467:. By comparison, 'Exercise Medicine' is a specific subspecialty of 'Sport and Exercise Medicine'. The concept of 'Exercise is Medicine' is that all medical specialists should be prescribing exercise regularly as an adjunct to a standard consultation. The aims of the 'Exercise is Medicine' movement and the specialty of Exercise Medicine are generally synergistic, with both aiming to improve physical activity in the population (for whom a large proportion is inactive). Exercise Medicine specialists also consult a smaller subsection of the population who are temporarily over-active and require a slight reduction in load in order to overcome injury or chronic pain. The concept of 'Exercise is Medicine' is as a 5-minute addition to almost every medical consultation, treating exercise as a 'vital sign', which has the potential of enormous reach. Exercise medicine specialists aim to also cater for some of those patients who don't respond to the first line measure of a brief written exercise prescription by providing longer specialized consultations with a focus solely on exercise. Exercise Is Medicine has been criticized for making exercise come across as exclusively a medical treatment when it should be seen more broadly as a public health strategy and protective risk factor that should be available to everyone.
360:
back pain, but having occupational manual loading increases the risk. The bottom of the U-shaped curve for injury risk and loading is sometimes referred to as the
Goldilocks zone (not too little exercise but not too much). There also may be a Goldilocks zone for physical activity and all-cause mortality, but at a very high level and with an eccentric U-shape (that is, low exercise levels are far riskier for all-cause mortality than extremely high exercise levels).
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4243:
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4253:
375:
276:
224:. In some countries, Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) is a recognized medical specialty (with similar training and standards to other medical specialties). Exercise medicine is therefore an emerging physician (non-surgical) specialty, but there is also a belief that exercise is treatment of such fundamental benefit that it should be incorporated into all medical specialties.
40:
5062:
340:
5052:
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348:
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is 13% for competitive runners, 10% for non-runners, but only 4% for moderate social runners, demonstrating a U-shaped curve between running load and arthritis risk (high and low dose = higher risk; moderate load = lower risk). With respect to back pain, increasing levels of exercise reduce risk of
1453:
Colpani, V; Baena, CP; Jaspers, L; van Dijk, GM; Farajzadegan, Z; Dhana, K; Tielemans, MJ; Voortman, T; Freak-Poli, R; Veloso, GGV; Chowdhury, R; Kavousi, M; Muka, T; Franco, OH (September 2018). "Lifestyle factors, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly women: a
335:
Exercise prescription is not simply a matter of advising or demanding that a patient increases their exercise levels. It requires significant expertise and experience, with core competencies well described. Sudden increase of exercise levels is likely to lead to painful musculoskeletal symptoms or
382:
The difference between sport and exercise (and hence the differentiation between Sports medicine and
Exercise medicine) is subtle, but important. Basically, sport is exercise with an added element of competition (whether against an opponent or oneself, aiming to maximum performance improvements).
394:
is a recognized medical specialty or subspecialty in over 50 countries. In some of these countries, the formal name of the specialty is 'Sport and
Exercise Medicine', emphasizing the differentiation between sports medicine (performance-orientated) and exercise medicine (health-orientated). These
271:
There is an enormous amount of evidence proving that exercise (when prescribed as a medical treatment) is effective at preventing and treating most of the major chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, osteoporosis, back pain, diabetes, depression and other mental
967:
Gwinnutt, JM; Wieczorek, M; Cavalli, G; Balanescu, A; Bischoff-Ferrari, HA; Boonen, A; de Souza, S; de Thurah, A; Dorner, TE; Moe, RH; Putrik, P; Rodríguez-Carrio, J; Silva-Fernández, L; Stamm, T; Walker-Bone, K; Welling, J; Zlatković-Švenda, MI; Guillemin, F; Verstappen, SMM (March 2022).
439:
Healthcare is responsible for 3-10% of carbon emissions in
Western countries. Although most healthcare is considered 'essential', it is important that the necessity of carbon-intensive healthcare options, such as surgery, is critically assessed as there is an international agreement that
1263:
Kyu, Hmwe H.; Bachman, Victoria F.; Alexander, Lily T.; Mumford, John
Everett; Afshin, Ashkan; Estep, Kara; Veerman, J. Lennert; Delwiche, Kristen; Iannarone, Marissa L.; Moyer, Madeline L.; Cercy, Kelly; Vos, Theo; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. (9 August 2016).
