1308:, relies on quasi-experiments. For example, in astronomy it is clearly impossible, when testing the hypothesis "Stars are collapsed clouds of hydrogen", to start out with a giant cloud of hydrogen, and then perform the experiment of waiting a few billion years for it to form a star. However, by observing various clouds of hydrogen in various states of collapse, and other implications of the hypothesis (for example, the presence of various spectral emissions from the light of stars), we can collect data we require to support the hypothesis. An early example of this type of experiment was the first verification in the 17th century that light does not travel from place to place instantaneously, but instead has a measurable speed. Observation of the appearance of the moons of Jupiter were slightly delayed when Jupiter was farther from Earth, as opposed to when Jupiter was closer to Earth; and this phenomenon was used to demonstrate that the difference in the time of appearance of the moons was consistent with a measurable speed.
1099:. The results from replicate samples can often be averaged, or if one of the replicates is obviously inconsistent with the results from the other samples, it can be discarded as being the result of an experimental error (some step of the test procedure may have been mistakenly omitted for that sample). Most often, tests are done in duplicate or triplicate. A positive control is a procedure similar to the actual experimental test but is known from previous experience to give a positive result. A negative control is known to give a negative result. The positive control confirms that the basic conditions of the experiment were able to produce a positive result, even if none of the actual experimental samples produce a positive result. The negative control demonstrates the base-line result obtained when a test does not produce a measurable positive result. Most often the value of the negative control is treated as a "background" value to subtract from the test sample results. Sometimes the positive control takes the quadrant of a
1478:. In addition, observational studies (e.g., in biological or social systems) often involve variables that are difficult to quantify or control. Observational studies are limited because they lack the statistical properties of randomized experiments. In a randomized experiment, the method of randomization specified in the experimental protocol guides the statistical analysis, which is usually specified also by the experimental protocol. Without a statistical model that reflects an objective randomization, the statistical analysis relies on a subjective model. Inferences from subjective models are unreliable in theory and practice. In fact, there are several cases where carefully conducted observational studies consistently give wrong results, that is, where the results of the observational studies are inconsistent and also differ from the results of experiments. For example, epidemiological studies of colon cancer consistently show beneficial correlations with broccoli consumption, while experiments find no benefit.
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eye when vision takes place and what is found in the manner of sensation to be uniform, unchanging, manifest and not subject to doubt. After which we should ascend in our inquiry and reasonings, gradually and orderly, criticizing premisses and exercising caution in regard to conclusionsâour aim in all that we make subject to inspection and review being to employ justice, not to follow prejudice, and to take care in all that we judge and criticize that we seek the truth and not to be swayed by opinion. We may in this way eventually come to the truth that gratifies the heart and gradually and carefully reach the end at which certainty appears; while through criticism and caution we may seize the truth that dispels disagreement and resolves doubtful matters. For all that, we are not free from that human turbidity which is in the nature of man; but we must do our best with what we possess of human power. From God we derive support in all things.
1530:. For example, in psychology or health care, it is unethical to provide a substandard treatment to patients. Therefore, ethical review boards are supposed to stop clinical trials and other experiments unless a new treatment is believed to offer benefits as good as current best practice. It is also generally unethical (and often illegal) to conduct randomized experiments on the effects of substandard or harmful treatments, such as the effects of ingesting arsenic on human health. To understand the effects of such exposures, scientists sometimes use observational studies to understand the effects of those factors.
1508:, which require large populations of subjects and extensive information on covariates. However, propensity score matching is no longer recommended as a technique because it can increase, rather than decrease, bias. Outcomes are also quantified when possible (bone density, the amount of some cell or substance in the blood, physical strength or endurance, etc.) and not based on a subject's or a professional observer's opinion. In this way, the design of an observational study can render the results more objective and therefore, more convincing.
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1485:, and groups receiving different treatments (exposures) may differ greatly according to their covariates (age, height, weight, medications, exercise, nutritional status, ethnicity, family medical history, etc.). In contrast, randomization implies that for each covariate, the mean for each group is expected to be the same. For any randomized trial, some variation from the mean is expected, of course, but the randomization ensures that the experimental groups have mean values that are close, due to the
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science classroom. Experiments can raise test scores and help a student become more engaged and interested in the material they are learning, especially when used over time. Experiments can vary from personal and informal natural comparisons (e.g. tasting a range of chocolates to find a favorite), to highly controlled (e.g. tests requiring complex apparatus overseen by many scientists that hope to discover information about subatomic particles). Uses of experiments vary considerably between the
1493:. With inadequate randomization or low sample size, the systematic variation in covariates between the treatment groups (or exposure groups) makes it difficult to separate the effect of the treatment (exposure) from the effects of the other covariates, most of which have not been measured. The mathematical models used to analyze such data must consider each differing covariate (if measured), and results are not meaningful if a covariate is neither randomized nor included in the model.
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836:âand described it as follows: "Having first determined the question according to his will, man then resorts to experience, and bending her to conformity with his placets, leads her about like a captive in a procession." Bacon wanted a method that relied on repeatable observations, or experiments. Notably, he first ordered the scientific method as we understand it today.
