Polystyrene - Knowledge (XXG)

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material changes density from typically 30 kg/m to 330 kg/m and becomes a recyclable commodity of high value for producers of recycled plastic pellets. Expanded polystyrene scrap can be easily added to products such as EPS insulation sheets and other EPS materials for construction applications; many manufacturers cannot obtain sufficient scrap because of collection issues. When it is not used to make more EPS, foam scrap can be turned into products such as clothes hangers, park benches, flower pots, toys, rulers, stapler bodies, seedling containers, picture frames, and architectural molding from recycled PS. As of 2016, around 100 tonnes of EPS are recycled every month in the UK.

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pharmacokinetics, and exposure assessment. The Harvard study reported that styrene is naturally present in trace quantities in foods such as strawberries, beef, and spices, and is naturally produced in the processing of foods such as wine and cheese. The study also reviewed all the published data on the quantity of styrene contributing to the diet due to migration of food packaging and disposable food contact articles, and concluded that risk to the general public from exposure to styrene from foods or food-contact applications (such as polystyrene packaging and foodservice containers) was at levels too low to produce adverse effects.

690: 1708:(microcracks) are formed, which spread to the rubber particles. The energy of the propagating crack is then transferred to the rubber particles along its path. A large number of cracks give the originally rigid material a laminated structure. The formation of each lamella contributes to the consumption of energy and thus to an increase in elongation at break. Polystyrene homo-polymers deform when a force is applied until they break. Styrene-butane co-polymers do not break at this point, but begin to flow, solidify to tensile strength and only break at much higher elongation. 1978: 5541: 1488:(common in Europe is a size of 100 cm x 50 cm, usually depending on an intended type of connection and glue techniques, it is, in fact, 99.5 cm x 49.5 cm or 98 cm x 48 cm; less common is 120 x 60 cm; size 4 by 8 ft (1.2 by 2.4 m) or 2 by 8 ft (0.61 by 2.44 m) in the United States). Common thicknesses are from 10 mm to 500 mm. Many customizations, additives, and thin additional external layers on one or both sides are often added to help with various properties. An example of this is 188: 158: 56: 353: 65: 1244: 872: 2147: 6187: 2712:: 289–298. From p. 294: "On sait que le stryolène chauffé en vase scellé à 200°, pendant Quelques heures, se change en un polymère résineux (métastyrol), et que ce polymère, distillé brusquement, reproduit le styrolène." ("One knows that styrene heated in a sealed vessel at 200 °C, for several hours, is changed into a resinous polymer (polystyrene), and that this polymer, distilled abruptly, reproduces styrene.") 47: 1503:

StyroChem Finland. Adding fillers (graphites, aluminum, or carbons) has recently allowed the thermal conductivity of EPS to reach around 0.030–0.034 W/(m⋅K) (as low as 0.029 W/(m⋅K)) and as such has a grey/black color which distinguishes it from standard EPS. Several EPS producers have produced a variety of these increased thermal resistance EPS usage for this product in the UK and EU.

1394: 1700:). Co-polymerization creates a boundary layer without complete mixing. The butadiene fractions (the "rubber phase") assemble to form particles embedded in a polystyrene matrix. A decisive factor for the improved impact strength of styrene-butadiene copolymers is their higher absorption capacity for deformation work. Without applied force, the rubber phase initially behaves like a 6193: 361: 674: 1343: 1546: 1236: 1420:, objective = 10×, eyepiece = 15×). The larger spheres are expanded polystyrene beads which were compressed and fused. The bright, star-shaped hole at the center of the image is an air-gap between the beads where the bead margins have not completely fused. Each bead is made of thin-walled, air-filled bubbles of polystyrene. 1879:. Within the rubber phase, the polystyrene phase is assembled into domains. This causes physical cross-linking on a microscopic level. When the material is heated above the glass transition point, the domains disintegrate, the cross-linking is temporarily suspended and the material can be processed like a thermoplastic. 369: 2236:

Based on scientific tests over five decades, government safety agencies have determined that polystyrene is safe for use in foodservice products. For example, polystyrene meets the stringent standards of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission/European Food Safety Authority

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Although it is a closed-cell foam, both expanded and extruded polystyrene are not entirely waterproof or vapor proof. In expanded polystyrene there are interstitial gaps between the expanded closed-cell pellets that form an open network of channels between the bonded pellets, and this network of gaps

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Cohen JT; Carlson G; Charnley G; Coggon D; Delzell E; Graham JD; Greim H; Krewski D; Medinsky M; Monson R; Paustenbach D; Petersen B; Rappaport S; Rhomberg L; Ryan PB; Thompson K (2011). "A comprehensive evaluation of the potential health risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure

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kept the ban from going into effect until at last it was delayed when the Republican and Conservative parties gained the majority of the county legislature. In the meantime, Berkeley became the first city to ban all foam food containers. As of 2006, about one hundred localities in the United States,

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in the range of 1.05, the individual chains have thus very similar lengths). The length of the individual blocks can be adjusted by the ratio of catalyst to monomer. The size of the rubber sections, in turn, depends on the block length. The production of small structures (smaller than the wavelength

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is measured according to EN 12667. Typical values range from 0.032 to 0.038 W/(m⋅K) depending on the density of the EPS board. The value of 0.038 W/(m⋅K) was obtained at 15 kg/m while the value of 0.032 W/(m⋅K) was obtained at 40 kg/m according to the datasheet of K-710 from

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A significant portion of all EPS products are manufactured through injection molding. Mold tools tend to be manufactured from steels (which can be hardened and plated), and aluminum alloys. The molds are controlled through a split via a channel system of gates and runners. EPS is colloquially called

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Oriented polystyrene (OPS) is produced by stretching extruded PS film, improving visibility through the material by reducing haziness and increasing stiffness. This is often used in packaging where the manufacturer would like the consumer to see the enclosed product. Some benefits to OPS are that

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From 1999 to 2002, a comprehensive review of the potential health risks associated with exposure to styrene was conducted by a 12-member international expert panel selected by the Harvard Center for Risk Assessment. The scientists had expertise in toxicology, epidemiology, medicine, risk analysis,

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Most polystyrene products are currently not recycled due to the lack of incentive to invest in the compactors and logistical systems required. Due to the low density of polystyrene foam, it is not economical to collect. However, if the waste material goes through an initial compaction process, the

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better in the melt. For the production of SBS, the first styrene is homopolymerized via anionic copolymerization. Typically, an organometallic compound such as butyllithium is used as a catalyst. Butadiene is then added and after styrene again its polymerization. The catalyst remains active during

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attractions between polymer chains. Since the molecules consist of thousands of atoms, the cumulative attractive force between the molecules is large. When heated (or deformed at a rapid rate, due to a combination of viscoelastic and thermal insulation properties), the chains can take on a higher

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If polystyrene is properly incinerated at high temperatures (up to 1000 °C) and with plenty of air (14 m/kg), the chemicals generated are water, carbon dioxide, and possibly small amounts of residual halogen-compounds from flame-retardants. If only incomplete incineration is done, there will

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Animals do not recognize polystyrene foam as an artificial material and may even mistake it for food. Polystyrene foam blows in the wind and floats on water due to its low specific gravity. It can have serious effects on the health of birds and marine animals that swallow significant quantities.

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with a normal density range of 11 to 32 kg/m. It is usually white and made of pre-expanded polystyrene beads. The manufacturing process for EPS conventionally begins with the creation of small polystyrene beads. Styrene monomers (and potentially other additives) are suspended in water, where

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strength due to the hydrocarbon backbone) confers flexibility and elasticity. The ability of the system to be readily deformed above its glass transition temperature allows polystyrene (and thermoplastic polymers in general) to be readily softened and molded upon heating. Extruded polystyrene is

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polystyrene foam (the initial decision was overturned on appeal). In San Francisco, supervisors approved the toughest ban on "Styrofoam" (EPS) in the US which went into effect 1 January 2017. The city's Department of the Environment can make exceptions for certain uses like shipping medicines at

2215:(PAHs) from alkyl benzenes to benzoperylene. Over 90 different compounds were identified in combustion effluents from polystyrene." The American National Bureau of Standards Center for Fire Research found 57 chemical by-products released during the combustion of expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam. 2187:. The process involved irradiation of polystyrene with iron chloride and acetone under white light and oxygen for 20 hours. The scientists also demonstrated a similar scalable commercial process of upcycling polystyrene into valulable small-molecules (like benzoic acid) taking just a few hours. 1529:

The boards containing a flame retardant when tested in a tunnel using test method UL 723 or ASTM E84 will have a flame spread index of less than 25 and a smoke-developed index of less than 450. ICC-ES requires the use of a 15-minute thermal barrier when EPS boards are used inside of a building.

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is formed, attaching to the carbon of another styrene monomer to the chain. Since only one kind of monomer is used in its preparation, it is a homopolymer. The newly formed σ bond is stronger than the π bond that was broken, thus it is difficult to depolymerize polystyrene. About a few thousand

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Polystyrene is commonly used in containers for food and drinks. The styrene monomer (from which polystyrene is made) is a cancer suspect agent. Styrene is "generally found in such low levels in consumer products that risks aren't substantial". Polystyrene which is used for food contact may not

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In March 2019, Maryland banned polystyrene foam food containers and became the first state in the country to pass a food container foam ban through the state legislature. Maine was the first state to officially get a foam food container ban onto the books. In May 2019, Maryland Governor Hogan

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Water-logging commonly occurs over a long period in polystyrene foams that are constantly exposed to high humidity or are continuously immersed in water, such as in hot tub covers, in floating docks, as supplemental flotation under boat seats, and for below-grade exterior building insulation

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recycling programs and is not separated and recycled where it is accepted. In Germany, polystyrene is collected as a consequence of the packaging law (Verpackungsverordnung) that requires manufacturers to take responsibility for recycling or disposing of any packaging material they sell.