3467:
Sallis, RE; Matuszak, JM; Baggish, AL; Franklin, BA; Chodzko-Zajko, W; Fletcher, BJ; Gregory, A; Joy, E; Matheson, G; McBride, P; Puffer, JC; Trilk, J; Williams, J (May 2016). "Call to Action on Making
Physical Activity Assessment and Prescription a Medical Standard of Care".
2754:
Ekelund, U; Tarp, J; Steene-Johannessen, J; Hansen, BH; Jefferis, B; Fagerland, MW; Whincup, P; Diaz, KM; Hooker, SP; Chernofsky, A; Larson, MG; Spartano, N; Vasan, RS; Dohrn, IM; Hagströmer, M; Edwardson, C; Yates, T; Shiroma, E; Anderssen, SA; Lee, IM (21 August 2019).
448:
of any medical treatment. An increased focus on exercise prescription as an effective alternate to carbon-intensive medical treatments is an important part of healthcare reform, which needs to be 'transformational' to reach goals of net-zero emissions from healthcare.
383:
There is good evidence that competitive and professional athletes have higher rates of certain conditions than the general population, such as osteoarthritis, but equally strong evidence that the life expectancy of elite athletes is longer than the general population.
2172:"Exercise medicine and physical activity promotion: core curricula for US medical schools, residencies and sports medicine fellowships: developed by the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine and endorsed by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine"
970:"Effects of physical exercise and body weight on disease-specific outcomes of people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs): systematic reviews and meta-analyses informing the 2021 EULAR recommendations for lifestyle improvements in people with RMDs"
1066:
Pocovi, Natasha C; Lin, Chung-Wei
Christine; French, Simon D; Graham, Petra L; van Dongen, Johanna M; Latimer, Jane; Merom, Dafna; Tiedemann, Anne; Maher, Christopher G; Clavisi, Ornella; Tong, Shuk Yin Kate; Hancock, Mark J (June 2024).
2488:
Alentorn-Geli, E; Samuelsson, K; Musahl, V; Green, CL; Bhandari, M; Karlsson, J (June 2017). "The
Association of Recreational and Competitive Running With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
1266:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1069:"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an individualised, progressive walking and education intervention for the prevention of low back pain recurrence in Australia (WalkBack): a randomised controlled trial"
2581:
Hartvigsen, J; Hancock, MJ; Kongsted, A; Louw, Q; Ferreira, ML; Genevay, S; Hoy, D; Karppinen, J; Pransky, G; Sieper, J; Smeets, RJ; Underwood, M; Lancet Low Back Pain Series
Working, Group. (9 June 2018).
1150:
Hall, KS; Hyde, ET; Bassett, DR; Carlson, SA; Carnethon, MR; Ekelund, U; Evenson, KR; Galuska, DA; Kraus, WE; Lee, IM; Matthews, CE; Omura, JD; Paluch, AE; Thomas, WI; Fulton, JE (20 June 2020).
2228:
3271:
869:
Kraus, WE; Powell, KE; Haskell, WL; Janz, KF; Campbell, WW; Jakicic, JM; Troiano, RP; Sprow, K; Torres, A; Piercy, KL; 2018 Physical
Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (June 2019).
299:
levels. Although multiple mechanisms are possible, the relationship between exercise as measured by accelerometer data and cardiovascular mortality is strong (inverse, non-linear).
396:
307:
Exercise prescription is now a recognized treatment for cancer, as studies have shown that exercise is associated with superior mortality outcomes and lower recurrence rates.
2894:
Gouttebarge, V; Inklaar, H; Backx, F; Kerkhoffs, G (March 2015). "Prevalence of osteoarthritis in former elite athletes: a systematic overview of the recent literature".
2757:"Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis"
2170:
Asif, Irfan; Thornton, Jane S.; Carek, Stephen; Miles, Christopher; Nayak, Melissa; Novak, Melissa; Stovak, Mark; Zaremski, Jason L.; Drezner, Jonathan (1 April 2022).
