58:
1280:. The third campaign (1554â55) was a response to costly Safavid raids into the provinces of Van and Erzurum in eastern Anatolia in 1550â52. Ottoman forces captured Yerevan, Karabakh and Nakhjuwan and destroyed palaces, villas and gardens. Although Sulieman threatened Ardabil, the military situation was essentially a stalemate by the end of the 1554 campaign season. Tahmasp sent an ambassador to Suleiman's winter quarters in Erzurum in September 1554 to sue for peace. Influenced at least in part by the Ottoman Empire's military position with respect to Hungary, Sulieman agreed to temporary terms. The formal
1404:
773:
1428:
1320:
765:
757:
1440:
996:
391:
383:
1416:
622:
in 1541 the pace of
Ottoman expansion slowed as the empire attempted to consolidate its vast gains, and became engrossed in imperial warfare on three fronts: in Hungary, in Iran, and in the Mediterranean. Additional conquests were marginal, and served to shore up the Ottoman position. Ottoman control
958:
where the
Albanian army destroyed the Ottoman army, inflicting nearly 30,000 casualties on the Ottomans. After Skanderbeg died in 1468, the Albanians couldn't find a leader to replace him, and Mehmed II eventually conquered Krujë and Albania in 1478. The final act of Mehmed II's Albanian campaigns
1284:
signed the following June was the first formal diplomatic recognition of the
Safavid Empire by the Ottomans. Under the Peace, the Ottomans agreed to restore Yerevan, Karabakh and Nakhjuwan to the Safavids and in turn would retain Iraq and eastern Anatolia. Suleiman agreed to permit Safavid Shiâa
552:-speaking world and the Ottoman heartlands in Anatolia and the Balkans. Under Selim's reign the empire's territory expanded from roughly 341,100 sq mi (883,000 km) to 576,900 sq mi (1,494,000 km).
1128:. When Ahmet was about to be crowned, the Janissaries intervened, killed the prince and forced Bayezid into calling Selim back and making him the sultan. Bayezid abdicated, and he died immediately after leaving the throne.
1373:
by Khair ad Din, securing the eastern
Mediterranean for the Turks for 33 years. Francis I asked for help from Suleiman, then sent a fleet headed by Khair ad Din who was victorious over the Spaniards, and managed to retake
833:, who had spent part of his childhood alongside Mehmed. Vlad had ambushed, massacred or captured several Ottoman forces, then announced his impalement of over 23,000 captive Turks. Mehmed II abandoned his siege of
1751:
Mikheil
Svanidze, âThe Amasya Peace Treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Iran (June 1, 1555) and Georgia,â Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 191-97 (2009) (âSvanidzeâ), p.
1175:
in eastern
Anatolia in 1514, Ottoman forces under Selim I won a decisive victory against the Safavids, ensuring Ottoman security on their eastern front and leading to the conquest of
473:(r. 1481â1512) was one of consolidation after the rapid conquests of the previous era, and the empire's territory was expanded only marginally. In 1484 Bayezid led a campaign against
319:
922:, in 1444. Mehmed II was never successful in his efforts to subjugate Albania while Skanderbeg was alive, even though he twice (1466 and 1467) led the Ottoman armies himself against
845:
led by Vlad, who was apparently bent on personally killing the Sultan. Confronted by Vlad's scorched earth policies and demoralizing brutality, Mehmed II withdrew, leaving his ally
2105:
1206:. By August, 1521, Suleiman had captured the city of Belgrade, which was then under Hungarian control. In 1522, Suleiman captured Rhodes. On August 29, 1526, Suleiman defeated
1017:
699:
back in 1402, the newly formed
Anatolian unification was gone. Mehmed II recovered the Ottoman power on other Turkish states. These conquests allowed him to push further into
2679:
57:
2549:
2068:
1975:
188:
1316:
of North Africa remained part of the wars against Spain, and the
Ottoman expansion was associated with naval dominance for a short period in the Mediterranean.