627:. According to the Science History Institute, "Dow bought the rights to Munters's method and began producing a lightweight, water-resistant, and buoyant material that seemed perfectly suited for building docks and watercraft and for insulating homes, offices, and chicken sheds." In 1944, 2907: 4259:

Schnurr, Riley E.J.; Alboiu, Vanessa; Chaudhary, Meenakshi; Corbett, Roan A.; Quanz, Meaghan E.; Sankar, Karthikeshwar; Srain, Harveer S.; Thavarajah, Venukasan; Xanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. (2018). "Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review".

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Thermocol slabs made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads. The one on the left is from a packing box. The one on the right is used for crafts. It has a corky, papery texture and is used for stage decoration, exhibition models, and sometimes as a cheap alternative to shola

979:. This involves using high heat and pressure to break down the chemical bonds between each styrene compound. Pyrolysis usually goes up to 430 °C. The high energy cost of doing this has made commercial recycling of polystyrene back into styrene monomer difficult. 2200:, when polystyrene is incinerated in modern facilities, the final volume is 1% of the starting volume; most of the polystyrene is converted into carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat. Because of the amount of heat released, it is sometimes used as a power source for 2601:

Kwon BG, Saido K, Koizumi K, Sato H, Ogawa N, Chung SY, Kusui T, Kodera Y, Kogure K, et al. (May 2014). "Regional distribution of styrene analogues generated from polystyrene degradation along the coastlines of the North-East Pacific Ocean and Hawaii".

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they undergo free-radical addition polymerization. The polystyrene beads formed by this mechanism may have an average diameter of around 200 μm. The beads are then permeated with a "blowing agent", a material that enables the beads to be expanded.

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is made from EPS that is combined with cement to be used as an insulating amendment in the making of concrete foundations and walls. American manufacturers have produced insulating concrete forms made with approximately 80% recycled EPS since 1993.

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Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is produced like PS-I by graft copolymerization, but with a lower styrene content. Styrene-butadiene rubber thus consists of a rubber matrix with a polystyrene phase dispersed therein. Unlike PS-I and SBC, it is not a

2122:, through its Environmental Management Agency (EMA), banned polystyrene containers (popularly called 'kaylite' in the country), under Statutory Instrument 84 of 2012 (Plastic Packaging and Plastic Bottles) (Amendment) Regulations, 2012 (No 1.) 2253:

Whether polystyrene can be microwaved with food is controversial. Some containers may be safely used in a microwave, but only if labeled as such. Some sources suggest that foods containing carotene (vitamin A) or cooking oils must be avoided.

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can become filled with liquid water. If the water freezes into ice, it expands and can cause polystyrene pellets to break off from the foam. Extruded polystyrene is also permeable by water molecules and can not be considered a vapor barrier.

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for use in packaging to store and serve food. The Hong Kong Food and Environmental Hygiene Department recently reviewed the safety of serving various foods in polystyrene foodservice products and reached the same conclusion as the U.S. FDA.

1740:) consists of a continuous polystyrene matrix and a rubber phase dispersed therein. It is produced by polymerization of styrene in the presence of polybutadiene dissolved (in styrene). Polymerization takes place simultaneously in two ways: 1433:

is commonly used as the blowing agent. The beads are added to a continuously agitated reactor with the blowing agent, among other additives, and the blowing agent seeps into pores within each bead. The beads are then expanded using steam.

2129:, Canada, has announced its Zero Waste 2040 plan in 2018. The city will introduce bylaw amendments to prohibit business license holders from serving prepared food in polystyrene foam cups and take-out containers, beginning 1 June 2019. 458:. General-purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and brittle. It is an inexpensive resin per unit weight. It is a poor barrier to air and water vapor and has a relatively low melting point. Polystyrene is one of the most widely used 2246:

contain more than 1% (0.5% for fatty foods) of styrene by weight. Styrene oligomers in polystyrene containers used for food packaging have been found to migrate into the food. Another Japanese study conducted on wild-type and

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Yang Y, Yang J, Wu WM, Zhao J, Song Y, Gao L, Yang R, Jiang L (October 2015). "Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part 1. Chemical and Physical Characterization and Isotopic Tests".

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Blyth and Hofmann, 1845, p. 312. From p. 312: "Analysis, as well as synthesis, have equally demonstrated, that styrol and the solid, glassy material, for which we suggest the name 'meta styrol', possess the same percentage

998:, could digest and subsist healthily on a diet of EPS. About 100 mealworms could consume between 34 and 39 milligrams of this white foam in a day. The droppings of mealworm were found to be safe for use as soil for crops. 5172: 4045: 634:

Before 1949, chemical engineer Fritz Stastny (1908–1985) developed pre-expanded PS beads by incorporating aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as pentane. These beads are the raw material for molding parts or extruding sheets.

927:(melting point) of 270 °C (518 °F). Syndiotactic polystyrene resin is currently produced under the trade name XAREC by Idemitsu corporation, who use a metallocene catalyst for the polymerisation reaction. 1525:

of EPS as measured by ASTM D2863 be greater than 24 volume %. Typical EPS has an oxygen index of around 18 volume %; thus, a flame retardant is added to styrene or polystyrene during the formation of EPS.

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are also produced; these contain one or more other monomers in addition to styrene. In recent years the expanded polystyrene composites with cellulose and starch have also been produced. Polystyrene is used in some

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describes the extent to which the phenyl group is uniformly aligned (arranged at one side) in the polymer chain. Tacticity has a strong effect on the properties of the plastic. Standard polystyrene is atactic. The

6794: 5968: 1537:) is 1.35 to 1.80 pounds per cubic foot (21.6 to 28.8 kg/m). This is either Type II or Type IX EPS according to ASTM C578. EPS blocks or boards used in building construction are commonly cut using hot wires. 3984: 940:), chlorinated solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. Because of its resilience and inertness, it is used for fabricating many objects of commerce. Like other organic compounds, polystyrene burns to give 2483: 935:

Polystyrene is relatively chemically inert. While it is waterproof and resistant to breakdown by many acids and bases, it is easily attacked by many organic solvents (e.g. it dissolves quickly when exposed to

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play an important role in biomedical research and science. For these uses, articles are almost always made by injection molding, and often sterilized post-molding, either by irradiation or by treatment with

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Faller, Ronald; Bielenberg, Robert; Sicking, Dean; Rohde, John; Reid, John (5 December 2006). Development and Testing of the SAFER Barrier – Version 2, SAFER Barrier Gate, and Alternative Backup Structure.

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allowed the foam ban (House Bill 109) to become law without a signature making Maryland the second state to have a food container foam ban on the books, but is the first one to take effect on 1 July 2020.

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showed that the same transformation of styrol took place in the absence of oxygen. They called the product "meta styrol"; analysis showed that it was chemically identical to Simon's Styroloxyd. In 1866

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banned expanded polystyrene takeout/takeaway containers and tableware around 1999. However, compliance has been a problem and, in 2013, the Chinese plastics industry was lobbying for the ban's repeal.

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as a "B3" product, meaning highly flammable or "Easily Ignited". As a consequence, although it is an efficient insulator at low temperatures, its use is prohibited in any exposed installations in

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Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) consists of closed cells. It offers improved surface roughness, higher stiffness and reduced thermal conductivity. The density range is about 28–34 kg/m.

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is informally used (mainly US & Canada) for all foamed polystyrene products, although strictly it should only be used for "extruded closed-cell" polystyrene foams made by Dow Chemicals.

1937:, which may pose a flammability hazard in manufacturing or storage of newly manufactured material, but have relatively mild environmental impact. Extruded polystyrene is usually made with 1568:

models. Because of the extrusion manufacturing process, XPS does not require facers to maintain its thermal or physical property performance. Thus, it makes a more uniform substitute for

1319:, is often done to introduce polar groups. Much of modern biomedical research relies on the use of such products; they, therefore, play a critical role in pharmaceutical research. 2921: 617:

in many applications. Success was achieved when they developed a reactor vessel that extruded polystyrene through a heated tube and cutter, producing polystyrene in pellet form.

2905:, Digenis, George A. & Digenis, Alexander G., "Method of fixing radioactive tritiated water in a stable tritiated polystyrene product", issued 2017-08-22 1711:

With a high proportion of polybutadiene, the effect of the two phases is reversed. Styrene-butadiene rubber behaves like an elastomer but can be processed like a thermoplastic.

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When polystyrene was burned at temperatures of 800–900 °C (the typical range of a modern incinerator), the products of combustion consisted of "a complex mixture of

5605: 1618:(PP), (PET), and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), and it is less hazy than HIPS or PP. The main disadvantage of OPS is that it is brittle, and will crack or tear easily. 639:

and Stastny applied for a patent that was issued in 1949. The molding process was demonstrated at the Kunststoff Messe 1952 in Düsseldorf. Products were named Styropor.

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constantly exposed to groundwater. Typically an exterior vapor barrier such as impermeable plastic sheeting or a sprayed-on coating is necessary to prevent saturation.

