1118:
954:
of captive-bred animals to reduce pressures on wild populations, thus helping to conserve them in their natural environments. REXANO also argues that close personal contact with wild animals can help promote their conservation among people, and because of this, venues such as circuses, fairs and private zoos are good for both people and wildlife. There are also private zoo owners who claim that their zoos also serve as animal rescue sanctuaries. However, there are other people who claim that private zoos do more harm than good to wild animal populations.
917:. As with exotic pets in general, laws about private zoos varies by country, state, county and/or territory. A private zoo can range in size from a few acres to hundreds of acres and can have as many as a few to hundreds of exotic animals. Which people are allowed to view and/or interact with the animals depends on the owner. Because it usually requires a great deal of financial support for displaying exotic animals which are uncommon, difficult to acquire, and expensive to maintain in a living and active state, private zoos are at times seen as a
1631:. Hedgehogs can eat fruits and vegetables but only in moderation. Despite their small size Hedgehogs require a large cage with bedding and plenty of furniture to hide in and explore. Hedgehogs have a gestation period of about 35 days, and give birth to, on average, 4 deaf and blind young hoglets. At three to five weeks old the young leave the nest for the first time to go hunting on their own. Usually, there is no need for special treatment and care and the hoglets are mature enough to eat some solid material after two to three weeks.
1600:. Hedgehogs typically take refuge in the empty burrow of another small animal, or a burrow they dug themselves. However, hedgehogs can occasionally take refuge under rocks or in thick vegetation, or anywhere dark and secluded. Hedgehogs tend to be solitary, though not to the extent of hamsters. Some captive bred females crave the companionship of another hedgehog and occasionally show bonding tendencies when housed with another female; male hedgehogs should not be housed together as they will fight once they reach sexual maturity.
1433:
1533:
1025:) have been established to combat the illegal sale and transport of vulnerable animals and plants, but failure to properly enforce these regulations leave many loopholes for the illegal trade to continue. For example, the United States has both signed CITES during its creation as well as created its own national laws against the import and sale of elephant ivory, but as of 2008 it was found to be the second largest importer of it behind China.
1393:
36:
94:
1424:. Like many other "pocket pets", ferrets are social animals and thrive in groups of two or three. A ferret kept on its own will require more attention from its owner than a ferret who has the constant company of his own species. Female ferrets reach sexual maturity at around 8 –12 months of age. A ferret gives birth to an average of 8 kits; gestation lasts about 41 days.
168:"Exotic" often refers to a species which is not native or indigenous to the owner's locale, and "pet" is a companion animal living with people. However, many use the term to include native species as well (e.g., snakes may sometimes be considered exotic as pets even in places where they are found in the wild). The international organization the
1166:
continues to prosper and some people keep chimpanzees as pets mistakenly believing that they will bond with them for life. As they grow, so do their strength and aggression; some owners and others interacting with the animals have lost fingers and suffered severe facial damage among other injuries sustained in attacks.
1044:
Social media has influenced the increase of exotic animals being traded. Many videos online depict exotic animals being kept in a domestic environment, influencing more people to consider adopting exotic pets. However, these videos are mostly distorted and do not acknowledge the several negative side
953:
According to some advocacy groups such as REXANO (Responsible Exotic Animal
Ownership) the ownership of exotic pets and private zoos can be both ethical and beneficial to wildlife. REXANO claims that captive breeding of exotic pets in zoos has saved many animals from extinction by providing a supply
1056:
Zoonotic disease is known to occur in a small number of exotic pets. The
American Veterinary Medical Association, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the National Animal Control Association, the American Zoo and Aquarium Association and the CDC all discourage the private ownership of certain exotic
1165:
are still available for purchase in the US, although due to captive breeding, this does not affect wild populations. For example, chimpanzees are popular in some areas despite their strength, aggression, and wild nature. Even in areas where keeping primates as pets is illegal, the exotic pet trade
1033:
With the advent of open water sailing in the 15th century and increase in exotic pet popularity in the 20th century US, the exotic pet trade grew to higher amounts than ever before. This came at the detriment of driving the destruction and extinction of animals in the wild. This continues to hold
1503:
and chemical odors and commonly live in trees. Male gliders become mature at 4–12 weeks and female gliders mature at 8–12 weeks. Breeding takes place in June to
November and the glider gives birth to one child, or joey, although having twins is possible. The joey spends 2 months in the pouch only
1108:
Even if they are bred for the pet trade and raised by humans, they may be unpredictable, relatively resistant to training; in some cases, especially as full-grown adults, they can be dangerous. Injuries to humans may be relatively common, but reported yearly deaths due to exotic pet ownership are
997:
In 2003, the US Captive Wild Animal Safety Act (CWASA) became law, and in
September 2007 the US Fish and Wildlife Service enacted rules to enforce it. The law bans the sale or transport of big cats across state lines for the pet trade, and applies to cheetahs, cougars, jaguars, leopards, clouded
1419:
are common ingredients in ferret food, it is best to avoid foods that include grain or corn. Domestic ferrets live in cages, but should be let out for several hours each day. Domestic ferrets enjoy having many places to hide and explore, such as tunnels and closed hammocks. Some ferrets may also
1013:
While there are many ways that live animals are smuggled across borders, there are often heavy losses due to the methods of transportation; many species of small animals can be piled into tiny, and usually airtight, containers and often die as a result. In one example of smuggling,
1169:
Many professionals, including veterinarians, zoologists, humane societies and others, strongly discourage the keeping of primates as pets, as their complex emotional and social needs and other highly specialized requirements may be difficult to meet by the average owner.
