307:, Heidegger implied that Sartre misunderstood him for his own purposes of subjectivism, and that he did not mean that actions take precedence over being so long as those actions were not reflected upon. Heidegger commented that "the reversal of a metaphysical statement remains a metaphysical statement", meaning that he thought Sartre had simply switched the roles traditionally attributed to essence and existence without interrogating these concepts and their history.
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why this happens are many, ranging from a tragedy that "tears a person's world apart", to the results of an honest inquiry into one's own existence. Such an encounter can make a person mentally unstable, and avoiding such instability by making people aware of their condition and ready to handle it is one of the central themes of existentialism.
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Aside from these "psychological" issues, it is also claimed that these encounters with the absurd are where we are most in touch with our condition as humans. Such an encounter cannot be without philosophical significance, and existentialist philosophers derive many metaphysical theories from these
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not in a modal fashion, i.e. as necessary features, but in a teleological fashion: "An essence is the relational property of having a set of parts ordered in such a way as to collectively perform some activity". For example, it belongs to the essence of a house to keep the bad weather out, which is
101:
As a result, for Sartre, "existence precedes essence" not only defines and determines his own existential thinking or interpretation of existentialism, but also any thinking or philosophising that declares itself to be existential. Despite Sartre's later efforts to distance himself and his thinking
241:
of the universe and its apparent contrast with our pre-reflexive lived lives which normally present themselves to us as meaningful. A central theme is that since the world "in-itself" is absurd, that is, not "fair", then a meaningful life can at any point suddenly lose all its meaning. The reasons
223:
for their actions. To clarify, it can be said that a person who acts cruelly towards other people is, by that act, defined as a cruel person and in that same instance, they (as opposed to their genes, for instance) are defined as being responsible for being this cruel person. Of course, the more
236:
Existentialism tends to focus on the question of human existence and the conditions of this existence. What is meant by existence is the concrete life of each individual, and their concrete ways of being in the world. Even though this concrete individual existence must be the primary source of
164:
To claim that existence precedes essence is to assert that there is no such predetermined essence to be found in humans, and that an individual's essence is defined by the individual through how that individual creates and lives his or her life. As Sartre puts it in his
224:
positive therapeutic aspect of this is also implied: You can choose to act in a different way, and to be a good person instead of a cruel person. Here it is also clear that since people can choose to be either cruel or good, they are, in fact, neither of these things
205:
are themselves products of past choices and can be changed by choosing differently in the present, but such changes happen slowly. They are a force of inertia that shapes the agent's evaluative outlook on the world until the transition is complete.
214:
When it is said that people define themselves, it is often perceived as stating that they can "wish" to be something – anything, a bird, for instance – and then be it. According to Sartre's account, however, this would be a kind of
424:
The lecture was delivered on Monday, October 29, 1945, although not published until 1946. "Existentialism is a
Humanism." trans. Carol Macomber, preface by Arlene Elkaïm-Sartre, ed. John Kulka (New Haven: Yale, 2007), p.
237:
information in the study of people, certain conditions are commonly held to be "endemic" to human existence. These conditions are usually in some way related to the inherent meaninglessness or
440:(1943), credits a slightly longer version of the claim to Heidegger: "Now freedom has no essence. It is not subject to any logical necessity; we must say of it what Heidegger said of the
193:
Sartre is committed to a radical conception of freedom: nothing fixes our purpose but we ourselves, our projects have no weight or inertia except for our endorsement of them.
157:", he meant that the world obliges me to react, to overtake myself. It is this overtaking of a present constraining situation by a project to come that Sartre names
102:
from this remark and its consequences, it has become the most quoted, repeated, and cited description of existentialism and any non-theistic existential thought.
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283:, his are engaged in a quest to discover and shape their essence. They exercise their capacity for free choice and bear responsibility for their actions.
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intolerable. So by projecting my intentions onto my present condition, "It is I who freely transform it into action". When he said that "the world is a
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70:. That identity or value must be created by the individual. By posing the acts that constitute them, they make their existence more significant.