360:
reached its apex, and the empire developed the institutional foundations which it would maintain, in modified form, for several centuries. The territory of the
2791:
2132:
2579:
3110:
3105:
2878:
312:
2142:
2684:
1738:
Max
Scherberger, âThe Confrontation between Sunni and Shiâi Empires: Ottoman-Safavid Relations between the Fourteenth and the Seventeenth Centuriesâ in
490:
2982:
2479:
2152:
214:
2947:
2216:
536:
the following year. This marked a dramatic shift in the orientation of the
Ottoman Empire, as it now came to rule over the Muslim heartlands of the
2288:
2127:
435:
3031:
2823:
2811:
2728:
2410:
2283:
2147:
305:
35:
2942:
2236:
1944:
1869:
1845:
1826:
1807:
1485:
2420:
2395:
2364:
2039:
286:
136:
1561:
548:. This increased the influence of Islamic practices on the government of the empire, and facilitated much greater interaction between the
2206:
1968:
1285:
pilgrims to make pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina as well as tombs of imams in Iraq and Arabia on condition that the shah abolished the
3076:
3036:
3010:
2964:
2705:
2452:
2100:
264:
1119:
647:. By the end of Suleiman's reign the empire's territory had expanded to approximately 5,000,000 km (1,900,000 sq mi).
2334:
2251:
2241:
2085:
1925:
1888:
1770:
Douglas E. Streusand, ââIslamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, c. 2011), p. 50.
1696:
1640:
1043:
248:
230:
2742:
911:
978:
in 1480, but Otranto was retaken by Papal forces in 1481 after the death of Mehmed. After his death, he was succeeded by his son,
753:
rule were thus absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of Constantinople bestowed immense glory and prestige on the country.
2674:
799:
in 1456. Hungarian commanders successfully defended the city and Ottomans retreated with heavy losses, but at the end, Ottomans
2972:
2937:
2843:
2801:
2095:
1227:
857:, on behalf of Mehmet II. Vlad eventually escaped to Hungary, where he was imprisoned on a false accusation of treason against
256:
172:
2796:
2622:
2563:
2169:
1961:
1688:
1456:
1021:
65:
2137:
974:
and "reunite the Roman Empire", and, at first, looked like he might be able to do it with the quick (15-days to completion)
3069:
3015:
2865:
2855:
2349:
1992:
1403:
623:
over Hungary was expanded in a series of campaigns, and a second Hungarian province was established with the conquests of
44:
2633:
1361:
In 1535 the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V (Charles I of Spain) won an important victory against the Ottomans at
2415:
2164:
1124:
Later that year, Bayezid's son Ahmet forced his father into making him regent. His brother Selim was forced to flee to
3041:
3005:
2987:
2954:
2925:
2440:
975:
714:, this Turcoman kingdom gained power in the East but because of their strong relations with the Christian powers like
1006:
505:. However, by the end of his reign, Ottoman territory in the east was coming under threat from the newly established
853:
who had been persecuted by Vlad III. Radu eventually managed to take control of Wallachia, which he administered as
2700:
2005:
1624:
1343:
1289:
the cursing of the first three Rashidun caliphs. The Peace ended hostilities between the two empires for 20 years.
811:
661:
399:
349:
272:
74:
1025:
1010:
2090:
1354:
known to Europeans as Barbarossa, was made Admiral-in-Chief of the Ottoman navies who were actively fighting the
903:
800:
240:
370:. The process of centralization undergone by the empire prior to 1453 was brought to completion in the reign of
2848:
2607:
2596:
2078:
1199:
796:
776:
556:
353:
939:
3083:
2589:
2432:
935:
915:
881:
815:
772:
398:
The Ottoman Empire of the Classical Age experienced dramatic territorial growth. The period opened with the
1427:
2903:
2657:
2258:
2044:
2020:
1902:
1727:
1323:
1264:
fell to Suleiman's forces in 1534. The second campaign, 1548â1549, resulted in temporary Ottoman gains in
951:
294:
97:
2749:
1056:
When Bayezid II was enthroned upon his father's death in 1481, he first had to fight his younger brother
583:. Lacking a king, Hungary descended into civil war over the succession, and the Ottomans gave support to
2664:
2379:
2174:
1616:
1260:. Suleiman waged three campaigns against the Safavids. In the first, the historically important city of
892:. With a plague running in his camp and food and water being very scarce, Mehmed was forced to retreat.
356:(r. 1520â1566). During this period a system of patrimonial rule based on the absolute authority of the
2759:
2888:
2873:
2617:
2374:
1742:
ed. by Ofra Bengio & Meir Litvak (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) (âScherbergerâ), pp. 59-60.
