148:
646:
175:
859:
407:
960:. The rectus muscles normally help hold the eye in place and direct eye movement. Rupture of more than two rectus muscles usually requires the eye to be removed, because significant blood vessel and nerve damage also usually occurs. Compared to brachycephalic breeds, dochilocephalic (long-nosed) breeds usually have more trauma to the eye and its surrounding structures, so the prognosis is worse.
462:
39:
276:
822:
Proptosis is the anterior displacement of the eye from the orbit. Since the orbit is closed off posteriorly, medially and laterally, any enlargement of structures located within will cause the anterior displacement of the eye. Swelling or enlargement of the lacrimal gland causes inferior medial and
320:
1236:
1221:
783:
215:) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or swelling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma.
2897:
241:, in which the area above the cornea becomes inflamed as a result of increased friction when blinking. The process that is causing the displacement of the eye may also compress the
638:
2342:
1739:
2411:
2337:
721:
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1351:
906:
and pressure exerted on the front of the neck too hard in dogs. In cats, eye proptosis is uncommon and is often accompanied by facial fractures.
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2179:
1162:
1068:
455:
364:
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2332:
917:. The eyelids are pulled outward, and the eye is gently pushed back into place. The eyelids are sewn together in a procedure known as
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2327:
2214:
1781:
1942:
1016:
343:
122:
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In the case of Graves' disease, the displacement of the eye results from abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit and
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289:
2042:
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60:
103:
2135:
2026:
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823:
anterior dislocation of the eye. This is because the lacrimal glands are located superiorly and laterally in the orbit.
75:
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772:
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49:
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2014:
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223:
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89:
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305:
2807:
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2712:
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1337:
953:
934:
929:
and often require lifelong treatment. If the damage is severe, the eye is removed in a relatively simple
731:
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71:
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2189:
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1974:
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1722:
1707:
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1516:
843:
Most sources define exophthalmos/proptosis as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm.
535:
399:
325:
847:
233:
If left untreated, exophthalmos can cause the eyelids to fail to close during sleep, leading to
212:
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with partially absent eye muscles, distinctive face, hydrocephaly, and skeletal abnormalities
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dryness and damage. Another possible complication is a form of redness or irritation called
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2009:
1996:
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1887:
1805:
1617:
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1084:
910:
875:
667:
583:
508:
321:
Autosomal dominant intellectual disability-craniofacial anomalies-cardiac defects syndrome
208:
96:
20:
1184:. Proceedings of the 29th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association
1132:. Proceedings of the 27th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association
2867:
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2507:
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2204:
1986:
1956:
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for about five days to keep the eye in place. Replaced eyes have a higher rate of
918:
858:
658:
650:
512:
406:
27:
1306:
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2057:
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1464:
1416:
1363:
1290:
913:, but in cats very few retain vision. Replacement of the eye requires general
903:
242:
38:
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2458:
2394:
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1230:
914:
846:
The term exophthalmos is often used when describing proptosis associated with
551:
480:
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2004:
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1032:
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784:
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia-short limb-abnormal calcification syndrome
2862:
2627:
2161:
1964:
1595:
899:
1007:
Owen
Epstein; David Perkin; John Cookson; David P de Bono (April 2003).
2689:
2632:
2174:
1981:
1912:
1882:
1872:
1479:
930:
1213:
909:
About 40% of proptosed eyes retain vision after being replaced in the
275:
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1694:
1671:
1391:
1225:
949:
945:
883:
760:
587:
234:
155:
Bilateral exophthalmos in a 17-year old girl with facial symptoms of
2764:
1061:
Pocket companion to
Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
857:
644:
460:
405:
314:
274:
1844:
1406:
944:
for a replaced eye is determined by the extent of damage to the
836:
Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an
672:
420:
262:
2849:
2245:
1648:
1377:
1333:
887:
867:
227:
204:
32:
211:. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in
1063:(8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.