1797:
1109:
rare. Statistics compiled by an advocacy organization indicate a yearly average of less than 3.5 fatalities per year in the United States; and another lists 87 exotic animal incidents resulting in human death from June 20, 1990, to April 15, 2016.
1060:
In the UK, voluntary organizations such as the "NCRW" (National Centre for
Reptile Welfare) and "SEEPR" (South East Exotic Pet Rescue) take in unwanted, ill, or lost exotic animals and nurse them back to full health before rehoming them.
1092:
However, captive care and husbandry information for many commonly kept amphibians, reptiles, birds, and small exotic mammals are widely available through literature, animal enthusiast groups, and
Internet websites and discussion forums.
1185:. Research workers have died from this disease contracted from non-human primate research subjects. Additionally, there is considerable risk to the non-human primate pet through transmission of human disease. One such example is
156:
as to no longer be considered exotic in general usage, though they may still be classed as exotic in veterinary practice. Sometimes any unique or wild-looking pet (including common domestic animals such as the
971:, moderates the trade of some exotic pets around the world, to prevent any threats to their survival and ecological damage. Certain animals may be strictly regulated or restricted outright due to both their
1798:
The centipede genus
Arthrorhabdus Pocock, 1891, in the Western hemisphere: Potential occurrence of A-pygmaeus (Pocock, 1895) in Belize (Scolopendromorpha : Scolopendridae : Scolopendrinae
1137:
prohibited their import into the US for use as pets. The breeding industry uses descendants of animals imported before 1975. Non-human primates of various species, including those listed as
1247:
are not considered exotic. Small non-mammalian animals such as reptiles, birds, fish, and amphibians—e.g. lizards, snakes, turtles, goldfish, canaries, frogs and axolotls—are kept as pets.
1719:
188:
means "any animal that has commonly been kept as a pet in family households in the U.S., such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and hamsters", and further says that (emphasis added) "
1018:
trafficked from
Indonesia have their teeth removed prior to being sold locally, or exported to Japan or Russia. The animals are not given any pain relievers during their surgeries.
208:
animals that are kept in captivity at home and are considered a little or extremely "exotic". Where examples are provided within a category, the examples are the animals that are
990:
for the pet trade, but animals bred in captivity exist in the trade, using animals descended from those brought in legally before the ban was enacted. As of
September 2014, most
1076:
adequate housing may be difficult and/or expensive to procure or build. This is usually only a problem for large and/or highly active animals that need a large amount of space.
2160:
1262:
have strict regulations to protect their native environments and agricultural operations. Ferrets, sugar gliders, and hedgehogs have various prohibitions on their ownership.
1101:
Exotic animals retain their unpredictable wild nature, with some being physically capable of maiming or killing their owners. Mammals are the most likely exotic pets to
46:
2278:
1133:
are kept by private individuals as pets in the United States. Nine states ban the keeping of non-human primates, but no federal law regulates ownership. In 1975, the
986:
issues permits for keeping and breeding certain exotic species, whether captured from the wild or bred. In the United States, for example, it is illegal to import
1053:
Veterinary costs for treatment of exotic animals may be significantly higher than for a more conventional pet, owing to the increased specialization required.
2399:
1444:
is popular as an exotic pet, and is sometimes considered a pocket pet. Most US states and cities allow sugar gliders as pets, with some exceptions including
1088:
licensing may be required for the owning or breeding of some exotic animals. Most US states and municipalities, for example, regulate exotic pet ownership.
196:, in part, as " that is native to a foreign country or of foreign origin or character, is not native to the United States, or was introduced from abroad."
1134:
2006:"REXANO Concerned about Constitutionality of Exotic Animal Legislation and its Effect on our Children; New Free Web Resource Provides Tools to Fight it"
1592:
populations due to a lack of natural predators in New
Zealand. Hedgehogs may tighten the orbicularis muscle (a circular muscle structure similar to a
1504:
opening its eyes 80 days after birth. Male gliders do all the parental care and after 110 days the joey is ready to leave the nest. Sugar gliders are
1057:
animals. Animals that are captive-bred in the United States have no risk of contracting any harmful disease as they are not exposed to it in any way.