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1213:. These hypotheses suggest reasons to explain a phenomenon or predict the results of an action. An example might be the hypothesis that "if I release this ball, it will fall to the floor": this suggestion can then be tested by carrying out the experiment of letting go of the ball, and observing the results. Formally, a hypothesis is compared against its opposite or
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670:, which is an expectation about how a particular process or phenomenon works. However, an experiment may also aim to answer a "what-if" question, without a specific expectation about what the experiment reveals, or to confirm prior results. If an experiment is carefully conducted, the results usually either support or disprove the hypothesis. According to some
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1217:("if I release this ball, it will not fall to the floor"). The null hypothesis is that there is no explanation or predictive power of the phenomenon through the reasoning that is being investigated. Once hypotheses are defined, an experiment can be carried out and the results analysed to confirm, refute, or define the accuracy of the hypotheses.
1113:. Students might be given a fluid sample containing an unknown (to the student) amount of protein. It is their job to correctly perform a controlled experiment in which they determine the concentration of protein in the fluid sample (usually called the "unknown sample"). The teaching lab would be equipped with a protein standard
1170:, meaning that neither the volunteer nor the researcher knows which individuals are in the control group or the experimental group until after all of the data have been collected. This ensures that any effects on the volunteer are due to the treatment itself and are not a response to the knowledge that he is being treated.
712:, experiments are a primary component of the scientific method. They are used to test theories and hypotheses about how physical processes work under particular conditions (e.g., whether a particular engineering process can produce a desired chemical compound). Typically, experiments in these fields focus on
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than laboratory experiments. However, like natural experiments, field experiments suffer from the possibility of contamination: experimental conditions can be controlled with more precision and certainty in the lab. Yet some phenomena (e.g., voter turnout in an election) cannot be easily studied in a
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It is thus the duty of the man who studies the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical
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is used when it is impractical, unethical, cost-prohibitive (or otherwise inefficient) to fit a physical or social system into a laboratory setting, to completely control confounding factors, or to apply random assignment. It can also be used when confounding factors are either limited or known well
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under study, rather than manipulation of just one or a few variables as occurs in controlled experiments. To the degree possible, they attempt to collect data for the system in such a way that contribution from all variables can be determined, and where the effects of variation in certain variables
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with a known protein concentration. Students could make several positive control samples containing various dilutions of the protein standard. Negative control samples would contain all of the reagents for the protein assay but no protein. In this example, all samples are performed in duplicate. The
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experiments, which enforce scientific control by testing a hypothesis in the artificial and highly controlled setting of a laboratory. Often used in the social sciences, and especially in economic analyses of education and health interventions, field experiments have the advantage that outcomes are
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We should, that is, recommence the inquiry into its principles and premisses, beginning our investigation with an inspection of the things that exist and a survey of the conditions of visible objects. We should distinguish the properties of particulars, and gather by induction what pertains to the
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A child may carry out basic experiments to understand how things fall to the ground, while teams of scientists may take years of systematic investigation to advance their understanding of a phenomenon. Experiments and other types of hands-on activities are very important to student learning in the
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Controlled experiments can be performed when it is difficult to exactly control all the conditions in an experiment. In this case, the experiment begins by creating two or more sample groups that are probabilistically equivalent, which means that measurements of traits should be similar among the
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Thus, a comparison of earlier results with the experimental results is necessary for an objective experimentâthe visible results being more important. In the end, this may mean that an experimental researcher must find enough courage to discard traditional opinions or results, especially if these
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results are not experimental but results from a logical/ mental derivation. In this process of critical consideration, the man himself should not forget that he tends to subjective opinionsâthrough "prejudices" and "leniency"âand thus has to be critical about his own way of building hypotheses.
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well correlated, natural experiments can approach the power of controlled experiments. Usually, however, there is some correlation between these variables, which reduces the reliability of natural experiments relative to what could be concluded if a controlled experiment were performed. Also,
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There remains simple experience; which, if taken as it comes, is called accident, if sought for, experiment. The true method of experience first lights the candle , and then by means of the candle shows the way ; commencing as it does with experience duly ordered and digested, not bungling or
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can measure the amount of protein in samples by detecting a colored complex formed by the interaction of protein molecules and molecules of an added dye. In the illustration, the results for the diluted test samples can be compared to the results of the standard curve (the blue line in the
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in an experiment are controlled (accounted for by the control measurements) and none are uncontrolled. In such an experiment, if all controls work as expected, it is possible to conclude that the experiment works as intended, and that results are due to the effect of the tested variables.
