:.
1553:.
1522::
1505:.
1476:.
1450:.
1372:)
1368:(
1341:.
1328:.
1298:.
799:(
408:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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