1957:
2191:
983:
169:
2292:
1832:"India's richest family is planning to build the world's largest zoo, and the 280-acre project has already sparked a protest by animal activists"
1716:
1596:) on their back to hide their head, legs, and belly in a coat of prickly erect spines. Hedgehogs are primarily nocturnal, though some may be
950:. One of the dangers of private zoos is the damage and harm that the animals can pose to people if they escape or are released by the owner.
1173:
Although the breeding population has been largely isolated from wild populations outside the US, they still have the potential to transmit
2508:
2428:
1607:
prior to that classification's abandonment. Presently, hedgehogs are classified as omnivorous. Hedgehogs have been known to eat bugs,
1041:
However, with captive breeding of exotic animals becoming more prevalent, fewer and fewer animals are being captured from the wild.
2170:
2005:
80:
2241:
1981:
2230:
2254:
909:
When a person owns a collection of enough exotic pets, the property that they keep the animals on may be operated as a private
2799:
204:
An extremely wide variety of animals have been kept as pets (at least in rare instances) or as farm stock. Below is a list of
1879:
440:
1069:
Providing appropriate environmental conditions, housing and diet for an exotic animal may be difficult for several reasons:
2477:
2219:
940:. In such zoos, there are also allegations that the criminals have been known to use the zoo animals to murder captives in
172:
has defined the exotics group as "zoological companion animals". Legally, the definition is subject to local jurisdiction.
1942:
1121:
Animal markets in impoverished, tropical countries often sell primates to both tourists and locals as pets, such as these
2630:
1485:
124:. The definition varies by culture, location, and over time—as animals become firmly enough established in the world of
2055:
181:
1928:
62:
2031:
1085:
providing the right social environment for highly social species may be impractical or impossible in a home setting.
1073:
insufficient information may be available on caring for such animals in captivity, though this is rapidly changing.
2403:
2114:
1810:
1831:
448:
1499:
Sugar gliders are social animals commonly living in groups of around 7 individuals. They communicate through
1524:, and nectar from plants. Sugar gliders eat around 11 grams of food a day, 10 percent of their body weight.
604:
303:
2858:
1903:
2582:
1670:
271:
2678:
2199:
1665:
1655:
1216:
401:
1733:, as defined by the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals (Council of Europe 1987) as:
1392:
1117:
994:
forbid or regulate the possession of exotic pets, but 5 states have no license or permit requirements.
867:
267:
2855:- Certifies veterinary specialists in zoological medicine which includes zoological companion species.
2296:
2096:
2889:
1500:
1186:
2730:
2083:
2884:
2606:
2165:
972:
947:
942:
762:
452:
397:
121:
1532:
1432:
1079:
it may be difficult to provide the correct environment (such as temperature or amount of sunlight)
2371:
1855:
1660:
1473:
1138:
1007:
482:
405:
2522:
2242:
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/our-love-of-exotic-pets-is-driving-wildlife-decline/
2879:
2798:
Conservation, Online editorial department Pro Igel e V. German Society for Integrated Nature.
2272:
2231:
https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/pet-trades-cute-and-adorable-label-endangers-the-slow-loris/
1477:
1142:
814:
612:
564:
359:
291:
2079:
2666:
1569:
1521:
1465:
1403:
have a high metabolic rate, meaning they can eat around 8 to 10 small meals daily. They are
1240:
1236:
976:
967:
The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, or
879:
871:
700:
646:
528:
464:
444:
393:
97:
2432:
2691:
1723:
1481:
1469:
1416:
1318:
1267:
1202:
1182:
937:
875:
704:
498:
478:
428:
58:
2009:
936:
are also known to have private zoos, in order to show how successful they have become in
2220:
https://www.worldanimalprotection.us/latest/blogs/brief-history-global-exotic-pet-trade/
1691:
1420:
enjoy playing in water. As natural predators, ferrets should be kept separate from any
1206:
1178:
889:
863:
722:
494:
2754:
2453:
1715:"A framework for assessing the suitability of different species as companion animals,
2874:
2868:
2372:"Total Numbers and Odds of an Accidental Death in the USA by Cause of Injury in 2005"
1457:
1220:
1154:
1102:
991:
946:-like killings. The most well-known example of a zoo owned by organized criminals is
918:
732:
626:
532:
486:
319:
237:
2807:
2139:
1557:
1441:
1340:
1122:
1015:
841:
818:
460:
456:
371:
349:
327:
323:
311:
299:
253:
153:
125:
1772:
2565:
2544:
1904:"Private zoos boasting exotic animals – the new status symbol of Armenia's elite"
212:
kept as pets in captivity at home within that category (although such animals as
2828:
2662:
2485:
1650:
1640:
1604:
1597:
1561:
1549:
1308:
1259:
1150:
922:
849:
845:
794:
778:
774:
710:
684:
622:
600:
436:
432:
363:
333:
249:
117:
1748:
1010:, and the industry generates an estimated $ 7 to $ 23 billion (USD) each year.