415:
There is increasing evidence that many 'traditional' medical interventions are ineffective at best and potentially harmful at worst. Examples of low-value care include
1877:
404:
321:
Exercise both prevents and treats mental illnesses, including depression in particular, with positive effects likely for anxiety, bipolar disorder and suicidality.
3087:
3113:
820:"Reframing How Physical Activity Reduces The Incidence of Clinically-Diagnosed Cancers: Appraising Exercise-Induced Immuno-Modulation As An Integral Mechanism"
513:
1792:
Cormie, P; Zopf, EM; Zhang, X; Schmitz, KH (1 January 2017). "The Impact of Exercise on Cancer Mortality, Recurrence, and Treatment-Related Adverse Effects".
477:
Cairney, John; McGannon, Kerry R.; Atkinson, Michael (8 August 2018). "Exercise is medicine: critical considerations in the qualitative research landscape".
316:
2253:
Wang, C; Vargas, JT; Stokes, T; Steele, R; Shrier, I (July 2020). "Analyzing Activity and Injury: Lessons Learned from the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio".
4571:
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400:
163:
157:
3911:
4511:
4811:
624:"Clinical exercise provision in the UK: comparison of staff job titles, roles and qualifications across five specialised exercise services"
2939:"Female and male US Olympic athletes live 5 years longer than their general population counterparts: a study of 8124 former US Olympians"
4055:
520:
464:
1152:"Systematic review of the prospective association of daily step counts with risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, and dysglycemia"
4947:
4289:
527:
5065:
3182:"Adverse events associated with medium- and long-term use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of Cochrane Reviews"
1204:; Michaleff, ZA; Fairhall, N; Paul, SS; Tiedemann, A; Whitney, J; Cumming, RG; Herbert, RD; Close, JCT; Lord, SR (December 2017).
3320:
1019:"Effects of non-supervised exercise interventions on bone mineral density in adult women: a systematic review and meta‑analysis"
4153:
3674:
423:
surgery and opiate prescription for chronic non-cancer pain. Exercise prescription, with evidence of efficacy for treatment of
2445:
Orchard, JW (September 2017). "Using technology to measure daily and weekly movement patterns in exercise medicine patients".
4937:
4371:
3180:
Els, C; Jackson, TD; Kunyk, D; Lappi, VG; Sonnenberg, B; Hagtvedt, R; Sharma, S; Kolahdooz, F; Straube, S (30 October 2017).
2298:"The Association Between the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio and Injury and its Application in Team Sports: A Systematic Review"
2583:
671:
Gamage, Prasanna J; Seker, Saran; Orchard, Jessica; Humphries, David; Fitzgerald, Kylie; Fitzpatrick, Jane (November 2021).
444:
emissions must be reached to avoid breakdown of the Earth's climate. Exercise as a medical treatment has perhaps the lowest
2986:
Ruiz, JR; Fiuza-Luces, C; Garatachea, N; Lucia, A (November 2014). "Reduced mortality in former elite endurance athletes".
3934:
3511:
Golightly, YM; Allen, KD; Ambrose, KR; Stiller, JL; Evenson, KR; Voisin, C; Hootman, JM; Callahan, LF (30 November 2017).
3424:
Lobelo, F; Stoutenberg, M; Hutber, A (December 2014). "The Exercise is Medicine Global Health Initiative: a 2014 update".
2849:"Former male elite athletes have a higher prevalence of osteoarthritis and arthroplasty in the hip and knee than expected"
1647:
Sheng, M; Yang, J; Bao, M; Chen, T; Cai, R; Zhang, N; Chen, H; Liu, M; Wu, X; Zhang, B; Liu, Y; Chao, J (December 2021).
673:"Insights into the complexity of presentation and management of patients: the Sport and Exercise Physician's perspective"
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4917:
4561:
1649:"The relationships between step count and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: A dose-response meta-analysis"
1068:
291:
There are multiple ways in which exercise can reduce cardiovascular disease and mortality, including through lowering
259:. SEM physician consultations are generally lengthy (over 30 minutes) and 74% involve prescription of exercise, with
251:
is operative procedures, and the signature treatment of most medical (physician) specialties is the prescription of
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918:
Myers, Jonathan; Prakash, Manish; Froelicher, Victor; Do, Dat; Partington, Sara; Atwood, J. Edwin (14 March 2002).