81:
was present at this occasion and the idea can be found in
Kierkegaard's works in the 19th century, but was explicitly formulated by philosopher
86:
182:
why it has walls and a roof. Humans are different from houses because unlike houses they don't have an inbuilt purpose: they are free to
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a typical claim for this traditional thesis would be that a human is essentially selfish, or that they are essentially a rational being.
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1984:
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in general: 'In it existence precedes and commands essence.'" However, Sartre gives no page reference for this citation. In
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219:. What is meant by the statement is that people are (1) defined only insofar as they act and (2) that they are
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to engage in such enterprise. While not denying the constraining conditions of human existence, he answers to
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169:: "man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world – and defines himself afterwards".
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is not intolerable in itself, but once regarded as such by those who feel oppressed the situation
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708:(Revised and expanded ed.). San Francisco, California: Harper San Francisco. pp.
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who affirmed that people are determined by what surrounds them. Therefore, to Sartre an
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This article is about the existentialist phrase coined by Jean-Paul Sartre. For the
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that "There is only one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide".
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54:(the mere fact of its being). To existentialists, human beings—through their
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671:(Revised and expanded ed.). San Francisco, California: Harper San Francisco.
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in the 20th century. The three-word formula originated in his 1945 lecture "
51:
1611:
363:, Pars 1:1, etc. Analysis of "existence before essence" in Etienne Gilson,
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Sartre's definition of existentialism was based on
Heidegger's magnum opus
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Basic
Writings: From Being and Time (1927) to The Task of thinking (1964)
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Basic
Writings: From Being and Time (1927) to The Task of Thinking (1964)
637:
626:"Essence and Existence in Bilal Tanweer's The Scatter Here is Too Great"
625:
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517:
201:, that offer resistance to attempts to change our direction in life.
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111:
62:
for their life because the human being does not possess any inherent
587:
376:(Dictionary) "L'existencialisme" – see "l'identité de la personne"
186:
their own purpose and thereby shape their essence, therefore their
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claim is best understood in contrast to the scholastic thesis that
50:(the nature) of a thing is more fundamental and immutable than its
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257:
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463:"Explaining Sartre's "Existence Precedes Essence" | that-which"
129:
is not built from a previously designed model or for a precise
1769:
46:, which reverses the traditional philosophical view that the
805:
486:
Notions de philosophie, L'existencialisme: Jean-Paul Sartre
753:
A Commentary on Jean-Paul Sartre's Being and
Nothingness
467:
that-which | Philosophy | Philosophemes | Philosophers
177:
Jonathan Webber interprets Sartre's usage of the term
125:
To Sartre, "existence precedes essence" means that a
700:
Heidegger, Martin (1993). David
Farrell Krell (ed.).
667:
Heidegger, Martin (1993). David
Farrell Krell (ed.).
16:
Central claim of existentialism formulated by Sartre
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762:(L'existentialisme est un humanisme) 1946 lecture
365:The Christian Philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas
541:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
161:. He added that "we are condemned to be free".
58:—create their own values and determine a
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821:
772:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, article
279:used existence precedes essence in his novel
89:", though antecedent notions can be found in
8:
3061:
3017:
786:. Irving, Texas; University of Dallas Press.
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2581:
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1967:
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855:
844:
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389:Encyclopédie de la jeunesse, 1979, p. 567
511:
509:
769:, 1841, in MECW Volume 2, p. 181ff
539:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
340:
256:encounters. These are often related to
784:The Paradoxical Structure of Existence
73:The idea originates from a speech by
7:
281:The Scatter Here Is Too Great (2013)
246:, for instance, famously claimed in
133:, because it is the human being who
799:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
755:, University of Chicago Press 1985.
566:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
297:(1927). In the correspondence with
522:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
268:as well as the nature of meaning.
14:
2885:
2884:
2871:
188:existence precedes their essence
1:
502:Existentialism is a Humanism.
40:l'existence précède l'essence
2357:Ordinary language philosophy
760:Existentialism is a Humanism
592:. Continuum. pp. 41–42.
167:Existentialism is a Humanism
87:Existentialism Is a Humanism
77:delivered in December 1841.