1958:"Drug Lords In Mexico Feed Their Enemies To Tigers, Use Animals As Drug Mules"
1929:"Tigers, Giraffes, and Drug Lord Mansions: Welcome to Honduras' 'Narco State'"
1513:
1489:
1445:
1251:
1244:
1212:
1035:
929:
885:
634:
570:
560:
508:
490:
474:
315:
245:
93:
2705:
2080:
Summary of US State laws regarding Exotic Pets from the Born Free USA website
1735:
animals sharing man's companionship and in particular living in his household
116:
which is relatively rare or unusual to keep, or is generally thought of as a
17:
2517:
2454:"B-virus from Pet Macaque Monkeys: An Emerging Threat in the United States?"
1593:
1461:
1421:
1404:
1354:
1232:
933:
914:
855:
822:
786:
766:
726:
670:
666:
658:
654:
638:
556:
520:
411:
307:
241:
233:
221:
162:
2059:
1627:, and even fruits and vegetables. A hedgehog's diet should be very high in
1411:, so they need a high protein intake which can be satisfied using pellets.
1250:
Many small exotic pets are prohibited in certain areas for being invasive;
2800:"Pro Igel e.V. German Society for Integrated Nature Conservation: Biology"
2400:"Exotic Animal Incidents Category: Escape/Attack resulting in human death"
2317:
2144:
1573:
1541:
1505:
1493:
1364:
1174:
1130:
987:
806:
802:
782:
714:
676:
608:
586:
538:
524:
516:
512:
337:
213:
101:
2670:
2513:
2472:
2470:
1628:
1565:
1509:
1412:
1400:
1228:
1224:
1190:
1146:
859:
790:
758:
754:
736:
696:
692:
642:
630:
618:
582:
578:
574:
470:
424:
416:
375:
367:
283:
275:
149:
145:
2778:
2353:
1624:
1585:
1577:
1553:
1545:
1453:
1449:
1294:
1255:
1162:
1158:
837:
832:
798:
744:
718:
688:
662:
650:
546:
379:
355:
341:
295:
287:
279:
263:
259:
158:
2567:
Complete Care Guide for Your Sugar Glider: The Perfect "pocket" Pet
2097:"Federal Register, Volume 72 Issue 158 (Thursday, August 16, 2007)"
1038:
is the fact it is often kept locally as a pet, or traded to Japan.
2354:"Rexano About responsible exotic animal ownership property rights"
1856:"Checkout The Luxurious Life Of 18 Years Old Richest Kid In Dubai"
1645:
1612:
1608:
1581:
1531:
1431:
1391:
1116:
1022:
968:
826:
770:
740:
596:
590:
542:
389:
385:
358:, non-domesticated species and wild-domestic hybrid breeds (e.g.,
345:
92:
1620:
1616:
1589:
1408:
810:
748:
680:
502:
420:
217:
152:
and birds have become firmly enough established in the world of
141:
1815:
1517:
1034:
true today: one of the major factors behind the status of the
910:
113:
29:
2861:- US and international database of exotic mammal veterinarian
2140:"Hundreds of dead wild animals found at South Africa airport"
45:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
227:
2545:"B Virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) Infection CDC NCID"
998:
leopards, snow leopards, lions, tigers, and their hybrids.
2665:. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center.
2335:
2253:
Trust, Purva Variyar, Wildlife Conservation (2022-09-29).
2115:"World Wildlife Day Highlights Severity of Wildlife Crime"
2032:"Ambani family plan to build world's largest zoo in India"
2663:"A Note on High Level Turbulence Encountered by a Glider"
2581:
CDFW, California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2018).
2509:"Problems with Pet Monkeys – Monkeys Make Poor Pets"
1880:"Why Rich People Are Obsessed With Owning Exotic Animals"
2829:"How Does a Hedgehog Give Birth | Do Hedgehogs Lay Eggs"
2706:"Sugar Glider Facts | Anatomy, Diet, Habitat, Behavior"
1082:
feeding the correct diet may be difficult or impossible
975:, as well as the possibility of the animal becoming an
54:
2852:
1476:. However, they are not allowed to be kept as pets in
2631:"15 Things You Need to Know Before Adopting a Ferret"
1243:
are sometimes kept as pets. More common animals like
925:
people can use to illustrate their power and wealth.
2255:"Forced to Pay the Ultimate Price for the Pet Trade"
1006:
Illegally transporting exotic pets is also known as
2192:"U.S. One of Largest Ivory Markets, New Study Says"
1982:"Zoo owner sets exotic animals free, kills himself"
190:
This term excludes exotic animals and wild animals.
2161:"Are Humans Pushing the Slow Loris to Extinction?"
2084:Map of Exotic-Animal-Laws at Born Free USA website
1800:). Western North American Naturalist. 64. 532-537.
2859:Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians (AEMV)
2779:"Pet Hedgehog Food, Treats, Diet & Nutrition"
2583:"Why can't I have a [...] in California?"