722:
Progeroid and marfanoid aspect-lipodystrophy syndrome
1203:
780:
with joint laxity, type 1, with or without fractures
19:"Proptosis" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2816:
2763:
2728:
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2393:
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2313:
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1995:
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1548:
1515:
1478:
1399:
1390:
1281:
1207:
162:
140:
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
622:Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy
2338:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
639:Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism
265:, the following conditions feature exophthalmos:
874:(short-nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow
681:Neonatal pseudo-hydrocephalic progeroid syndrome
2898:Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit
1129:Treatment of Orbital Diseases in Small Animals
476:Crouzon syndrome-acanthosis nigricans syndrome
16:Bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit
1345:
1148:
1146:
8:
2412:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
664:Microcephaly 5, primary, autosomal recessive
279:Exophthalmos in Acrocephalosyndactyly type 1
1740:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
2846:
2610:
2399:
2390:
2268:
2255:
2242:
1849:
1667:
1658:
1645:
1396:
1387:
1374:
1352:
1338:
1330:
1204:
173:
146:
137:
1054:
1052:
1002:
1000:
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
886:. Exophthalmos is commonly seen in the
996:
753:Robinow syndrome, autosomal recessive 2
483:, autosomal recessive, types 1B and 2E
1157:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
616:Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type A
456:Craniosynostosis and dental anomalies
440:Congenital myopathy 22B, severe fetal
365:Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome
7:
2220:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
424:congenital disorder of glycosylation
349:Autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome
239:superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis
61:adding citations to reliable sources
2343:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2180:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1181:Ocular Injuries in General Practice
1059:Mitchell, Richard N (2011). "Eye".
788:Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with
710:Periventricular nodular heterotopia
649:Exophthalmos in microcephaly (with
2215:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
1033:"Proptosis (Concept Id: C0015300)"
1011:(3rd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.
866:Exophthalmos is commonly found in
802:, generalized, autosomal recessive
684:Nestor-Guillermo progeria syndrome
504:, spondylodysplastic type, 1 and 2
14:
1943:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
625:Marbach-Rustad progeroid syndrome
563:Intellectual disability, X-linked
344:Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis
2048:Central retinal artery occlusion
778:Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia
465:Exophthalmos in Crouzon syndrome
410:Exophthalmos in cloverleaf skull
296:Aneurysm-osteoarthritis syndrome
37:
2053:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1782:Terrien's marginal degeneration
956:, and the presence of ruptured
952:, the presence or absence of a
661:3, primary, autosomal recessive
380:Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome
290:Acrofrontofacionasal dysostosis
48:needs additional citations for
2083:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2043:Central retinal vein occlusion
1772:Pellucid marginal degeneration
749:Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome
1:
2136:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2027:Posterior vitreous detachment
1893:Persistent pupillary membrane
1153:Gelatt, Kirk N., ed. (1999).
882:secondary to exposure of the
222:, which can be visualized by
2623:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2534:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2225:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2210:Persistent fetal vasculature
2141:Leber's congenital amaurosis
818:Anatomical terms of location
773:Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome
285:Acrocephalosyndactyly type I
270:4p partial monosomy syndrome
1422:Meibomian gland dysfunction
1106:The Merck Veterinary Manual
902:. It is a common result of
370:Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
2914:
2146:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2120:Central serous retinopathy
1938:Focal choroidal excavation
1811:Corneal neovascularization
1628:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
923:keratoconjunctivitis sicca
815:
800:Thyroid hormone resistance
743:Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome
716:Pontocerebellar hypoplasia
705:Pallister-Killian syndrome
444:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
25:
18:
2858:
2845:
2613:
2529:Convergence insufficiency
2402:
2271:
2254:
2241:
2170:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2015:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1657:
1644:
1430:
1386:
1373:
1364:Diseases of the human eye
975:Carotid-cavernous fistula
757:Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
416:Cloverleaf skull syndrome
154:
145:
2039:Ocular ischemic syndrome
1155:Veterinary Ophthalmology
1085:Exophthalmos (Proptosis)
634:Melnick-Needles syndrome
611:Mandibuloacral dysplasia
574:Keppen-Lubinsky syndrome
359:Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome
311:Autism spectrum disorder
26:Not to be confused with
2539:One and a half syndrome
2293:Foster Kennedy syndrome
699:Osteogenesis imperfecta
629:Marshall-Smith syndrome
541:Frank-Ter Haar syndrome
429:Cole-Carpenter syndrome
353:Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly
306:Atelosteogenesis type I
2778:Argyll Robertson pupil
1578:Periorbital cellulitis
954:pupillary light reflex
935:enucleation of the eye
863:
732:Restrictive dermopathy
654:
594:Leprechaunism syndrome
569:Jackson-Weiss syndrome
548:, susceptibility to, 1
502:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
497:Donnai-Barrow syndrome
466:
411:
375:Bohring-Opitz syndrome
301:Antley-Bixler syndrome
280:
207:anteriorly out of the
203:) is a bulging of the
2751:Scintillating scotoma
2417:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2360:Toxic and nutritional
2333:posterior (PION)
1816:Kayser–Fleischer ring
1178:Bjerk, Ellen (2004).