1351:
1168:
1144:: "the Grim") was able to expand the empire's borders greatly to the south and east. Around 1512 the
931:
2049:
146:
2612:
2015:
1366:
1211:
1207:
1172:
1161:
1069:
731:
715:
680:
576:
572:
517:
423:
89:
1369:
allied himself with Suleiman against Charles. In 1538, the fleet of Charles V was defeated at the
1187:
and conquered most of Syria and Egypt, including Jerusalem as well as Cairo, the residence of the
2920:
2179:
2056:
2032:
1646:
1439:
1164:
1149:
955:
927:
738:
719:
162:
120:
2445:
1099:
in 1499. Peace was signed in 1503, and the Ottomans gained the last Venetian strongholds on the
919:
1565:
17:
3051:
2893:
2246:
1940:
1921:
1884:
1865:
1841:
1822:
1803:
1702:
1692:
1676:
1654:
1636:
1608:
1481:
1370:
1339:
1277:
1096:
899:
865:
858:
819:
688:
673:
588:
494:
447:
2910:
2669:
2467:
2273:
2000:
1672:
1628:
1184:
1176:
960:
889:
873:
842:
826:
750:
696:
337:
1392:, which left the northern Mediterranean and the southern Mediterranean in Ottoman's hands.
2915:
2769:
2710:
2472:
2231:
1415:
1313:
1281:
1242:), a territory which temporarily fixed the border between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.
947:
943:
877:
846:
807:
684:
466:
was launched, but the death of Mehmed II the following year led to an Ottoman withdrawal.
451:
84:
1215:
584:
1937:
Empire and Power in the Reign of SĂŒleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World
1478:
Empire and Power in the reign of SĂŒleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World
963:
in 1478â79, a siege he led personally against the combined Venetian and Albanian force.
706:
Another important political entity which shaped the Eastern policy of Mehmed II was the
352:
in 1453 until the second half of the sixteenth century, roughly the end of the reign of
2997:
2977:
2930:
1984:
1293:
1253:
1249:
907:
784:
669:
628:
595:
and annexing it to the empire in 1541. Elsewhere, Suleiman led major campaigns against
506:
361:
345:
198:
49:
1319:
406:(r. 1451â1481) in 1453. Mehmed II went on to consolidate the empire's position in the
3099:
2898:
2838:
2652:
2535:
2323:
2310:
2278:
2268:
2263:
1231:
1157:
1065:
926:. During this period Albanians achieved many victories against the Ottomans like the
726:, Mehmed saw them as a threat to his own power. He led a successful campaign against
525:
2369:
2784:
2754:
2644:
2484:
2462:
2061:
2010:
1719:
1389:
1355:
1335:
1297:
1273:
1223:
1219:
1145:
1100:
792:
764:
608:
596:
455:
443:
366:
290:
1899:
God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World
1724:
God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World
1609:"Part I: Emergence â Conquests: European Reactions and Ottoman Naval Preparations"
756:
591:
began to achieve the upper hand, Suleiman directly intervened by again conquering
1859:
1148:
developed under his rule, such that the Ottoman Turks were able to challenge the
2584:
2293:
2159:
1855:
1740:
The Sunna and Shi'a in History: Division and Ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East
1153:
995:
742:
624:
537:
419:
390:
382:
668:. Mehmed II tried to create a single political entity in Anatolia by capturing
2833:
2457:
2300:
1650:
1632:
1546:Ăgoston, GĂĄbor (2009). "SĂŒleyman I". In Ăgoston, GĂĄbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
1516:Ăgoston, GĂĄbor (2009). "Bayezid II". In Ăgoston, GĂĄbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
1269:
1246:
1218:, and installed ZĂĄpolya's family as rulers of the independent principality of
1057:
979:
895:
730:
in 1473 which resulted with the decisive victory of the Ottoman Empire in the
727:
723:
711:
707:
470:
439:
1501:
Heywood, Colin (2009). "Mehmed II". In Ăgoston, GĂĄbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
2828:
2601:
2528:
2511:
2305:
1684:
1380:
1346:. The Portuguese would continue to contest Suleiman's forces for control of
906:
against the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. Skanderbeg, son of
838:
830:
692:
403:
371:
2184:
1531:Ăgoston, GĂĄbor (2009). "Selim I". In Ăgoston, GĂĄbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
1061:
502:
1706:
1115:
allied against the Ottomans. The war ended in 1511 in favor of the Turks.
695:, more than fifty years earlier than Mehmed II, but after the destructive
2779:
2627:
2384:
2359:
2073:
1292:
Huge territories of North Africa up to west of Algeria were annexed. The
1235:
1203:
1112:
1104:
1077:
923:
869:
788:
746:
737:
After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed would also go on to conquer the
665:
644:
560:
482:
474:
411:
206:
2774:
2764:
2544:
2518:
2199:
2194:
1331:
1305:
1301:
1261:
1239:
1188:
1137:
885:
834:
640:
636:
632:
600:
568:
513:
486:
459:
407:
627:
in 1552. Control over North Africa was increased with the conquest of
607:. Ottoman rule was further extended with the incorporation of much of
3046:
2523:
2506:
2354:
1620:
1385:
1375:
1309:
1265:
1214:. In 1541 Suleiman annexed most of present-day Hungary, known as the
1125:
1108:
1089:
1081:
850:
700:
677:
564:
549:
545:
521:
498:
478:
477:, subjecting it to vassal status and annexing the strategic ports of
431:
427:
415:
386:
The Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the second reign of Mehmed II.
