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874:, while passes at 500 km (310 mi) would show the expected level of cosmic rays. Later, after Explorer 3, it was concluded that the original Geiger counter had been overwhelmed ("saturated") by strong radiation coming from a belt of charged particles trapped in space by the Earth's magnetic field. This belt of charged particles is now known as the
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The total mass of the satellite was 13.97 kg (30.8 lb), of which 8.3 kg (18 lb) were instrumentation. In comparison, the mass of the first Soviet satellite
Sputnik 1 was 83.6 kg (184 lb). The instrument section at the front end of the satellite and the empty scaled-down
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Sometimes the instrumentation reported the expected cosmic ray count (approximately 30 counts per second) but other times it would show a peculiar zero counts per second. The
University of Iowa (under James Van Allen) observed that all of the zero counts per second reports were from an altitude of
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with white stripes. Several other color schemes had been tested, resulting in backup articles, models, and photographs showing different configurations, including alternate white and green striping and blue stripes alternating with copper. The final color scheme was determined by studies of
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The original estimate of the lifetime of
Explorer-1, made a week or so after firing, was three years. It has been orbiting for ten years by now and the estimate of its remaining lifetime is again three years, but this time surrounded by careful explanations about the factors we don't
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from flexible structural elements. Later it was understood that on general grounds, the body ends up in the spin state that minimizes the kinetic rotational energy for a fixed angular momentum (this being the maximal-inertia axis). This motivated the first further development of the
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powered the high-power transmitter for 31 days and the low-power transmitter for 105 days. Explorer 1 stopped transmission of data on 23 May 1958, when its batteries died, but remained in orbit for more than 12 years. It reentered the atmosphere over the
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could not report after 90 minutes as planned whether the launch had succeeded because the orbit was larger than expected. At about 06:30 GMT, after confirming that
Explorer 1 was indeed in orbit, a news conference was held in the Great Hall at the
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The acoustic micrometeorite detector detected 145 impacts of cosmic dust in 78,750 seconds. This calculates to an average impact rate of 8.0 impacts per second per square meter, or 29 impacts per hour per square meter, over the twelve-day period.
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565:(IRBM) and was modified into Juno I. Working closely together, ABMA and JPL completed the job of modifying the Jupiter-C and building Explorer 1 in 84 days. However, before work was completed, the Soviet Union launched a second satellite,
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754:) impacts. It responded to micrometeorite impacts on the spacecraft skin in such a way that each impact would be a function of mass and velocity. Its effective area was 0.075 m and the average threshold sensitivity was 2.5
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which was not modified in time to make it onto the spacecraft. The real-time data received on the ground was therefore very sparse and puzzling showing normal counting rates and no counts at all. The later
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Wire grid detector, also to detect micrometeorite impacts. It consisted of 12 parallel connected cards mounted in a fiberglass supporting ring. Each card was wound with two layers of enameled
558:(ABMA) to accommodate a satellite payload; the resulting rocket known as the Juno I. The Jupiter-C design used for the launch had already been flight-tested in nose cone reentry tests for the
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Explorer 1 was the first of the long-running
Explorers program. Four follow-up satellites of the Explorer series were launched by the Juno I launch vehicle in 1958, of these, Explorer 3 and
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Because of the limited space available and the requirements for low weight, the payload instrumentation was designed and built with simplicity and high reliability in mind, using
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transistors in its electronics. A total of 20 transistors were used in
Explorer 1, plus additional ones in the Army's micrometeorite amplifier. Electrical power was provided by
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The U.S. Earth satellite program began in 1954 as a joint U.S. Army and U.S. Navy proposal, called
Project Orbiter, to put a scientific satellite into orbit during the
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launch vehicle in late
October 2011. The Prime was built using modern satellite construction techniques. The orbiting satellite was a backup, because the initial
771:(21 μm with the enamel insulation included) in such way that a total area of 1 × 1 cm (0.39 × 0.39 in) was completely covered. If a
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After a jet stream-related delay on 28 January 1958, at 03:47:56 GMT on 1 February 1958 the Juno I rocket was launched, putting
Explorer 1 into orbit with a
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after launch. The elongated body of the spacecraft had been designed to spin about its long (least-inertia) axis but refused to do so, and instead started
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Efroimsky, Michael (August 2001). "Relaxation of wobbling asteroids and comets – theoretical problems, perspectives of experimental observation".