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1749:
Christensen, JF; Simonsen, C; Hojman, P (13 December 2018). "Exercise Training in Cancer Control and Treatment".
1406:"Recommended physical activity and all cause and cause specific mortality in US adults: prospective cohort study"
771:"Recommended physical activity and all cause and cause specific mortality in US adults: prospective cohort study"
2070:
Bauer, IE; Gálvez, JF; Hamilton, JE; Balanzá-Martínez, V; Zunta-Soares, GB; Soares, JC; Meyer, TD (March 2016).
534:
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Exercise has been shown to reduce all-cause mortality in a large number of primary studies and meta-analyses.
3560:
Kuntz, JL; Young, DR; Saelens, BE; Frank, LD; Meenan, RT; Dickerson, JF; Keast, EM; Fortmann, SP (June 2021).
4742:
4716:
4204:
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296:
1972:
Cooney, GM; Dwan, K; Greig, CA; Lawlor, DA; Rimer, J; Waugh, FR; McMurdo, M; Mead, GE (12 September 2013).
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431:, can be used as an alternative to traditional interventions with poor efficacy and greater side effects.
51:
2666:"The 'Goldilocks Principle': designing physical activity at work to be 'just right' for promoting health"
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4844:
4817:
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4723:
4418:
3879:
2072:"Lifestyle interventions targeting dietary habits and exercise in bipolar disorder: A systematic review"
1322:
555:
330:
260:
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137:
55:
1499:"Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: A systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses"
3611:"Beyond "Exercise as Medicine" in Physical Therapy: toward the Promotion of Exercise as a Public Good"
1498:
722:"Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases"
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Crozier, A; Watson, PM; Graves, LEF; George, K; Naylor, L; Green, DJ; Rosenberg, M; Jones, H (2022).
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Orchard, JW (18 January 2023). "Sport and exercise medicine: leading the race towards net zero".
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2611:
2534:"Physical activity and chronic back conditions: A population-based pooled study of 60,134 adults"
2514:
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1954:
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3088:"Needless procedures: knee arthroscopy is one of the most common but least effective surgeries"
5045:
4927:
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3114:"3 orthopaedic surgeries that might be doing patients (and their pockets) more harm than good"
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2398:"Wearable Technology and Physical Activity in Chronic Disease: Opportunities and Challenges"
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2121:"Physical exercise, mental health problems, and suicide attempts in university students"
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1973:
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994:
969:
895:
871:"Physical Activity, All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality, and Cardiovascular Disease"
870:
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Hayden, JA; Ellis, J; Ogilvie, R; Malmivaara, A; van Tulder, MW (28 September 2021).
420:
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and one of Australia's 15 recognized medical specialty Colleges, the United Kingdom (
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3453:
3410:
2518:
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Phillips, SM; Cadmus-Bertram, L; Rosenberg, D; Buman, MP; Lynch, BM (January 2018).
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2923:
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3133:"Declining Life Expectancy in the United States: Missing the Trees for the Forest"
490:
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17:
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2313:
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Recreational exercise such as swimming and surfing has multiple health benefits
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2502:
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39:
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953:
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804:
747:
706:
657:
339:
3626:
1564:
1357:"Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk"
395:
countries include Australia and New Zealand, with the peak body being the
4521:
4298:
4067:
3894:
3750:
3528:
3086:
O'Connor, Denise; Harris, Ian; Buchbinder, Rachelle (13 September 2018).
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The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
248:
3610:
3562:"Validity of the Exercise Vital Sign Tool to Assess Physical Activity"
2772:
2322:
1517:
1421:
1281:
786:
738:
721:
347:
4082:
2021:
Stonerock, GL; Hoffman, BM; Smith, PJ; Blumenthal, JA (August 2015).
184:
3394:
3037:"Developing a new specialty - sport and exercise medicine in the UK"
2023:"Exercise as Treatment for Anxiety: Systematic Review and Analysis"
1827:
Cormie, P; Trevaskis, M; Thornton-Benko, E; Zopf, EM (April 2020).
1497:
Cunningham, C; O' Sullivan, R; Caserotti, P; Tully, MA (May 2020).
