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skeleton was cleaned. The skull shows signs of two lethal injuries; the base of the back of the skull had been completely cut away by a bladed weapon, which would have exposed the brain, and another bladed weapon had been thrust through the right side of the skull, striking the inside of the left side through the brain. Elsewhere on the skull, a blow from a pointed weapon had penetrated the crown of the head. Bladed weapons had clipped the skull and sheared off layers of bone, without penetrating it. Other holes in the skull and lower jaw were found to be consistent with dagger wounds to the chin and cheek. The multiple wounds on the skull indicated that the man was not wearing his helmet at the time, which he may have either removed or lost when he was on foot after his horse had become stuck in the marsh. One of his right ribs had been cut by a sharp implement, as had the pelvis. There was no evidence of the withered arm that afflicted the character in
713:, a Richard III specialist, has been particularly critical of the use of the mitochondrial DNA to argue that the body is Richard III's, stating that "any male sharing a maternal ancestress in the direct female line could qualify". He also criticises the rejection by the Leicester team of the Y chromosomal evidence, suggesting that it was not acceptable to the Leicester team to conclude that the skeleton was anyone other than Richard III. He argues that on the basis of the present scientific evidence "identification with Richard III is more unlikely than likely". However, Hicks draws attention to the contemporary view held by some that Richard III's grandfather, Richard, Earl of Cambridge, was the product of an illegitimate union between Cambridge's mother
334:(1611) that local tradition held that Richard's body had been "borne out of the City, and contemptuously bestowed under the end of Bow-Bridge, which giveth passage over a branch of Soare upon the west side of the town." His account was widely accepted by later authors. In 1856 a memorial plaque to Richard III was erected next to Bow Bridge by a local builder, stating, "Near this spot lie the remains of Richard III the last of the Plantagenets 1485". The discovery of a skeleton in 1862 in the river sediments near the bridge led to claims that Richard's bones had been found, but closer examination showed they were probably those of a man in his early 20s and not Richard's.
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560:(16 ft) from the north end of the trench at a depth of about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft), indicating an undisturbed burial. The bones were covered temporarily to protect them while excavations continued further along the trench. A second, parallel trench was dug next day to the south-west. Over the following days, evidence of medieval walls and rooms was uncovered, allowing the archaeologists to pinpoint the area of the friary. It became clear that the bones found on the first day lay inside the east part of the church, possibly the choir, where Richard was said to have been buried. On 31 August, the
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576:, but had been hurriedly dumped into the grave and buried. As the bones were lifted from the ground, a piece of rusted iron was found underneath the vertebrae. The skeleton's hands were in an unusual position, crossed over the right hip, suggesting they were tied together at the time of burial, although this could not be established definitively. After the exhumation, work continued in the trenches over the following week, before the site was covered with soil to protect it from damage and re-surfaced to restore the car park and playground to their former condition.
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354:. The independent British historian John Ashdown-Hill proposes that Speed made a mistake over the location of Richard's grave and invented the story to account for its absence. If Speed had been to Herrick's property he would surely have seen the commemorative pillar and gardens, but instead he reported that the site was "overgrown with nettles and weeds" and there was no trace of Richard's grave. The map of Leicester drawn by Speed incorrectly shows Greyfriars where the former Blackfriars was, suggesting that he had looked for the grave in the wrong place.
544:, but a month later one of the main sponsors pulled out, leaving a £10,000 funding shortfall; an appeal resulted in members of the several Ricardian groups donating £13,000 in two weeks. A press conference held in Leicester on 24 August announced the start of the work. Archaeologist Richard Buckley admitted the project was a long shot: "We don't know precisely where the church is, let alone where the burial site is." He had earlier told Langley that he thought the odds were "fifty-fifty at best for the church, and nine-to-one against finding the grave."
783:, killed Richard and "shaved the boar's head". It had been thought that this was a figurative description of Richard being decapitated, but the skeleton's head had clearly not been severed. Guto's description may instead be a literal account of the injuries that Richard suffered, as the blows sustained to the head would have sliced away much of his scalp and hair, along with slivers of bone. Other contemporary sources refer explicitly to head injuries and the weapons used to kill Richard; the French chronicler
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succeeded in exposing the entirety of the sites of the
Greyfriars presbytery and choir sites, confirming archaeologists' earlier hypotheses about the layout of the church's east end. Three burials identified but not excavated in the 2012 project were tackled afresh. One burial was found to have been interred in a wooden coffin in a well-dug grave, while a second wooden-coffined burial was found under and astride the choir and presbytery; its position suggests that it pre-dates the church.
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537:, the disused playground of the former Alderman Newton's School and a public car park on New Street. It was decided to open two trenches in the Social Services car park, with an option for a third in the playground. Because most of the Greyfriars site had been built on, only 17% of its former area was available to excavate; the area to be investigated amounted to just 1% of the site, owing to the limitations of the project's funding.
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backplate and the pelvis would have been protected by armour. The wounds were made from behind on the back and buttocks while they were exposed to the elements, consistent with the contemporary descriptions of
Richard's naked body being tied across a horse with the legs and arms dangling down on either side. There may have been further flesh wounds not apparent from the bones.
485:(the History Press 2008, 2009, page 270), published her independent conclusion that his body probably lay under the car park. She joined forces with Langley and Ashdown-Hill to carry out further research. By now Langley had found what she called a "smoking gun"—a medieval map of Leicester showing the Greyfriars Church at the north end of what was now the car park.
492:. Its premise was a search for Richard's grave "while at the same time telling his real story", with an objective "to search for, recover and rebury his mortal remains with the honour, dignity and respect so conspicuously denied following his death at the battle of Bosworth." To ensure support from decision makers in Leicester, Langley had secured interest from
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314:). The Lord Mayor Herrick built a mansion close to Friary Lane, on a site now buried under the modern Grey Friars Street, and turned the rest of the land into gardens. Although Richard's monument had evidently disappeared by this time, the site of his grave was still known. The antiquary Christopher Wren (father of
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The bones found on 25 August were uncovered on 4 September and the grave soil dug back further over the next two days. The feet were missing, and the skull was found in an unusual propped-up position, consistent with the body being put into a grave that was slightly too small. The spine was curved in
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and
Justice Haddon-Cave, said the court would take time to consider its judgment. On 23 May, the High Court ruled there was "no duty to consult" and "no public law grounds for the court to interfere", so reburial in Leicester could proceed. The litigation cost the defendants £245,000 – far more than
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to sequence the entire genome of
Richard III and Michael Ibsen—a direct female-line descendant of Richard's sister, Anne of York—whose mitochondrial DNA confirmed the identification of the excavated remains. Richard III is thus the first ancient person with known historical identity whose genome has
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evidence, soil analysis, dental tests, and physical characteristics of the skeleton consistent with contemporary accounts of
Richard's appearance. Osteoarchaeologist Jo Appleby commented: "The skeleton has a number of unusual features: its slender build, the scoliosis, and the battle-related trauma.
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analysis suggested there was a 68.2% probability that the true date of the bones was between 1475 and 1530, rising to 95.4% for 1450–1540. Although by itself not enough to prove that the skeleton was
Richard's, it was consistent with the date of his death. The mass spectrometry result indicating the
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Joy Ibsen, a retired journalist, died in 2008, leaving three children: Michael, Jeff, and Leslie. On 24 August 2012, her son
Michael (born in Canada in 1957, a cabinet maker residing in London, England) gave a mouth-swab sample to the research team to compare with samples from the human remains
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Although the
Richard III Society remained interested in discussing the possible location of the king's grave, they did not search for his remains. Individual members suggested possible lines of investigation, but neither the University of Leicester nor local historians and archaeologists took up the
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In 2007, a single-storey building from the 1950s was demolished on Grey Friars Street giving archaeologists the opportunity to excavate and search for traces of the medieval friary. Very little was unearthed, except for a fragment of a post-medieval stone coffin lid. The results of the dig suggested
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Herrick's mansion, Greyfriars House, remained in the possession of his family until his great-grandson Samuel sold it in 1711. The property was subsequently divided and sold in 1740; three years later, New Street was built across the western part of the site. Many burials were discovered when houses
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Cutting-edge research has been used in the project and the work has really only just begun. The discoveries, such as the very precise carbon dating and medical evidence, will serve as a benchmark for other studies. And it is, of course, an incredible story. He's a controversial figure; people love
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and the hard hat and high-visibility jacket worn by archaeologist Mathew Morris on the day he found
Richard's skeleton. Visitors can see the grave site under a glass floor. The council anticipated that the visitor centre, which opened in July 2014, would attract 100,000 visitors a year.
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The site was re-excavated in July 2013 to learn more about the friary church, before building work on the adjacent disused school building. In a project co-funded by
Leicester City Council and the University of Leicester, a single trench about twice the area of the 2012 trenches was excavated. It
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examination of the bones showed them to be in generally good condition and largely complete except for the missing feet, which may have been destroyed by Victorian building work. It was immediately apparent that the body had suffered major injuries, and further evidence of wounds was found as the
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The project gained the backing of several key partners—Leicester City Council, Leicester Promotions (responsible for tourist marketing), the University of Leicester, Leicester Cathedral, Darlow Smithson Productions (responsible for the planned TV show) and the Richard III Society. Funding for the
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found in 1758 that the coffin, which had "not withstood the ravages of time", was kept at the White Horse Inn on Gallowtree Gate. Although the coffin's location is no longer known, its description does not match the style of late 15th-century coffins, and it is unlikely to have had any connection
1070:", a group representing claimed descendants of Richard's siblings, his final resting place remained uncertain for nearly a year. The group, which described itself as "his Majesty's representatives and voice", called for Richard to be buried in York Minster, which they claimed was his "wish". The
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revealed the presence of a skeleton along with some head hair and fragments of a shroud and cord. The skeleton was at first assumed to be male, perhaps that of a knight called Sir William de Moton who was known to have been buried there, but later examination showed it to be of a woman—perhaps a
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which built offices on it in the 1920s and 1930s. The county council relocated in 1965 when its new County Hall opened, and Leicester City Council moved in. The rest of the site, where Herrick's garden had once been, was turned into a staff car park in about 1944, but was not otherwise built on.