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Explorer 1 launch control console on display at
Huntsville Space and Rocket Center. The red arrow points to the manually turned launch key switch.
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539:, using a booster advertised as more civilian in nature. Following the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957, the initial
1418:"The First Transistors in Space – Personal Reflections by the Designer of the Cosmic Ray Instrumentation Package for the Explorer I Satellite"
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Matt Bille and Erika Lishock, The First Space Race: Launching the World's First Satellites, Texas A&M University Press, 2004, Chapter 5.
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mission, which included a tape data recorder in the payload, provided the additional data for confirmation of the earlier Explorer 1 data.
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display a full-scale model of Explorer 1 at a crowded news conference in Washington, D.C. after confirmation the satellite was in orbit.
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535:. The proposal, using a military Redstone missile, was rejected in 1955 by the Eisenhower administration in favor of the Navy's
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Explorer 1 was given Satellite Catalog Number 00004 and the Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1, the forerunner to the modern
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Zadunaisky, Pedro E. (October 1960). "The Orbit of Satellite 456 Alpha (Explorer 1) during the First 10500 Revolutions".
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2007:
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728:. It could detect protons with E>30 MeV and electrons with E>3 MeV. Most of the time the instrument was saturated;
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theory of rigid body dynamics after nearly 200 years – to address this kind of momentum-preserving energy dissipation.
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of about 10 μm impacted, it would fracture the wire, destroy the electrical connection, and thus record the event.
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fourth-stage rocket casing orbited as a single unit, spinning around its long axis at 750 revolutions per minute.
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878:. The discovery was considered to be one of the outstanding discoveries of the International Geophysical Year.
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516:, returning data until its batteries were exhausted after nearly four months. It remained in orbit until 1970.
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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Explorer I Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
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The scientific instrumentation of Explorer 1 was designed and built under the direction of Dr.
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McDonald, Naugle (2008). "Discovering Earth's Radiation Belts: Remembering Explorer 1 and 3".
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Data from the scientific instruments was transmitted to the ground by two antennas. A 60
1944:
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Efroimsky, Michael (March 2002). "Euler, Jacobi, and missions to comets and asteroids".
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Explorer 1 in its orbital configuration, with the launch vehicle's fourth stage attached
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attempted to put the first U.S. satellite into orbit but failed with the launch of the
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601:. It was the second satellite to carry a mission payload (Sputnik 2 was the first).
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1972:
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shadow–sunlight intervals based on firing time, trajectory, orbit and inclination.
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925:, launched on 4 March 2011, did not reach orbit due to a launch vehicle failure.
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Five temperature sensors (one internal, three external and one on the nose cone);
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1859:
Space Research – Proceedings of the First International Space Science Symposium
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program was revived as the Explorer program to catch up with the Soviet Union.
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944:. Here too, a full-scale Explorer 1 is on display, but this one is a mockup.
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failed to reach orbit. The final flight of the Juno I booster, the satellite
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was deactivated in 1963 and was designated for use as a museum in 1964, the
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An identically constructed flight backup of Explorer 1 is on display in the
743:
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570:
566:
551:
474:
470:
3067:
Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned
2002:
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of 2,550 km (1,580 mi) having a period of 114.80 minutes, and an
465:(IGY). The mission followed the first two satellites, both launched by the
2147:
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53:
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4760:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
2185:
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2181:
Lecture with detailed evaluation of the Explorer 1 rotation anomaly
4012:
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3744:
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2910:
2900:
2779:
2759:
2371:
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2286:
1515:"Micrometeorite Measurements from 1958 Alpha and Gamma Satellites"
819:
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783:
668:
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371:
361:
2061:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2029:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1987:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1959:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1900:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1653:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1608:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1496:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1461:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1357:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1322:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1281:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1163:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1090:
Trajectory calculations were done by hand by this group of women.