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for the treatments. For example, an experiment on baking bread could estimate the difference in the responses associated with quantitative variables, such as the ratio of water to flour, and with qualitative variables, such as strains of yeast. Experimentation is the step in the
784:âby controlling his experiments due to factors such as self-criticality, reliance on visible results of the experiments as well as a criticality in terms of earlier results. He was one of the first scholars to use an inductive-experimental method for achieving results. In his
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According to his explanation, a strictly controlled test execution with a sensibility for the subjectivity and susceptibility of outcomes due to the nature of man is necessary. Furthermore, a critical view on the results and outcomes of earlier scholars is necessary:
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Depending on the discipline, experiments can be conducted to accomplish different but not mutually exclusive goals: test theories, search for and document phenomena, develop theories, or advise policymakers. These goals also relate differently to
1147:, where there is very little variation between individuals and the group size is easily in the millions, these statistical methods are often bypassed and simply splitting a solution into equal parts is assumed to produce identical sample groups.
731:, where experimental units (usually individual human beings) are randomly assigned to a treatment or control condition where one or more outcomes are assessed. In contrast to norms in the physical sciences, the focus is typically on the
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The term "experiment" usually implies a controlled experiment, but sometimes controlled experiments are prohibitively difficult, impossible, unethical or illegal. In this case researchers resort to natural experiments or
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because natural experiments usually take place in uncontrolled environments, variables from undetected sources are neither measured nor held constant, and these may produce illusory correlations in variables under study.
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by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exist
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enough to analyze the data in light of them (though this may be rare when social phenomena are under examination). For an observational science to be valid, the experimenter must know and account for
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A particular problem with observational studies involving human subjects is the great difficulty attaining fair comparisons between treatments (or exposures), because such studies are prone to
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factors. In these situations, observational studies have value because they often suggest hypotheses that can be tested with randomized experiments or by collecting fresh data.
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Even when experimental research does not directly involve human subjects, it may still present ethical concerns. For example, the nuclear bomb experiments conducted by the
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689:âany factors that would mar the accuracy or repeatability of the experiment or the ability to interpret the results. Confounding is commonly eliminated through
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A considerable amount of progress on the design and analysis of experiments occurred in the early 20th century, with contributions from statisticians such as
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1526:âintroduces potential ethical considerations, such as balancing benefit and harm, fairly distributing interventions (e.g., treatments for a disease), and
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observed in a natural setting rather than in a contrived laboratory environment. For this reason, field experiments are sometimes seen as having higher
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often involves experimental tests of theorized human behaviors without relying on random assignment of individuals to treatment and control conditions.
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remain approximately constant so that the effects of other variables can be discerned. The degree to which this is possible depends on the observed
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produced by the experiment. A single study typically does not involve replications of the experiment, but separate studies may be aggregated through
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Experiments might be categorized according to a number of dimensions, depending upon professional norms and standards in different fields of study.
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Jeremy, Teigen (2014). "Experimental
Methods in Military and Veteran Studies". In Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia; Rietjens, Sebastiaan (eds.).
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In the centuries that followed, people who applied the scientific method in different areas made important advances and discoveries. For example,
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approvalâquantify and randomize the covariates that can be identified. Researchers attempt to reduce the biases of observational studies with
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727:, the prevalence of experimental research varies widely across disciplines. When used, however, experiments typically follow the form of the
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By placing the distribution of the independent variable(s) under the control of the researcher, an experimentâparticularly when it involves
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Fundamentally, however, observational studies are not experiments. By definition, observational studies lack the manipulation required for
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resorts to experience, and bending her to conformity with his placets, leads her about like a captive in a procession." Bacon, Francis.
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One of the first methodical approaches to experiments in the modern sense is visible in the works of the Arab mathematician and scholar
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implied the use of nuclear reactions to harm human beings even though the experiments did not directly involve any human subjects.
849:(1564â1642) accurately measured time and experimented to make accurate measurements and conclusions about the speed of a falling body.
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samples, which are practically identical to the experimental sample except for the one aspect whose effect is being tested (the
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research frequently uses randomized experiments (e.g., to test the comparative effectiveness of different fertilizers), while
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groups and that the groups should respond in the same manner if given the same treatment. This equivalency is determined by
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674:, an experiment can never "prove" a hypothesis, it can only add support. On the other hand, an experiment that provides a
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is measured. The signifying characteristic of a true experiment is that it randomly allocates the subjects to neutralize
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780:. He conducted his experiments in the field of opticsâgoing back to optical and mathematical problems in the works of
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of identical procedures in hopes of producing identical results in each replication. Random assignment is uncommon.
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To avoid conditions that render an experiment far less useful, physicians conducting medical trialsâsay for U.S.
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Once equivalent groups have been formed, the experimenter tries to treat them identically except for the one
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Stohr-Hunt, Patricia (1996). "An
Analysis of Frequency of Hands-on Experience and Science Achievement".
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Even very young children perform rudimentary experiments to learn about the world and how things work.
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he describes the fundamentally new approach to knowledge and research in an experimental sense:
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A controlled experiment often compares the results obtained from experimental samples against
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active in the 17th century, became an influential supporter of experimental science in the
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erratic, and from it deducing axioms , and from established axioms again new experiments.
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can disprove a theory or hypothesis, but a theory can always be salvaged by appropriate
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with some observer's control, as illustrated, the observation is also an experiment.