1796:Shelley, R.M. & Chagas-Jr, Amazonas. (2004).
27:A pet which is relatively rare or unusual to keep
2318:"Exotic animals bringing health risks with them"
2423:
2421:
2853:American College of Zoological medicine (ACZM)
224:may not really be considered very "exotic").
1129:It has been estimated that as many as 15,000
1045:effects that come with owning an exotic pet.
43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2277:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1105:, with non-human primates topping the list.
1811:"The wild world of America's private zoos"
1773:"Exotic Animal Law & Legal Definition"
1264:
1544:exist worldwide. Hedgehogs are native in
1189:, which can be deadly to certain smaller
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
2429:"The Perils of Keeping Monkeys as Pets"
1682:
170:American College of Zoological Medicine
2687:
2676:
2270:
2507:McLeod, Dianne (September 25, 2018).
1785:Exotic animal is defined by 9 CFR 1.1
1266:Comparison of small exotic pets with
262:, non-domesticated and hybrid (e.g.,
7:
1512:in the summer. Gliders can also eat
2159:Actman, Jani (September 26, 2017).
1726:"; Animal Welfare 2000, 9:359-372,
140:The definition is an evolving one;
128:, they may no longer be considered
2478:"Chimpanzees Don't Make Good Pets"
1177:. There is a considerable risk of
25:
1690:Goad, Eleanor (9 November 2022).
1125:, despite laws against the trade.
2607:"Ferrets - behaviour - our pets"
2402:. Born Free, USA. Archived from
1021:International treaties (such as
184:(9 CFR 1.1), says that the term
34:
2008:(Press release). Archived from
1464:, sugar gliders can be kept in
165:) is considered an exotic pet.
2661:Kuettner, J. (December 1952).
1943:"Drug lords enjoy exotic zoos"
1692:"Are rabbits really 'exotic'?"
1508:relying on the consumption of
1436:Sugar gliders eating mealworms
441:Madagascar hissing cockroaches
1:
2086:. Both accessed May 22, 2016.
2030:Mitchell, Bea (2021-02-24).
1486:Australian Capital Territory
928:In the criminal underworld,
2259:Wildlife Conservation Trust
2196:news.nationalgeographic.com
2119:African Wildlife Foundation
453:giant prickly stick insects
182:Code of Federal Regulations
57:, discuss the issue on the
2906:
2755:"Behavior Characteristics"
2482:The Jane Goodall Institute
1603:Hedgehogs were considered
1560:. They were introduced to
1211:Small exotic pets include
1200:
1135:Center for Disease Control
180:In the United States, the
2731:"History of the hedgehog"
1536:A pet hedgehog from Japan
2759:hedgehogheadquarters.com
1197:Common small exotic pets
605:Chinese fire belly newts
1760:According to 9 CFR 1.1
1241:North American opossums
2686:Cite journal requires
2564:Debbie Dillon (1996).
1671:Exotic felines as pets
1568:and quickly became an
1537:
1440:Around the world, the
1437:
1397:
1217:Chacoan pygmy opossums
1126:
402:Argentine horned frogs
105:
2406:on September 23, 2015
2173:on September 27, 2017
1666:Charismatic megafauna
1656:Baiting (blood sport)
1540:Seventeen species of
1535:
1435:
1395:
1120:
1103:injure or kill humans
96:
2456:. January–March 1998
1986:The Spokesman-Review
1187:herpes simplex virus
763:Gambian pouched rats
398:African clawed frogs
176:In the United States
104:kept as exotic pets.
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
2587:www.wildlife.ca.gov
2488:on February 2, 2015
2435:on October 17, 2008
2166:National Geographic
2148:. January 31, 2014.
1270:
1223:, as well as other
1029:Impact on the world
973:conservation status
943:damnatio ad bestias
868:Hermann's tortoises
483:blue-tongued skinks
210:relatively commonly
2671:10.21236/ad0012012
1722:2013-07-24 at the
1661:Wildlife smuggling
1538:
1474:Northern Territory
1438:
1398:
1289:Lifespan in years
1265:
1143:cottontop tamarins
1127:
1008:wildlife smuggling
707:as pictured above)
406:fire-bellied toads
272:jackal–dog hybrids
264:coyote–dog hybrids
106:
1478:Western Australia
1385:
1384:
1286:Circadian rhythm
901:
900:
880:red-eared sliders
872:Russian tortoises
815:Patagonian cavies
613:tiger salamanders
394:African bullfrogs
292:African wild dogs
268:dingo–dog hybrids
120:rather than as a
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2897:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2806:. Archived from
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2611:www.rspca.org.uk
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2570:. Debbie Dillon.
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2525:on July 12, 2014
2521:. Archived from
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2484:. Archived from
2474:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2431:. Archived from
2425:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2295:. Archived from
2293:"Exotic Pet FAQ"
2289:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2198:. Archived from
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2169:. Archived from
2156:
2150:
2149:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2058:. Archived from
2056:"What is CITES?"