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2012:
628:
were fed by a 10 milliwatt transmitter operating on 108.00 MHz.
609:
225:
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2117:
NASA images and videos of Explorer 1 and other early satellites
30:
This article is about the U.S. satellite. For other uses, see
492:(or 31 January 1958 at 22:47:56 Eastern Time) atop the first
646:
The external skin of the instrument section was sandblasted
1916:"MSU's twin satellite to launch October 28 on NASA rocket"
1892:
EXPLORER SATELLITES LAUNCHED BY JUNO 1 AND JUNO 2 VEHICLES
1473:
1471:
589:
The satellite Explorer 1 is mated to its booster at LC-26.
1228:"Project Vanguard – Why It Failed to Live Up to Its Name"
3076:
828:
The original expected lifetime of the satellite before
488:
Explorer 1 was launched on 1 February 1958 at 03:47:56
1180:, Toronto: MacFarlane Walter & Ross, 2001, p. 190.
906:, also failed. The Juno I vehicle was replaced by the
643:
that made up approximately 40% of the payload weight.
461:
in 1958 and was part of the U.S. participation in the
1075:
Preliminary satellite tracking tests in a field near
4798:
Individual spacecraft in the Smithsonian Institution
1422:
A Transistor Museum Interview with Dr. George Ludwig
1295:
McLaughlin Green, Constance; Lomask, Milton (1970).
936:, Milestones of Flight Gallery in Washington, D.C.,
27:
First satellite launched by the United States (1958)
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2239:
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2171:
X-minus 80 Days - JPL-Army Ballistic Missile Agency
2001:Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (31 January 2008).
417:
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2162:is available for free viewing and download at the
1193:Registration data for United States Space Launches
1118:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
1039:Explorer 1 and Juno I booster in gantry at LC-26A
620:in the body of the satellite operating on 108.03
841:on 31 March 1970 after more than 58,400 orbits.
2856:
1377:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
1199:. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
2860:
2631:
4756:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
4523:
3092:
2201:
870:more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) over
688:The Explorer 1 payload consisted of the Iowa
8:
1890:J. Boehm, H.J. Fichtner and Otto A. Hoberg,
1552:
1550:
1548:
1334:
1332:
1140:
1138:
512:. It was the first spacecraft to detect the
46:
724:of Iowa's Cosmic Ray Laboratory, to detect
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4516:
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3679:
3510:
3471:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
3381:
3121:
3099:
3085:
3077:
2997:
2236:
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2194:
2186:
2102:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1508:
1506:
1051:Close-up of Explorer 1 atop Juno I booster
121:
52:
45:
4365:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
1818:
1800:
1755:
1737:
961:Explorer 1 statistics and orbital diagram
546:Explorer 1 was designed and built by the
4803:First artificial satellites of a country
1920:Space Science and Engineering Laboratory
1063:Launch of Explorer 1 on 1 February 1958
457:was the first satellite launched by the
4450:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
2080:Dr Wernher von Braun: A Short Biography
1260:"Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age"
1134:
951:
3238:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
2095:
4028:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
1705:. Vol. 27, no. 3. pp.
1587:"Solar System Exploration Explorer 1"
1190:Yost, Charles W. (6 September 1963).
1178:Sputnik: The Launch of the Space Race
917:, was successfully launched aboard a
593:Explorer 1 was designed and built by
7:
4490:
1297:"Chapter 11: from Sputnik I to TV-3"
796:of 358 km (222 mi) and an
624:, and four flexible whips forming a
563:intermediate-range ballistic missile
1513:Manring, Edward R. (January 1959).