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methods that take into account the amount of variation between individuals and the
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General
Relativistic Dynamics: Extending Einstein's Legacy Throughout the Universe
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examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency.
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Design and
Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design
735:(the difference in outcomes between the treatment and control groups) or another
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1997:"Promises and Perils of Experimentation: The Mutual-Internal-Validity Problem"
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853:(1743â1794), a French chemist, used experiment to describe new areas, such as
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Lavoisier in the Year One: The Birth of a New
Science in an Age of Revolution
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The physics of everyday phenomena : a conceptual introduction to physics
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Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference
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869:(1822â1895) used the scientific method to disprove the prevailing theory of
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1996:
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El-Bizri, Nader (2005). "A Philosophical
Perspective on Alhazen's Optics".
1243:. Natural experiments rely solely on observations of the variables of the
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1980:. Department of Psychology, University of California Davis. Archived from
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Natural experiments in the social sciences : a design-based approach
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10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199601)33:1<101::AID-TEA6>3.0.CO;2-Z
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one. In many laboratory experiments it is good practice to have several
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that helps people decide between two or more competing explanationsâor
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illustration) to estimate the amount of protein in the unknown sample.
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An example that is often used in teaching laboratories is a controlled
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There are various differences in experimental practice in each of the
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2062:"Ole Roemer Profile: First to Measure the Speed of Light | AMNH"
1737:
Holland, Paul W. (December 1986). "Statistics and Causal
Inference".
1244:
1136:
679:
1750:
828:. He disagreed with the method of answering scientific questions by
1714:
Fantastic realities : 49 mind journeys and a trip to
Stockholm
590:
of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into
19:"Experimental" redirects here. For the musical classification, see
2259:
Shadish, William R.; Cook, Thomas D.; Campbell, Donald T. (2002).
1657:(Online-Ausg. ed.). Singapore: World Scientific. p. 12.
1441:
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requires special safeguards against outside variables such as the
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and the other measurements. Scientific controls are a part of the
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1876:"Having first determined the question according to his will, man
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1995:
Lin, Hause; Werner, Kaitlyn M.; Inzlicht, Michael (2021-02-16).
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that the subject responds to. The goal of the experiment is to
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performs a gravity test on the moon with a hammer and feather.
2821:
2139:(Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2285:
Routledge
Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies
1424:
Field experiments are so named to distinguish them from
1196:, two or more "treatments" are applied to estimate the
659:. Researchers also use experimentation to test existing
2162:"Why Propensity Scores Should Not Be Used for Matching"
16:
Scientific procedure performed to validate a hypothesis
2335:
Lessons In
Electric Circuits â Volume VI â Experiments
1091:
samples for the test being performed and have both a
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Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
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Cambridge handbook of experimental political science
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1352:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
995:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
578:is a procedure carried out to support or refute a
1716:. New Jersey: World Scientific. pp. 61â62.
1256:in the observed data. When these variables are
1139:of individuals in each group. In fields such as
4282:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
1739:Journal of the American Statistical Association
838:
802:
792:
663:or new hypotheses to support or disprove them.
2263:(Nachdr. ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1904:(2nd ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster.
1687:(3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp.
2837:
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2160:King, Gary; Nielsen, Richard (October 2019).
2137:Statistical models : theory and practice
1173:In human experiments, researchers may give a
685:An experiment must also control the possible
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931:is manipulated by the experimenter, and the
682:modifications at the expense of simplicity.
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2244:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2215:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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1791:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1412:Learn how and when to remove this message
1055:Learn how and when to remove this message
2287:. New York: Routledge. pp. 228â238.
2110:; Pisani, Robert; Purves, Roger (2007).
881:experiments is preferred when possible.
493:Library and information science software
2049:
1620:Journal of Research in Science Teaching
1610:
1558:Concept development and experimentation
76:
4808:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
1956:(New illustrated ed.). Springer.
1885:
1712:Wilczek, Frank; Devine, Betsy (2006).
1450:for observation (input and output are
488:Geographic information system software
2001:Perspectives on Psychological Science
7:
5118:
4818:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
1350:adding citations to reliable sources
1220:Experiments can be also designed to
993:adding citations to reliable sources
651:procedure that arbitrates competing
5130:
4413:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
2720:Generalized randomized block design
2344:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4508:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
3134:Pearson product-moment correlation
2114:(4th ed.). New York: Norton.
1862:Ibn al-Haytham, Abu Ali Al-Hasan.
1847:Ibn al-Haytham, Abu Ali Al-Hasan.
1185:the response to the stimulus by a
1154:that he or she wishes to isolate.
1083:or regular treatment would be the
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2771:Sequential probability ratio test
2213:Design of comparative experiments
1164:. Such experiments are generally
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2696:Polynomial and rational modeling
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4767:Least-squares spectral analysis
1337:needs additional citations for
980:needs additional citations for
3748:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
2463:Replication versus subsampling
1814:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
666:An experiment usually tests a
614:Experiments typically include
1:
5061:Geographic information system
4277:Simultaneous equations models
1952:Brock, Thomas D, ed. (1988).