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Taken together, the injuries appear to be a combination of battle wounds, which were the cause of death, followed by post-mortem humiliation wounds inflicted on the corpse. The body wounds show that the corpse had been stripped of its armour, as the stabbed torso would have been protected by a
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On 12 September, the University of Leicester team announced that the human remains were a possible candidate for Richard's body, but emphasised the need for caution. The positive indicators were that the body was of an adult male; it was buried beneath the choir of the church; it had severe
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Digging began the next day with a trench 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) wide by 30 metres (98 ft) long, running roughly north-south. A layer of modern building debris was removed before the level of the former monastery was reached. Two parallel human leg bones were discovered about 5 metres
729:'s fourth son). If that was the case then the Y chromosome discrepancy with the Beaufort line would be explained but obviously still fail to prove the identity of the body. Hicks suggests alternative candidates descended from Richard III's maternal ancestress for the body (e.g.
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King, TE; Gonzalez Fortes, G; Balaresque, P; Thomas, MG; Balding, D; Maisano Delser, P; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; Forster, Peter; Ekserdjian, David; Hofreiter, Michael; Schürer, Kevin (2014).
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In March 2011, an assessment of the Greyfriars site began to identify where the monastery had stood, and which land might be available for excavation. A desk-based assessment was conducted to determine the archaeological viability of the site, followed by a survey in August 2011 using
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built a schoolhouse on part of the site. Herrick's mansion was demolished in 1871, the present Grey Friars Street was laid through the site in 1873, and more commercial developments, including the Leicester Trustee Savings Bank, were built. In 1915 the rest of the site was acquired by
464:. He also concluded, from his knowledge of the layout of Franciscan priories, that the ruins of the priory church at Greyfriars were likely to lie under the car park and had not been built over. After hearing of his research, Langley urged Ashdown-Hill to contact the producers of
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the architect) recorded that Herrick erected a monument on the site of the grave in the form of a stone pillar three feet (1 m) high carved with the words, "Here lies the Body of Richard III, Some Time King of England." The pillar was visible in 1612 but had disappeared by 1844.
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King, Turi E.; Fortes, Gloria Gonzalez; Balaresque, Patricia; Thomas, Mark G.; Balding, David; Delser, Pierpaolo Maisano; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; Forster, Peter (2 December 2014).
259:, writing between 1486 and 1491, recorded that Richard had been buried "in the choir of the Friars Minor at Leicester". Although later writers ascribed Richard's burial to other places, the accounts of Vergil and Rous were seen by modern investigators as the most credible.
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of Greyfriars in 1538, the friary was demolished and the monument was either destroyed or slowly decayed as a result of being exposed to the elements. The site of the friary was sold to two Lincolnshire property speculators and was later acquired by Robert Herrick, the
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of Leicester Cathedral, said Richard's skeleton would be reinterred at the cathedral in early 2014 in a "Christian-led but ecumenical service", not a formal reburial but rather a service of remembrance, as a funeral service would have been held at the time of burial.
530:(GPR). The GPR results were inconclusive; no clear building remains could be identified owing to a layer of disturbed ground and demolition debris just below the surface. The survey was useful in finding modern utilities crossing the site, such as pipes and cables.
252:, Henry VII "tarried for two days" in Leicester before leaving for London, and on the same date as Henry's departure—25 August 1485—Richard's body was buried "at the convent of Franciscan monks in Leicester" with "no funeral solemnity". The Warwickshire priest and
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One other living female-line relative of Richard III is Wendy Duldig, an Australian resident in England and a 19th generation descendant of Anne of York. Duldig, who has no surviving children, is connected to the Ibsen family through Anne's granddaughter
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149:, which cut off the back of his skull and exposed the brain, or by a sword thrust that penetrated all the way through the brain. Other wounds on the skeleton had probably occurred after death as "humiliation injuries", inflicted as a form of posthumous revenge.
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A desk-based assessment involves gathering together the written, graphic, photographic and electronic information that already exists about a site to help identify the likely character, extent, and quality of the known or suspected remains or structures being
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found at the excavation. Analysts found a mitochondrial DNA match among the exhumed skeleton, Michael Ibsen, and a second direct maternal line descendant, who shares a relatively rare mitochondrial DNA sequence, mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J1c2c.
181:, would be more suitable. A legal challenge confirmed there were no public law grounds for the courts to be involved in that decision. Reinterment took place in Leicester on 26 March 2015, during a televised memorial service held in the presence of the
169:. Taking these findings into account along with other historical, scientific and archaeological evidence, the University of Leicester announced on 4 February 2013 that it had concluded beyond reasonable doubt that the skeleton was that of Richard III.
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project, with Leicester Promotions agreeing to pick up the £35,000 cost of the dig. The University of Leicester Archaeological Services—an independent body with offices at the university—was appointed as the project's archaeological contractor.
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In 1495, ten years after the burial, Henry VII paid for a marble and alabaster monument to mark Richard's grave. Its cost is recorded in surviving legal papers relating to a dispute over payment showing that two men received payments of £50 and
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For too long, people in Leicester have been modest about their achievements and the city they live in. Now – thanks first to the discovery of King Richard III and the Foxes' phenomenal season – it's our time to step into the international
448:, secretary of the Scottish Branch of the Richard III Society, carried out research in Leicester in connection with a biographical Richard III screenplay and became convinced that the car park was the key location for investigation. In 2005,
695:. Four living male-line descendants of Gaunt have been located, and their results are a match to each other. The Y DNA from the skeleton is somewhat degraded, but proved not to match any of the living male-line relatives, showing that a
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suggested that the remains were still in the Greyfriars area. He speculated, "It is possible (though now perhaps unlikely) that at some time in the twenty-first century an excavator may yet reveal the slight remains of this famous monarch."
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duty "to consult widely as to how and where Richard III's remains should appropriately be reinterred". The judicial review opened on 13 March 2014 and was expected to last two days but the decision was deferred for four to six weeks.
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called their challenge "disrespectful", and said that the cathedral would not invest any more money until the matter was decided. Historians said there was no evidence that Richard III wanted to be buried in York. Mark Ormrod of the
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was reportedly consulted but rejected the idea of a royal burial – so the Ministry of Justice initially confirmed that the University of Leicester would make the final decision on where the bones should be re-buried. David Monteith,
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In February 2013, Leicester Cathedral announced a procedure and timetable for the reinterment of Richard's remains. The cathedral authorities planned to bury him in a "place of honour" within the cathedral. Initial plans for a flat
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As a condition of being allowed to disinter the skeleton, the archaeologists agreed that, if Richard were found, his remains would be reburied in Leicester Cathedral. A controversy arose as to whether an alternative reburial site,
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was in keeping with British legal norms which hold that Christian burials excavated by archaeologists should be reburied in the nearest consecrated ground to the original grave and was a condition of the licence granted by the
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event" occurred in the generations between Richard and these men. One of these five was found to be unrelated to the other four, showing that another false-paternity event had occurred in the four generations separating them.
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806:. Although it was probably visible in making his right shoulder higher than the left and reducing his apparent height, it did not preclude an active lifestyle, and would not have caused what modern medicine describes as a "
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The origin of Speed's claim is unclear; it was not attributed to any source, nor did it have any antecedents in other written accounts. The writer Audrey Strange suggests that the account may be a confused retelling of
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Richard Buckley of the University of Leicester Archaeological Services, who said he would "eat his hat" if Richard was discovered, fulfilled his promise by eating a hat-shaped cake baked by a colleague. Buckley later
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1342:, in Peacock Lane, across the road from the cathedral. The site adjoins the car park where the body was found, and overlies the chancel of Greyfriars Friary Church. It was converted into the £4.5 million
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Another local legend arose about a stone coffin that supposedly held Richard's remains, which Speed wrote was "now made a drinking trough for horses at a common Inn". A coffin certainly seems to have existed;
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in December 2014 confirmed a perfect whole-mitochondrial genome match between Richard's skeleton and Michael Ibsen and a near-perfect match between Richard and his other confirmed living relative. However,
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of two teeth, a femur, and a rib. From the isotope analysis of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in the teeth and bones the researchers discovered the diet included much freshwater fish and exotic birds such as
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1027:; or in the Leicester car park in which his body was found. Only two options received significant public support, with Leicester receiving 3,100 more signatures than York. The issue was discussed in the
680:, née Manners. Descendants of Constable, including one of Duldig's ancestors, reportedly emigrated to New Zealand. Duldig's mitochondrial DNA is reportedly a close match, i.e., it features one mutation.
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656:, Joy Ibsen (née Brown), was a direct descendant of Richard's sister, Anne of York, and therefore Richard's 16th generation great-niece. Ibsen's mitochondrial DNA was tested and found to belong to
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The age of the bones at death matched that of Richard when he was killed; they were dated to about the period of his death and were mostly consistent with physical descriptions of the king. Preliminary
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wrote in 1700 that she had seen "a piece of his tombstone he lay in, which was cut out in exact form for his body to lie in; it remains to be seen at ye Greyhound in Leicester but is partly broken."
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were laid out along the street. A townhouse, 17 Friar Lane, was built on the eastern part of the site in 1759 and survives today. During the 19th century, the site was increasingly built on. In 1863
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In Norway, archaeologist Øystein Ekroll hoped that the interest in the discovery of the English king would spill over to Norway. In contrast to England where, with the possible exceptions of
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141:. On the first day a human skeleton belonging to a man in his thirties was uncovered showing signs of severe injuries. The skeleton, which had several unusual physical features, most notably
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to permit the exhumation of up to six sets of human remains. To narrow the search, it was planned that only the remains of men in their thirties, buried within the church, would be exhumed.