2407:Contemporary utilitarianism
2322:Internalism and externalism
3452:
3436:Quotations from literature
3027:Existence precedes essence
1671:Svatantrika and Prasangika
32:existence precedes essence
18:
2865:
2580:
2563:
1970:
1316:
1305:
893:Philosophy of mathematics
883:Philosophy of information
854:
843:
519:Rethinking Existentialism
516:Webber, Jonathan (2018).
533:Crowell, Steven (2020).
173:Choice and sedimentation
42:) is a central claim of
3411:Existentialist concepts
2362:Postanalytic philosophy
2303:Experimental philosophy
630:SSRN Electronic Journal
413:Philosophical Fragments
301:later published as the
3365:Continental philosophy
3062:
3018:
2495:Social constructionism
1507:Hellenistic philosophy
923:Theoretical philosophy
898:Philosophy of religion
888:Philosophy of language
767:Schelling's Revelation
322:Social constructionism
39:
21:transcendent theosophy
3421:Philosophical phrases
2878:Philosophy portal
2397:Scientific skepticism
2377:Reformed epistemology
903:Philosophy of science
780:Wilhelmsen, Frederick
624:Ali, Murtaza (2022).
613:The Myth of Sisyphus.
589:The Sartre Dictionary
437:Being and Nothingness
357:Summa contra Gentiles
355:; St Thomas Aquinas,
30:The proposition that
2298:Critical rationalism
2005:Edo neo-Confucianism
1849:Acintya bheda abheda
1828:Renaissance humanism
1539:School of the Sextii
913:Practical philosophy
908:Political philosophy
751:Joseph S. Catalano,
746:The Myth of Sisyphus
638:10.2139/ssrn.4151441
411:Kierkegaard, Søren.
143:oppressive situation
1869:Nimbarka Sampradaya
1780:Korean Confucianism
1527:Academic Skepticism
249:Le Mythe de Sisyphe
106:Purpose and freedom
3032:Existential crisis
2490:Post-structuralism
2392:Scientific realism
2347:Quinean naturalism
2327:Logical positivism
2283:Analytical Marxism
1502:Peripatetic school
1414:Chinese naturalism
941:Aesthetic response
868:Applied philosophy
586:Cox, Gary (2008).
560:Burnham, Douglas.
304:Letter on Humanism
272:In popular culture
195:Simone de Beauvoir
75:F. W. J. Schelling
3398:
3397:
3385:Transcendentalism
3353:
3352:
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2898:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2278:Analytic feminism
2250:
2249:
2212:Kierkegaardianism
2174:Transcendentalism
2134:Neo-scholasticism
1980:Classical Realism
1957:
1956:
1729:
1728:
1544:Neopythagoreanism
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
918:Social philosophy
79:Søren Kierkegaard
3443:
3426:1840s quotations
3375:Marxist humanism
3084:
3067:
3023:
2972:Phenomenological
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2903:
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2455:Frankfurt School
2402:Transactionalism
2352:Normative ethics
2332:Legal positivism
2308:Falsificationism
2293:Consequentialism
2288:Communitarianism
2261:
2129:New Confucianism
1968:
1775:Neo-Confucianism
1740:
1549:Second Sophistic
1534:Middle Platonism
1377:
1318:
1307:
1150:Epiphenomenalism
1017:Consequentialism
951:Institutionalism
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562:"Existentialism"
557:
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535:"Existentialism"
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361:Summa Theologiae
345:
83:Jean-Paul Sartre
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3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3431:1945 quotations
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3390:Western Marxism
3370:German idealism
3349:
3300:Ortega y Gasset
3168:
3075:
3013:Being in itself
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2895:
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2813:
2713:
2675:
2622:
2576:
2575:
2547:
2536:Russian cosmism
2509:
2505:Western Marxism
2470:New Historicism
2435:Critical theory
2421:
2417:Wittgensteinian
2313:Foundationalism
2246:
2183:
2164:Social contract
2020:Foundationalism
1953:
1935:
1919:Illuminationism
1904:Aristotelianism
1890:
1879:Vishishtadvaita
1832:
1784:
1725:
1692:
1563:
1492:Megarian school
1487:Eretrian school
1428:
1389:Agriculturalism
1366:
1312:
1293:
1240:
1212:
1169:
1121:
1078:
1062:Incompatibilism
1031:
1003:
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927:
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839:
834:
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736:
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602:Catalano p. 81.