1931:. W.W. Norton & Company.
1925:Bell, Madison Smartt (2005).
1653:Cooperstock, Fred I. (2009).
1224:onto nearby untreated units.
1079:); and the one receiving the
861:and to develop the theory of
4244:Coefficient of determination
3855:Uniformly most powerful test
2690:Response surface methodology
2598:Analysis of variance (Anova)
1681:Griffith, W. Thomas (2001).
1498:Food and Drug Administration
597:natural experimental studies
4813:Proportional hazards models
4757:Spectral density estimation
4739:Vector autoregression (VAR)
4173:Maximum posterior estimator
3405:Randomized controlled trial
2760:Randomized controlled trial
2135:Freedman, David A. (2009).
915:In some disciplines (e.g.,
904:(1909â1980), among others.
28:Experiment (disambiguation)
5194:
4573:Multivariate distributions
2993:Average absolute deviation
2086:(Second ed.). Wiley.
1954:Pasteur and Modern Science
1864:Dubitationes in Ptolemaeum
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1222:estimate spillover effects
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2313:Resources in your library
1826:10.1017/S0957423905000172
1553:Black box experimentation
1506:propensity score matching
1264:Much research in several
515:Qualitative data analysis
5056:Environmental statistics
4578:Elliptical distributions
4371:Generalized linear model
4300:Simple linear regression
4070:HodgesâLehmann estimator
3527:Probability distribution
3436:Stochastic approximation
2998:Coefficient of variation
2746:Repeated measures design
2458:Restricted randomization
2013:10.1177/1745691620974773
816:(1561â1626), an English
733:average treatment effect
4716:Cross-correlation (XCF)
4324:Non-standard predictors
3758:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
3431:Adaptive clinical trial
1578:Experimental psychology
1268:disciplines, including
902:William Gemmell Cochran
672:philosophies of science
5112:Mathematics portal
4933:Engineering statistics
4841:NelsonâAalen estimator
4418:Analysis of covariance
4305:Ordinary least squares
4229:Pearson product-moment
3633:Statistical functional
3544:Empirical distribution
3377:Controlled experiments
3106:Frequency distribution
2884:Descriptive statistics
2801:Mathematics portal
2563:Ordinary least squares
2240:Dunning, Thad (2012).
1978:"Types of experiments"
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1438:Observational studies
951:Controlled experiments
875:germ theory of disease
871:spontaneous generation
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772:History of experiments
760:experimental economics
695:randomized experiments
647:, an experiment is an
394:Inferential statistics
340:Descriptive statistics
287:Human subject research
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5168:Design of experiments
5028:Population statistics
4970:System identification
4704:Autocorrelation (ACF)
4632:Exponential smoothing
4546:Discriminant analysis
4541:Canonical correlation
4405:Partition of variance
4267:Regression validation
4111:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
4010:Likelihood-ratio test
3699:Frequentist inference
3611:Locationâscale family
3532:Sampling distribution
3497:Statistical inference
3464:Cross-sectional study
3451:Observational studies
3410:Randomized experiment
3239:Stem-and-leaf display
3041:Central limit theorem
2398:Scientific experiment
2380:Design of experiments
2340:Experiment in Physics
2211:Bailey, R.A. (2008).
1898:Durant, Will (2012).
1563:Design of experiments
1487:central limit theorem
1445:
1286:cultural anthropology
1254:explanatory variables
1194:design of experiments
1156:Human experimentation
961:Design of experiments
178:Philosophical schools
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4951:Probabilistic design
4536:Principal components
4379:Exponential families
4331:Nonlinear regression
4310:General linear model
4272:Mixed effects models
4262:Errors and residuals
4239:Confounding variable
4141:Bayesian probability
4119:Van der Waerden test
4109:Ordered alternative
3874:Multiple comparisons
3753:RaoâBlackwellization
3716:Estimating equations
3672:Statistical distance
3390:Factorial experiment
2923:Arithmetic-Geometric
2672:Fractional factorial
2331:at Wikimedia Commons
1984:on 19 December 2014.
1598:Long-term experiment
1573:Experimental physics
1476:Baconian experiments
1454:). When there are a
1346:improve this article
1073:independent variable
989:improve this article
929:independent variable
863:conservation of mass
620:independent variable
503:Reference management
453:Scientific modelling
195:Critical rationalism
26:For other uses, see
5173:Science experiments
5023:Official statistics
4946:Methods engineering
4627:Seasonal adjustment
4395:Poisson regressions
4315:Bayesian regression
4254:Regression analysis
4234:Partial correlation
4206:Regression analysis
3805:Prediction interval
3800:Likelihood interval
3790:Confidence interval
3782:Interval estimation
3743:Unbiased estimators
3561:Model specification
3441:Up-and-down designs
3129:Partial correlation
3085:Index of dispersion
3003:Interquartile range
2806:Statistical outline
2766:Sequential analysis
2731:Graeco-Latin square
2640:Multiple comparison
2587:Hierarchical model:
2179:10.1017/pan.2019.11
2078:Hinkelmann, Klaus;
1884:, i, 63. Quoted in
1781:Kuklinski, James H.