145:, a severe curvature of the back, was exhumed to allow scientific analysis. Examination showed that the man had probably been killed either by a blow from a large bladed weapon, probably a
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and placed in a wooden coffin. The remains were moved from the University of Leicester to Leicester Cathedral via the site of the Battle of Bosworth at Fenn Lane Farm and through
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was the most popular option among members of the Richard III Society and in polls of Leicester people. In June 2014 the design was announced, in the form of a table tomb of
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In February 2009, Langley, Carson, and Ashdown-Hill teamed up with Richard III Society members David Johnson and his wife Wendy to launch a project with the working title
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648:, but the attempt proved unsuccessful, owing to degradation of the DNA. Ashdown-Hill turned instead to genealogical research to identify an all-female-line descendant of
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of the spine, possibly making one shoulder higher than the other. An object that appeared to be an arrowhead was found under the spine and the skull had severe injuries.
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expressed scepticism over the idea that Richard had devised any clear plans for his own burial. The standing of the Plantagenet Alliance was challenged. Mathematician
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shown superimposed over a modern map of the area. The skeleton of Richard III was recovered in September 2012 from the centre of the choir, shown by a small blue dot.
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428:, a group established to bring about a reappraisal of the King's tarnished reputation. In 1975 an article by Audrey Strange was published in the society's journal,
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898:, led the project to reconstruct the face, commissioned by the Richard III Society. On 11 February 2014, the University of Leicester announced a project headed by
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challenge, probably because it was widely thought that the grave site had been built over or the skeleton had been scattered, as John Speed's account suggested.
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737:) but does not provide evidence to support his suggestions. Langley rebuts Hicks's argument on the grounds that he does not take into account all the evidence.
660:, which by deduction should be Richard's mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. The mtDNA obtained from Ibsen showed that the Mechelen bones were not those of Margaret.
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1338:. The council announced it would create a permanent attraction and subsequently spent £850,000 to buy the freehold of St Martin's Place, formerly part of
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calculated that Richard III's siblings may have millions of living descendants, saying that "we should all have the chance to vote on Leicester versus York".
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1366:, all the gravesites of English and British monarchs since the 11th century have now been discovered, in Norway about 25 medieval kings are buried in
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is buried within Westminster Abbey; it is uncertain where their only child Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, is buried; theories have included
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archaeology series to propose an excavation of the car park, but they declined as the dig would take longer than the standard three-day window for
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The choice of burial site proved controversial and proposals were made for Richard to be buried in places which some felt were more fitting for a
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The excavators found an iron object under the skeleton's vertebrae and speculated it might be an arrowhead that had been embedded in its back. An
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victory. A few days after the burial, Leicester City began a winning streak to take them from bottom of the league to comfortably avoiding
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All of these are highly consistent with the information that we have about Richard III in life and about the circumstances of his death."
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wrote that it was "a fair tomb of mingled colour marble adorned with his image". Buck also recorded the epitaph inscribed on the tomb.
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high-ranking benefactor. She may not necessarily have been local, as lead coffins were used to transport corpses over long distances.
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On 4 February 2013, the University of Leicester confirmed that the skeleton was that of Richard III. The identification was based on
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with Richard. It is more likely that it was salvaged from one of the religious establishments demolished following the Dissolution.
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286:, respectively, to make and transport the tomb from Nottingham to Leicester. No first-person descriptions of the tomb survive, but
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Richard III, by an unknown artist, late 16th century. The raised right shoulder was a visible sign of Richard's spinal deformity.
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that had stood in Leicester's Castle Gardens was moved to the redesigned Cathedral Gardens, which were reopened on 5 July 2014.
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No 1, Grey Friars, County Offices for Leicestershire County Council from 1936 to 1965, occupies the site of the Herrick mansion.
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1313:: Unveiling the tomb to the public, in a Service of Reveal at Leicester Cathedral, followed by commemorations across Leicester.
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and subsequent demolition, Richard's tomb was lost. An erroneous account arose that Richard's bones had been thrown into the
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1436:, in which the ghost of Richard III promises to help the football team in return for being released from his car park grave.
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5083:""The King in the Car Park": New Light on the Death and Burial of Richard III in the Grey Friars Church, Leicester, in 1485"
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Some commentators suggested the discovery and subsequent positive exposure and good morale around the city contributed to
810:". The bones are those of a male with an age range estimation of 30–34, consistent with Richard, who was 32 when he died.
389:
2529:
926:, broadcast on 4 February 2013. It proved a ratings hit for the channel, watched by up to 4.9 million viewers, and won a
605:
After the exhumation the emphasis shifted from the excavation to laboratory analysis of the bones. Ashdown-Hill had used
3545:
1243:
1212:
799:
to his head until his brains came out with blood". Such accounts would certainly fit the damage inflicted on the skull.
677:
420:
in 2005 to dispute the statement on the larger plaque, installed in 1856. The body was found buried in the city in 2012.
4787:
2679:
Ibsen's mtDNA sequence: 16069T, 16126C, 73G, 146C, 185A, 188G, 263G, 295T, 315.1C in Ashdown-Hill, John (2013), p. 161.
745:
244:
says that "in Newarke laid was hee, that many a one might looke on him"—almost certainly a reference to the collegiate
32:
5799:
5672:
5603:
3323:
985:
914:
DNA inherited via the male line found no link with five other claimed living relatives, indicating that at least one "
822:
to find the age of the bones suggested dates of 1430–1460 and 1412–1449 – both too early for Richard's death in 1485.
802:
Sideways curvature of the spine was evident as the skeleton was excavated. It has been attributed to adolescent-onset
79:, England, in September 2012. Following extensive anthropological and genetic testing, the remains were reinterred at
3156:
1408:
624:
Ashdown-Hill's research came about as a result of a challenge in 2003 to provide a DNA sequence for Richard's sister
552:
384:
5652:
3598:
2658:
2134:
1334:
After the discovery, Leicester City Council set up a temporary exhibition about Richard III in the city's medieval
1256:
367:
4343:"Response to the Architects' Brief produced by Leicester Cathedral for King Richard III's reburial: press release"
1399:
the idea he was found under a car park; the whole thing unfolded in the most amazing way. You couldn't make it up.
5458:
1204:
710:
433:
130:
5794:
5779:
5769:
2902:
1339:
1230:
1148:
The reburial took place during a week of events between 22 and 27 March 2015. The sequence of events included:
927:
527:
240:
194:
182:
91:
1840:
1193:: Remains lay in repose in the cathedral. Waiting times to view the coffin were reported to exceed four hours.
500:
initial phase of pre-excavation research came from the Richard III Society's bursary fund and members of the
5540:
2876:"Geneticist Dr. Turi King and genealogist Professor Kevin Schürer give key evidence on the DNA testing"
1610:
1296:
1059:
in his constituency—halfway between York and Leicester. All options were rejected in Leicester, whose mayor
1032:
831:
610:
425:
572:
an S-shape. No sign of a coffin was found; the skeleton's posture suggested the body had not been put in a
238:
Richard's body was stripped naked and taken to Leicester where it was put on public display. The anonymous
5709:
5566:
4573:
1347:
208:
138:
3897:
922:
The story of the excavation and subsequent scientific investigation was told in a Channel 4 documentary,
652:, Richard's mother. After two years he found that a British-born woman who had emigrated to Canada after
5174:
1112:
905:
696:
540:
The proposed excavation was announced in the June 2012 issue of the Richard III Society's magazine, the
518:
311:
268:
256:
99:
4011:
5028:
4044:
1378:, beneath what is today a public road. A previous attempt to exhume Harald in 2006 was blocked by the
412:
Plaques on Bow Bridge, Leicester, relating to the story that Richard's bones had been dumped into the
231:, a Welsh member of Henry's army who was said to have struck the fatal blow. Richard III was the last
5507:
5183:
3668:
1491:
1238:
1067:
1028:
976:
895:
657:
637:
315:
290:
wrote in 1577 (perhaps quoting someone who had seen it in person) that it incorporated "a picture of
212:
5408:
937:
5598:
4906:
1404:
1363:
1335:
1237:, included memorial prayers for Richard III and the victims of Bosworth and other conflicts. Actor
1087:
996:
967:
759:
718:
704:
547:
417:
126:
87:
80:
1241:, a distant relative of Richard III, who would soon portray him in the BBC Shakespeare adaptation
408:
5618:
3260:
3194:
2786:"Richard III burial: Five centuries on, the last medieval king finally gets honour in death"
2391:
1359:
1300:
1272:
1076:
887:
835:
819:
764:
216:
72:
41:
5081:
Buckley, Richard; Mathew Morris; Jo Appleby; Turi King; Deirdre O'Sullivan; Lin Foxhall (2013).
4849:
4725:
4691:
4543:
4471:
4441:
4387:
4164:
3567:
1550:
273:
4994:
Ashdown-Hill, John; David Johnson; Wendy Johnson; Pippa Langley (2014). Carson, Annette (ed.).