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A March 2022 joint study by scientists Sewon Oh and Erin Stache at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York found a new processing method of upcycling polystyrene to

1945:), which have global warming potentials of approximately 1000–1300 times that of carbon dioxide. Packaging, particularly expanded polystyrene, is a contributor of 1060:. This may someday be of use in the effective disposing of polystyrene foam. It is worthy to note the polystyrene must undergo pyrolysis to turn into styrene oil. 3174:"Insights into plastic biodegradation: community composition and functional capabilities of the superworm (Zophobas morio) microbiome in styrofoam feeding trials" 3246:

Ward PG, Goff M, Donner M, Kaminsky W, O'Connor KE (April 2006). "A two step chemo-biotechnological conversion of polystyrene to a biodegradable thermoplastic".

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Ho, Ba Thanh; Roberts, Timothy K.; Lucas, Steven (August 2017). "An overview on biodegradation of polystyrene and modified polystyrene: the microbial approach".

2250:-null mice found that the styrene trimer, which the authors detected in cooked polystyrene container-packed instant foods, may increase thyroid hormone levels. 835:. If the backbone were to be laid as a flat elongated zig-zag chain, each phenyl group would be tilted forward or backward compared to the plane of the chain. 5264: 2285:, sheet metal, or concrete. Foamed polystyrene plastic materials have been accidentally ignited and caused huge fires and losses of life, for example at the 2048:

became reportedly the largest city in the country to ban polystyrene foam food containers. Some communities have implemented wide polystyrene bans, such as

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Polystyrene foams are produced using blowing agents that form bubbles and expand the foam. In expanded polystyrene, these are usually hydrocarbons such as

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Polystyrene foams are 95–98% air. Polystyrene foams are good thermal insulators and are therefore often used as building insulation materials, such as in

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Soluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, chloroform, cyclohexanone, dioxane, ethyl acetate, ethylbenzene, MEK, NMP, THF

5080: 5381:"Styrene trimer may increase thyroid hormone levels via down-regulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) target gene UDP-glucuronosyltransferase" 1770:

the butadiene repeat unit. However, the middle block often does not consist of such depicted butane homo-polymer but of a styrene-butadiene co-polymer:

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Doroudiani, Saeed; Kortschot, Mark T. (2016). "Expanded Wood Fiber Polystyrene Composites: Processing–Structure–Mechanical Properties Relationships".

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Hawley-Fedder, R.A.; Parsons, M.L.; Karasek, F.W. (1984). "Products obtained during combustion of polymers under simulated incinerator conditions".

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Doroudiani, Saeed; Chaffey, Charles E.; Kortschot, Mark T. (2002). "Sorption and diffusion of carbon dioxide in wood-fiber/polystyrene composites".

3045: 2094: 1630:) polystyrene has an excellent property profile about transparency, surface quality and stiffness. Its range of applications is further extended by 890:

distributed on both sides of the polymer chain. This random positioning prevents the chains from aligning with sufficient regularity to achieve any

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The impact strength of styrene-butadiene co-polymers is based on phase separation, polystyrene and poly-butane are not soluble in each other (see

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BASF Technische Information TI 0/2-810d 81677 Juni 1989, Verwertungs- und Beseitigungsverfaren gebrauchter Schaumstoff-Verpackungen aus Styropor®

3909: 4214:"Toxicity of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) after individual and combined exposure with chlorpyrifos" 6900: 1856:

of the light) ensure transparency. In contrast to PS-I, however, the block copolymer does not form any particles but has a lamellar structure.

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and John Gudbrand Tandberg of Sweden received a US patent for polystyrene foam as an insulation product in 1935 (USA patent number 2,023,204).

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Owens Corning FOAMULAR Extruded Polystrene Insulation: Resisting Water Absorption, the Key for High-Performance Foam Plastic Rigid Insulation

3339: 2464: 2430: 2379: 1572:. Thermal conductivity varies between 0.029 and 0.039 W/(m·K) depending on bearing strength/density and the average value is ~0.035 W/(m·K). 2007:. Efforts have been made to find alternatives to polystyrene, especially foam in restaurant settings. The original impetus was to eliminate 6853: 6804: 6773: 5978: 5947: 5465: 1040:, in the gut of superworms that contain encoded enzymes associated with the degradation of polystyrene and the breakdown product styrene. 4557: 2132:

In 2019, the European Union voted to ban expanded polystyrene food packaging and cups, with the law officially going into effect in 2021.

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Evaluation Service) requires EPS boards used in building construction meet ASTM C578 requirements. One of these requirements is that the

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polystyrene with the phenyl groups positioned on alternating sides of the hydrocarbon backbone. This form is highly crystalline with a

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of homopolymeric polystyrene is overcome by elastomer-modified styrene-butadiene copolymers. Copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile (

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Yanagiba Y, Ito Y, Yamanoshita O, Zhang SY, Watanabe G, Taya K, Li CM, Inotsume Y, Kamijima M, Gonzalez FJ, Nakajima T (June 2008).

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Maul, J.; Frushour, B. G.; Kontoff, J. R.; Eichenauer, H.; Ott, K.-H. and Schade, C. (2007) "Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers" in

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Polystyrene is generally considered to be non-biodegradable. However, certain organisms are able to degrade it, albeit very slowly.

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Juvenile rainbow trout exposed to polystyrene fragments show toxic effects in the form of substantial histomorphometrical changes.

689: 3537: 2028: 1160: 3442: 6036: 2212: 1888: 1655: 5428: 4002:. Elsner, Peter., Eyerer, Peter., Hirth, Thomas. (8., neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. 2758: 6789: 6768: 6665: 6419: 5963: 5942: 5839: 5241:"A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Potential Health Risks Associated with Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Styrene" 4311: 4451: 4343: 623:(1918–1996), a chemical engineer of Dow Chemical, rediscovered a process first patented in early 1930s by Swedish inventor 5469: 1998: 1913: 1848: 1683: 1534: 1654:) are more resistant to thermal stress, heat and chemicals than homopolymers and are also transparent. Copolymers called 340: 6925: 6910: 6843: 6763: 5937: 5511: 4906: 4396: 3925: 3769: 2138:

passed the Environmental Management Bill in December 2020. Imports of polystyrene products were banned in January 2021.

2068: 2044:, required restaurants to switch to disposable food containers that would biodegrade if added to food compost. In 2013, 1977: 501: 31: 2071:

does not allow polystyrene foam to be used as part of its certification standard. Several green leaders, including the

520:, since it can be cast into molds with fine detail. The temperatures behavior can be controlled by photocrosslinking. 500:

polymer, polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature but flows if heated above about 100 °C, its

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Guidelines for the use of expanded foam polystyrene panel systems in industrial buildings to minimize the risk of fire

5268: 5260: 2072: 1962: 1917: 1651: 1008: 166: 2052:, which did so in 1990. In 1988, the first U.S. ban of general polystyrene foam was enacted in Berkeley, California. 913: 5320: 4479: 3622: 6101: 6076: 5621: 5176: 2322: 2286: 2229: 2197: 2004: 1518: 1493: 582: 46: 4672: 2554:

Carroll, Gregory T.; Sojka, Melissa E.; Lei, Xuegong; Turro, Nicholas J.; Koberstein, Jeffrey T. (1 August 2006).

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Karbalaei, Samaneh; Hanachi, Parichehr; Rafiee, Gholamreza; Seifori, Parvaneh; Walker, Tony R. (September 2020).

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assembly kits, and many other objects where a rigid, economical plastic is desired. Production methods include

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became the largest city in the United States to attempt to prohibit the sale, possession, and distribution of

1445:, and packing material either as solid blocks formed to accommodate the item being protected or as loose-fill 4840: 1452:

fragile items inside boxes. EPS also has been widely used in automotive and road safety applications such as

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process. About 80 years later it was realized that heating of styrol starts a chain reaction that produces

153: 6685: 6563: 6318: 6046: 6004: 5859: 5737: 2205: 1507: 1188: 1173: 561: 471: 377: 55: 4931: 2702:"Sur Les caractères de la benzine et du styrolène, comparés avec ceux des Autres carburetors d'hydrogène" 2645: 1218:, or extruded, while expanded polystyrene is either extruded or molded in a special process. Polystyrene 6865: 6569: 6214: 5743: 5070:. Newton.dep.anl.gov. Retrieved 25 December 2011. Q and A page with an partially incorrect information. 4424: 3053: 2327: 2274: 1533:

According to the EPS-IA ICF organization, the typical density of EPS used for insulated concrete forms (

1522: 1150: 1057: 1054: 832: 463: 77: 3942:"XPS Insulation Extracted After Field Exposure Confirms High Water Absorption & Diminished R‐Value" 3290: 3906: 3811:"Measurements of thermal properties of insulation materials by using transient plane source technique" 3810: 2556:"Photoactive Additives for Cross-Linking Polymer Films: Inhibition of Dewetting in Thin Polymer Films" 573:, that he dubbed styrol oxide ("Styroloxyd") because he presumed that it had resulted from oxidation ( 352: 64: 6585: 6580: 6553: 6471: 5759: 5754: 5727: 4673:"Maryland's new laws: banning foam food containers, raising tobacco-buying age, reforming UMMS board" 4269: 3822: 3713: 3415: 3255: 3085: 2829: 2611: 2045: 2027:, became the first U.S. jurisdiction to ban polystyrene in general. However, legal challenges by the 2020: 1744: 1679: 1569: 1499: 1375: 1260: 949: 824: 768: 658: 447: 280: 1243: 777:

but much more flexible and much less dense (1.05 g/cm for polystyrene vs. 2.70 g/cm for aluminium).