1632:1996JRScT..33..101S
1593:List of experiments
1568:Experimentum crucis
1491:Markov's inequality
1464:observational study
1228:Natural experiments
873:and to develop the
826:English renaissance
752:branches of science
691:scientific controls
687:confounding factors
582:, or determine the
483:Argument technology
5043:Spatial statistics
4923:Medical statistics
4823:First hitting time
4777:Whittle likelihood
4428:Degrees of freedom
4423:Multivariate ANOVA
4356:Heteroscedasticity
4168:Bayesian estimator
4133:Bayesian inference
3982:KolmogorovâSmirnov
3867:Randomization test
3837:Testing hypotheses
3810:Tolerance interval
3721:Maximum likelihood
3616:Exponential family
3549:Density estimation
3509:Statistical theory
3469:Natural experiment
3415:Scientific control
3332:Survey methodology
3018:Standard deviation
2811:Statistical topics
2403:Statistical design
2166:Political Analysis
1773:Druckman, James N.
1583:Empirical research
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1234:Natural experiment
1120:colorimetric assay
957:Scientific control
933:dependent variable
477:Tools and software
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345:Discourse analysis
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2706:Central composite
2604:Cochran's theorem
2558:Linear regression
2535:Nuisance variable
2448:Random assignment
2425:Experimental unit
2327:Media related to
2299:Library resources
2146:978-0-521-74385-3
2121:978-0-393-92972-0
2093:978-0-471-72756-9
2080:Kempthorne, Oscar
1911:978-0-671-69500-2
1723:978-981-256-649-2
1664:978-981-4271-16-5
1535:Manhattan Project
1431:external validity
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1312:Field experiments
1241:quasi-experiments
1207:scientific method
1200:between the mean
1124:spectrophotometer
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945:validity concerns
937:experimenter bias
921:political science
900:(1900â1978), and
898:Gertrude Mary Cox
851:Antoine Lavoisier
741:systematic review
710:physical sciences
699:random assignment
645:scientific method
628:scientific method
572:
571:
538:Philosophy portal
446:Systematic review
431:Literature review
389:Historical method
372:Social experiment
307:Scientific method
292:Narrative inquiry
143:Interdisciplinary
137:Research strategy
108:Research question
103:Research proposal
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3845:1- & 2-tails
3736:Minimum distance
3708:Point estimation
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367:Field experiment
335:Content analysis
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725:social sciences
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4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4709:partial (PACF)
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4656:Specific tests
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4556:Classification
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4503:McNemar's test
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4449:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4341:Semiparametric
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4082:
4079:(MannâWhitney)
4074:
4073:
4072:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4012:
4007:
4004:(ShapiroâWilk)
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3945:
3936:
3924:
3918:
3916:Specific tests
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3712:
3710:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3367:Standard error
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Optimal design
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3094:Summary tables
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:Contraharmonic
2925:
2920:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2438:Optimal design
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2337:
2332:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:External links
2291:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2269:
2256:
2251:978-1107698000
2250:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2222:978-0521683579
2221:
2203:
2172:(4): 435â454.
2152:
2145:
2127:
2120:
2099:
2092:
2067:
2053:
2042:
2007:(4): 854â863.
1987:
1969:
1963:978-3540501015
1962:
1944:
1938:978-0393051551
1937:
1917:
1910:
1890:
1888:, p. 170.
1869:
1854:
1839:
1820:(2): 189â218.
1804:
1798:978-0521174558
1797:
1764:
1729:
1722:
1704:
1697:
1670:
1663:
1645:
1626:(1): 101â109.