4505:
3123:"King Richard III was probably hacked and stabbed to death in battle, according to a new study"
2307:
1606:
992:
248:, a Lancastrian foundation on the outskirts of medieval Leicester. According to the chronicler
5376:
5357:
5327:
5306:
5287:
5268:
5245:
5226:
5209:
5153:
5134:
5113:
5067:
5001:
4980:
4637:
4224:
4194:
4138:
3702:
3684:
3383:
3186:
3095:
3066:
2599:
1962:
1180:
1071:
1048:
1024:
1012:
941:
The July 2013 excavation, which uncovered more of Greyfriars and exhumed several other burials
880:
823:
633:
533:
Three possible excavation sites were identified: the staff car park of Leicester City Council
453:
449:
287:
220:
178:
158:
95:
4997:
Finding Richard III: The Official Account of Research by the Retrieval & Reburial Project
3040:
2446:
2365:
2280:
2087:
5199:
5191:
5094:
3974:
3692:
3676:
3227:
3176:
3168:
1429:
1351:
840:
641:
625:
618:
588:
The site of Richard III's grave, against a wall in the choir of the former Greyfriars Church
513:
445:
118:
3429:
2849:
2254:
2225:
2199:
949:
A stone coffin found during the 2012 excavation was opened for the first time, revealing a
613:, Richard's older sister, whose matrilineal line of descent is extant through her daughter
5415:
5349:
3810:
Pitts, Mike (November–December 2013). "Richard III update: a coffin, walls and reburial".
2562:"Richard III – University of Leicester press statement following permission judgment"
1555:
1371:
1252:
1200:
1172:
1138:
1096:
915:
534:
249:
5321:
2624:
17:
5187:
3672:
2751:
2721:
2420:
584:
5204:
5169:
4973:
3697:
3656:
1511:
1446:
1367:
1288:
1100:
1036:
1004:
780:
776:
457:
228:
224:
5402:
3172:
1090:
granted permission for a judicial review since the original burial plans ignored the
663:
5743:
5608:
5261:
2592:"The Search for Richard III – DNA, documentary evidence and religious knowledge"
1451:
1416:
1164:
1060:
1008:
868:
692:
493:
363:
343:
68:
3403:
3198:
930:
award. Channel 4 subsequently screened a follow-up documentary on 27 February 2014,
165:
descendants, one 17th-generation and the other 19th-generation, of Richard's sister
102:, where it was buried in a crude grave in the friary church. Following the friary's
5593:
5126:
4346:
2938:
2534:
1507:
1280:
1226:
1208:
1122:
1080:
1020:
980:
911:
891:
849:
784:
754:
653:
424:
The location of Richard III's body had long been of interest to the members of the
323:
174:
154:
4876:"Richard III and Raneiri inspire Leicester City to English Premiership title"
4818:
4757:"Leicester City Council buys the site of its Richard III centre for £850,000"
3993:
2499:"Richard III dig: Eyes of world on Leicester as Greyfriars skeleton find revealed"
2312:
1233:, and senior members of other Christian denominations. The service, shown live on
4995:
4254:
4107:
4077:
1023:, which some claimed was Richard's own preferred burial site; the Roman Catholic
496:
for a televised documentary, which Langley envisaged as a "landmark TV special".
397:
that the remains of the friary church were farther west than previously thought.
3963:
1304:
1268:
1176:
1168:
787:
wrote that "one of the Welshmen then came after him, and struck him dead with a
359:
351:
347:
339:
295:
162:
60:
4472:"Richard III's remains sealed inside coffin at Leicester University – BBC News"
3978:
3348:
699:
had happened somewhere in the 19 generations between Richard III and
628:, to identify bones found in her burial place, the Franciscan priory church in
199:
5099:
5082:
3868:"Richard III set to be buried in Leicester as university makes final decision"
1412:
1160:
1130:
1091:
726:
413:
350:
in 1428, when a mob disinterred him, burned his bones and threw them into the
327:
107:
5444:
5431:
3688:
4788:"Richard III visitor centre in Leicester opens its doors to the public"
4526:
3541:
1515:
1375:
1292:
1276:
1234:
1134:
1011:
monarch. Online petitions were launched calling for Richard to be buried in
954:
899:
857:
807:
803:
684:
606:
594:
470:
465:
291:
253:
142:
76:
45:
5213:
5117:
3706:
3190:
2010:"Meet Philippa Langley: the woman who discovered Richard III in a car park"
1346:, telling the story of Richard's life, death, burial and rediscovery, with
4660:"Order of Service for the Reinterment of the Remains of King Richard III"
4412:"Richard III's bones will be reburied in a coffin made by his descendant"
2650:
2340:"Lead archaeologist Richard Buckley gives key evidence from the dig site"
796:
629:
3932:"Richard III to be re-interred in major ceremony at Leicester Cathedral"
5195:
4165:"Richard III: More or Less examines how many descendents he could have"
3973:(online ed.). Oxford University Press (published September 2010).
3680:
2473:"Richard III Society pays tribute to exemplary archaeological research"
1216:
1156:
1056:
827:
788:
146:
4544:"Richard III: More than 5,000 people visit Leicester Cathedral coffin"
3181:
3964:"Edward [Edward of Middleham], prince of Wales (1474x6–1484)"
3011:"Was the skeleton in the Leicester car park really Richard III?"
1275:
before his accession. Music during the service included a setting of
1184:
645:
573:
3826:"New twist in mystery of lead coffin found near Richard III's grave"
775:
The head wounds are consistent with the narrative of a 1485 poem by
283:
2530:"Richard III: Could the skeleton under the car park be the king's?"
1953:
Langley, Philippa; Jones, Michael K. (2013). "1. Road to the Dig".
551:
Archaeologists working in a trench in the playground of the former
3750:"Following hit doc, More4 to screen Richard III: The Unseen Story"
1321:
1187:
to a four-horse-drawn hearse for entry into the city of Leicester.
1175:
retracing part of Richard's last journey. The coffin, made from
1111:
991:
936:
864:
853:
744:
703:; work by Turi King and others has shown that historical rates of
662:
583:
546:
512:
407:
373:
198:
50:
31:
5396:
3516:"University of Leicester announces discovery of King Richard III"
5110:
Richard III, as Duke of Gloucester and King of England. Volume 2
4442:"Leicester's Richard III statue reinstated at Cathedral Gardens"
3629:"Genomes of Richard III and his proven relative to be sequenced"
1862:
Strange, Audrey (September 1975). "The Grey Friars, Leicester".
1795:
1793:
950:
845:
5462:
4726:"Does Leicester's Richard III centre live up to the hype?"
3497:
Pitts, Mike (March–April 2015). "The reburial of Richard III".
1415:, and they went on to win the league the following year. Mayor
117:
A search for Richard's body began in August 2012, initiated by
5244:. Leicester: University of Leicester Archaeological Services.
4692:"Public to attend Richard III reburial at Leicester Cathedral"
4607:
4577:
4504:. Kingrichardinleicester.com. 16 February 2015. Archived from
3776:"'King in the Car Park' documentary wins top television award"
2817:"Canadian family holds genetic key to Richard III puzzle"
966:
The University of Leicester's plan to inter Richard's body in
5683:
2002: Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (Operation Tay Bridge)
5326:. Tempe, AZ: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies.
4850:"Richard III: Greatest archaeological discovery of all?"
4604:"Benedict Cumberbatch to read poem at Richard III's reburial"
4502:"Reburial TImetable Archives – King Richard III in Leicester"
975:
to exhume any human remains found during the excavation. The
3157:"Perimortem trauma in King Richard III: a skeletal analysis"
687:
continued to pursue a link between the paternally-inherited
3631:. University of Leicester. 11 February 2014. Archived from
1833:"The Man Himself: Looking for Richard: In Search of a King"
1482:
Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC)
1063:
retorted: "Those bones leave Leicester over my dead body."
5403:
Videos and links about the discovery of Richard III's body
5323:
English Renaissance Prose: History, Language, and Politics
4287:. Leicester.anglican.org. 12 February 2013. Archived from
4078:"Richard III: King's reburial row goes to judicial review"
3599:"Richard III: Is this the face that launched 1,000 myths?"
3518:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013. Archived from
3349:"Richard III wounds match medieval Welsh poem description"
2475:. University of Leicester. 15 October 2012. Archived from
1219:'In memoriam; Ricardus Rex' was composed by Graham Keitch.
832:
make radiocarbon dating samples appear older than they are
621:
subsequently traced a second individual in the same line.
2625:"Family tree: Cecily Neville (1415–1495) Duchess of York"
2564:. University of Leicester. 16 August 2013. Archived from
555:, on the site of the Greyfriars Church, in September 2012
4108:"Richard III remains: Reinterment delay 'disrespectful'"
3898:"Richard III: New battle looms over final resting place"
3778:. University of Leicester. 20 March 2014. Archived from
5673:
1979: The Earl Mountbatten of Burma (Operation Freeman)
5284:
Digging for Richard III: How Archaeology Found the King
2971:(Television documentary). Darlow Smithson Productions.
4225:"Richard III: Judicial review bones decision deferred"
2942:. Society for Science & the Public. Archived from
2903:"Bones under parking lot belonged to Richard III"
1215:, Leicesters principle Catholic Church. Music for the
1183:
estate by Michael Ibsen, was transferred from a motor
481:
Three years later, writer Annette Carson, in her book
5263:
Winter King – Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England
4368:
Stone, Phil (July 2013). "From Darkness into Light".
4285:"Cathedral announces first step in interment process"
4195:"Richard III remains: Judicial review hearing starts"
1455:
follows Langley's search for King Richard III's body.
1017:
where 17 other English and British kings are interred
246:
Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke
185:
and senior members of other Christian denominations.
5694:
2021: The Duke of Edinburgh (Operation Forth Bridge)
4975:
The Last Days of Richard III and the Fate of His DNA
4719:
4717:
3855:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
2075:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
2039:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1982:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1941:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1929:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1917:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1905:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1893:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1812:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1785:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1728:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1704:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1687:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1663:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
1651:
Carson, Ashdown-Hill, Johnson, Johnson & Langley
667:
Michael Ibsen, Richard III's nephew 16 times removed
5702:
5640:
5633:
5581:
5556:
5505:
5498:
5170:"Identification of the remains of King Richard III"
5042:. Leicester Archaeological and Historical Society.
4533:, 5.10 pm to 8 pm, Sunday 22 March 2015 in Britain.