6895: 6715: 6476: 6399: 6313: 6265: 5889: 5350:[Quantitative Analysis of Styrene Dimer and Trimers Migrated from Disposable Lunch Boxes]. 2701: 2307: 2159: 2083: 2041: 2003:

Restricting the use of foamed polystyrene takeout food packaging is a priority of many solid waste

1966: 1549:

Extruded polystyrene has a smooth texture, and can be cut into sharp-edged shapes without crumbling

1442: 1438: 1400: 758: 587: 462:, with the scale of its production being several million tonnes per year. Polystyrene is naturally 306: 183: 101: 4075: 3224: 705:

terms, polystyrene is a long chain hydrocarbon wherein alternating carbon centers are attached to

539:, particularly along shores and waterways, especially in its foam form, and in the Pacific Ocean. 6730: 6648: 6389: 6363: 6333: 6293: 6275: 6224: 6176: 6156: 5904: 5822: 5228: 5027: 4733: 4512: 4316: 4293: 4241: 3737: 3462: 3388: 3023: 2845: 2257:

Because of the pervasive use of polystyrene, these serious health related issues remain topical.

2060: 2008: 1701: 1413: 1128: 1045: 599: 5136:"Polystyrenes: A Review of the Literature on the Products of Thermal Decomposition and Toxicity" 5135: 1084: 5124:

Quoted from a campaign site giving no details of the original source and experiment conditions.

3755: 3623:"Method for manufacturing expanded polystyrene foam components from used polystyrene materials" 569:. Several days later, Simon found that it had thickened into a jelly, now known to have been a 6860: 6826: 6746: 6558: 6380: 6298: 5997: 5920: 5732: 5659: 5579: 5493: 5410: 5220: 5019: 5011: 4285: 4233: 4192: 4166: 4013: 4003: 3968: 3838: 3729: 3680: 3485: 3355: 3335: 3309: 3271: 3205: 3101: 3015: 2670: 2627: 2583: 2575: 2460: 2426: 2375: 1938: 1865: 1675: 1469: 1453: 1284: 1211: 744: 578: 513: 490: 5325:

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21—Food and Drugs, Subchapter B—Food for Human Consumption

5060: 3119: 2820:

Natta, G.; Corradini, P.; Bassi, I. W. (1960). "Crystal structure of isotactic polystyrene".

2420: 1367:

PS foams also exhibit good damping properties, therefore it is used widely in packaging. The

6751: 6446: 6348: 6323: 6255: 6121: 6116: 6061: 5925: 5649: 5641: 5400: 5392: 5359: 5240: 5212: 5147: 5115: 5003: 4866: 4321: 4277: 4225: 4156: 4146: 3830: 3721: 3672: 3649: 3454: 3423: 3380: 3263: 3195: 3185: 3093: 3007: 2837: 2619: 2567: 2516: 2454: 2367: 2266: 2033: 1905: 1893:

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a material that is stronger than pure polystyrene.

1659: 1631: 1465: 1316: 1102: 964: 786: 398: 291: 259: 205: 4967: 4789: 2196:

also be leftover carbon soot and a complex mixture of volatile compounds. According to the

1838:

By using a statistical copolymer at this position, the polymer becomes less susceptible to

1674:

content. Styrene-butane co-polymers include PS-I and SBC (see below), both co-polymers are

602:(1881–1965). This eventually led to the substance receiving its present name, polystyrene. 6615: 6601: 6466: 6353: 6343: 6111: 5789: 5775: 5611: 5295: 5067: 4974: 4082: 4059: 3948: 3913: 3046:"Plastic-eating worms may offer solution to mounting waste, Stanford researchers discover" 2972: 2278: 2049: 1843: 1036: 871: 111: 4535: 3834: 2704:("On the characters of benzene and styrene, compared with those of other hydrocarbons"), 6186: 5442: 4273: 3826: 3717: 3515: 3419: 3259: 3089: 2833: 2615: 1381:

Foams are also used for non-weight-bearing architectural structures (such as ornamental

187: 157: 6644: 6456: 6358: 6229: 5818: 5654: 5629: 5405: 5380: 4161: 4134: 3200: 3173: 2371: 2146: 1958: 1909: 1852: 1561: 1323: 1308: 1280: 1264: 1239:

CD case made from general purpose polystyrene (GPPS) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS)

1215: 1003: 941: 839: 793: 763: 662: 591: 517: 373: 334: 5630:"Certification of SRM1960: Nominal 10 μm Diameter Polystyrene Spheres ("Space Beads")" 5119: 1354:

and structural insulated panel building systems. Grey polystyrene foam, incorporating

816: 6889: 6831: 6638: 6424: 6414: 6404: 6308: 6209: 6131: 6081: 5812: 5031: 4992:"Chemical Upcycling of Commercial Polystyrene via Catalyst-Controlled Photooxidation" 4245: 4135:"Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review" 3741: 3466: 3392: 2849: 2772: 2744: 2332: 2056: 2037: 1982: 1946: 1872: 1839: 1752: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1615: 1457: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1199: 1095: 891: 595: 574: 528: 497: 248: 238: 146: 4297: 4281: 3951:, EPS Below Grade Series 105, March 2014, Technical Bulletin, EPS Industry Alliance. 3027: 17: 6451: 6441: 6303: 6151: 6096: 6071: 5545: 5232: 3960: 3725: 2184: 1565: 1361: 902: 860: 828: 706: 643: 624: 620: 610: 548: 504:. It becomes rigid again when cooled. This temperature behaviour is exploited for 5624:, arguing that the material is "safe, affordable and environmentally responsible") 4229: 3011: 2532: 2520: 2075:, advise people to reduce their environmental harm by using reusable coffee cups. 2902: 2623: 1912:

can be used for cross-linking the polystyrene chains to give the polymer used in

6634: 6606: 6541: 6461: 6260: 6141: 5808: 5780: 5715: 4991: 4579: 1762: 1748: 1647: 1485: 1446: 1030: 1024: 801: 467: 466:, but can be colored with colorants. Uses include protective packaging (such as 2040:

had some sort of ban on polystyrene foam in restaurants. For instance, in 2007

1393: 6710: 6338: 6328: 6192: 5884: 5364: 5347: 5216: 3589: 2312: 2270: 1489: 1449: 1327: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1256: 1219: 1134: 948:, in addition to other thermal degradation by-products. Polystyrene, being an 887: 805: 654: 590:

correctly identified the formation of meta styrol/Styroloxyd from styrol as a

552: 483: 360: 270: 130: 5555:

Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics

5497: 5015: 4647:"Statement: Maryland becomes the second state to ban plastic foam containers" 4094: 4017: 3967:, 379 Seiten, Verlag Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 1. Auflage (2006) 3842: 3773: 3733: 3458: 3384: 3172:

Sun, Jiarui; Prabhu, Apoorva; Aroney, Samuel T. N.; Christian, Rinke (2022).

2579: 2555: 1847:

the whole process (for which the used chemicals must be of high purity). The

1755:. As a result, several polystyrene chains are attached to one polybutadiene. 6799: 6705: 6675: 6545: 6106: 6091: 6066: 5973: 5879: 5849: 5719: 5575: 4151: 3676: 3097: 2302: 2126: 2082:

In September 2020, the New Jersey state legislature voted to ban disposable

1876: 1582: 1473: 1371: 1368: 1331: 976: 855: 843: 774: 702: 628: 606: 509: 505: 5663: 5466:"Styrene in the Crosshairs: Competing Standards Confuse Public, Regulators" 5414: 5224: 5023: 4289: 4237: 4170: 3916:. Institute of Thermal Insulation of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University 3275: 3209: 3105: 3019: 2631: 2587: 5151: 4955: 3190: 1658:

have similar properties and can be used at low temperatures, but they are

673: 6720: 5894: 5645: 5634:

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

5599: 5007: 3653: 2948:"XAREC Syndiotactic Polystyrene – Petrochemicals – Idemitsu Kosan Global" 2342: 2119: 1942: 1671: 1355: 1007:) may eat expanded polystyrene (EPS). A group of high school students in 991: 953: 751: 5346:

Sakamoto, Hiromi; Matsuzaka, Ayako; Itoh, Rimiko; Tohyama, Yuko (2000).

3881: 3856: 1342: 1019:

larvae may consume greater amounts of EPS over longer periods of time.

6848: 6725: 6697: 6626: 6528: 6250: 6020: 5899: 5871: 5800: 5702: 5205:

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews

4606: 4109:"Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics" 3667:

Bielenberg, Robert W.; Rohde, John D.; Reid, John D. (1 January 2005).