1609:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1524:human subjects
1516:Main article:
1513:
1510:
1483:selection bias
1439:
1436:
1420:
1419:
1334:
1332:
1325:
1316:Main article:
1313:
1310:
1232:Main article:
1229:
1226:
1161:placebo effect
1101:standard curve
1063:
1062:
977:
975:
968:
952:
949:
909:
906:
834:Ibn al-Haytham
787:Book of Optics
778:Ibn al-Haytham
770:Main article:
767:
764:
737:test statistic
729:clinical trial
676:counterexample
640:
637:
570:
569:
567:
566:
559:
552:
544:
541:
540:
534:
533:
530:
529:
528:
527:
522:
517:
507:
506:
505:
500:
490:
485:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
462:
461:
460:
450:
449:
448:
443:
441:Scoping review
438:
433:
428:
418:
413:
412:
411:
401:
396:
391:
386:
384:Field research
381:
380:
379:
374:
369:
359:
358:
357:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
282:Historiography
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
253:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
238:
237:
235:Subtle realism
232:
222:
217:
215:Postpositivism
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
190:Constructivism
187:
185:Antipositivism
181:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
162:
161:
160:
150:
145:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
110:
105:
99:
94:
93:
90:
89:
81:
80:
74:
73:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5190:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5138:
5137:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Geostatistics
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5033:Psychometrics
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4896:Biostatistics
4893:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4858:
4857:Log-rank test
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4728:(BoxâJenkins)
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:DurbinâWatson
4679:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:DickeyâFuller
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Cointegration
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Decomposition
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Cohen's kappa
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:Nonparametric
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:Nonparametric
4083:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4055:Sample median
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3660:loss function
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:Questionnaire
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Control chart
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
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2635:Compare means
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2518:Orthogonality
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2034:
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2022:
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2014:
2010:
2006:
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1991:
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1983:
1979:
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1965:
1959:
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896:(1919â2000),
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892:(1894â1981),
891:
888:(1890â1962),
887:
886:Ronald Fisher
882:
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868:
867:Louis Pasteur
864:
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498:Bibliometrics
496:
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466:
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456:
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436:Meta-analysis
434:
432:
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426:Bibliometrics
424:
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297:Phenomenology
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5103:
5096:
5008:Econometrics
4958: /
4941:Chemometrics
4918:Epidemiology
4911: /
4884:Applications
4726:ARIMA model
4673:Q-statistic
4622:Stationarity
4518:Multivariate
4461: /
4457: /
4455:Multivariate
4453: /
4393: /
4389: /
4163:Bayes factor
4062:Signed rank
3974:
3948:
3940:
3928:
3623:Completeness
3459:Cohort study
3376:
3357:Opinion poll
3292:Missing data
3279:Study design
3234:Scatter plot
3156:Scatter plot
3149:Spearman's Ï
3111:Grouped data
2758:
2744:
2726:Latin square
2712:
2688:
2664:
2625:
2621:
2614:multivariate
2613:
2609:
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2083:
2056:
2050:Dunning 2012
2045:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1982:the original
1972:
1953:
1947:
1927:
1920:
1900:
1893:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1866:. p. 3.
1863:
1857:
1851:. p. 5.
1848:
1842:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1788:
1767:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1713:
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1683:
1654:
1648:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1532:
1521:
1495:
1480:
1473:
1461:
1451:
1434:laboratory.
1423:
1408:
1399:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:"Experiment"
1356:
1344:Please help
1339:verification
1336:
1294:paleontology
1263:
1257:
1237:
1219:
1191:
1172:
1167:double blind
1165:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1141:microbiology
1129:
1105:
1068:
1066:
1051:
1042:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:"Experiment"
999:
987:Please help
982:verification
979:
941:
914:
911:
890:Jerzy Neyman
883:
859:biochemistry
844:
839:
832:âsimilar to
812:
808:
803:
798:
793:
785:
775:
756:agricultural
749:
718:
703:
684:
665:
642:
624:measurements
613:
601:
575:
573:
361:
277:Hermeneutics
165:Quantitative
5158:Experiments
5136:WikiProject
5051:Cartography
5013:Jurimetrics
4965:Reliability
4696:Time domain
4675:(LjungâBox)
4597:Time-series
4475:Categorical
4459:Time-series
4451:Categorical
4386:(Bernoulli)
4221:Correlation
4201:Correlation
3997:JarqueâBera
3969:Chi-squared
3731:M-estimator
3684:Asymptotics
3628:Sufficiency
3395:Interaction
3307:Replication
3287:Effect size
3244:Violin plot
3224:Radar chart
3204:Forest plot
3194:Correlogram
3144:Kendall's Ï
2701:BoxâBehnken
2582:Mixed model
2513:Confounding
2508:Interaction
2498:Effect size
2468:Sample size
2329:Experiments
1886:Durant 2012
1469:confounding
1452:observables
1302:meteorology
1278:archaeology
1250:correlation
1187:test method
1177:(person) a
1133:statistical
1122:in which a
1118:assay is a
818:philosopher
714:replication
706:engineering
693:and/or, in
350:Ethnography
250:Methodology
205:Fallibilism
153:Qualitative
123:Referencing
51:David Scott
5152:Categories
5003:Demography
4721:ARMA model
4526:Regression
4103:(Friedman)
4064:(Wilcoxon)
4002:Normality
3992:Lilliefors
3939:Student's
3815:Resampling
3689:Robustness
3677:divergence
3667:Efficiency
3605:(monotone)
3600:Likelihood
3517:Population
3350:Stratified
3302:Population
3121:Dependence
3077:Count data
3008:Percentile
2985:Dispersion
2918:Arithmetic
2853:Statistics
2657:randomized
2655:Completely
2626:covariance
2388:Scientific
2304:Experiment
2112:Statistics
1588:Laboratory
1426:laboratory
1402:March 2019
1372:newspapers
1211:hypotheses
1198:difference
1045:March 2019
1015:newspapers
917:psychology
879:laboratory
865:(matter).
855:combustion
697:, through
668:hypothesis
657:hypotheses
611:sciences.