357:
1613:
The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe
1658:
1362:
1318:
1085:
1073:
967:
771:
763:
755:
612:
541:
533:
529:
463:
364:
greatly expanded, and led to what some historians have called the
1953:
1202:
first put down a revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor in
540:, as well as establishing its protection over the holy cities of
520:
in 1514, annexing much of eastern Anatolia and briefly occupying
2540:
1347:
1257:
1180:
971:
849:, Vlad's brother, with a small force in order to win over local
619:
604:
592:
580:
438:. By 1474 the Ottomans had conquered their Anatolian rival, the
1957:
1881:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
806:
In 1463, after a dispute over the tribute paid annually by the
1338:
until 1554, when their ships were defeated by the navy of the
989:
864:
In 1475, the Ottomans suffered a great defeat at the hands of
854:
639:(1557) and the extension of Ottoman rule over much of coastal
394:
The Ottoman Empire upon the death of Suleiman the Magnificent.
1384:. One result of the alliance was the fierce sea duel between
1068:
and proclaimed himself Sultan of Anatolia. After a battle at
1594:
Dracula: Prince of many faces: His life and his times p. 147
631:
in 1551, while the Ottomans shored up their position in the
555:
Expansion continued during the first half of the reign of
1819:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
615:
in 1538, and the subsequent annexation of the interior.
1861:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300â1650: The Structure of Power
1088:, but eventually he was beaten and forced to flee to
902:
and a former member of the Ottoman ruling elite, led
745:
in 1460, and the Empire of Trebizond in northeastern
683:
in northeastern Anatolia and allied himself with the
1864:(Second ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
485:. Major Venetian ports were conquered in Greece and
3024:
2996:
2963:
2864:
2810:
2727:
2693:
2643:
2571:
2562:
2499:
2431:
2393:
2332:
2321:
2224:
2215:
2116:
1991:
1076:. The very next year he returned, supported by the
970:in 1480. The intent of his invasion was to capture
779:(in Hungarian: NĂĄndorfehĂ©rvĂĄr) 1456. HĂŒnername 1584
1226:of the Empire. While claiming the entire kingdom,
1378:from them. Suleiman bestowed on him the title of
825:In 1462 Mehmed II came into conflict with Prince
516:(r. 1512â1520), who defeated the Safavids in the
888:, but could not take it, nor could he take the
1879:İnalcık, Halil; Donald Quataert, eds. (1994).
1602:
1600:
1969:
1562:"The young Dracula environment and education"
313:
8:
1916:İnalcık; Cemal Kafadar, Halil, eds. (1993).
1838:The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800
1480:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4â5.
837:to launch a punitive attack against Vlad in
812:invaded Bosnia and conquered it very quickly
1883:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
1677:"Contests for Power: The Fifteenth Century"
1585:Mehmed the Conqueror and his time pp. 204â5
1024:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
918:in a military and diplomatic alliance, the
841:but suffered many casualties in a surprise
664:allowed Mehmed II to turn his attention to
2816:
2568:
2329:
2221:
2120:
1976:
1962:
1954:
587:as a vassal prince. When their rivals the
320:
306:
29:
1802:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1107:coast. In the 16th century, Mameluks and
1044:Learn how and when to remove this message
791:, and attempted to conquer the city from
524:. In 1516 he led a campaign against the
389:
381:
1910:Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)
1468:
1399:
722:and the alliance between Turcomans and
43:
32:
954:, and many others, culminating at the
430:in 1463. Many Venetian territories in
27:Ottoman Empire from circa 1450 to 1570
1230:of Austria ruled over the so-called "
7:
1840:. Pearson Education Ltd. p. 8.
1308:became provinces of the Empire. The
1238:, North-Western Hungary and western
1022:adding citations to reliable sources
571:in 1526, defeating and killing King
559:(r. 1520â1566), who conquered first
1330:Ottoman navies also controlled the
1195:1520â1566: Suleiman the Magnificent
334:Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
3111:16th century in the Ottoman Empire
3106:15th century in the Ottoman Empire
2401:(reform and constitutional period)
1548:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1533:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1518:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1503:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
814:, executing the last Bosnian king
749:in 1461. The last two vestiges of
25:
2289:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
2252:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1918:SĂŒleyman the Second and His Time
910:(who had joined the unsuccessful
691:was first accomplished by Sultan
2284:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
994:
56:
2365:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
1800:A History of the Ottoman Empire
1072:, Cem was defeated and fled to
18:Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
2106:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
1939:. Cambridge University Press.