3427: 2841: 2317: 2282: 1934: 1705: 1643: 1545: 1430: 1252: 1235: 1050: 972: 968: 937: 797: 790: 710: 694: 650: 570: 566: 486: 459: 451: 443: 324: 243:~ 240 °C (464 °F; 513 K) for isotactic polystyrene 228: 5396: 3267: 2571: 5272: 4705: 2232:, formerly known as the Chemical Manufacturers' Association, writes: 2171: 2112: 1586: 1382: 1312: 1166: 747: 613:, about 1931, hoping it would be a suitable replacement for die-cast 556: 532: 4213: 3146: 2293:(where polystyrene was inside a railway carriage that caught fire). 1642:

and syndiotactic polystyrene). Several copolymers are used based on

665:, the largest manufacturer of foam cups, shipped their first order. 333:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

3701: 2269:, polystyrene is flammable. Polystyrene is classified according to 565:, he distilled an oily substance, that he named styrol, now called 2201: 2108: 2102: 2093: 1976: 1614:

it is less expensive to produce than other clear plastics such as

1557: 1544: 1407: 1392: 1341: 1242: 1234: 1022:

In 2022 scientists identified several bacterial genera, including

945: 688: 672: 368: 367: 359: 351: 1908:. Styrene can be copolymerized with other monomers; for example, 6086: 2795: 2135: 1425: 957: 682: 678: 636: 614: 524: 455: 6500: 5993: 5674: 3671:. Engineering/Technology Management. ASMEDC. pp. 345–352. 2773:"NIHF Inductee Otis Ray McIntire Invented STYROFOAM Brand Foam" 642:

The crystal structure of isotactic polystyrene was reported by

4483: 3120:"Think you can't compost styrofoam? Mealworms are the answer!" 2456:

Modern Styrenic Polymers: Polystyrenes and Styrenic Copolymers

1575:

Water vapor diffusion resistance (μ) of XPS is around 80–250.

863:

where all of the phenyl groups are on the same side is called

489:, in the making of models, and as an alternative material for 479: 431: 5173:"Q & A on the Safety of Polystyrene Foodservice Products" 3700:

Mills, N.J.; Wilkes, S.; Derler, S.; Flisch, A. (July 2009).

3441:

Mihai, Mihaela; Huneault, Michel A.; Favis, Basil D. (2016).

1424:

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a rigid and tough, closed-cell

846:, which affects various physical properties of the material. 809:

monomers typically comprise a chain of polystyrene, giving a

4603:"The Throwaway Generation: 25 Billion Styrofoam Cups a Year" 2170:

Recycled EPS is also used in many metal casting operations.

2115:

also banned polystyrene-foam food-service ware before 2007.

1591:

Depron, a thin insulation sheet also used for model building

815: 171: 5989: 5321:"Sec. 177.1640 Polystyrene and rubber-modified polystyrene" 5245:

The McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment

4882:"European Parliament approves 2021 single-use plastics ban" 4558:"S.F. supervisors OK toughest ban on foam packaging in U.S" 2877:"Celebrating 50 Years of Excellence in People and Products" 475: 425: 413: 3155:

Larvae as Degradation Agents of Expanded Polystyrene Foam"

2533:"Polystyrene phonograph record and process of manufacture" 1920:(SAN) has a greater thermal resistance than pure styrene. 1689:

If styrene-butane co-polymer has a high butylene content,

1251:

Polystyrene (PS) is used for producing disposable plastic

407: 4622:"Maryland Foam Packaging Ban, Energy Bills to Become Law" 3965:

Kunststoffe: Synthese, Herstellungsverfahren, Apparaturen

3907:

LONG-TERM WATER ABSORPTION OF EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BOARDS

1682:, SBC by anionic block co-polymerization, which makes it 842:

relationship of consecutive phenyl groups determines the

796:(interconnect). In the polymerization, the carbon-carbon 697:, China carrying a lot of expanded polystyrene packaging. 5296:"Government Says 2 Common Materials Pose Risk of Cancer" 4977:

Eccleston & Hart Polystrene. Retrieved 21 July 2016.

2671:"Ueber das Stryol und einige seiner Zersetzungsproducte" 757:

The material's properties are determined by short-range

253:

430 °C (806 °F; 703 K) and depolymerizes

4841:"Expanded polystyrene (kaylite): What are its impacts?" 4729:"Even Paper Bags Will Be Banned From N.J. Supermarkets" 882:

The only commercially important form of polystyrene is

762:

degree of confirmation and slide past each other. This

577:

is a distinct compound). By 1845 Jamaican-born chemist

3514:. American Chemistry Council. May 2014. Archived from 2673:("On styrol and some of its decomposition products"), 1670:

Styrene-butane co-polymers can be produced with a low

1578:

Commonly extruded polystyrene foam materials include:

693:

Expanded polystyrene is lightweight. This is a man in

5512:"Foul Play Considered in Channel Tunnel Fire Inquiry" 4755:

Ying Sun, Nina & Toloken, Steve (21 March 2013).

3610:. Australia: Australian Urethane & Styrene. 2010. 3443:"Foaming of Polystyrene/ Thermoplastic Starch Blends" 434: 419: 401: 5628:

Lettieri TR, Hartman AW, Hembree GG, Marx E (1991).

3702:"FEA of oblique impact tests on a motorcycle helmet" 3291:"Bacteria Turn Styrofoam into Biodegradable Plastic" 3039: 3037: 2422:

Polystyrene – Synthesis, Production and Applications

428: 422: 410: 404: 6819: 6782: 6739: 6696: 6658: 6625: 6594: 6540: 6489: 6434: 6379: 6372: 6284: 6243: 6200: 6027: 5956: 5913: 5870: 5832: 5799: 5768: 5714: 5618:

Take a Closer Look at Today's Polystyrene Packaging

4867:

Single-Use Item Reduction Strategy, Zero Waste 2040

4757:"China moves to end its 'ban' on PS food packaging" 3648:(Report). SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1. 2747:. National Inventor's Hall of Fame. 16 August 2023. 2488:

Introduction to Plastics Science Teaching Resources

1322:Thin sheets of polystyrene are used in polystyrene 416: 3408:Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 2023:, banned CFC food containers. The following year, 901:of ~90 °C. Polymerization is initiated with 4958:Polystyrene recycling. Retrieved 17 October 2019. 4191:. New York: Nova Science Publishers. p. 59. 2759:"Styrofoam, a Practical and Problematic Creation" 894:. The plastic has a glass transition temperature 867:polystyrene, which is not produced commercially. 661:(EPS) foam under the trade name Dylite. In 1960, 598:, following the thesis of German organic chemist 5429:"Microwaving food in plastic: Dangerous or not?" 4419: 4417: 4182: 4180: 3669:Design of the SAFER Emergency Gate Using LS-DYNA 1330:, but has largely fallen out of use in favor of 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 2234: 1311:. Post-mold surface modification, usually with 1001:In 2016, it was also reported that superworms ( 482:), containers, lids, bottles, trays, tumblers, 110: 4605:. E-The Environmental Magazine. Archived from 4133:Yousif, Emad; Haddad, Raghad (December 2013). 2513:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1965:. For this reason commercial products contain 1747:: The growing polystyrene chain reacts with a 1556:Extruded polystyrene material is also used in 6512: 6005: 5686: 5352:Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan 4425:"Berkeley Widens Ban on Foam Food Containers" 2669:Blyth, John, and Hofmann, Aug. Wilh. (1845). 2011:(CFC), which was a former component of foam. 376:cup; fine details such as the glass and fork 8: 5558:, United Nations Environment Programme. 5544: This article incorporates text from a 4452:"Styrofoam food packaging banned in Oakland" 4095:Global Warming Potentials of ODS Substitutes 3373:Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 3350:van der Vegt, A.K. and Govaert, L.E. (2003) 2879:. Dart Container Corporation. Archived from 2723:"Business Gives Styrofoam a Rare Redemption" 2453:John Scheirs; Duane Priddy (28 March 2003). 4990:Oh, Sewon; Stache, Erin E. (6 April 2022). 3706:International Journal of Impact Engineering 3225:"Immortal Polystyrene Foam Meets its Enemy" 2158:In general, polystyrene is not accepted in 6519: 6505: 6497: 6376: 6012: 5998: 5990: 5693: 5679: 5671: 4371:"Ban on Plastics in Suffolk Is Overturned" 4344:"Suffolk Votes A Bill to Ban Plastic Bags" 4312:"Berkeley Barring Use of a Food Container" 4000:Kunststoffe: Eigenschaften und Anwendungen 2761:. Science History Institute. 31 July 2018. 2425:. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. p. 15. 1981:Discarded polystyrene cup on the shore of 1067: 559:, the resin of the Oriental sweetgum tree 527:standards, polystyrene is regarded as not 474:used for storage of optical discs such as 186: 156: 38: 5653: 5404: 5363: 4985: 4983: 4601:Dineen, Shauna (November–December 2005). 4511:. Town of Freeport, Maine. Archived from 4160: 4150: 3985:"Übersicht Polystyrol auf chemgapedia.de" 3799:, Insight database from Ceresana Research 3604:Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Technical Data 3560:"Products: graphite enhanced polystyrene" 3199: 3189: 2507: 2505: 2484:"Common Plastic Resins Used in Packaging" 2362:Wypych, George (2012). "PS polystyrene". 1826:SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS 1346:Closeup of expanded polystyrene packaging 994:, the larvae form of the darkling beetle 5602:– The University of Southern Mississippi 5548:work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 4996:Journal of the American Chemical Society 4046:"PS-Pfropfcopolymere auf chemgapedia.de" 3334:(2nd Edition). Oxford University Press. 3147:"A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of 2706:Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris 2145: 1949:from both land and maritime activities. 1585:, also known as Blue Board, produced by 1412:Section of a block of thermocol under a 4956:https://expandedpoly.co.uk/environment/ 4932:"Grace period for polystyrene products" 3484:. Antenociti's Workshop. Archived from 2354: 1484:Sheets of EPS are commonly packaged as 1458:road barriers on automobile race tracks 182: 6102:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) 4911:Official Journal of the European Union 4702:Maryland League of Conservation Voters 4397:"Vote Blocks Plastics Ban For Suffolk" 4107:Environment, U. N. (21 October 2021). 3932:, Pub. No. 10011642-A, September 2011, 3809:Al-Ajlan, Saleh A. (1 December 2006). 3310:"Making and using an expanded plastic" 3248:Environmental Science & Technology 3126:. Living Earth Systems. 8 October 2016 3078:Environmental Science & Technology 2406: 2394: 1358:, has superior insulation properties. 547:Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by 147: 27:Polymer resin widely used in packaging 6042:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) 6037:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 5571:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3770:"Dow Chemical Company Styrofoam page" 3756:"Moulding Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)" 3482:"Blue Foam, Pink Foam and Foam Board" 3052:. Stanford University. Archived from 2478: 2476: 1761:represents in the figure the styrene 1596:Water absorption of polystyrene foams 990:In 2015, researchers discovered that 713:). Polystyrene's chemical formula is 7: 6854:List of environmental health hazards 6774:List of environmental health hazards 5948:List of environmental health hazards 5431:. Harvard Health. 20 September 2017. 3835:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.04.006 2459:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3. 5443:"Polystyrene & Health Homepage" 5327:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration 4815:"Government bans kaylite packaging" 4727:Zaveri, Mihir (25 September 2020). 4534:Tony Dokoupil (22 September 2015). 4450:Herron Zamora, Jim (28 June 2006). 4060:"styrenic block copolymers – IISRP" 4032:"Schlagzähes PS auf chemgapedia.de" 2098:Expanded polystyrene waste in Japan 2086:and cups made of polystyrene foam. 1715:Impact-resistant polystyrene (PS-I) 1686:in case of appropriate block size. 609:began manufacturing polystyrene in 6659:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs 5833:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs 5608:– Society of the Plastics Industry 4783:"letter to Public Works Committee" 4671:The Sun, Baltimore (24 May 2019). 3289:Biello, David (27 February 2006). 2372:10.1016/B978-1-895198-47-8.50162-4 804:is broken and a new carbon-carbon 531:. It is accumulating as a form of 285:0.033 W/(m·K) (foam, ρ 0.05 g/cm) 25: 5464:Entine, Jon (14 September 2011). 5385:Environmental Health Perspectives 5348:"使い捨て弁当容器から溶出するスチレンダイマー及びトリマーの定量" 5294:Harris, Gardiner (10 June 2011). 4480:"San Jose Approves Styrofoam Ban" 3857:"National Commercial Corporation" 3000:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 2490:. American Chemistry Council, Inc 2073:Dutch Ministry of the Environment 886:, in which the phenyl groups are 6191: 6185: 6077:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 6052:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 5620:(brochure by the industry group 5568:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). 5539: 4505:"CHAPTER 33 STYROFOAM ORDINANCE" 4478:Sanchez, Kris (27 August 2013). 3621:Howard, Kevin A. (8 June 1993). 3352:Polymeren, van keten tot kunstof 3044:Jordan, R. (29 September 2015). 2675:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 2287:Düsseldorf International Airport 2213:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 2029:Society of the Plastics Industry 1161:Coefficient of thermal expansion 870: 827:, and those carbons that have a 823:Each carbon of the backbone has 773:about as strong as an unalloyed 681:, and releases large amounts of 397: 63: 54: 45: 6057:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) 5061:Polystyrene Foam Burning Danger 4395:Barbanel, Josh (4 March 1992). 4369:Hevesi, Dennis (4 March 1990). 4282:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001 4113:UNEP - UN Environment Programme 1889:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 1883:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 1782:SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS 813:of 100,000–400,000 g/mol. 337:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 6420:Category:Plastics applications 6167:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) 6162:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) 6147:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 4880:Pyzyk, Katie (29 March 2019). 4582:. Green Restaurant Association 4218:Journal of Hazardous Materials 4189:Marine pollution: new research 3726:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.12.011 2281:. It must be concealed behind 454:. Polystyrene can be solid or 364:A polystyrene yogurt container 356:Expanded polystyrene packaging 1: 6901:Building insulation materials 6127:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) 5612:Polystyrene: Local Ordinances 5606:SPI resin identification code 5470:American Enterprise Institute 5120:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90737-X 4936:Fiji Broadcasting Corporation 4704:. 30 May 2019. Archived from 4626:news.bloombergenvironment.com 4230:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123980 3012:10.1080/07388551.2017.1355293 2646:"Ueber den flüssigen Storax ( 2521:10.1002/14356007.a21_615.pub2 1999:Phase-out of polystyrene foam 1914:solid phase peptide synthesis 1851:of the polymers is very low ( 1849:molecular weight distribution 1698:Flory–Huggins solution theory 1535:expanded polystyrene concrete 1474:brand of extruded polystyrene 1142:Glass transition temperature 6844:Persistent organic pollutant 6805:Toxic Substances Control Act 6764:Persistent organic pollutant 6047:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) 5979:Toxic Substances Control Act 5938:Persistent organic pollutant 5614:– Californians Against Waste 5550:license statement/permission 5265:"12th Report on Carcinogens" 4085:. Earth Resource Foundation. 3998:Domininghaus, Hans. (2012). 3447:Journal of Cellular Plastics 3308:Goodier, K. (22 June 1961). 3223:Roy, Robert (7 March 2006). 2624:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.019 2069:Green Restaurant Association 1490:lamination with cement board 1480:EPS in building construction 1247:Disposable polystyrene razor 914:Ziegler–Natta polymerization 831:(benzene ring) attached are 502:glass transition temperature 32:Polystyrene (disambiguation) 6837:Great Pacific garbage patch 6759:Great Pacific garbage patch 6172:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) 6087:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 5933:Great Pacific garbage patch 5269:National Toxicology Program 5261:National Toxicology Program 5179:. 2010–2011. Archived from 5108:Journal of Chromatography A 4781:Quan, Jean (13 June 2006). 3815:Applied Thermal Engineering 2005:environmental organisations 1918:Styrene-acrylonitrile resin 1231:Sheet or molded polystyrene 1009:Ateneo de Manila University 6947: 6800:Japan Toxic Substances Law 6595:Miscellaneous plasticizers 5974:Japan Toxic Substances Law 5769:Miscellaneous plasticizers 5622:American Chemistry Council 5177:American Chemistry Council 5134:Gurman, Joshua L. (1987). 