973:Officials with Explorer 1 model at
216:15.2 cm (6.0 in) diameter
4808:Spacecraft which reentered in 1970
4788:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
3144:National Aeronautics and Space Act
2226:List of Explorers Program missions
1914:Evelyn Boswell (23 October 2011).
1371:Williams, W. E. Jr. (April 1960).
1146:"Trajectory: Explorer-1 1958-001A"
942:Air Force Space and Missile Museum
913:A follow-up to the first mission,
824:Hand drawn Explorer 1 mission plot
597:'s JPL under the direction of Dr.
595:California Institute of Technology
502:Cape Canaveral Missile Test Center
429:Satellite Drag Atmospheric Density
25:
4098:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3652:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
3052:indicates active current missions
1852:"IGY Micrometeorite Measurements"
1236:. 21 October 1957. Archived from
4489:
4478:
4477:
4393:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
4151:Space Flight Operations Facility
3337:Operations and Checkout Building
2984:
2150:is available for viewing at the
2148:"Army Explorers in Space (1958)"
2056:
2024:
1982:
1954:
1895:
1648:
1603:
1491:
1456:
1352:
1317:
1276:
1158:
1102:
1083:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1027:Explorer 1 in spin test facility
1020:
997:
966:
954:
3612:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
3064:indicate missions yet to launch
1850:Dubin, Maurice (January 1960).
616:consisting of two fiberglasses
214:203 cm (80 in) length
4813:Geospace monitoring satellites
2131:, Department of Astronautics,
533:International Geophysical Year
463:International Geophysical Year
403:
133:
1:
2133:National Air and Space Museum
2044:"NASA / JPL - Ground Antenna"
1829:10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00017-0
1766:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00051-4
934:National Air and Space Museum
817:to announce it to the world.
556:Army Ballistic Missile Agency
376:2,550 km (1,580 mi)
285:Army Ballistic Missile Agency
32:Explorer One (disambiguation)
4430:Space program on U.S. stamps
4355:Gemini and Apollo medallions
4305:Solar System Family Portrait
4081:Joint Polar Satellite System
3950:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
3204:Vision for Space Exploration
3174:Space Exploration Initiative
3058:indicates cancelled missions
2159:Big Picture: Army Satellites
2008:Astronomy Picture of the Day
1945:Launch Complex 26 Blockhouse
1539:10.1016/0032-0633(59)90019-4
811:National Academy of Sciences
206:13.97 kg (30.8 lb)
4778:Spacecraft launched in 1958
4425:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
4382:We choose to go to the Moon
4345:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3903:International Space Station
3883:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3622:Great Observatories program
3466:International Space Station
3444:Roscosmos State Corporation
3361:Science Mission Directorate
3307:Manned Space Flight Network
1726:Planetary and Space Science
1557:Ley, Willy (October 1968).
1519:Planetary and Space Science
767:wire with a diameter of 17
738:Acoustic detector (crystal
554:rocket was modified by the
4829:
4242:NASA cameras on spacecraft
4053:James Webb Space Telescope
3965:Solar Dynamics Observatory
3186:U.S. National Space Policy
1789:Advances in Space Research
1389:10.1109/JRPROC.1960.287448
1340:"Explorer-I and Jupiter-C"
806:Goldstone Tracking Station
716:Anton 314 omnidirectional
641:mercury chemical batteries
569:, on 3 November 1957. The
469:during the previous year,
248:1 February 1958, 03:47:56
36:
29:
4783:1958 in the United States
4750:
4562:
4473:
3317:Vehicle Assembly Building
3045:
2982:
2223:
1699:"The Orbit of Explorer-1"
1559:"The Orbit of Explorer 1"
1479:"Micrometeorite Detector"
1373:"Space Telemetry Systems"
1077:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1005:William Hayward Pickering
599:William Hayward Pickering
548:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
485:between the two nations.