3657:"Identification of the remains of King Richard III"
2844:
2842:
2308:"An interview with the woman who found Richard III"
1127:
the memorial stone installed in the chancel in 1982
683:Despite the matching mitochondrial DNA, geneticist
5422:Timetable of reburial week events 22–28 March 2015
5373:How to Bury a King: the reinterment of Richard III
5260:
4972:
4311:"Brief for Architects: Grave for King Richard III"
4072:
4070:
3962:
3457:"Richard III's rich diet of fish and exotic birds"
3343:
3341:
2934:"A king's final hours, told by his mortal remains"
2127:"Update: Looking for Richard: In Search of a King"
1370:around the country. Ekroll proposed to start with
867:analysis showed it was a nail, probably dating to
4345:. Richard III Society. 4 May 2013. Archived from
4045:"King Richard III burial row heads to High Court"
3287:"Graphic: Richard III's injuries and how he died"
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
2598:. Richard III Society: 31–32. Archived from
4938:"IFC Films Nabs Stephen Frears' 'The Lost King'"
3930:Britten, Nick; Hough, Andrew (4 February 2013).
3568:"Richard III dig: DNA confirms bones are king's"
1607:"The Newarke and the Church of the Annunciation"
875:Identification of Richard III and other findings
826:carried out on the bones found evidence of much
814:Radiocarbon dating and other scientific analyses
71:, were discovered within the site of the former
4817:Landrø, Juliet; Zahl, Hilde (5 February 2013).
4388:"Richard III tomb design unveiled in Leicester"
2994:Hicks, M. (2017). "The Family of Richard III".
2651:"Richard III dig: 'It does look like him'"
2619:
2617:
1384:
562:University of Leicester Archaeological Services
135:University of Leicester Archaeological Services
55:Funeral cortège bearing Richard's modern coffin
4819:"Ønsker å grave opp de norske "asfaltkongene""
4005:
4003:
3925:
3923:
2585:
2583:
2004:
2002:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1247:, read a poem written for the service by the
1155:: Richard's bones were sealed in a lead-lined
1055:, suggested that the body should be buried in
999:, where Richard III was reburied in March 2015
839:rich seafood diet was confirmed by a chemical
456:sequence of Richard III after identifying two
36:The remains of King Richard III as discovered
5474:
5131:The Bones of a King: Richard III Rediscovered
4636:. Channel Four. 23 March 2015. Archived from
3155:Appleby, J; et al. (17 September 2014).
161:extracted from the bones matched that of two
8:
5223:The Search for Richard III: The King's Grave
3510:
3508:
3432:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
3406:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
3314:
3312:
3263:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
3230:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
3098:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
3069:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
3043:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2852:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2792:. Telegraph Media Group Limited. p. 3.
2779:
2777:
2449:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2423:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2415:
2413:
2394:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2368:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2283:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2257:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2228:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2202:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2186:
2133:. Richard III Society: 14–15. Archived from
2112:
2090:. University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
2062:
2050:
1993:
1955:The King's Grave: The Search for Richard III
1839:. Richard III Society: 26–28. Archived from
1799:
749:Richard III's bones as originally discovered
5775:September 2012 events in the United Kingdom
5397:University of Leicester Richard III website
3744:
3742:
3090:
3088:
2965:Bower, Dick (Director) (27 February 2013).
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1551:"King Richard III killed by blows to skull"
1380:Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage
5637:
5553:
5502:
5481:
5467:
5459:
5354:Shakespeare and the Remains of Richard III
5221:Langley, Philippa; Jones, Michael (2014).
4012:"Tug-of-war brews over 'king in car park'"
3150:
3148:
1350:from the dig including Philippa Langley's
1167:, Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre on
294:representing person". Forty years later,
5203:
5098:
4039:
4037:
3696:
3180:
2878:. University of Leicester. Archived from
2342:. University of Leicester. Archived from
1646:
1644:
1374:, who was probably buried anonymously in
609:to track down matrilineal descendants of
5242:Richard III: The King Under the Car Park
5240:Mathew, Morris; Richard Buckley (2013).
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3542:"The search for Richard III – completed"
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
2528:Wainwright, Martin (13 September 2012).
2447:"Saturday 8 to Friday 14 September 2012"
2392:"Wednesday 5 September 2012 (continued)"
2249:
2247:
2158:"Digging for dirt on the Hunchback King"
1287:, an anthem composed for the service by
1104:the cost of the original investigation.
953:coffin inside. An investigation with an
490:Looking for Richard: In Search of a King
416:. The small plaque was installed by the
272:
5790:March 2015 events in the United Kingdom
5531:1952: King George VI (Hyde Park Corner)
3970:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3721:"Richard III: The King in the Car Park"
3597:Cullinane, Susannah (5 February 2013).
3222:
3220:
3121:Kirkpatrick, Nick (17 September 2014).
1880:
1739:
1674:
1581:
1530:
1465:
5750:Archaeological sites in Leicestershire
4979:. Stroud, England: The History Press.
4255:"Richard III reburial court bid fails"
4175:from the original on 25 September 2015
4010:Brown, John Murray (3 February 2013).
3320:"Armouries finds King in the Car Park"
3261:"What the bones can and can't tell us"
3133:from the original on 18 September 2014
1593:
1255:. The royal family was represented by
219:in 1485, the last major battle of the
90:, was killed on 22 August 1485 in the
5150:Richard III and the Death of Chivalry
4886:from the original on 12 November 2018
4422:from the original on 17 December 2021
4316:. Leicester Cathedral. Archived from
3436:from the original on 28 February 2021
3267:from the original on 18 November 2018
3234:from the original on 7 September 2017
3102:from the original on 7 September 2017
3073:from the original on 7 September 2017
3021:from the original on 24 December 2017
2932:Ehrenberg, Rachel (6 February 2013).
2453:from the original on 16 November 2017
2398:from the original on 16 November 2017
2094:from the original on 28 February 2021
1617:from the original on 12 February 2017
1563:from the original on 22 November 2021
1449:, the 2022 British comedy-drama film
979:made no claim on the remains – Queen
924:Richard III: The King in the Car Park
903:been sequenced. A study published in
452:announced that he had discovered the
94:, the last significant battle of the
7:
5491:state funerals in the United Kingdom
5049:from the original on 4 February 2012
4948:from the original on 10 October 2022
4755:Warzynski, Peter (3 December 2012).
3752:. Channel 4 News. 13 February 2013.
3609:from the original on 3 November 2021
3548:from the original on 10 January 2020
3410:from the original on 24 January 2021
3205:from the original on 5 November 2021
3047:from the original on 1 February 2020
2856:from the original on 26 January 2021
2732:from the original on 3 November 2020
2631:from the original on 20 January 2015
2590:Ashdown-Hill, John (December 2012).
2287:from the original on 15 October 2018
2255:"Monday 27 to Friday 31 August 2012"
2125:Langley, Philippa (September 2012).
1537:
735:John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln
717:and John Holland (brother in law of
701:Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort
636:sequence from a preserved hair from
460:descendants of Richard III's sister
362:recorded it on a visit in 1654, and
86:Richard III, the final ruler of the
5653:1921: The Marquess of Milford Haven
5356:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5305:. Tal-y-bont, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa.
5029:"King Richard's Grave in Leicester"
4917:from the original on 4 October 2018
4736:from the original on 3 January 2022
4702:from the original on 3 January 2022
4554:from the original on 3 January 2022
4531:Richard III, The Return of the King
4482:from the original on 3 January 2022
4452:from the original on 22 August 2022
4398:from the original on 11 August 2022
4265:from the original on 3 January 2022
4235:from the original on 3 January 2022
4205:from the original on 3 January 2022
4145:from the original on 3 January 2022
4118:from the original on 3 January 2022
4088:from the original on 3 January 2022
4055:from the original on 3 January 2022
3908:from the original on 3 January 2022
3578:from the original on 11 August 2022
3467:from the original on 3 January 2022
3455:Quenqua, Douglas (25 August 2014).
3359:from the original on 3 January 2022
2913:from the original on 3 January 2022
2796:from the original on 3 January 2022
2690:"Detailed Genealogical Information"
2661:from the original on 2 January 2016
2542:from the original on 3 January 2022
2505:. 13 September 2012. Archived from
1191:Monday 23 – Wednesday 25 March 2015
1066:After legal action brought by the "
723:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
658:mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup J
233:English king to be killed in battle
5589:1914: The Earl Roberts of Kandahar
5014:from the original on 28 April 2024
4848:Watson, Grieg (12 February 2013).
4829:from the original on 29 April 2013
2968:Richard III: The Unseen Story
2901:Burns, John F. (4 February 2013).
2762:from the original on 29 March 2015
1261:Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
509:Greyfriars project and excavations
277:The grave of Richard III from 1485
211:was killed fighting the forces of
25:
5108:Halsted, Caroline Amelia (1844).
5000:. Horstead: Imprimis Imprimatur.
4936:Vlessing, Etan (10 August 2022).
4856:from the original on 19 July 2021
4614:from the original on 19 July 2021
4584:from the original on 6 March 2021
4376:. London: Current Publishing: 10.
4022:from the original on 13 July 2015
3874:. 7 February 2013. Archived from
3832:. 17 October 2013. Archived from
3756:from the original on 24 July 2018
3430:"Radiocarbon dating and analysis"
3380:Bosworth: The Birth of the Tudors
3322:. Royal Armouries. Archived from
3293:. 5 February 2013. Archived from
2975:from the original on 3 March 2016
2815:Boswell, Randy (27 August 2012).
2756:The Discovery of Richard III
2726:The Discovery of Richard III
2702:from the original on 19 July 2022
2427:from the original on 9 March 2021
2261:from the original on 24 July 2018
2232:from the original on 24 July 2018
2206:from the original on 24 July 2018
632:, Belgium. He tried to extract a
4798:from the original on 27 May 2016
4137:Ormrod, Mark (5 February 2013).