2323:Structural insulated panel 2230:American Chemistry Council 2198:American Chemistry Council 1996: 1886: 1863: 1666:Styrene-butane co-polymers 1541:Extruded polystyrene (XPS) 1519:International Code Council 1514:) of EPS is around 30–70. 1494:structural insulated panel 1389:Expanded polystyrene (EPS) 1326:as it forms a very stable 789:that results when styrene 766:weakness (versus the high 657:, Pennsylvania, developed 583:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 446:made from monomers of the 29: 6874: 6795:European REACH regulation 6790:California Proposition 65 6533:polyhalogenated compounds 6410:High-performance plastics 6235:High-performance plastics 6183: 5969:European REACH regulation 5964:California Proposition 65 5707:polyhalogenated compounds 5365:10.3358/shokueishi.41.200 5217:10.1080/10937400252972162 4907:"Directive (EU) 2019/904" 4262:Marine Pollution Bulletin 4187:Hofer, Tobias N. (2008). 3905:Gnip, Ivan et al. (2007) 2152:resin identification code 2090:Outside the United States 2064:prescribed temperatures. 1961:but it is susceptible to 1953:Environmental degradation 1634:and other modifications ( 1352:insulating concrete forms 1225:polymer-bonded explosives 1070: 1049:is capable of converting 382:resin identification code 331: 313: 198: 94: 86: 76: 71: 62: 53: 44: 6220:Fibre-reinforced plastic 6157:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 5445:. Energy Justice Network 5066:26 February 2015 at the 4973:22 November 2020 at the 3459:10.1177/0021955X07076532 3385:10.1177/0892705704035405 2338:Insulating concrete form 2025:Suffolk County, New York 1860:Styrene-butadiene rubber 1704:. Under tensile stress, 1691:styrene-butadiene rubber 1564:building, in particular 1210:Polystyrene is commonly 1204:X years, still decaying 909:Syndiotactic polystyrene 669:Structure and production 384:symbol are easily molded 6271:Biodegradable additives 5600:Polystyrene Composition 5483:Nelligan, R.J. (2006). 4870:City of Vancouver, 2018 4457:San Francisco Chronicle 4152:10.1186/2193-1801-2-398 4076:Polystyrene Foam Report 3947:6 February 2015 at the 3912:28 January 2018 at the 3677:10.1115/imece2005-81078 3540:. EPS Industry Alliance 3512:ChemicalSafetyFacts.org 3330:Mark, James E. (2009). 3098:10.1021/acs.est.5b02661 2862:Ferrigno, T.H. (1967). 2604:Environmental Pollution 2515:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2277:if the material is not 1680:graft co-polymerization 1011:found that compared to 916:can produce an ordered 6686:Perfluorooctanoic acid 6122:Polyphenyl ether (PPE) 6117:Polyoxymethylene (POM) 6062:Polyacrylic acid (PAA) 5860:Perfluorooctanoic acid 4651:environmentamerica.org 4580:"Disposables Standard" 3796:Expandable Polystyrene 3590:U.S. patent 02,023,204 2866:, 2nd edition. p. 207. 2239: 2206:electricity generation 2155: 2154:symbol for polystyrene 2099: 1985: 1745:Graft copolymerization 1678:. PS-I is prepared by 1550: 1421: 1405: 1347: 1248: 1240: 1174:Specific heat capacity 820: 698: 686: 562:Liquidambar orientalis 385: 378:food contact materials 365: 357: 81:Poly(1-phenylethylene) 6866:Biodegradable plastic 6215:Thermosetting polymer 6112:Polylactic acid (PLA) 5152:10.1002/fam.810110302 4429:The Los Angeles Times 4081:25 March 2013 at the 3332:Polymer Data Handbook 3191:10.1099/mgen.0.000842 3050:Stanford News Service 2700:Berthelot, M. (1866) 2419:Wunsch, J.R. (2000). 2328:Polystyrene sulfonate 2275:building construction 2149: 2097: 1980: 1548: 1523:limiting oxygen index 1411: 1396: 1345: 1246: 1238: 1151:Vicat softening point 1055:biodegradable plastic 967:polystyrene into its 954:combusts incompletely 819: 692: 676: 371: 363: 355: 6877:Identification codes 6477:Foam food containers 6400:Engineering plastics 5646:10.6028/jres.096.044 5146:(3). NIST: 109–130. 5008:10.1021/jacs.2c01411 4609:on 12 November 2006. 3654:10.4271/2006-01-3612 3630:United States Patent 3145:Aumentado, Dominic. 2973:"What is Pyrolysis?" 2926:Chemistry LibreTexts 2864:Rigid Plastics Foams 2364:Handbook of Polymers 2084:foam food containers 2021:Berkeley, California 1924:Environmental issues 1904:is a copolymer with 1609:Oriented polystyrene 1570:corrugated cardboard 1508:diffusion resistance 1500:Thermal conductivity 1441:, molded sheets for 1404:) stems for artwork. 1376:Dow Chemical Company 1120:Elongation at break 956:as indicated by the 950:aromatic hydrocarbon 825:tetrahedral geometry 659:expanded polystyrene 309:2.6 (1 kHz – 1 GHz) 281:Thermal conductivity 233:0.96–1.05 g/cm 30:For other uses, see 18:Expanded polystyrene 6926:Commodity chemicals 6911:Packaging materials 6716:Endocrine disruptor 6314:Compression molding 6266:Polymer stabilizers 5890:Endocrine disruptor 5552:). Text taken from 4620:Andrew M. Ballard. 4324:. 24 September 1987 4274:2018MarPB.137..157S 3882:"Technical details" 3827:2006AppTE..26.2184A 3718:2009IJIE...36..913M 3488:on 26 February 2008 3420:2002JPoSB..40..723D 3295:Scientific American 3260:2006EnST...40.2433W 3090:2015EnST...4912080Y 2834:1960NCim...15S..68N 2745:"Otis Ray McIntire" 2725:. 21 September 2007 2616:2014EPoll.188...45K 2308:Foam food container 2160:curbside collection 2042:Oakland, California 2009:chlorofluorocarbons 1957:Polystyrene is not 1464:"styrofoam" in the 1443:building insulation 1401:Aeschynomene aspera 1298:containers such as 878:Atactic polystyrene 588:Marcellin Berthelot 581:and German chemist 307:dielectric constant 260:Solubility in water 41: 6731:Polymer fume fever 6390:Commodity plastics 6364:Rotational molding 6334:Fiberglass molding 6294:Injection moulding 6276:Filler (materials) 6225:Corrugated plastic 6177:Tritan copolyester 6132:Polypropylene (PP) 6082:Polycarbonate (PC) 5905:Polymer fume fever 5518:. 28 November 1996 5300:The New York Times 5140:Fire and Materials 5081:"Ease of Disposal" 4795:on 23 October 2006 4734:The New York Times 4401:The New York Times 4375:The New York Times 4348:The New York Times 4317:The New York Times 3930:Technical Bulletin 3861:www.nathanibiz.com 3538:"Recycle Your EPS" 3428:10.1002/polb.10129 3354:, DUP Blue Print, 3178:Microbial Genomics 2979:. 29 December 2012 2922:"The Phenyl Group" 2842:10.1007/BF02731861 2654:Annalen der Chemie 2366:. pp. 541–7. 2156: 2118:The government of 2100: 1986: 1939:hydrofluorocarbons 1551: 1472:of Dow Chemical's 1454:motorcycle helmets 1422: 1406: 1348: 1249: 1241: 1129:Charpy impact test 1046:Pseudomonas putida 821: 785:Polystyrene is an 743:; it contains the 699: 687: 600:Hermann Staudinger 555:from Berlin. From 491:phonograph records 386: 366: 358: 341:Infobox references 314:Related compounds 39: 6883: 6882: 6861:Plastic recycling 6827:Plastic pollution 6813: 6812: 6747:Plastic pollution 6527:Health issues of 6485: 6484: 6381:Plastics industry 6299:Plastic extrusion 6152:Polyurethane (PU) 6142:Polysulfone (PES) 6097:Polyethylene (PE) 6072:Polybutylene (PB) 5987: 5986: 5921:Plastic pollution 5701:Health issues of 5574:(92nd ed.). 5397:10.1289/ehp.10724 5183:on 24 August 2011 5002:(13): 5745–5749. 4198:978-1-60456-242-2 3821:(17): 2184–2191. 3340:978-0-19-518101-2 3268:10.1021/es0517668 3056:on 8 January 2021 2660: : 265–277. 2644:Simon, E. (1839) 2572:10.1021/la0611099 2566:(18): 7748–7754. 2466:978-0-471-49752-3 2432:978-1-85957-191-0 2409:, pp. 13–17. 2381:978-1-895198-47-8 2267:organic compounds 1967:light stabilizers 1866:Styrene-butadiene 1693:(SBR) is formed. 1285:injection molding 1208: 1207: 1079:16–640 kg/m 745:chemical elements 709:(a derivative of 579:John Buddle Blyth 478:and occasionally 349:Chemical compound 347: 346: 320:Related compounds 167:CompTox Dashboard 16:(Redirected from 6938: 6906:Organic polymers 6752:Rubber pollution 6602:Organophosphates 6521: 6514: 6507: 6498: 6377: 6349:Filament winding 6324:Transfer molding 6251:Polymer additive 6195: 6189: 6137:Polystyrene (PS) 6014: 6007: 6000: 5991: 5926:Rubber pollution 5776:Organophosphates 5695: 5688: 5681: 5672: 5667: 5657: 5589: 5543: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5491: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5408: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5271:. 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2495: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2359: 2055:On 1 July 2015, 2034:Portland, Oregon 1906:maleic anhydride 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1769: 1760: 1726:mpact resistant 1676:impact resistant 1632:copolymerization 1437:EPS is used for 1414:light microscope 1261:CD "jewel" cases 1212:injection molded 1189:Water absorption 1103:Tensile strength 1068: 1013:Tenebrio molitor 996:Tenebrio molitor 874: 854:In polystyrene, 787:addition polymer 742: 741: 740: 732: 731: 723: 722: 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 292:Refractive index 206:Chemical formula 191: 190: 175: 173: 160: 149: 114: 67: 58: 49: 42: 21: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6870: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6778: 6735: 6692: 6654: 6621: 6590: 6536: 6525: 6491: 6481: 6430: 6368: 6354:Solvent bonding 6344:Plastic welding 6286: 6280: 6239: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6181: 6092:Polyester (PEs) 6029: 6023: 6018: 5988: 5983: 5952: 5909: 5866: 5828: 5795: 5764: 5710: 5699: 5627: 5596: 5586: 5567: 5564: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5516:The Irish Times 5510: 5509: 5505: 5489: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5354:(in Japanese). 5345: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5275:on 12 June 2011 5259: 5258: 5254: 5239: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5068:Wayback Machine 5059: 5055: 5050: 5039: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4975:Wayback Machine 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4708:on 20 June 2019 4698:"2019 Foam Ban" 4696: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4350:. 30 March 1988 4342: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4083:Wayback Machine 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4010: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3959: 3955: 3949:Wayback Machine 3940: 3936: 3924: 3920: 3914:Wayback Machine 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3753: 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2536: 2535:. 22 March 1949 2531: 2530: 2526: 2510: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2299: 2279:flame-retardant 2263: 2226: 2221: 2193: 2181: 2144: 2092: 2050:Freeport, Maine 2017: 2001: 1995: 1975: 1963:photo-oxidation 1955: 1931: 1926: 1899: 1891: 1885: 1868: 1862: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1767: 1758: 1717: 1668: 1624: 1611: 1598: 1543: 1482: 1439:food containers 1391: 1340: 1324:film capacitors 1233: 1111: 1085:Young's modulus 1076:Density of EPS 1066: 1037:Corynebacterium 985: 963:The process of 933: 926: 911: 900: 880: 852: 783: 739: 736: 735: 734: 730: 727: 726: 725: 721: 718: 717: 716: 714: 677:Polystyrene is 671: 651:Koppers Company 545: 535:in the outside 512:) and also for 468:packing peanuts 442:is a synthetic 400: 396: 380:symbol and the 350: 343: 338: 321: 302: 300: 262: 222: 218: 214: 208: 194: 176: 169: 141: 117: 104: 90: 82: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6944: 6942: 6934: 6933: 6931:Vinyl polymers 6928: 6923: 6921:Thermoplastics 6918: 6916:Food packaging 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6888: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6645:Vinyl chloride 6642: 6639:Polycarbonates 6631: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6613: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6572: 6567: 6561: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6538: 6537: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6452:Packaging film 6449: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6435:Specific goods 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6359:Vacuum forming 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6230:Polymeric foam 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6107:Polyimide (PI) 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6067:Polyamide (PA) 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5819:Vinyl chloride 5816: 5813:Polycarbonates 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5787: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5746: 5741: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5712: 5711: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5640:(6): 669–691. 