3683:
3272:"The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations: A Systematic Review"
463:'Exercise is Medicine' is a trademarked non-profit venture of the
373:
346:
338:
274:
2847:
Tveit, M; Rosengren, BE; Nilsson, JÅ; Karlsson, MK (March 2012).
4115:
2715:"The Goldilocks Zone for Exercise: Not Too Little, Not Too Much"
4271:
3656:
435:
Exercise as a method to reduce carbon emissions from healthcare
1017:
Sanchez-Trigo, H; Rittweger, J; Sañudo, B (26 February 2022).
541:
220:
and the prevention and treatment of injuries and illness with
3229:
Malik, A; Lenzen, M; McAlister, S; McGain, F (January 2018).
1925:"The Role of Exercise in Preventing and Treating Depression"
267:
Evidence for the efficacy of exercise as a medical treatment
255:, the signature treatment of Sport and Exercise Medicine is
4267:
1404:
Zhao, M; Veeranki, SP; Magnussen, CG; Xi, B (1 July 2020).
769:
Zhao, M; Veeranki, SP; Magnussen, CG; Xi, B (1 July 2020).
279:
Exercise and mortality from certain diseases, adapted from
3321:"HCWH's new global road map for zero emissions healthcare"
2988:
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
2296:
Griffin, A; Kenny, IC; Comyns, TM; Lyons, M (March 2020).
3652:
3513:"Physical Activity as a Vital Sign: A Systematic Review"
2584:"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention"
1506:
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
726:
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
548:
3021:
2664:
Straker, L; Mathiassen, SE; Holtermann, A (July 2018).
2491:
The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
411:
Exercise as an alternative treatment to low-value care
228:
practitioners also can specialize in exercise such as
818:
Emery, A; Moore, S; Turner, JE; Campbell, JP (2022).
397:
Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians
351:
Use of wearable technology to measure exercise loads
343:
Both underloading and overloading can lead to injury
247:
Whereas the signature treatment of the specialty of
4958:
4896:
4657:
4585:
4540:
4449:
4320:
4305:
4177:
4144:
4101:
4013:
3968:
3920:
3867:
3741:
3690:
194:
172:
143:
133:
128:
116:
104:
92:
87:
70:
62:
46:
2713:O'Keefe, JH; O'Keefe, EL; Lavie, CJ (March 2018).
563:Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health
479:Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health
3131:Harper, S; Riddell, CA; King, NB (1 April 2021).
1598:"Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise"
453:Differentiation from "Exercise Is Medicine" (EIM)
3231:"The carbon footprint of Australian health care"
514:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
407:), Belgium, Brazil, France, India and Ireland.
405:Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine
4283:
3668:
1361:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
8:
1103:"Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain"
317:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
82:
32:
27:Branch of medicine as it relates to Exercise
3186:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3022:"Council of Presidents of Medical Colleges"
1978:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1107:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
875:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
336:even injury (preventing further exercise).
83:Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) physician
66:Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) physician
4572:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
4317:
4290:
4276:
4268:
3675:
3661:
3653:
38:
4913:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3585:
3536:
3246:
3205:
3148:
3062:
3052:
2954:
2780:
2730:
2689:
2557:
2421:
2321:
2187:
2146:
2136:
2095:
2046:
1997:
1940:
1844:
1725:
1672:
1623:
1613:
1572:
1429:
1380:
1323:"Is 30 Minutes of Exercise a Day Enough?"
1297:
1231:
1221:
1177:
1167:
1126:
1042:
993:
935:
894:
845:
835:
794:
737:
720:Pedersen, BK; Saltin, B (December 2015).
696:
647:
535:Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness
401:Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine UK
164:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
158:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3150:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082619-104231
1553:Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal
3566:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
2853:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2402:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1702:"Exercise as Adjunct Therapy in Cancer"
614:
3041:Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine
2355:Australian Journal of General Practice
1833:Australian Journal of General Practice
1454:systematic review and meta-analysis".
677:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
628:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
542:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
81:
31:
1923:Schuch, FB; Stubbs, B (August 2019).
1696:Ashcraft, KA; Warner, AB; Jones, LW;
556:PLOS One sports and exercise medicine
7:
5051:
4812:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1602:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
1596:Nystoriak, MA; Bhatnagar, A (2018).