2372:from the original on 1 July 2015
2320:from the original on 12 May 2023
2306:Treble, Patricia (6 June 2014).
2156:Rainey, Sarah (25 August 2012).
731:Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont
707:are around 1–2% per generation.
310:(and eventual uncle of the poet
227:credited Richard's death to Sir
125:project with the support of the
5765:2012 archaeological discoveries
5409:About the facial reconstruction
5125:The Grey Friars Research Team;
4665:. 26 March 2015. Archived from
3501:. No. 141. pp. 26–33.
1870:(50). Richard III Society: 3–7.
1831:Langley, Philippa (June 2012).
1344:King Richard III Visitor Centre
1328:King Richard III Visitor Centre
1265:Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester
830:consumption, which is known to
795:recorded that "they struck his
564:applied for a licence from the
5678:1997: Diana, Princess of Wales
5062:Bennett, Michael John (1985).
4786:Kennedy, Maev (22 July 2013).
4724:Watson, Grieg (22 July 2014).
4410:Kennedy, Maev (16 June 2014).
2016:. 2 April 2013. Archived from
1225:: Reburial in the presence of
483:Richard III: The Maligned King
385:Alderman Newton's Boys' School
137:, working in partnership with
1:
5286:. London: Thames and Hudson.
3814:. No. 133. pp. 6–7.
3228:"Injuries to the body 9 – 10"
3173:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60804-7
3096:"Injuries to the skull 7 – 8"
3067:"Injuries to the skull 3 – 6"
3041:"Injuries to the skull 1 – 2"
3009:Mason, Emma (23 March 2015).
2850:"Results of the DNA analysis"
2784:Rowley, Tom (23 March 2015).
1559:. London. 17 September 2014.
932:Richard III: The Unseen Story
779:in which a Welsh knight, Sir
390:Leicestershire County Council
65:English king killed in battle
5668:1974: The Duke of Gloucester
4907:"The Fox and the Ghost King"
3994:UK public library membership
2366:"Wednesday 5 September 2012"
1496:Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit
1326:One of the galleries in the
1116:The 2015 tomb of Richard III
5725:2013: The Baroness Thatcher
5648:1904: The Duke of Cambridge
5641:Members of the Royal Family
5614:1965: Sir Winston Churchill
5066:. Gloucester: Alan Sutton.
4971:Ashdown-Hill, John (2013).
4634:"Richard III: The Reburial"
3854:
3723:. Channel 4. Archived from
3544:. University of Leicester.
3167:(9964). Elsevier: 253–259.
2758:. University of Leicester.
2728:. University of Leicester.
2695:. University of Leicester.
2627:. University of Leicester.
2074:
2038:
1981:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1811:
1784:
1772:
1751:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1686:
1662:
1650:
1635:
1108:Reburial and commemorations
691:and that of descendants of
494:Darlow Smithson Productions
5816:
2998:. pp. 55–56, 187–190.
2187:Langley & Jones (2014)
2113:Langley & Jones (2014)
2063:Langley & Jones (2014)
2051:Langley & Jones (2014)
1994:Langley & Jones (2014)
1800:Langley & Jones (2014)
1518:, both in North Yorkshire.
1434:The Fox and the Ghost King
1257:Sophie, Countess of Wessex
1211:for Richard III's soul in
332:Historie of Great Britaine
266:
192:
5690:(exhumation and reburial)
5599:1920: The Unknown Warrior
5405:(University of Leicester)
5399:(University of Leicester)
5100:10.1017/s0003598x00049103
4905:Michael Morpurgo (2016).
4139:"A burial fit for a King"
2200:"Saturday 25 August 2012"
1432:'s 2016 children's book,
1299:; and an arrangement of "
1205:Archbishop of Westminster
1143:the statue of Richard III
580:Analysis of the discovery
131:archaeological excavation
27:2012 archaeological event
18:Exhumation of Richard III
5710:1919: The Lord Beresford
5703:Outside the Royal Family
5582:Outside the Royal Family
5536:2022: Queen Elizabeth II
5267:. Simon & Schuster.
4370:Military History Monthly
3382:. Phoenix. p. 309.
3378:Skidmore, Chris (2014).
1428:The two events inspired
1340:Leicester Grammar School
1231:Archbishop of Canterbury
1213:Holy Cross Priory Church
928:Royal Television Society
860:parasites when he died.
553:Alderman Newton's School
528:ground-penetrating radar
241:Ballad of Bosworth Field
195:Battle of Bosworth Field
189:Death and initial burial
183:Archbishop of Canterbury
98:. His body was taken to
92:Battle of Bosworth Field
5785:2010s in Leicestershire
5720:1925: The Earl of Ypres
5541:Operation London Bridge
5414:8 February 2013 at the
5148:Hipshon, David (2009).
5129:; Foxhall, Lin (2015).
5027:Baldwin, David (1986).
2226:"Sunday 26 August 2012"
1611:University of Leicester
1088:Mr. Justice Haddon-Cave
5760:Richard III of England
5688:2015: King Richard III
5567:Operation Menai Bridge
5445:52.634025°N 1.136295°W
5418:(University of Dundee)
5375:. Preston: Zaccmedia.
5064:The Battle of Bosworth
4942:The Hollywood Reporter
4550:. BBC. 23 March 2015.
4141:. University of York.
3979:10.1093/ref:odnb/38659
1426:
1409:2015–16 Premier League
1401:
1385:
1331:
1223:Thursday 26 March 2015
1129:, proved unpopular. A
1117:
1043:should be held, while
1000:
942:
894:Identification at the
750:
668:
589:
556:
522:
421:
379:
278:
209:Richard III of England
204:
139:Leicester City Council
56:
48:
5715:1920: The Lord Fisher
5658:1925: Queen Alexandra
5609:1935: The Lord Carson
5521:1910: King Edward VII
5371:Hobson, Pete (2016).
5320:Rhodes, Neil (1997).
5303:A Life of Guto'r Glyn
5259:Penn, Thomas (2011).
5175:Nature Communications
3661:Nature Communications
1421:
1396:
1325:
1115:
995:
940:
906:Nature Communications
793:Ballad of Lady Bessie
748:
697:false-paternity event
666:
607:genealogical research
587:
550:
519:Greyfriars, Leicester
516:
411:
377:
276:
269:Greyfriars, Leicester
202:
100:Greyfriars, Leicester
67:and last king of the
54:
35:
5755:History of Leicester
5516:1901: Queen Victoria
5450:52.634025; -1.136295
5282:Pitts, Mike (2014).
4580:. 11 December 2016.
3961:Pollard, AJ (2004).
3355:. 15 February 2013.
3015:BBC History Magazine
2946:on 12 September 2013
1773:Morris & Buckley
1752:Morris & Buckley
1716:Morris & Buckley
1636:Morris & Buckley
1492:University of Oxford
1311:Friday 27 March 2015
1239:Benedict Cumberbatch
1197:Monday 23 March 2015
1153:Sunday 22 March 2015
1141:plinth. That month,
1125:, perhaps modifying
1097:Lady Justice Hallett
1068:Plantagenet Alliance
1029:Houses of Parliament
977:British royal family
962:Plans and challenges
896:University of Dundee
316:Sir Christopher Wren
5634:Ceremonial funerals
5604:1928: The Earl Haig
5526:1936: King George V
5441: /
5188:2014NatCo...5.5631K
5133:. Wiley-Blackwell.
4911:michaelmorpurgo.com
4698:. 5 December 2014.
4529:television program
3936:The Daily Telegraph
3904:. 6 February 2013.
3878:on 25 December 2014
3836:on 21 February 2015
3812:British Archaeology
3782:on 23 February 2015
3673:2014NatCo...5.5631K
3574:. 4 February 2013.
3499:British Archaeology
3326:on 26 February 2015
2657:. 4 February 2013.
2479:on 19 December 2012
2162:The Daily Telegraph
1957:(London ed.).
1405:Leicester City F.C.
1101:Mr. Justice Ouseley
997:Leicester Cathedral
973:Ministry of Justice
968:Leicester Cathedral
820:radiocarbon datings
760:William Shakespeare
719:Henry IV of England
715:Isabella of Castile
678:Catherine Constable
566:Ministry of Justice
502:Looking for Richard
426:Richard III Society
418:Richard III Society
402:Looking for Richard
127:Richard III Society
123:Looking for Richard
104:dissolution in 1538
88:Plantagenet dynasty
81:Leicester Cathedral
5800:2010s in Leicester
5619:Operation Hope Not
5594:1919: Edith Cavell
5196:10.1038/ncomms6631
5112:. Carey and Hart.
4767:on 4 February 2013
4574:"About the Series"
4171:. 19 August 2013.
4084:. 16 August 2013.
3942:on 7 February 2018
3681:10.1038/ncomms6631
3461:The New York Times
3297:on 5 February 2013
2907:The New York Times
2882:on 6 February 2013
2752:"Lines of descent"
2722:"Living Relatives"
2596:Ricardian Bulletin
2509:on 8 February 2013
2131:Ricardian Bulletin
2065:, pp. 21, 24.
2053:, pp. 22, 26.
1837:Ricardian Bulletin
1440:In popular culture
1332:
1301:God Save the Queen
1273:Duke of Gloucester
1137:fossil stone on a
1118:
1077:University of York
1001:
943:
888:Caroline Wilkinson
751:
669:
615:Anne St Leger
590:
557:
542:Ricardian Bulletin
523:
444:In 2004 and 2005,
422:
380:
342:of the remains of
308:mayor of Leicester
279:
217:Battle of Bosworth
205:
83:on 26 March 2015.
73:Grey Friars Priory
57:
49:
42:Grey Friars Priory
5737:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5629:
5628:
5577:
5576:
5563:King Charles III
5333:978-0-8669-8205-4
5312:978-0-86243-971-2
5301:Rees, EA (2008).