5625: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5595: 5594:External links 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585:978-1439855119 5584: 5563: 5560: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5503: 5475: 5456: 5434: 5420: 5371: 5358:(3): 200–205. 5338: 5312: 5286: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5211:(1–2): 1–265. 5194: 5164: 5126: 5098: 5087:on 7 June 2009 5072: 5053: 5037: 4979: 4968:EPS recycling. 4960: 4948: 4923: 4898: 4872: 4858: 4847:. 12 July 2017 4832: 4821:. 13 July 2017 4806: 4773: 4747: 4719: 4689: 4663: 4638: 4612: 4593: 4571: 4560:. 30 June 2016 4549: 4526: 4496: 4470: 4442: 4431:. 16 June 1988 4413: 4387: 4361: 4335: 4303: 4251: 4204: 4197: 4176: 4125: 4099: 4087: 4068: 4051: 4037: 4023: 4008: 3990: 3976: 3953: 3934: 3918: 3898: 3873: 3848: 3801: 3787: 3761: 3747: 3712:(7): 913–925. 3692: 3685: 3659: 3635: 3613: 3594: 3581: 3551: 3529: 3499: 3472: 3453:(3): 215–236. 3433: 3414:(8): 723–735. 3398: 3363: 3343: 3323: 3300: 3281: 3238: 3215: 3164: 3153:Zophobas morio 3137: 3111: 3067: 3033: 3006:(2): 308–320. 2990: 2964: 2939: 2913: 2894: 2883:on 4 June 2010 2868: 2855: 2812: 2786: 2764: 2750: 2736: 2714: 2708:, 2nd series, 2693: 2683: 2662: 2637: 2593: 2546: 2524: 2501: 2472: 2465: 2445: 2431: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2380: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2291:Channel Tunnel 2262: 2259: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2192: 2189: 2180: 2177: 2143: 2140: 2091: 2088: 2016: 2013: 1997:Main article: 1994: 1991: 1974: 1971: 1959:biodegradeable 1954: 1951: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1910:divinylbenzene 1898: 1895: 1887:Main article: 1884: 1881: 1864:Main article: 1861: 1858: 1853:polydispersity 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1765: 1716: 1713: 1667: 1664: 1623: 1620: 1610: 1607: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1542: 1539: 1481: 1478: 1470:genericization 1390: 1387: 1339: 1336: 1309:ethylene oxide 1281:vacuum forming 1265:smoke detector 1232: 1229: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1185: 1184: 1183:1.3 kJ/(kg·K) 1181: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1065: 1064:Forms produced 1062: 1043:The bacterium 1017:Zophobas morio 1004:Zophobas morio 984: 981: 965:depolymerizing 942:carbon dioxide 932: 929: 924: 910: 907: 898: 879: 876: 851: 848: 840:stereochemical 782: 779: 769:intramolecular 764:intermolecular 737: 728: 719: 670: 667: 663:Dart Container 631:was patented. 596:macromolecules 592:polymerisation 544: 541: 518:vacuum forming 348: 345: 344: 339: 335:standard state 332: 329: 328: 322: 319: 316: 315: 311: 310: 303: 298: 290: 287: 286: 283: 277: 276: 273: 267: 266: 263: 258: 255: 254: 251: 245: 244: 241: 235: 234: 231: 225: 224: 220: 216: 212: 209: 204: 201: 200: 196: 195: 193: 192: 179: 177: 165: 162: 161: 151: 143: 142: 140: 139: 135: 133: 127: 126: 123: 122:Abbreviations 119: 118: 116: 115: 107: 105: 100: 97: 96: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 80: 74: 73: 69: 68: 60: 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6943: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6832:Garbage patch 6830: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6698:Health issues 6695: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6510: 6508: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6494: 6488: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6472:Shopping bags 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6427:(Agriculture) 6426: 6425:Plasticulture 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6405:Geosynthetics 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6309:Thermoforming 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6210:Thermoplastic 6208: 6207: 6205: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6010: 6008: 6003: 6001: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5872:Health issues 5869: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5534: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5492:(MS Thesis). 5488: 5487: 5479: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5457: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5339: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5287: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203:to styrene". 5198: 5195: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5099: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4949: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4774: 4762: 4761:Plastics News 4758: 4751: 4748: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4720: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4664: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4594: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4537: 4530: 4527: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4471: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4443: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4362: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4126: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4009:9783642161735 4005: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3973:3-527-31582-9 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3686:0-7918-4230-4 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3614: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3508:"Polystyrene" 3503: 3500: 3487: 3483: 3480:Norton, Jed. 3476: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360:90-407-2388-5 3357: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3314:New Scientist 3311: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254:(7): 2433–7. 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3227:. LiveScience 3226: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3141: 3138: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3068: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2828:(S1): 68–82. 2827: 2823: 2816: 2813: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2691:composition." 2687: 2684: 2681:(3): 289–329. 2680: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2446: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2333:Shrinky Dinks 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2057:New York City 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:San Francisco 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2015:United States 2014: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1992: 1990: 1984: 1983:Lake Michigan 1979: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1947:microplastics 1944: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1873:thermoplastic 1867: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1840:cross-linking 1780: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1766: 1764: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1753:polybutadiene 1750: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:homopolymeric 1621: 1619: 1617: 1616:polypropylene 1608: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1566:architectural 1563: 1559: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1344: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277:thermoforming 1274: 1273:plastic model 1270: 1269:license plate 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1245: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1216:vacuum formed 1213: 1203: 1201: 1200:Decomposition 1198: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1053:oil into the 1052: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 999: 997: 993: 988: 982: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 930: 928: 923: 919: 915: 908: 906: 904: 903:free radicals 897: 893: 892:crystallinity 889: 885: 877: 875: 873: 868: 866: 862: 857: 849: 847: 845: 841: 838:The relative 836: 834: 830: 826: 818: 814: 812: 807: 803: 799: 795: 792: 788: 780: 778: 776: 771: 770: 765: 760: 759:van der Waals 755: 753: 749: 746: 712: 708: 707:phenyl groups 704: 696: 691: 685:upon burning. 684: 680: 675: 668: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 649:In 1954, the 647: 645: 640: 638: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 580: 576: 575:styrene oxide 572: 568: 564: 563: 558: 554: 550: 542: 540: 538: 534: 530: 529:biodegradable 526: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498:thermoplastic 494: 492: 488: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 439: 394: 390: 383: 379: 375: 374:vacuum-formed 370: 362: 354: 342: 336: 330: 326: 323: 318: 317: 312: 308: 304: 297: 293: 289: 288: 284: 282: 279: 278: 274: 272: 269: 268: 264: 261: 257: 256: 252: 250: 249:Boiling point 247: 246: 242: 240: 239:Melting point 237: 236: 232: 230: 227: 226: 210: 207: 203: 202: 197: 189: 185: 184:DTXSID5031925 181: 180: 178: 168: 164: 163: 159: 155: 152: 150: 148:ECHA InfoCard 145: 144: 137: 136: 134: 132: 129: 128: 124: 121: 120: 113: 109: 108: 106: 103: 99: 98: 93: 85: 79: 75: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6542:Plasticizers 6490:Environment 6442:Blister pack 6395:Construction 6304:Blow molding 6136: 5716:Plasticizers 5637: 5633: 5570: 5562:Bibliography 5554: 5546:free content 5538: 5520:. Retrieved 5515: 5506: 5485: 5478: 5459: 5447:. Retrieved 5437: 5423: 5391:(6): 740–5. 5388: 5384: 5374: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5329:. Retrieved 5324: 5315: 5303:. Retrieved 5299: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5273:the original 5255: 5244: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5185:. Retrieved 5181:the original 5167: 5155:. Retrieved 5143: 5139: 5129: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5089:. Retrieved 5085:the original 5075: 5056: 4999: 4995: 4963: 4951: 4939:. Retrieved 4935: 4926: 4914:. Retrieved 4910: 4901: 4889:. Retrieved 4885: 4875: 4865: 4861: 4849:. Retrieved 4844: 4835: 4823:. Retrieved 4818: 4809: 4797:. Retrieved 4790:the original 4776: 4764:. Retrieved 4760: 4750: 4738:. Retrieved 4732: 4722: 4710:. Retrieved 4706:the original 4701: 4692: 4680:. Retrieved 4676: 4666: 4654:. Retrieved 4650: 4641: 4629:. Retrieved 4625: 4615: 4607:the original 4596: 4584:. Retrieved 4574: 4562:. Retrieved 4552: 4540:. Retrieved 4529: 4517:. Retrieved 4513:the original 4508: 4499: 4487:. Retrieved 4473: 4461:. Retrieved 4455: 4445: 4433:. 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