387:Establishment as a medical specialty
364:Differentiation from Sports medicine
272:illnesses and falls in the elderly.
5061:
2538:Journal of Sport and Health Science
1653:Journal of Sport and Health Science
1321:Reynolds, Gretchen (6 April 2022).
521:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
465:American College of Sports Medicine
287:Exercise and cardiovascular disease
4948:Medical Scientist Training Program
3426:British Journal of Sports Medicine
3340:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2943:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2670:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2447:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2227:Burfoot, Amby (14 November 2001).
2176:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1829:"Exercise medicine in cancer care"
1210:British Journal of Sports Medicine
528:British Journal of Sports Medicine
25:
263:being the most common treatment.
5080:
5070:
5060:
5050:
5041:
5040:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4229:
2806:The Medical Journal of Australia
2302:Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
2255:Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
2088:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.006
1894:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023
1456:European Journal of Epidemiology
5081:
4252:
3470:Current Sports Medicine Reports
2076:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1929:Current Sports Medicine Reports
1882:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1718:10.1016/j.semradonc.2018.10.001
924:New England Journal of Medicine
4938:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
4372:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3198:10.1002/14651858.CD012509.pub2
3137:Annual Review of Public Health
1990:10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6
1706:Seminars in Radiation Oncology
1119:10.1002/14651858.CD009790.pub2
1:
3248:10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30180-8
2600:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X
2027:Annals of Behavioral Medicine
1081:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00755-4
491:10.1080/2159676X.2018.1476010
4918:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
4685:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3578:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.012
3482:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000249
3438:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093080
3352:10.1136/bjsports-2022-106177
3291:10.1097/SLA.0000000000003951
3235:The Lancet. Planetary Health
2956:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101696
2682:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097765
2459:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096736
2414:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.08.015
2189:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104819
1942:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000620
1549:"Exercise and Heart Disease"
1223:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096547
887:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001939
2761:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
1410:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
986:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-002168
775:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
357:hip and knee osteoarthritis
355:The lifetime prevalence of
311:Exercise and mental illness
5128:
3517:Preventing Chronic Disease
2896:Rheumatology International
2643:10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.06.007
2550:10.1016/j.jshs.2019.01.003
2314:10.1007/s40279-019-01218-2
2267:10.1007/s40279-020-01280-1
2138:10.1186/s12888-020-02583-3
1665:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.09.004
1373:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.058
1169:10.1186/s12966-020-00978-9
1035:10.1007/s00198-022-06357-3
1023:Osteoporosis International
689:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001228
640:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001152
456:
419:and shoulder arthroscopy,
367:
328:
314:
5036:
4223:
2908:10.1007/s00296-014-3093-0
2039:10.1007/s12160-014-9685-9
1974:"Exercise for depression"
1468:10.1007/s10654-018-0374-z
37:
4872:Transplantation medicine
4763:Clinical neurophysiology
4680:Obstetric anesthesiology
4600:Interventional radiology
4360:Digestive system surgery
3825:Bodybuilding supplements
3383:Australian Health Review
3325:Health Care Without Harm
2865:10.1177/0363546511429278
2367:10.31128/AJGP-10-19-5110
1846:10.31128/AJGP-08-19-5027
1751:Comprehensive Physiology
837:10.3389/fonc.2022.788113
4743:Intensive care medicine
4717:Mass gathering medicine
4562:Maternal–fetal medicine
3000:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0492
2503:10.2519/jospt.2017.7137
1615:10.3389/fcvm.2018.00135
1547:Bove, AA (April 2016).
4335:Cardiothoracic surgery
471:Further reading on EIM
379:
352:
344:
280:
230:exercise physiologists
4986:Personalized medicine
4845:Reproductive medicine
4770:Occupational medicine
4724:Evolutionary medicine
2229:"The 10-Percent Rule"
1806:10.1093/epirev/mxx007
1794:Epidemiologic Reviews
1565:10.14797/mdcj-12-2-74
824:Frontiers in Oncology
377:
350:
342:
331:Exercise prescription
278:
261:exercise prescription
257:exercise prescription
138:Exercise prescription
5006:Traditional medicine
4966:Alternative medicine
4833:Addiction psychiatry
4647:Transfusion medicine
4642:Medical microbiology
4557:Gynecologic oncology
4409:Reproductive surgery
3529:10.5888/pcd14.170030
2594:(10137): 2356–2367.