1689:Johns Hopkins University Press
1457:Classical Ottoman architecture
512:Rapid expansion resumed under
344:) concerns the history of the
1:
1627:. pp. 123â138, 138â144.
1312:carried on thereafter by the
1120:Ottoman Civil War (1509â1513)
1080:, and took eastern Anatolia,
884:. He besieged the capital of
801:occupied nearly all of Serbia
1920:. Istanbul: The Isis Press.
912:Albanian revolt of 1432â1436
436:1463â79 Ottoman-Venetian War
2550:Vassal and tributary states
1798:Howard, Douglas A. (2017).
1681:Venice, A Maritime Republic
976:Ottoman invasion of Otranto
189:Decline & Modernization
3127:
1625:Princeton University Press
1344:Battle of the Gulf of Oman
1117:
783:Mehmed II advanced toward
662:conquest of Constantinople
611:, the conquest of coastal
434:were conquered during the
400:conquest of Constantinople
350:conquest of Constantinople
273:Abolition of the Caliphate
265:Abolition of the Sultanate
202:(late 18th and early 19th)
3064:
2819:
2123:
2069:Decline and modernization
1817:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
1633:10.1515/9780691205380-003
1103:and some towns along the
710:. With the leadership of
458:. In 1480 an invasion of
2597:Six Divisions of Cavalry
2133:Foreign Affairs Ministry
1272:, a lasting presence in
1200:Suleiman the Magnificent
1095:Sultan Bayezid attacked
876:. In 1476, Mehmed won a
618:After the annexation of
493:war, most significantly
442:, and in 1475 conquered
354:Suleiman the Magnificent
2590:Agha of the Janissaries
2237:List of Ottoman sultans
1836:Hathaway, Jane (2008).
1607:Ăgoston, GĂĄbor (2021).
916:Albanian Principalities
880:against Stephen at the
635:with the annexation of
2792:Science and technology
2242:Roman succession claim
1327:
1156:which established its
904:Skanderbeg's rebellion
780:
769:
761:
760:Miniature of Mehmed II
579:and briefly occupying
395:
387:
341:
241:2nd Constitutional Era
215:1st Constitutional Era
98:Fall of Constantinople
2665:Dragoman of the Fleet
2380:Dragoman of the Porte
2170:Armenian Constitution
2057:Stagnation and reform
1324:First Siege of Vienna
1322:
986:1481â1512: Bayezid II
890:Castle of TĂąrgu NeamÈ
775:
767:
759:
708:White Sheep Turcomans
603:in 1534 and annexing
393:
385:
2385:Outer Palace Service
2301:Inner Palace Service
1935:Ćahin, Kaya (2013).
1761:Svandze, pp. 193-94.
1691:. pp. 224â240.
1476:Ćahin, Kaya (2013).
1276:, and some forts in
1169:Mediterranean Region
1160:alongside the other
1018:improve this section
959:was the troublesome
952:Battle of Mokra 1445
882:Battle of Valea AlbÄ
656:1451â1481: Mehmed II
2580:Classic period army
2421:Chamber of Deputies
2396:Imperial Government
1779:Scherberger, p. 60.
1367:Francis I of France
1365:, but in 1536 King
1208:Louis II of Hungary
1173:Battle of Chaldiran
1146:Ottoman naval fleet
940:Siege of Krujë 1450
732:Battle of Otlukbeli
716:Empire of Trebizond
681:Empire of Trebizond
528:, conquering first
518:Battle of Chaldiran
450:, establishing the
2207:Translation Office
2091:2nd Constitutional
2079:1st Constitutional
2033:Sultanate of Women
1328:
1183:. He defeated the
1165:maritime republics
1150:Republic of Venice
1136:During his reign,
1132:1512â1520: Selim I
966:Mehmed II invaded
956:Battle of Albulena
928:Battle of Torvioll
898:, a member of the
781:
770:
768:Sword of Mehmed II
762:
739:Despotate of Morea
720:Republic of Venice
567:, before invading
396:
388:
121:Sultanate of Women
3093:
3092:
3060:
3059:
3052:Star and crescent
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2558:
2557:
2495:
2494:
2247:Ottoman Caliphate
2128:Foreign relations
1946:978-1-107-03442-6
1871:978-1-1370-1406-1
1847:978-0-582-41899-8
1828:978-0-465-02396-7
1809:978-0-521-72730-3
1673:Lane, Frederic C.