588:likelihood
580:hypothesis
576:experiment
525:Statistics
520:Simulation
458:Simulation
399:Interviews
362:Experiment
330:Case study
302:Pragmatism
220:Pragmatism
210:Positivism
200:Empiricism
49:Astronaut
4384:Logistic
4151:posterior
4077:Rank sum
3825:Jackknife
3820:Bootstrap
3638:Bootstrap
3573:Parameter
3522:Statistic
3317:Statistic
3229:Run chart
3214:Pie chart
3209:Histogram
3199:Fan chart
3174:Bar chart
3056:L-moments
2943:Geometric
2666:Factorial
2550:inference
2530:Covariate
2492:Treatment
2478:Treatment
2198:1047-1987
2037:231877717
2021:1745-6916
1834:123057532
1306:astronomy
1282:sociology
1270:economics
1202:responses
1145:chemistry
1089:replicate
925:variables
830:deduction
822:scientist
649:empirical
632:variables
158:Art-based
5163:Research
5098:Category
4791:Survival
4668:Johansen
4391:Binomial
4346:Isotonic
3933:(normal)
3578:location
3385:Blocking
3340:Sampling
3219:QâQ plot
3184:Box plot
3166:Graphics
3061:Skewness
3051:Kurtosis
3023:Variance
2953:Heronian
2948:Harmonic
2789:Category
2784:Glossary
2590:Bayesian
2568:Bayesian
2524:Blocking
2503:Contrast
2483:blocking
2443:Bayesian
2430:Blinding
2420:validity
2417:external
2413:Internal
2277:Excerpts
2082:(2008).
2029:33593177
1541:See also
1502:matching
1456:feedback
1252:between
1179:stimulus
1152:variable
1115:solution
723:and the
721:medicine
708:and the
661:theories
639:Overview
616:controls
584:efficacy
325:Analysis
118:Argument
78:Research
70:a series
68:Part of
5124:Commons
5071:Kriging
4956:Process
4913:studies
4772:Wavelet
4605:General
3772:Plug-in
3566:L space
3345:Cluster
3046:Moments
2864:Outline
2682:Taguchi
2650:Designs
2408:Control
1759:2289064
1628:Bibcode
1386:scholar
1298:ecology
1290:geology
1266:science
1192:In the
1183:measure
1175:subject
1108:protein
1085:control
1081:placebo
1069:control
1029:scholar
782:Ptolemy
766:History
643:In the
605:natural
404:Mapping
319:Methods
225:Realism
113:Writing
4993:Census
4583:Normal
4531:Manova
4351:Robust
4101:2-way
4093:1-way
3931:-test
3602:
3179:Biplot
2970:Median
2963:Lehmer
2905:Center
2722:(GRBD)
2622:Ancova
2610:Manova
2545:Models
2390:method
2301:about
2267:
2248:
2219:
2196:
2143:
2118:
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2035:
2027:
2019:
1960:
1935:
1908:
1849:Optics
1832:
1795:
1757:
1720:
1695:
1661:
1512:Ethics
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1304:, and
1245:system
1137:number
1095:and a
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1002:
927:. The
908:Types
680:ad hoc
653:models
465:Survey
4617:Trend
4146:prior
4088:anova
3977:-test
3951:-test
3943:-test
3850:Power
3795:Pivot
3588:shape
3583:scale
3033:Shape
3013:Range
2958:Heinz
2933:Cubic
2869:Index
2714:Block
2342:from
2033:S2CID
1830:S2CID
1755:JSTOR
1605:Notes
1393:JSTOR
1379:books
1111:assay
1036:JSTOR
1022:books
609:human
4850:Test
4050:Sign
3902:Wald
2975:Mode
2913:Mean
2548:and
2481:and
2415:and
2265:ISBN
2246:ISBN
2217:ISBN
2194:ISSN
2141:ISBN
2116:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2025:PMID
2017:ISSN
1958:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1878:then
1793:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1489:and
1446:The
1365:news
1143:and
1008:news
959:and
857:and
820:and
743:and
607:and
4030:BIC
4025:AIC
2184:hdl
2174:doi
2009:doi
1822:doi
1747:doi
1689:3â4
1636:doi
1462:An
1348:by
1258:not
991:by
919:or
719:In
704:In
655:or
586:or
574:An
5154::
2441::
2192:.
2182:.
2170:27
2168:.
2164:.
2070:^
2031:.
2023:.
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2005:16
2003:.
1999:.
1828:.
1818:15
1816:.
1783:;
1779:;
1775:;
1753:.
1743:81
1741:.
1691:.
1673:^
1634:.
1624:33
1622:.
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2124:.
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2064:.
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2011::
1966:.
1941:.
1914:.
1836:.
1824::
1801:.
1761:.
1749::
1726:.
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1642:.
1638::
1630::
1415:)
1409:(
1404:)
1400:(
1390:·
1383:·
1376:·
1369:·
1342:.
1058:)
1052:(
1047:)
1043:(
1033:·
1026:·
1019:·
1012:·
985:.
563:e
556:t
549:v
30:.
23:.
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