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371:
367:, Introduction.
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2881:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2681:Middle Eastern
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Existentialism
2442:
2440:Deconstruction
2437:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Applied ethics
2269:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2237:Nietzscheanism
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2179:Utilitarianism
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2077:Transcendental
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Existentialism
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Augustinianism
1800:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1716:Zoroastrianism
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1559:Church Fathers
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1074:Libertarianism
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
963:
957:
956:
954:
953:
948:
943:
937:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
878:Metaphilosophy
875:
870:
864:
862:
852:
851:
848:
841:
840:
835:
833:
832:
825:
818:
810:
804:
803:
793:
792:External links
790:
789:
788:
776:
774:Existentialism
770:
763:
756:
749:
744:Albert Camus,
740:
737:
734:
733:
718:
692:
677:
659:
616:
604:
595:
578:
552:
525:
505:
493:
478:
454:
446:Being and Time
427:
417:
404:
395:
382:
369:
339:
338:
336:
333:
332:
331:
324:
319:
312:
309:
294:Being and Time
288:
285:
273:
270:
233:
230:
211:
210:Responsibility
208:
203:Sedimentations
174:
171:
107:
104:
95:Being and Time
44:existentialism
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3448:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Phenomenology
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:Merleau-Ponty
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Leap of faith
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2892:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:Miscellaneous
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:Miscellaneous
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Structuralism
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Postmodernism
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Phenomenology
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Vienna Circle
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Moral realism
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Phenomenology
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Individualism
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1949:Judeo-Islamic
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:ʿIlm al-Kalām
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Shuddhadvaita
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:Scholasticism
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:Conceptualism
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:Particularism
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Functionalism
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:Eliminativism
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Compatibilism
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:Particularism
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
964:
962:
958:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
936:
934:
930:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
846:
842:
838:
831:
826:
824:
819:
817:
812:
811:
808:
802:
800:
796:
795:
791:
785:
781:
777:
775:
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
742:
738:
729:
725:
721:
719:0-06-063763-3
715:
711:
706:
705:
696:
693:
688:
684:
680:
678:0-06-063763-3
674:
670:
663:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
617:
614:
608:
605:
599:
596:
591:
590:
582:
579:
567:
563:
556:
553:
540:
536:
529:
526:
521:
520:
512:
510:
506:
503:
497:
494:
487:
482:
479:
468:
464:
458:
455:
451:
450:Sein und Zeit
447:
443:
439:
438:
431:
428:
421:
418:
414:
408:
405:
402:Engels, 1841.