5293:978-0-500-25200-0
5274:978-1-4391-9156-9
5251:978-0-9574792-2-7
5232:978-1-84854-893-0
5152:. History Press.
5073:978-0-8629-9053-4
5007:978-0-9576840-2-7
4986:978-0-7524-9205-6
4913:. HarperCollins.
4761:Leicester Mercury
4610:. 25 March 2015.
4478:. 16 March 2015.
4349:on 3 January 2022
4231:. 14 March 2014.
4201:. 13 March 2014.
3992:(Subscription or
3872:Leicester Mercury
3830:Leicester Mercury
3389:978-0-7538-2894-6
2827:on 31 August 2012
2503:Leicester Mercury
2168:on 26 August 2012
1968:978-1-84854-893-0
1802:, pp. 7, 10.
1677:, pp. 21–22.
1417:Sir Peter Soulsby
1181:Duchy of Cornwall
1072:Dean of Leicester
1035:MP and historian
1025:Arundel Cathedral
1013:Westminster Abbey
881:mitochondrial DNA
824:Mass spectrometry
634:mitochondrial DNA
454:mitochondrial DNA
450:John Ashdown-Hill
288:Raphael Holinshed
223:. The Welsh poet
221:Wars of the Roses
179:Westminster Abbey
159:mitochondrial DNA
96:Wars of the Roses
16:(Redirected from
5807:
5663:1953: Queen Mary
5638:
5554:
5503:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5386:
5367:
5350:Schwyzer, Philip
5337:
5316:
5297:
5278:
5266:
5255:
5236:
5217:
5207:
5163:
5144:
5121:
5104:
5102:
5093:(336): 519–538.
5077:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5048:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5019:
4990:
4978:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4825:(in Norwegian).
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4763:. Archived from
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4672:on 26 March 2015
4671:
4664:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4540:
4534:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4508:on 24 March 2015
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4448:. 26 June 2014.
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4394:. 16 June 2014.
4384:
4378:
4377:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4291:on 14 April 2013
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4114:. 16 July 2013.
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3966:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3938:. Archived from
3927:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3700:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3257:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3184:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2823:. Archived from
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2164:. Archived from
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2020:on 25 March 2015
2006:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1843:on 14 March 2016
1828:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1519:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1430:Michael Morpurgo
1388:
1352:Wellington boots
1244:The Hollow Crown
1086:In August 2013,
1039:proposed that a
986:Canon Chancellor
841:isotope analysis
642:Ashmolean Museum
446:Philippa Langley
326:and antiquarian
119:Philippa Langley
21:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5795:Royal reburials
5780:2015 in England
5770:2012 in England
5740:
5739:
5738:
5729:
5698:
5625:
5573:
5552:
5506:Members of the
5494:
5489:Ceremonial and
5487:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5416:Wayback Machine
5393:
5383:
5370:
5364:
5348:
5345:
5343:Further reading
5340:
5334:
5319:
5313:
5300:
5294:
5281:
5275:
5258:
5252:
5239:
5233:
5225:. John Murray.
5220:
5166:
5160:
5147:
5141:
5124:
5107:
5080:
5074:
5061:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5031:
5026:
5017:
5015:
5008:
4993:
4987:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4880:Herald Scotland
4874:
4873:
4869:
4859:
4857:
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4846:
4842:
4832:
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4815:
4811:
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4799:
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4768:
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4749:
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4723:
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4715:
4705:
4703:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4542:
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4537:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4455:
4453:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4409:
4401:
4399:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4261:. 23 May 2014.
4253:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4193:
4192:
4188:
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4176:
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4131:
4121:
4119:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4016:Financial Times
4009:
4008:
4001:
3991:
3983:
3981:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3896:
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3891:
3881:
3879:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3808:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3727:on 4 March 2016
3719:
3718:
3714:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3635:on 22 July 2021
3627:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3522:on 19 July 2021
3514:
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3506:
3496:
3495:
3480:
3470:
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3449:
3439:
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3411:
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3397:
3390:
3377:
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3339:
3329:
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3310:
3300:
3298:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3127:Washington Post
3120:
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3105:
3103:
3094:
3093:
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3065:
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2814:
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2809:
2799:
2797:
2790:Daily Telegraph
2783:
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2750:
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2720:
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2699:
2692:
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2674:
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2662:
2649:
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2644:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2568:on 18 July 2021
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2497:
2496:
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2444:
2440:
2430:
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2411:
2401:
2399:
2390:
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2375:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2346:on 20 June 2013
2338:
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2073:
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2061:
2057:
2049:
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2037:
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2023:
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2008:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1939:
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1927:
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1576:
1566:
1564:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1506:Richard's wife
1505:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1442:
1372:Harald Hardrada
1368:unmarked graves
1320:
1291:; a setting of
1253:Carol Ann Duffy
1207:, celebrated a
1201:Vincent Nichols
1173:Market Bosworth
1139:Kilkenny marble
1110:
1099:, sitting with
964:
916:false-paternity
890:, Professor of
877:
816:
743:
721:), rather than
705:false paternity
603:
582:
535:Social Services
511:
406:
296:Sir George Buck
271:
265:
250:Polydore Vergil
197:
191:
59:The remains of
40:at the site of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5813:
5811:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5742:
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5735:
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5731:
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5728:
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5706:
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5550:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5500:
5499:State funerals
5496:
5495:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5406:
5400:
5392:
5391:External links
5389:
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5218:
5182:(5631): 5631.
5164:
5159:978-0750950749
5158:
5145:
5140:978-1118783146
5139:
5122:
5105:
5078:
5072:
5059:
5024:
5006:
4991:
4985:
4967:
4965:
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4960:
4959:
4928:
4897:
4867:
4840:
4809:
4778:
4747:
4713:
4683:
4651:
4640:on 10 May 2017
4625:
4595:
4565:
4535:
4519:
4493:
4463:
4433:
4379:
4360:
4334:
4323:on 30 May 2013
4302:
4276:
4246:
4216:
4186:
4156:
4129:
4099:
4066:
4051:. 1 May 2013.
4033:
3999:
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3919:
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3113:
3084:
3058:
3032:
3001:
2986:
2957:
2924:
2893:
2867:
2838:
2821:Postmedia News
2807:
2773:
2743:
2713:
2681:
2672:
2642:
2613:
2602:on 1 July 2015
2579:
2553:
2520:
2490:
2464:
2438:
2409:
2383:
2357:
2331:
2298:
2272:
2243:
2217:
2191:
2179:
2148:
2137:on 1 July 2015
2117:
2105:
2088:"Where we dug"
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1967:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1881:Baldwin (1986)
1873:
1854:
1816:
1804:
1789:
1777:
1756:
1744:
1742:, p. 401.
1740:Halsted (1844)
1732:
1720:
1708:
1691:
1679:
1675:Baldwin (1986)
1667:
1655:
1640:
1628:
1598:
1586:
1582:Hipshon (2009)
1574:
1542:
1540:, p. 212.
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1512:Sheriff Hutton
1499:
1484:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1447:Stephen Frears
1441:
1438:
1386:Riksantikvaren
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1289:Judith Bingham
1220:
1194:
1188:
1109:
1106:
1037:Chris Skidmore
1005:Roman Catholic
963:
960:
876:
873:
815:
812:
781:Rhys ap Thomas
742:
739:
650:Cecily Neville
638:Edward IV
602:
599:
581:
578:
510:
507:
405:
399:
368:William Hutton
312:Robert Herrick
301:Following the
267:Main article:
264:
261:
229:Rhys ap Thomas
193:Main article:
190:
187:
110:at the nearby
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5390:
5384:
5382:9781911211174
5378:
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5363:9780199676101
5359:
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5342:
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5325:
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5314:
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5165:
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5155:
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5132:
5128:
5127:Kennedy, Maev
5123:
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3321:
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3309:
3296:
3292:
3291:The Telegraph
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2286:
2282:
2281:"1 September"
2276:
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2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2189:, p. 21.
2188:
2183:
2180:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2115:, p. 56.
2114:
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2093:
2089:
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2076:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1996:, p. 11.
1995:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1883:, p. 24.
1882:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1864:The Ricardian
1858:
1855:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1814:, pp. 35, 46.
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1796:
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1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
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1629:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1596:, p. 45.
1595:
1594:Rhodes (1997)
1590:
1587:
1584:, p. 25.
1583:
1578:
1575:
1562:
1558:
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1497:
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1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:The Lost King
1448:
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1290:
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1285:Ghostly Grace
1282:
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1274:
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1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:poet laureate
1246:
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1165:Sutton Cheney
1162:
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1128:
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1061:Peter Soulsby
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:state funeral
1038:
1034:
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869:Roman Britain
866:
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711:Michael Hicks
708:
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693:John of Gaunt
690:
686:
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673:
665:
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619:Kevin Schürer
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434:David Baldwin
431:
430:The Ricardian
427:
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372:
369:
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364:Celia Fiennes
361:
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349:
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344:John Wycliffe
341:
335:
333:
330:wrote in his
329:
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69:House of York
66:
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53:
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43:
39:
34:
30:
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5508:Royal Family
5426:
5372:
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5283:
5262:
5241:
5222:
5179:
5173:
5149:
5130:
5109:
5090:
5086:
5063:
5051:. Retrieved
5039:
5036:Transactions
5035:
5016:. Retrieved
4996:
4974:
4964:Bibliography
4950:. Retrieved
4941:
4931:
4919:. Retrieved
4910:
4900:
4888:. Retrieved
4879:
4870:
4858:. Retrieved
4852:. BBC News.