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1962:Business Insider
1953:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1860:cdn.scooper.news
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1836:Business Insider
1827:
1821:
1820:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1747:USLegal (2016).
1744:
1738:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1572:. Hedgehogs are
1570:invasive species
1277:Size (in grams)
1271:
1237:flying squirrels
1175:zoonotic disease
977:invasive species
948:Hacienda Nápoles
701:squirrel monkeys
647:eclectus parrots
465:praying mantises
429:Hercules beetles
276:wolf–dog hybrids
228:
200:Types of animals
122:domesticated pet
98:Capuchin monkeys
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2865:
2864:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2804:www.pro-igel.de
2797:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2735:Hedgehog Street
2729:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2685:
2675:
2660:
2659:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2121:. March 2, 2015
2113:
2112:
2108:
2101:www.govinfo.gov
2095:
2094:
2090:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1830:Warren, Katie.
1829:
1828:
1824:
1819:. 8 April 2020.
1809:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1724:Wayback Machine
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1637:
1619:, worms, small
1530:
1482:New South Wales
1470:South Australia
1430:
1390:
1209:
1203:Rodents as pets
1199:
1183:rhesus macaques
1115:
1099:
1067:
1051:
1031:
1004:
965:
960:
938:organized crime
907:
902:
876:painted turtles
864:Greek tortoises
565:bark centipedes
499:monitor lizards
479:bearded dragons
320:bat-eared foxes
202:
178:
138:
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2903:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2848:
2847:External links
2845:
2842:
2841:
2820:
2790:
2770:
2746:
2722:
2697:
2688:|journal=
2646:
2622:
2598:
2573:
2556:
2536:
2499:
2466:
2445:
2417:
2391:
2363:
2358:www.rexano.org
2345:
2327:
2309:
2284:
2245:
2234:
2223:
2212:
2202:on May 7, 2008
2183:
2151:
2131:
2106:
2088:
2072:
2047:
2022:
1997:
1973:
1948:
1934:
1920:
1895:
1871:
1847:
1822:
1802:
1789:
1764:
1739:
1708:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1529:
1526:
1429:
1426:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1207:Skunks as pets
1198:
1195:
1179:monkey B virus
1114:
1111:
1098:
1097:Risk to humans
1095:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1066:
1063:
1050:
1047:
1030:
1027:
1003:
1000:
964:
961:
959:
956:
906:
903:
899:
898:
894:
893:
883:
853:
835:
830:
752:
730:
708:
674:
627:Amazon parrots
616:
594:
568:
552:
551:
550:
536:
506:
495:leopard geckos
487:crested geckos
468:
449:giant katydids
414:
409:
383:
353:
331:
257:
226:
201:
198:
177:
174:
137:
134:
100:are among the
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2902:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2810:on 2017-10-04
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2299:on 2010-03-22
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2062:on 2008-12-19
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2012:on 2023-01-08
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:and threaten
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:New York City
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1428:Sugar gliders
1427:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:Female ferret
1394:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:Prohibitions
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:sugar gliders
1218:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Diana monkeys
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1001:
999:
995:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
962:
957:
955:
951:
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
919:status symbol
916:
912:
904:
897:
891:
887:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:
834:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
566:
562:
558:
555:
554:
553:
548:
544:
540:
537:
534:
533:sugar gliders
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
413:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:camel spiders
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
199:
197:
195:
194:exotic animal
192:" It defines
191:
187:
183:
175:
173:
171:
166:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
103:
99:
95:
85:
82:
74:
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Exotic animal
2833:. Retrieved
2831:. 2022-12-03
2823:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:the original
2803:
2793:
2782:. Retrieved
2773:
2762:. Retrieved
2758:
2749:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:
2725:
2714:. Retrieved
2712:. 2016-01-23
2710:Animals Time
2709:
2700:
2679:cite journal
2638:. Retrieved
2635:Care2 Causes
2634:
2625:
2614:. Retrieved
2610:
2601:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:
2576:
2566:
2559:
2548:. Retrieved
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2523:the original
2512:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2486:the original
2481:
2458:. Retrieved
2448:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:the original
2408:. Retrieved
2404:the original
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2301:. Retrieved
2297:the original
2287:
2262:. Retrieved
2258:
2248:
2237:
2226:
2215:
2204:. Retrieved
2200:the original
2195:
2186:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:the original
2164:
2154:
2143:
2134:
2123:. Retrieved
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2075:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:the original
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:the original
2000:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:
1976:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:
1956:Howe, Alex.