399:
396:
386:
383:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:; Aristotle,
350:
344:
341:
334:
330:
329:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
310:
308:
306:
305:
300:
299:Jean Beaufret
296:
295:
286:
284:
282:
278:
277:Bilal Tanweer
271:
269:
267:
263:
262:consciousness
259:
253:
251:
250:
245:
240:
231:
229:
227:
222:
218:
209:
207:
204:
200:
199:sedimentation
196:
191:
189:
185:
180:
172:
170:
168:
162:
160:
159:transcendence
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
105:
103:
99:
97:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:consciousness
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
23:founder, see
22:
3320:Soloveitchik
3173:Philosophers
3064:Ressentiment
3026:
3003:Authenticity
2883:
2869:
2540:
2531:Postcritique
2521:Kyoto School
2480:Posthumanism
2460:Hermeneutics
2315: /
2256:Contemporary
2232:Newtonianism
2195:Cartesianism
2154:Reductionism
1990:Conservatism
1985:Collectivism
1923:
1651:Sarvāstivadā
1629:Anekantavada
1554:Neoplatonism
1522:Epicureanism
1455:Pythagoreans
1394:Confucianism
1360:Contemporary
1350:Early modern
1254:Anti-realism
1208:Universalism
1165:Subjectivism
961:Epistemology
798:
783:
766:
759:
752:
745:
703:
695:
668:
662:
629:
619:
612:
607:
598:
588:
581:
569:. Retrieved
565:
555:
543:. Retrieved
538:
528:
518:
501:
496:
481:
470:. Retrieved
466:
457:
449:
445:
441:
435:
430:
420:
412:
407:
398:
385:
372:
364:
360:
359:, Pars 3:1,
356:
352:
348:
343:
326:
302:
292:
290:
280:
275:
254:
247:
244:Albert Camus
238:
235:
225:
220:
213:
202:
198:
192:
187:
183:
178:
176:
163:
146:
130:
124:
119:
115:
109:
100:
93:
72:
31:
29:
3270:Kierkegaard
2988:Abandonment
2526:Objectivism
2465:Neo-Marxism
2427:Continental
2337:Meta-ethics
2317:Coherentism
2222:Hegelianism
2159:Rationalism
2119:Natural law
2099:Materialism
2025:Historicism
1995:Determinism
1886:Navya-Nyāya
1661:Sautrāntika
1656:Pudgalavada
1592:Vaisheshika
1445:Presocratic
1345:Renaissance
1284:Physicalism
1269:Materialism
1175:Normativity
1160:Objectivism
1145:Emergentism
1135:Behaviorism
1084:Metaphysics
1050:Determinism
989:Rationalism
571:16 November
545:16 November
489:(in French)
434:Sartre, in
391:(in French)
378:(in French)
353:Metaphysics
328:Tabula rasa
317:Metousiosis
226:essentially
221:responsible
127:personality
91:Heidegger's
25:Mulla Sadra
3405:Categories
3305:Rosenzweig
3124:Giacometti
3109:Dostoevsky
3071:Thrownness
2825:Amerindian
2732:Australian
2671:Vietnamese
2651:Indonesian
2200:Kantianism
2149:Positivism
2139:Pragmatism
2114:Naturalism
2094:Liberalism
2072:Subjective
2010:Empiricism
1914:Avicennism
1859:Bhedabheda
1743:East Asian
1666:Madhyamaka
1646:Abhidharma
1512:Pyrrhonism
1279:Nominalism
1274:Naturalism
1203:Skepticism
1193:Relativism
1183:Absolutism
1112:Naturalism
1022:Deontology
994:Skepticism
979:Naturalism
969:Empiricism
933:Aesthetics
837:Philosophy
739:References
472:2023-10-27
232:The Absurd
120:existence;
3416:Modernism
3295:Nietzsche
3245:Heidegger
3180:Abbagnano
3037:Facticity
3008:Bad faith
2993:Absurdism
2952:Christian
2947:Atheistic
2704:Pakistani
2666:Taiwanese
2613:Ethiopian
2586:By region
2572:By region
2387:Scientism
2382:Systemics
2242:Spinozism
2169:Socialism
2104:Modernism
2067:Objective
1975:Anarchism
1909:Averroism
1798:Christian
1750:Neotaoism
1721:Zurvanism
1711:Mithraism
1706:Mazdakism
1477:Cyrenaics
1404:Logicians
1037:Free will
999:Solipsism
946:Formalism
654:250712415
646:1556-5068
452:, p. 42.)
287:Criticism
239:absurdity
217:bad faith
118:precedes
52:existence
3265:Kaufmann
3225:Beauvoir
3205:Bultmann
3195:Berdyaev
3052:Nihilism
2981:Concepts
2967:Nihilist
2940:Variants
2890:Category
2845:Yugoslav
2835:Romanian
2742:Scottish
2727:American
2656:Japanese
2636:Buddhist
2618:Africana
2608:Egyptian
2450:Feminist
2372:Rawlsian
2367:Quietism
2265:Analytic
2217:Krausism
2124:Nihilism
2089:Kokugaku
2052:Absolute
2047:Idealism
2035:Humanism
1823:Occamism
1790:European
1735:Medieval
1681:Yogacara
1641:Buddhist
1634:Syādvāda
1517:Stoicism
1482:Cynicism
1470:Sophists
1465:Atomists
1460:Eleatics
1399:Legalism
1340:Medieval
1264:Idealism
1218:Ontology
1198:Nihilism
1102:Idealism
860:Branches
849:Branches
782:(1970).