1550:. pp. 541â7.
1535:. pp. 511â3.
1505:. pp. 364â8.
1487:978-1-107-03442-6
1371:Battle of Preveza
1340:Portuguese Empire
1054:
1053:
1046:
932:Battle of Otonetë
900:Albanian nobility
866:Stephen the Great
816:Stephen TomaĆĄeviÄ
797:Siege of Belgrade
777:Siege of Belgrade
689:Anatolian Beyliks
651:Political history
448:Crimean Peninsula
330:
329:
260:(1918–1922)
252:(1914–1918)
244:(1908–1920)
234:(1908–1922)
218:(1876–1878)
210:(1839–1876)
192:(1789–1908)
176:(1718–1730)
166:(1703–1789)
150:(1656–1703)
140:(1566–1703)
124:(1533–1656)
114:(1453–1566)
93:(1402–1413)
78:(1299–1453)
16:(Redirected from
3118:
2824:Social structure
2817:
2670:Imperial Arsenal
2569:
2403:
2342:
2340:(classic period)
2335:Imperial Council
2330:
2222:
2121:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1950:
1931:
1894:
1875:
1851:
1832:
1813:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1564:. Archived from
1558:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1520:. pp. 82â4.
1513:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1473:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1212:Battle of MohĂĄcs
1185:Mamluk Sultanate
1177:eastern Anatolia
1049:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1029:
998:
990:
961:Siege of Shkodra
936:Battle of Oranik
874:Battle of Vaslui
827:Vlad III Dracula
697:Battle of Ankara
577:Battle of MohĂĄcs
526:Mamluk Sultanate
322:
315:
308:
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
235:
219:
211:
203:
193:
177:
167:
151:
141:
125:
115:
94:
79:
60:
30:
21:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3056:
3020:
2992:
2959:
2860:
2849:Ottoman Turkish
2806:
2715:
2689:
2639:
2634:Modernized army
2618:Sekban-i Djedid
2554:
2491:
2446:Shaykh al-IslÄm
2427:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2389:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2317:
2232:Ottoman dynasty
2211:
2112:
1987:
1982:
1947:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1912:
1897:Mikhail, Alan.
1891:
1878:
1872:
1854:
1848:
1835:
1829:
1821:. Basic Books.
1816:
1810:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1787:Further reading
1784:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1718:
1714:
1699:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1643:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1434:
1431:
1422:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1398:
1334:, and held the
1314:Barbary pirates
1282:Peace of Amasya
1256:and modern-day
1234:" (present-day
1197:
1134:
1122:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1015:
999:
988:
948:Battle of Ohrid
944:Battle of Polog
920:League of Lezhë
878:pyrrhic victory
847:Radu cel Frumos
808:Bosnian kingdom
724:Karamanid tribe
685:Crimean Khanate
658:
653:
452:Crimean Khanate
418:in 1454â5, the
380:
326:
281:
280:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
236:
233:
223:
222:
217:
209:
201:
194:
191:
181:
180:
175:
168:
165:
155:
154:
149:
142:
139:
129:
128:
123:
116:
113:
103:
102:
92:
85:Beylik of Osman
80:
77:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Nizam-i Djedid
2604:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2538:
2536:Mutasarrifates
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2407:
2405:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:Reis ĂŒl-KĂŒttab
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2311:Palace Schools
2308:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2259:Imperial Harem
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2228:
2226:
2225:House of Osman
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2045:Decline thesis
2040:Transformation
2037:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2021:Constantinople
2018:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1985:Ottoman Empire
1983:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1932:
1926:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1889:
1876:
1870:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1827:
1814:
1808:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1744:
1731:
1712:
1697:
1664:
1651:j.ctv1b3qqdc.8
1641:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1553:
1538:
1523:
1508:
1493:
1486:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1294:Barbary States
1250:Safavid Empire
1196:
1193:
1133:
1130:
1118:Main article:
1052:
1051:
1034:September 2016
1002:
1000:
993:
987:
984:
914:), united the
908:Gjon Kastrioti
818:and his uncle
785:Eastern Europe
687:. Uniting the
672:states called
657:
654:
652:
649:
507:Safavid Empire
379:
376:
362:Ottoman Empire
346:Ottoman Empire
328:
327:
325:
324:
317:
310:
302:
299:
298:
287:Historiography
283:
282:
279:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
237:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
212:
204:
199:Nizam-i Djedid
195:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
169:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
143:
137:Transformation
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
117:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
87:
81:
73:
72:
69:
68:
62:
61:
53:
52:
50:Ottoman Empire
41:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3123:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Ottoman court
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Naval battles
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:Kapudan Pasha
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:Reform period
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Haseki sultan
2267:
2265:
2264:Valide sultan
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:United States
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:Classical Age
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Osman's Dream
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1927:975-428-052-5
1923:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:0-521-57456-0
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:9780801814600
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1642:9780691205380
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1568:on 2009-06-24
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:Royal Hungary
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:and northern
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:thalassocracy
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1048:
1045:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1003:This section
1001:
997:
992:
991:
985:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
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469:The reign of
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426:in 1461, and
425:
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111:Classical Age
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42:
37:
31:
19:
3082:
3077:Bibliography
3075:
3068:
3037:Coat of arms
3011:Christianity
2965:Demographics
2948:of Armenians
2889:Illumination
2874:Architecture
2755:Central bank
2706:Conscription
2632:
2623:Mansure Army
2606:
2578:
2485:Hakham Bashi
2453:Christianity
2400:
2350:Grand Vizier
2339:
2191:Civil codes
2165:Constitution
2027:
2011:Ghaza thesis
1936:
1917:
1898:
1880:
1860:
1856:Imber, Colin
1837:
1818:
1799:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1723:
1720:Alan Mikhail
1715:
1680:
1667:
1612:
1590:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1556:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1477:
1471:
1390:Andrea Doria
1379:
1360:
1356:Spanish navy
1352:Khair ad Din
1336:Persian Gulf
1329:
1298:Tripolitania
1291:
1286:
1274:Van Province
1244:
1224:vassal state
1220:Transylvania
1216:Great Alföld
1198:
1141:
1135:
1123:
1101:Peloponnesos
1094:
1055:
1040:
1031:
1016:Please help
1004:
965:
894:
863:
859:his overlord
843:night attack
824:
805:
793:John Hunyadi
782:
736:
705:
659:
617:
609:North Africa
597:Safavid Iran
585:John ZĂĄpolya
554:
511:
468:
456:vassal state
397:
367:Pax Ottomana
365:
333:
331:
257:Partitioning
207:Tanzimat Era
110:
2904:Shadow play
2750:Agriculture
2743:Reformation
2739:Enlargement
2585:Janissaries
2294:Kizlar Agha
2279:Hanımefendi
2274:Kadınefendi
2086:Dissolution
2016:Interregnum
1228:Ferdinand I
1154:naval power
1140:(so called
1111:under Shah
1060:, who took
743:Peloponnese
563:(1521) and
538:Middle East
489:during the
422:in 1458â9,
420:Peloponnese
249:World War I
231:Dissolution
147:KöprĂŒlĂŒ Era
90:Interregnum
3100:Categories
2921:Literature
2834:Ottomanism
2529:Sanjakbeys
2512:Beylerbeys
2500:Provincial
2217:Government
2180:Family law
1905:on Selim I
1659:2020046920
1572:2012-07-03
1463:References
1445:Suleiman I
1421:Bayezid II
1350:. In 1533
1270:Azerbaijan
1058:Cem Sultan
980:Bayezid II
896:Skanderbeg
787:as far as
728:Uzun Hasan
712:Uzun Hasan
557:Suleiman I
471:Bayezid II
440:Karamanids
342:Klasik ĂaÄ
163:Old Regime
2973:Armenians
2938:Education
2894:Miniature
2844:Languages
2829:Devshirme
2802:Transport
2602:Timariots
2468:Bulgarian
2360:Kazaskers
2322:Central (
2306:Kapi Agha
2175:Electoral
2101:Abolition
2096:Partition
1685:Baltimore
1617:Princeton
1409:Mehmed II
1381:beylerbey
1171:. At the
1167:upon the
1070:YeniĆehir
1005:does not
839:Wallachia
831:Wallachia
810:, Mehmed
751:Byzantine
693:Bayezid I
589:Habsburgs
532:and then
491:1499â1503
424:Trebizond
404:Mehmed II
378:Territory
372:Mehmed II
348:from the
173:Tulip Era
3084:Category
2998:Religion
2911:Clothing
2797:Taxation
2760:Currency
2701:Aviation
2675:Admirals
2628:Hamidieh
2564:Military
2545:Kadiluks
2519:Vilayets
2473:Armenian
2411:Assembly
2148:Treaties
2117:Politics
2074:Tanzimat
1858:(2009).
1675:(1973).
1451:See also
1287:taburru,
1236:Slovakia
1204:Damascus
1191:caliph.