1763:10.1002/cphy.c180016
937:10.1056/NEJMoa011858
459:Exercise is Medicine
75:Glossary of medicine
5112:Medical specialties
5028:History of medicine
5011:Veterinary medicine
4818:Preventive medicine
4670:Adolescent medicine
4512:Infectious diseases
3627:10.1093/ptj/pzac087
3054:10.2147/oajsm.s7627
2818:10.5694/mja17.00764
582:Exercise physiology
425:knee osteoarthritis
303:Exercise and cancer
84:
34:
4976:Molecular oncology
4933:Doctor of Medicine
4923:Master of Medicine
4840:Radiation oncology
4712:Emergency medicine
4665:Addiction medicine
4632:Clinical chemistry
4627:Clinical pathology
4419:Transplant surgery
4377:Orthopedic surgery
4355:Colorectal surgery
3842:Physical education
3035:Cullen, M (2010).
2631:Veterinary Journal
1327:The New York Times
380:
353:
345:
281:
152:Doctor of Medicine
145:Education required
5094:
5093:
4928:Master of Surgery
4892:
4891:
4877:Tropical medicine
4823:Prison healthcare
4738:Hospital medicine
4702:Disaster medicine
4692:Aviation medicine
4507:Hospital medicine
4414:Surgical oncology
4399:Pediatric surgery
4393:
4340:Endocrine surgery
4265:
4264:
4236:Sports portal
3847:Physical activity
3793:Athletic training
3776:Strength training
3728:Semi-professional
3279:Annals of Surgery
2773:10.1136/bmj.l4570
2719:Missouri Medicine
2453:(18): 1317–1318.
1518:10.1111/sms.13616
1422:10.1136/bmj.m2031
1282:10.1136/bmj.i3857
1216:(24): 1750–1758.
787:10.1136/bmj.m2031
739:10.1111/sms.12581
732:(Suppl 3): 1–72.
549:Exercise Medicine
238:athletic trainers
210:Exercise medicine
207:
206:
80:
79:
33:Exercise medicine
18:Exercise Medicine
16:(Redirected from
5119:
5084:
5083:
5074:
5064:
5063:
5054:
5053:
5044:
5043:
4748:Medical genetics
4733:General practice
4610:Nuclear medicine
4485:Gastroenterology
4441:Vascular surgery
4391:
4318:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4255:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4233:
4232:
3978:General managers
3880:Governing bodies
3677:
3670:
3663:
3654:
3647:
3646:
3615:Physical Therapy
3606:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3464:
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3378:
3372:
3371:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3327:. 14 April 2021.
3317:
3311:
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3267:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3192:(10): CD012509.
3177:
3171:
3170:
3152:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3118:The Conversation
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3092:The Conversation
3083:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3056:
3032:
3026:
3025:
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3011:
2983:
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2529:
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2425:
2393:
2387:
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2350:
2344:
2343:
2325:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2261:(7): 1243–1254.
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2191:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1944:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1848:
1824:
1818:
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1729:
1700:(January 2019).
1693:
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1637:
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1113:(10): CD009790.
1098:
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1057:
1056:
1046:
1029:(7): 1415–1427.
1014:
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997:
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958:
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915:
909:
908:
898:
881:(6): 1270–1281.
866:
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809:
808:
798:
766:
760:
759:
741:
717:
711:
710:
700:
668:
662:
661:
651:
619:
592:Physical therapy
587:Physical fitness
502:
446:carbon footprint
234:physiotherapists
218:physical fitness
216:that deals with
118:Activity sectors
85:
42:
35:
21:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5107:Sports medicine
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5032:
5021:Chief physician
4954:
4899:
4888:
4882:Travel medicine
4867:Sports medicine
4850:Sexual medicine
4790:Palliative care
4785:Pain management
4729:Family medicine
4707:Diving medicine
4653:
4581:
4543:
4536:
4452:
4445:
4404:Plastic surgery
4350:General surgery
4330:Cardiac surgery
4311:
4309:
4301:
4296:
4266:
4261:
4230:
4228:
4219:
4178:Sport by region
4173:
4140:
4111:Artificial turf
4097:
4068:Olympic culture
4009:
3964:
3916:
3863:
3737:
3708:Military sports
3686:
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3651:
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3608:
3607:
3603:
3559:
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3554:
3510:
3509:
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3432:(22): 1627–33.