765:Engels,
758:Sartre,
728:26355951
687:26355951
500:Sartre,
311:See also
258:the self
112:Sartrean
64:identity
3358:Related
3330:Unamuno
3325:Tillich
3315:Shestov
3275:Levinas
3260:Jaspers
3250:Husserl
3240:Fondane
3235:Flusser
3215:Carlyle
3154:Unamuno
3139:Mahfouz
3129:Ionesco
3119:Fondane
3114:Ellison
3094:Buzzati
3087:Artists
3047:Meaning
2962:Islamic
2840:Russian
2809:Spanish
2804:Slovene
2794:Maltese
2789:Italian
2769:Finland
2737:British
2719:Western
2709:Turkish
2694:Islamic
2689:Iranian
2641:Chinese
2628:Eastern
2595:African
2542:more...
2227:Marxism
2057:British
2000:Dualism
1896:Islamic
1854:Advaita
1844:Vedanta
1818:Scotism
1813:Thomism
1755:Tiantai
1698:Persian
1686:Tibetan
1676:Śūnyatā
1617:Cārvāka
1607:Ājīvika
1602:Mīmāṃsā
1582:Samkhya
1497:Academy
1450:Ionians
1424:Yangism
1381:Chinese
1372:Ancient
1335:Western
1330:Ancient
1289:Realism
1246:Reality
1236:Process
1117:Realism
1097:Dualism
1092:Atomism
974:Fideism
801:article
748:, 1948.
611:Camus,
415:, 1844.
349:Timaeus
347:Plato,
266:freedom
179:essence
155:freedom
147:becomes
139:Spinoza
135:chooses
131:purpose
116:essence
60:meaning
48:essence
3345:Zapffe
3340:Wright
3335:Wilson
3310:Sartre
3280:Marcel
3220:Cioran
3185:Arendt
3164:Wright
3159:Wilson
3149:Sartre
3144:Marcel
3104:Cioran
3080:People
3020:Dasein
2957:Jewish
2799:Polish
2779:German
2774:French
2759:Danish
2749:Canada
2699:Jewish
2661:Korean
2646:Indian
2188:People
2109:Monism
2062:German
2030:Holism
1963:Modern
1941:Jewish
1864:Dvaita
1837:Indian
1760:Huayan
1612:Ajñana
1569:Indian
1434:Greco-
1419:Taoism
1409:Mohism
1355:Modern
1322:By era
1311:By era
1226:Action
1107:Monism
1027:Virtue
1009:Ethics
726:
716:
685:
675:
652:
644:
442:Dasein
184:choose
153:of my
151:mirror
36:French
3255:James
3230:Fanon
3210:Camus
3200:Buber
3190:Barth
3134:Kafka
3099:Camus
3057:Other
2998:Angst
2830:Aztec
2784:Greek
2764:Dutch
2754:Czech
2603:Bantu
2040:Anti-
1587:Nyaya
1577:Hindu
1437:Roman
1231:Event
873:Logic
650:S2CID
335:Notes
68:value
1931:Sufi
1765:Chan
1624:Jain
1597:Yoga
1127:Mind
1067:Hard
1055:Hard
724:OCLC
714:ISBN
683:OCLC
673:ISBN
642:ISSN
573:2020
547:2020
425:vii.
264:and
110:The
3285:May
2205:Neo
1770:Zen
710:243
634:doi
66:or
3407::
722:.
712:.
681:.
648:.
640:.
632:.
628:.
564:.
537:.
508:^
465:.
260:,
228:.
190:.
98:.
38::
2925:e
2918:t
2911:v
829:e
822:t
815:v
730:.
689:.
656:.
636::
575:.
549:.
491:.
475:.
393:.
380:.
34:(
27:.
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