1951:
1937:
1923:
1912:. Retrieved
1910:. 2014-10-30
1908:the Guardian
1907:
1898:
1887:. Retrieved
1884:www.vice.com
1883:
1874:
1863:. Retrieved
1859:
1850:
1839:. Retrieved
1835:
1825:
1814:
1805:
1792:
1784:
1777:. Retrieved
1767:
1759:
1752:. Retrieved
1749:"Pet animal"
1742:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:
1685:
1605:insectivores
1602:
1558:central Asia
1539:
1501:vocalization
1498:
1442:sugar glider
1439:
1422:prey animals
1399:
1341:Sugar glider
1332:Crepuscular
1249:
1210:
1172:
1168:
1128:
1123:slow lorises
1107:
1100:
1091:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1020:
1016:slow lorises
1012:
1005:
996:
981:
966:
952:
941:
930:crime bosses
927:
908:
905:Private zoos
895:
842:ball pythons
819:prairie dogs
623:grey parrots
461:leaf insects
457:grasshoppers
360:leopard cats
350:hermit crabs
328:raccoon dogs
324:fennec foxes
312:arctic foxes
304:silver foxes
300:maned wolves
254:whip spiders
209:
205:
203:
193:
189:
185:
179:
167:
154:animal fancy
139:
129:
126:animal fancy
118:wild species
109:
107:
77:
68:
44:
2890:Exotic pets
2492:February 1,
1754:30 December
1728:p. 360
1651:Canned hunt
1641:Pet culture
1598:crepuscular
1562:New Zealand
1550:Middle East
1405:carnivorous
1309:Crepuscular
1260:New Zealand
1151:chimpanzees
1002:Trafficking
923:upper class
850:milk snakes
846:corn snakes
795:guinea pigs
775:chinchillas
685:bush babies
601:salamanders
437:cockroaches
433:butterflies
364:Bengal cats
334:Crustaceans
250:vinegaroons
148:, and some
136:Definitions
71:August 2016
2885:Animal law
2869:Categories
2835:2024-01-25
2814:2019-04-23
2784:2019-04-23
2764:2019-04-23
2740:2019-04-23
2716:2019-04-28
2640:2019-04-22
2616:2019-04-22
2592:2019-04-11
2550:2008-07-13
2514:The Spruce
2460:2010-03-26
2439:2008-07-13
2384:October 8,
2303:2010-03-26
2264:2022-11-22
2206:2018-03-24
2177:2018-03-24
2125:2018-03-24
2066:2010-03-26
2041:2023-01-11
2016:2023-01-08
1991:2023-01-11
1967:2023-01-11
1914:2023-01-11
1889:2023-01-11
1865:2023-01-11
1841:2023-01-11
1731:pet animal
1717:Appendix C
1701:5 February
1677:References
1574:omnivorous
1514:arthropods
1506:omnivorous
1490:Queensland
1472:, and the
1446:California
1378:Nocturnal
1375:2 - Short
1329:2 - Short
1252:California
1213:marsupials
1201:See also:
1141:, such as
1139:endangered
1036:slow loris
934:drug lords
858:and other
787:fancy rats
711:Procyonids
671:parrotlets
635:cockatiels
561:millipedes
509:Marsupials
491:day geckos
475:chameleons
316:gray foxes
246:tarantulas
186:pet animal
110:exotic pet
2529:March 12,
2518:About.com
1779:8 October
1775:. USLegal
1696:Vet Times
1594:sphincter
1528:Hedgehogs
1462:Australia
1355:Nocturnal
1351:4 - Long
1305:3 - Long
1233:hedgehogs
1065:Husbandry
992:US states
915:menagerie
886:Viverrids
856:Tortoises
823:squirrels
767:capybaras
727:kinkajous
723:ringtails
705:capuchins
667:parakeets
659:lovebirds
655:lorikeets
639:cockatoos
571:Mustelids
557:Myriapods
521:wallabies
517:wallaroos
513:kangaroos
412:Hedgehogs
372:savannahs
308:red foxes
242:scorpions
234:Arachnids
222:parakeets
59:talk page
2880:Wildlife
2322:NBC News
2273:cite web
2145:BBC News
2036:Blooloop
1720:Archived
1635:See also
1623:, small
1542:hedgehog
1522:honeydew
1494:Tasmania
1466:Victoria
1365:Hedgehog
1274:Species
1131:primates
1113:Primates
988:primates
963:Legality
807:lemmings
803:hamsters
715:raccoons
699:such as
677:Primates
609:axolotls
587:polecats
581:such as
539:Mollusks
531:such as
525:opossums
445:crickets
439:such as
427:such as
376:caracals
368:chausies
348:such as
338:crayfish
214:goldfish
161:and the
102:primates
53:You may
2410:May 22,