4843:
4831:. Retrieved
4822:
4812:
4800:. Retrieved
4792:The Guardian
4791:
4781:
4769:. Retrieved
4765:the original
4760:
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4729:
4704:. Retrieved
4695:
4686:
4674:. Retrieved
4667:the original
4654:
4642:. Retrieved
4638:the original
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4598:
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4556:. Retrieved
4547:
4538:
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4522:
4510:. Retrieved
4506:the original
4496:
4484:. Retrieved
4475:
4466:
4454:. Retrieved
4445:
4436:
4424:. Retrieved
4416:The Guardian
4415:
4400:. Retrieved
4391:
4382:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4351:. Retrieved
4347:the original
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4318:the original
4305:
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4289:the original
4279:
4267:. Retrieved
4258:
4249:
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4228:
4219:
4207:. Retrieved
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4102:
4090:. Retrieved
4081:
4057:. Retrieved
4048:
4024:. Retrieved
4015:
3982:. Retrieved
3968:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3940:the original
3935:
3910:. Retrieved
3901:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3876:the original
3871:
3862:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3834:the original
3829:
3820:
3811:
3784:. Retrieved
3780:the original
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3729:. Retrieved
3725:the original
3715:
3664:
3660:
3649:
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3633:the original
3623:
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3602:
3592:
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3571:
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3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:the original
3498:
3471:15 September
3469:. Retrieved
3460:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3398:
3379:
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3352:
3328:. Retrieved
3324:the original
3299:. Retrieved
3295:the original
3290:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3236:. Retrieved
3209:18 September
3207:. Retrieved
3164:
3160:
3137:18 September
3135:. Retrieved
3126:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3075:. Retrieved
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3014:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2967:
2960:
2948:. Retrieved
2944:the original
2939:Science News
2937:
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2906:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:the original
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2829:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2820:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2789:
2764:. Retrieved
2755:
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2725:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2684:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2654:
2645:
2633:. Retrieved
2604:. Retrieved
2600:the original
2595:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2535:The Guardian
2533:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:the original
2502:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2477:the original
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2400:. Retrieved
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2360:
2348:. Retrieved
2344:the original
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2311:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2234:. Retrieved
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2194:
2182:
2170:. Retrieved
2166:the original
2161:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:the original
2130:
2120:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2013:
1989:
1977:
1954:
1948:
1936:
1931:, pp. 29–30.
1924:
1919:, pp. 31–32.
1912:
1907:, pp. 26–27.
1900:
1888:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1841:the original
1836:
1807:
1780:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1533:
1508:Anne Neville
1502:
1487:
1478:
1468:
1450:
1445:Directed by
1433:
1427:
1422:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1383:
1357:
1333:
1330:in Leicester
1310:
1297:Philip Moore
1284:
1281:Leonel Power
1242:
1227:Justin Welby
1222:
1209:Requiem Mass
1196:
1190:
1152:
1147:
1123:ledger stone
1119:
1085:
1081:Rob Eastaway
1065:
1033:Conservative
1021:York Minster
1002:
981:Elizabeth II
965:
948:
944:
931:
923:
921:
912:Y chromosome
904:
892:Craniofacial
886:
878:
862:
817:
801:
792:
785:Jean Molinet
774:
770:
763:
755:osteological
752:
709:
682:
674:
670:
654:World War II
640:held by the
623:
611:Anne of York
604:
601:DNA evidence
591:
570:
558:
541:
539:
532:
524:
501:
498:
489:
487:
482:
480:
475:
469:
462:Anne of York
443:
439:
429:
423:
401:
395:
381:
356:
336:
331:
324:cartographer
321:
300:
280:
239:
237:
206:
175:York Minster
171:
167:Anne of York
157:showed that
155:DNA analysis
151:
122:
116:
85:
58:
37:
29:
5546:Dignitaries
5448: /
5018:8 September
4833:23 February
4802:23 February
4771:23 February
4740:23 February
4706:23 February
4426:30 November
4059:23 February
4026:23 February
3946:30 December
3882:11 February
3840:23 February
3786:23 February
3760:23 February
3731:23 February
3667:(1): 5631.
3582:23 February
3552:23 February
3526:23 February
3440:23 February
3414:23 February
3363:23 February
3301:7 September
3271:23 February
3238:23 February
3106:23 February
3051:23 February
2860:23 February
2665:23 February
2546:23 February
2513:23 February
2483:12 February
2457:23 February
2431:23 February
2421:"Osteology"
2376:23 February
2350:23 February
2291:23 February
2265:23 February
2236:23 February
2210:23 February
2172:23 February
2098:23 February
2024:23 February
2014:Radio Times
1959:John Murray
1538:Rees (2008)
1514:Church, or
1473:researched.
1305:Judith Weir
1269:Richard III
1199:: Cardinal
1177:English oak
1169:Ambion Hill
791:", and the
777:Guto'r Glyn
765:Richard III
617:. Academic
458:matrilineal
360:John Evelyn
352:River Swift
348:Lutterworth
340:desecration
303:dissolution
263:Burial site
225:Guto'r Glyn
213:Henry Tudor
163:matrilineal
133:was led by
63:, the last
61:Richard III
5744:Categories
5493:since 1901
5433:52°38′02″N
5053:4 February
4456:17 January
4402:17 January
3996:required.)
3613:7 February
3330:27 January
3182:2381/33280
3161:The Lancet
3077:4 February
2950:8 February
2917:6 February
2886:5 February
2706:26 October
2635:4 February
2402:4 February
1567:3 December
1526:References
1424:limelight.
1413:relegation
1161:Dadlington
1131:table tomb
1092:common law
727:Edward III
689:Y DNA
478:projects.
414:River Soar
346:in nearby
328:John Speed
112:Bow Bridge
108:River Soar
5436:1°08′11″W
5087:Antiquity
4952:17 August
4921:3 October
4527:Channel 4
4179:24 August
4092:19 August
3984:24 August
3689:2041-1723
3025:30 August
2831:30 August
2572:22 August
2313:Maclean's
1516:Middleham
1407:'s shock
1376:Trondheim
1348:artefacts
1336:guildhall
1318:Reactions
1293:Psalm 150
1277:Psalm 138
1235:Channel 4
1179:from the
1135:Swaledale
1053:Bassetlaw
1045:John Mann
955:endoscope
900:Turi King
858:roundworm
808:hunchback
804:scoliosis
685:Turi King
595:scoliosis
476:Time Team
471:Time Team
466:Channel 4
292:alabaster
257:John Rous
254:antiquary
143:scoliosis
77:Leicester
46:Leicester
5412:Archived
5352:(2013).
5214:25463651
5044:Archived
5012:Archived
4946:Archived
4915:Archived
4884:Archived
4860:21 March
4854:Archived
4827:Archived
4796:Archived
4734:Archived
4730:BBC News
4700:Archived
4696:BBC News
4676:26 March
4644:23 March
4618:25 March
4612:Archived
4582:Archived
4558:24 March
4552:Archived
4548:BBC News
4512:25 March
4486:25 March
4480:Archived
4476:BBC News
4450:Archived
4446:BBC News
4420:Archived
4396:Archived
4392:BBC News
4295:8 August
4263:Archived
4259:BBC News
4239:24 March
4233:Archived
4229:BBC News
4203:Archived
4199:BBC News
4173:Archived
4169:BBC News
4143:Archived
4116:Archived
4112:BBC News
4086:Archived
4082:BBC News
4053:Archived
4049:BBC News
4020:Archived
3906:Archived
3857:, p. 85.
3754:Archived
3707:25463651
3639:16 March
3607:Archived
3576:Archived
3572:BBC News
3546:Archived
3465:Archived
3434:Archived
3408:Archived
3357:Archived
3353:BBC News
3265:Archived
3232:Archived
3203:Archived
3199:13248948
3191:25238931
3131:Archived
3100:Archived
3071:Archived
3045:Archived
3019:Archived
2996:Amberley
2973:Archived
2911:Archived
2854:Archived
2800:23 March
2794:Archived
2766:24 March
2760:Archived
2736:26 March
2730:Archived
2697:Archived
2659:Archived
2655:BBC News
2629:Archived
2606:28 March
2540:Archived
2451:Archived
2425:Archived
2396:Archived
2370:Archived
2318:Archived
2285:Archived
2259:Archived
2230:Archived
2204:Archived
2141:28 March
2092:Archived
2077:, p. 48.
2041:, p. 36.
1984:, p. 32.
1943:, p. 31.
1895:, p. 25.
1847:28 March
1787:, p. 22.
1775:, p. 29.
1754:, p. 28.
1730:, p. 20.
1718:, p. 26.
1706:, p. 17.
1689:, p. 18.
1665:, p. 19.
1638:, p. 22.
1621:27 March
1615:Archived
1561:Archived
1556:BBC News
1364:Edward V
836:Bayesian
797:bascinet
762:'s play
630:Mechelen
626:Margaret
517:Site of
121:and the
5557:Planned
5205:4268703
5184:Bibcode
5118:2606580
4890:1 March
4353:23 June
4122:27 July
3912:10 June
3698:4268703
3669:Bibcode
3603:CNN.com
3404:"Spine"
2979:7 April
2324:19 June
1653:, p. 8.
1360:Henry I
1217:introit
1157:ossuary
1057:Worksop
1051:MP for
1009:Yorkist
828:seafood
789:halberd
404:project
215:at the
147:halberd
38:in situ
5379:
5360:
5330:
5309:
5290:
5271:
5248:
5229:
5212:
5202:
5156:
5137:
5116:
5070:
5004:
4983:
4588:30 May
4269:23 May
4209:23 May
3990:
3705:
3695:
3687:
3386:
3197:
3189:
1965:
1263:, and
1185:hearse
1171:, and
1049:Labour
1047:, the
1031:; the
852:, and
733:, and
646:Oxford
574:shroud
284:£10.1s
129:. The
5047:(PDF)
5032:(PDF)
4670:(PDF)
4663:(PDF)
4327:7 May
4321:(PDF)
4314:(PDF)
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