1126:Gelatt, Kirk (2002).
1102:"Prolapse of the Eye"
862:Exophthalmos in a Pug
861:
648:
464:
409:
385:Catel-Manzke syndrome
338:congenital ichthyosis
278:
2524:Conjugate gaze palsy
2395:Paralytic strabismus
2328:anterior (AION)
2110:Retinitis pigmentosa
2105:Macular degeneration
1878:Intermediate uveitis
1794:Keratoconjunctivitis
1037:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1009:Clinical examination
806:Yunis-Varon syndrome
727:Prolidase deficiency
677:microhydranencephaly
605:Loeys-Dietz syndrome
511:due to mutations in
57:improve this article
2829:Childhood blindness
2808:Parinaud's syndrome
2378:Extraocular muscles
2166:Ocular hypertension
2130:Epiretinal membrane
2115:Retinal haemorrhage
1970:Congenital cataract
795:Tetralogy of Fallot
688:Neu-Laxova syndrome
601:, severe congenital
518:Fibrochondrogenesis
435:Congenital myopathy
335:Autosomal recessive
220:extraocular muscles
2355:Leber's hereditary
2022:Retinal detachment
1975:Childhood cataract
1787:Post-LASIK ectasia
1568:Orbital cellulitis
1517:Lacrimal apparatus
1282:External resources
878:. It can lead to
864:
655:
613:progeroid syndrome
536:progeroid syndrome
486:Developmental and
467:
412:
400:joint dislocations
326:Autosomal dominant
281:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2783:Marcus Gunn pupil
2759:
2758:
2680:Visual impairment
2547:
2546:
2453:
2452:
2440:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2368:
2367:
2305:Optic disc drusen
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
1951:
1950:
1839:
1838:
1745:Corneal dystrophy
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1511:
1510:
1327:
1326:
1164:978-0-683-30076-5
1070:978-1-4160-5454-2
985:Von Graefe's sign
870:. It is seen in
790:corneal dystrophy
738:Rienhoff syndrome
557:Holoprosencephaly
524:Fibrous dysplasia
261:According to the
247:ophthalmic artery
182:
181:
157:Pfeiffer syndrome
135:Medical condition
133:
132:
125:
107:
2905:
2847:
2611:
2602:Vision disorders
2561:Refractive error
2503:Brown's syndrome
2459:Other strabismus
2445:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2435:Oculomotor (III)
2407:Ophthalmoparesis
2400:
2391:
2382:Binocular vision
2315:Optic neuropathy
2281:optic papillitis
2269:
2256:
2243:
2132:(Macular pucker)
1850:
1831:Band keratopathy
1668:
1659:
1646:
1573:Orbital lymphoma
1460:Blepharophimosis
1450:Blepharochalasis
1397:
1388:
1375:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1205:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1004:
838:exophthalmometer
586:-like syndrome,
579:Kniest dysplasia
530:Filippi syndrome
493:, 48, 75, and 80
471:Crouzon syndrome
450:Craniosynostosis
396:Chondrodysplasia
391:hypophosphatasia
329:Robinow syndrome
178:
177:
150:
138:
128:
121:
117:
114:
108:
106:
65:
41:
33:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2872:
2854:
2833:
2812:
2755:
2724:
2684:
2638:Color blindness
2604:
2596:
2543:
2517:Other binocular
2512:
2449:
2421:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2364:
2309:
2262:
2250:
2229:
2185:Ocular hypotony
2150:
2010:Chorioretinitis
1991:
1947:
1931:Chorioretinitis
1907:
1888:Rubeosis iridis
1866:
1835:
1806:Corneal opacity
1762:Corneal ectasia
1689:
1653:
1632:
1618:Pseudopterygium
1582:
1544:
1507:
1474:
1470:Ankyloblepharon
1426:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1277:
1276:
1216:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1006:
1005:
998:
993:
966:
856:
848:Graves' disease
834:
829:
820:
814:
668:Muenke syndrome
509:hyperthyroidism
259:
213:Graves' disease
172:
136:
129:
118:
112:
109:
66:
64:
54:
42:
31:
24:
21:Ptosis (eyelid)
17:
12:
11:
5:
2911:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2868:Onchocerciasis
2865:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2720:Quadrantanopia
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2665:Oguchi disease
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2508:Duane syndrome
2505:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2388:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2276:Optic neuritis
2272:
2266:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Phthisis bulbi