1113:Ismail I
1109:Persians
1105:Adriatic
1078:Mameluks
870:Moldavia
789:Belgrade
747:Anatolia
718:and the
676:and the
666:Anatolia
645:Djibouti
625:TemeĆvar
573:Louis II
561:Belgrade
483:Akkerman
475:Moldavia
412:Anatolia
66:Timeline
36:a series
34:Part of
3070:Outline
3025:Symbols
3016:Judaism
2943:Schools
2916:Cuisine
2879:Mosques
2866:Culture
2856:Slavery
2812:Society
2775:Sultani
2736:By era
2729:Economy
2711:Weapons
2524:Sanjaks
2507:Eyalets
2480:Judaism
2433:Millets
2370:NiĆancı
2355:Viziers
2200:Halakha
2195:Mecelle
2138:Safavid
2050:KöprĂŒlĂŒ
1993:History
1903:excerpt
1901:(2020)
1792:Surveys
1728:excerpt
1726:(2020)
1433:Selim I
1396:Gallery
1342:in the
1332:Red Sea
1326:in 1529
1306:Algeria
1302:Tunisia
1278:Georgia
1262:Baghdad
1247:Shi'ite
1240:Croatia
1210:at the
1189:Abbasid
1162:Italian
1138:Selim I
1026:removed
1011:sources
886:Suceava
872:at the
835:Corinth
820:Radivoj
795:at the
741:in the
674:Beyliks
670:Turkish
641:Eritrea
637:Massawa
633:Red Sea
629:Tripoli
601:Baghdad
575:in the
569:Hungary
514:Selim I
503:Durazzo
487:Albania
460:Otranto
446:on the
408:Balkans
338:Turkish
295:Decline
45:History
3047:Tughra
3032:Anthem
2978:Greeks
2931:Poetry
2416:Senate
2185:DĂŒstur
1943:
1924:
1887:
1868:
1844:
1825:
1806:
1707:617914
1705:
1695:
1657:
1649:
1639:
1621:Oxford
1484:
1386:Dragut
1376:Naples
1310:piracy
1266:Tabriz
1254:Persia
1252:ruled
1126:Crimea
1097:Venice
1090:Rhodes
1082:Ankara
1062:Inegöl
851:boyars
701:Europe
565:Rhodes
550:Arabic
546:Medina
522:Tabriz
501:, and
432:Greece
428:Bosnia
416:Serbia
358:sultan
276:(1924)
268:(1922)
47:of the
38:on the
3006:Islam
2988:Women
2955:Media
2926:Prose
2899:Music
2780:KuruĆ
2694:Other
2685:Ships
2541:Kazas
2463:Ullah
2441:Islam
2324:Porte
2062:Tulip
1647:JSTOR
1363:Tunis
1142:Yavuz
1086:Konya
1074:Cairo
1066:Bursa
968:Italy
924:Krujë
678:Greek
613:Yemen
542:Mecca
534:Egypt
530:Syria
499:Koron
495:Modon
479:Kilia
464:Italy
454:as a
444:Kaffa
291:Ghaza
3042:Flag
2983:Jews
2885:Art
2785:Lira
2770:Para
2765:Akçe
2658:List
2645:Navy
2572:Army
2153:Wars
2006:Rise
1941:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1752:192.
1703:OCLC
1693:ISBN
1655:LCCN
1637:ISBN
1619:and
1482:ISBN
1388:and
1348:Aden
1304:and
1268:and
1258:Iraq
1245:The
1222:, a
1181:Iraq
1152:, a
1084:and
1064:and
1009:any
1007:cite
972:Rome
660:The
643:and
620:Buda
605:Iraq
593:Buda
581:Buda
544:and
481:and
410:and
332:The
75:Rise
2458:RĆ«m
2160:Law
1629:doi
1296:of
1020:by
868:of
855:Bey
829:of
462:in
402:by
3102::
2611::
2583::
1722:,
1701:.
1687::
1683:.
1679:.
1653:.
1645:.
1635:.
1623::
1615:.
1611:.
1599:^
1358:.
1300:,
1092:.
982:.
950:,
946:,
942:,
938:,
934:,
930:,
861:.
822:.
803:.
734:.
703:.
509:.
497:,
374:.
340::
293:,
2543:/
2326:)
1977:e
1970:t
1963:v
1949:.
1930:.
1893:.
1874:.
1850:.
1831:.
1812:.
1709:.
1661:.
1631::
1575:.
1490:.
1047:)
1041:(
1036:)
1032:(
1028:.
1014:.
336:(
321:e
314:t
307:v
297:)
289:(
20:)
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