1629:protein
1566:England
1510:insects
1413:Chicken
1407:, like
1401:Ferrets
1388:Ferrets
1268:rabbits
1245:rabbits
1229:ferrets
1225:mammals
1191:monkeys
1163:gibbons
1147:baboons
888:(e.g.,
862:(e.g.,
860:turtles
840:(e.g.,
791:gerbils
783:dormice
759:agoutis
757:(e.g.,
755:Rodents
737:falcons
735:(e.g.,
733:Raptors
713:(e.g.,
697:monkeys
693:lorises
679:(e.g.,
643:conures
631:caiques
621:(e.g.,
619:Parrots
603:(e.g.,
583:ferrets
579:weasels
575:martens
573:(e.g.,
559:(e.g.,
541:(e.g.,
529:possums
511:(e.g.,
473:(e.g.,
471:Lizards
425:beetles
419:(e.g.,
417:Insects
392:(e.g.,
380:servals
336:(e.g.,
284:coyotes
236:(e.g.,
150:rodents
146:rabbits
2379:REXANO
2336:"Home"
1625:snakes
1588:, and
1586:lizard
1578:insect
1556:, and
1554:Africa
1548:, the
1546:Europe
1484:, the
1456:, and
1454:Alaska
1450:Hawaii
1319:Rabbit
1295:Ferret
1258:, and
1256:Hawaii
1159:lemurs
1049:Health
958:Issues
896:
890:genets
878:, and
848:, and
838:Snakes
833:Skunks
825:, and
799:gundis
771:coypus
747:, and
745:osprey
725:, and
719:coatis
703:, and
695:, and
689:lemurs
669:, and
663:macaws
651:lories
611:, and
589:, and
547:snails
527:, and
501:, and
463:, and
404:, and
378:, and
356:Felids
342:shrimp
326:, and
296:dholes
288:dingos
280:wolves
260:Canids
252:, and
220:, and
159:ferret
130:exotic
2375:(PDF)
1646:Feral
1613:frogs
1609:slugs
1582:snail
1460:. In
1323:3000
1299:1500
1283:Tail
1227:like
1215:like
1181:from
1023:CITES
969:CITES
921:that
913:or a
827:voles
779:degus
741:hawks
597:Newts
591:minks
543:slugs
503:tegus
390:toads
386:Frogs
346:crabs
112:is a
61:, or
2875:Pets
2692:help
2531:2019
2494:2015
2412:2016
2386:2012
2340:ncrw
2279:link
2082:and
1781:2012
1756:2018
1703:2024
1621:mice
1617:fish
1590:bird
1417:lamb
1415:and
1409:cats
1372:Yes
1369:450
1348:Yes
1345:140
1326:One
1302:Yes
1235:and
1219:and
1205:and
1161:and
984:USDA
982:The
811:mice
749:owls
681:apes
599:and
577:and
563:and
545:and
421:ants
388:and
344:and
218:mice
206:some
142:fish
2667:doi
2516:at
1816:CNN
1564:by
1518:sap
1492:or
1313:12
911:zoo
163:rat
114:pet
108:An
2871::
2802:.
2757:.
2733:.
2708:.
2683::
2681:}}
2677:{{
2649:^
2633:.
2609:.
2585:.
2511:.
2480:.
2469:^
2420:^
2377:.
2356:.
2338:.
2320:.
2275:}}
2271:{{
2257:.
2194:.
2163:.
2142:.
2117:.
2099:.
2034:.
1984:.
1960:.
1906:.
1882:.
1858:.
1834:.
1813:.
1783:.
1758:.
1694:.
1615:,
1611:,
1584:,
1580:,
1552:,
1520:,
1516:,
1496:.
1488:,
1480:,
1468:,
1452:,
1448:,
1381:4
1359:5
1335:8
1254:,
1239:.
1231:,
1193:.
1157:,
1153:,
1149:,
1145:,
979:.
874:,
870:,
866:,
844:,
821:,
817:,
813:,
809:,
805:,
801:,
797:,
793:,
789:,
785:,
781:,
777:,
773:,
769:,
765:,
761:,
743:,
739:,
721:,
717:,
691:,
687:,
683:,
665:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
649:,
645:,
641:,
637:,
633:,
629:,
625:,
607:,
585:,
523:,
519:,
515:,
497:,
493:,
489:,
485:,
481:,
477:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
447:,
443:,
435:,
431:,
423:,
400:,
396:,
374:,
370:,
366:,
362:,
340:,
322:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
298:,
294:,
290:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
248:,
244:,
240:,
216:,
144:,
132:.
2838:.
2817:.
2787:.
2767:.
2743:.
2719:.
2694:)
2690:(
2673:.
2669::
2643:.
2619:.
2595:.
2553:.
2533:.
2496:.
2463:.
2442:.
2414:.
2388:.
2360:.
2342:.
2324:.
2306:.
2281:)
2267:.
2209:.
2180:.
2128:.
2103:.
2069:.
2044:.
2019:.
1994:.
1970:.
1945:.
1931:.
1917:.
1892:.
1868:.
1844:.
1737:.
1705:.
932:/
892:)
882:)
852:)
829:)
751:)
729:)
673:)
615:)
593:)
567:)
549:)
535:)
505:)
467:)
408:)
382:)
352:)
330:)
256:)
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