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Coats' disease
2085:
2080:
2078:of prematurity
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1987:Ectopia lentis
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1845:Vascular tunic
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:Photokeratitis
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1601:Conjunctivitis
1598:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1535:Dacryocystitis
1532:
1527:
1525:Dacryoadenitis
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1252:
1233:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:Classification
1201:
1200:External links
1198:
1195:
1194:
1170:
1163:
1142:
1118:
1093:
1076:
1069:
1048:
1024:
1017:
995:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
965:
962:
958:rectus muscles
892:Boston terrier
872:brachycephalic
855:
852:
833:
830:
828:
825:
813:
810:
809:
808:
803:
797:
792:
786:
781:
775:
770:
764:
754:
751:
746:
740:
735:
729:
724:
719:
713:
707:
702:
696:
694:Ogden syndrome
691:
685:
682:
679:
670:
665:
662:
643:
642:
636:
631:
626:
623:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
591:
581:
576:
571:
566:
565:, syndromic 33
560:
554:
549:
546:Graves disease
543:
538:
532:
527:
521:
515:
505:
499:
494:
491:encephalopathy
484:
478:
473:
459:
458:
453:
447:
441:
438:
432:
426:
418:
404:
403:
393:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
356:
350:
347:
341:
332:
323:
318:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
273:
272:
258:
255:
249:, and lead to
180:
179:
166:
160:
159:
152:
151:
143:
142:
134:
131:
130:
72:"Exophthalmos"
45:
43:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2910:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Adie syndrome
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Achromatopsia
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:Anisometropia
2581:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Accommodation
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Optic atrophy
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Keratomycosis
2198:
2196:
2195:Globe rupture
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Macular edema
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Retinoschisis
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Choroideremia
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:Iridodialysis
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Arcus senilis
1824:
1822:
1821:Haab's striae
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:Corneal ulcer
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:acanthamoebic
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Fibrous tunic
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1540:Xerophthalmia
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Lagophthalmos
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1018:0-7234-3229-5
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
997:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:Boston's sign
968:
967:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
860:
853:
851:
849:
844:
841:
839:
831:
826:
824:
819:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
787:
785:
782:
779:
776:
774:
771:
768:
767:Sclerosteosis
765:
762:
758:
755:
752:
750:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
706:
703:
700:
697:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
678:
674:
671:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
652:
647:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
624:
621:
619:
618:lipodystrophy
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
599:Liver disease
597:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
553:
550:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
533:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
514:
510:
506:
503:
500:
498:
495:
492:
489:
485:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
463:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
425:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
408:
401:
397:
394:
392:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
322:
319:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
277:
271:
268:
267:
266:
264:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:(also called
186:
176:
170:
169:Ophthalmology
167:
165:
161:
158:
153:
149:
144:
139:
127:
124:
116:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74: –
73:
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
2893:Dog diseases
2678: /
2674: /
2653:Monochromacy
2585: /
2481:Heterophoria
2469: /
2168: /
2164: /
2068:hypertensive
2041: /
1862:Ciliary body
1777:Keratoglobus
1685:Episcleritis
1563:Enophthalmos
1558:Exophthalmos
1557:
1503:Trichomegaly
1498:Distichiasis
1400:Inflammation
1318:Exophthalmos
1311:
1300:
1289:
1265:
1254:
1235:
1220:
1186:. Retrieved
1180:
1173:
1154:
1134:. Retrieved
1128:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1060:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:
1027:
1008:
980:Enophthalmos
939:
919:tarsorrhaphy
908:
865:
845:
842:
835:
821:
659:Microcephaly
651:turricephaly
559:2, 3, and 11
513:TSH receptor
437:22A, classic
402:, gPAPP type
260:
232:
217:
200:
196:
193:exophthalmia
192:
189:exophthalmus
188:
185:Exophthalmos
184:
183:
141:Exophthalmos
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
28:Exophthalmus
2803:Cycloplegia
2746:Photophobia
2741:Hemeralopia
2698:Hemianopsia
2676:Vision loss
2587:Aniseikonia
2578:Astigmatism
2498:Cyclotropia
2476:Hypertropia
2288:Papilledema
2260:Optic nerve
2093:Sickle cell
2073:Purtscher's
2058:Retinopathy
1926:Choroiditis
1767:Keratoconus
1588:Conjunctiva
1465:Xanthelasma
1417:Blepharitis
1291:MedlinePlus
904:head trauma
832:Measurement
718:types 3, 10
243:optic nerve
2887:Categories
2852:Infections
2773:Anisocoria
2736:Asthenopia
2729:subjective
2713:homonymous
2708:bitemporal
2660:Nyctalopia
2648:Dichromacy
2592:Presbyopia
2553:Refraction
2374:Strabismus
2264:Optic disc
1623:Pinguecula
1488:Trichiasis
1313:Patient UK
1267:DiseasesDB
1188:2007-03-23
1136:2007-03-23
1112:2007-03-23
1042:2024-03-24
991:References
915:anesthesia
816:See also:
701:types 7, 8
552:H syndrome
481:Cutis laxa
389:Childhood
317:deficiency
201:exorbitism
83:newspapers
2824:Nystagmus
2798:Mydriasis
2672:Blindness
2618:Amblyopia
2606:Blindness
2566:Hyperopia
2491:Exophoria
2486:Esophoria
2471:Exotropia
2467:Esotropia
2005:Retinitis
1703:Keratitis
1680:Scleritis
1613:Pterygium
1493:Madarosis
1440:Ectropion
1435:Entropion
1412:Chalazion
1302:eMedicine
1090:eMedicine
942:prognosis
933:known as
927:keratitis
896:Pekingese
880:keratitis
827:Diagnosis
763:mutations
675:-related
534:Fontaine
507:Familial
488:epileptic
251:blindness
197:proptosis
164:Specialty
2863:Trachoma
2628:Diplopia
2323:Ischemic
2248:Pathways
2162:Glaucoma
2063:diabetic
1965:Cataract
1903:Synechia
1755:Meesmann
1723:Exposure
1708:herpetic
1606:allergic
1596:Chemosis
1530:Epiphora
964:See also
900:shih tzu
641:, type 3
113:May 2010
30:weevils.
2703:binasal
2690:Anopsia
2633:Scotoma
2427:palsies
2190:Red eye
2175:Floater
1982:Aphakia
1913:Choroid
1883:Hyphema
1873:Uveitis
1480:Eyelash
1307:oph/616
1261:D005094
931:surgery
854:Animals
812:Anatomy
759:due to
313:due to
235:corneal
97:scholar
2793:Miosis
2571:Myopia
2350:Kjer's
2098:photic
1997:Retina
1750:Fuchs'
1718:fungal
1695:Cornea
1672:Sclera
1455:Ptosis
1392:Eyelid
1380:Adnexa
1296:003033
1161:
1108:. 2006
1067:
1015:
950:sclera
946:cornea
898:, and
884:cornea
761:CREBBP
588:B3GAT3
584:Larsen
526:of jaw
361:type 3
292:type 2
257:Causes
171:
99:
92:
85:
78:
70:
2817:Other
2765:Pupil
2155:Other
1799:sicca
1651:Globe
1550:Orbit
1272:18612
1250:376.3
1246:376.2
1231:H05.2
911:orbit
876:orbit
398:with
315:AUTS2
209:orbit
199:, or
104:JSTOR
90:books
1957:Lens
1857:Iris
1407:Stye
1256:MeSH
1241:9-CM
1159:ISBN
1065:ISBN
1013:ISBN
948:and
940:The
925:and
868:dogs
690:1, 2
673:NDE1
607:1, 2
590:type
431:1, 2
421:COG1
346:5, 7
263:NCBI
76:news
1237:ICD
1222:ICD
1088:at
888:pug
331:1-3
245:or
228:MRI
226:or
205:eye
59:by
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1248:-
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769:1
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