3423:
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3395:10.1071/AH17184
3380:
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2676:(13): 818–819.
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2627:
2623:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2531:
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2169:
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2117:
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2069:
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1984:(9): CD004366.
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1966:
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1875:
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930:(11): 793–801.
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768:
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718:
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602:Sports training
572:
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476:
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455:
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413:
392:Sports medicine
389:
372:
370:Sports medicine
366:
333:
327:
325:Exercise dosing
319:
313:
305:
297:LDL cholesterol
289:
269:
253:pharmaceuticals
212:is a branch of
201:sports medicine
197:
177:
175:
146:
119:
107:
106:Occupation type
52:Musculoskeletal
28:
23:
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15:
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4959:Related topics
4956:
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4953:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:Medical school
4904:
4902:
4894:
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4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4862:Sleep medicine
4859:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4675:Anesthesiology
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4605:Neuroradiology
4602:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4542:Obstetrics and
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4424:Trauma surgery
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4387:Otolaryngology
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4313:subspecialties
4303:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4239:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4164:National sport
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4083:Sports mascots
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3621:(9): pzac087.
3601:
3572:(6): 866–872.
3552:
3503:
3459:
3416:
3389:(3): 241–245.
3373:
3346:(7): 386–387.
3330:
3312:
3285:(6): 986–995.
3262:
3241:(1): e27–e35.
3221:
3172:
3123:
3104:
3078:
3027:
3013:
2978:
2949:(4): 206–212.
2929:
2886:
2839:
2812:(6): 244–245.
2796:
2746:
2705:
2656:
2621:
2573:
2544:(4): 386–393.
2524:
2497:(6): 373–390.
2480:
2437:
2408:(1): 144–150.
2388:
2361:(4): 182–186.
2345:
2308:(3): 561–580.
2288:
2245:
2233:Runner's World
2219:
2182:(7): 369–375.
2162:
2125:BMC Psychiatry
2111:
2062:
2013:
1964:
1935:(8): 299–304.
1915:
1868:
1839:(4): 169–174.
1819:
1784:
1757:(1): 165–205.
1741:
1688:
1659:(6): 620–628.
1639:
1588:
1539:
1512:(5): 816–827.
1489:
1462:(9): 831–845.
1445:
1396:
1347:
1313:
1255:
1202:Sherrington, C
1193:
1142:
1093:
1058:
1009:
980:(1): e002168.
959:
910:
861:
810:
761:
712:
683:(4): e001228.
663:
634:(1): e001152.
613:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:
599:
597:Sports science
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
508:
505:
504:
503:
485:(4): 391–399.
472:
469:
457:Main article:
454:
451:
436:
433:
412:
409:
388:
385:
368:Main article:
365:
362:
329:Main article:
326:
323:
315:Main article:
312:
309:
304:
301:
293:blood pressure
288:
285:
268:
265:
205:
204:
198:
195:
192:
191:
178:
173:
170:
169:
168:
167:
161:
155:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
126:
125:
120:
117:
114:
113:
108:
105:
102:
101:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:cardiovascular
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5124:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5087:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5059:
5057:
5049:
5047:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:Public health
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:Allied health
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Oral medicine
4778:
4776:
4775:Ophthalmology
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Cytopathology
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4577:Urogynecology
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Endocrinology
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4258:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4216:
4215:South America
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:North America
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Sportsmanship
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:Entertainment
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3970:Communication
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3912:International
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:Organizations
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Rating system
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:Periodization
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:(3): 207–14.
3475:
3471:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2994:(6): 1046–9.
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:(3): 405–18.
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2859:(3): 527–33.
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2725:(2): 98–105.
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:(4): 542–56.
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:(5): 472–81.
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
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189:university
176:employment
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4758:Neurology
4753:Narcology
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4434:Andrology
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4063:Numbering
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4005:Promoters
3988:Magazines
3950:Marketing
3940:Economics
3859:Sociology
3820:Nutrition
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3368:255966794
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