433:
422:
413:
366:358 km (222 mi)
331:
327:
302:
298:
235:
231:
197:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
157:
153:
73:
51:
39:Explorer (disambiguation)
4388:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
4312:The Day the Earth Smiled
3647:Solar Terrestrial Probes
2122:14 November 2021 at the
1701:. For Your Information.
910:launch vehicle in 1959.
876:Van Allen radiation belt
521:International Designator
514:Van Allen radiation belt
4445:Other primates in space
4157:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3977:Mars Science Laboratory
3765:Spitzer Space Telescope
3354:Lunar Sample Laboratory
3297:Launch Services Program
2137:Smithsonian Institution
1748:2001P&SS...49..937E
1531:1959P&SS....1...27M
1481:. NASA. 28 October 2022
1424:. The Transistor Museum
1266:. NASA. 2 February 2005
930:Smithsonian Institution
915:Explorer-1 Prime Unit 2
894:were successful, while
427:Resistance Thermometers
425:Micrometeorite Detector
4460:National Astronaut Day
4403:The Astronaut Monument
4225:Space Shuttle missions
3925:Mars Exploration Rover
3908:Hubble Space Telescope
3817:Kepler space telescope
3617:Earth Observing System
3591:Mars Exploration Rover
3302:Mercury Control Center
1703:Galaxy Science Fiction
1589:. NASA. Archived from
1564:Galaxy Science Fiction
1303:. NASA. Archived from
977:, including Maj. Gen.
825:
789:
685:
661:
590:
506:Atlantic Missile Range
271:Atlantic Missile Range
4408:Lunar sample displays
4398:Space Mirror Memorial
4340:Voyager Golden Record
4232:United States rockets
3424: (with the
3332:Launch Control Center
1950:25 April 2016 at the
1630:(39). NASA: 361–363.
1444:"Cosmic-Ray Detector"
823:
787:
692:Instrument without a
680:
657:
588:
341:Reference system
162:Spacecraft properties
4546:Orbital launches in
3426:Soviet space program
3344:Johnson Space Center
3312:Kennedy Space Center
3275:spinoff technologies
2003:"The First Explorer"
1644:10.1029/2008EO390001
659:Explorer 1 schematic
577:on 6 December 1957.
37:For other uses, see
4435:Apollo 17 Moon mice
4291:Pillars of Creation
4198:Space Shuttle crews
3676:(human and robotic)
3670:Individual featured
3253:Ranks and positions
2078:West, Doug (2017).
1978:26 May 2016 at the
1871:1960spre.conf.1042D
1811:2002AdSpR..29..725E
1681:1960SAOSR..50.....Z
1636:2008EOSTr..89..361M
1446:. NASA. 14 May 2020
1301:Vanguard, A History
1148:. NASA. 14 May 2020
983:Walter Haeussermann
849:Explorer 1 changed
684:about the satellite
423:Cosmic-Ray Detector
149:111 days (achieved)
102:Harvard designation
48:
4237:NASA cancellations
4132:Deep Space Network
4122:Near Earth Network
3607:Living With a Star
3581:Project Prometheus
3561:Planetary Observer
2402:25 (Injun 4, IE-B)
1669:SAO Special Report
1110:Spaceflight portal
826:
790:
720:, designed by Dr.
718:Geiger–Müller tube
710:University of Iowa
694:tape data recorder
686:
682:Universal Newsreel
662:
612:transmitter fed a
591:
355:Medium Earth orbit
336:Orbital parameters
147:120 days (planned)
4793:Explorers Program
4765:
4764:
4505:
4504:
4418:stolen or missing
4215:uncrewed missions
4193:Apollo astronauts
4188:Gemini astronauts
4106:
4105:
3890:2001 Mars Odyssey
3665:
3664:
3541:Mars Surveyor '98
3499:
3498:
3442: (with
3375:Human spaceflight
3369:
3368:
3327:Launch Complex 48
3322:Launch Complex 39
3074:
3073:
3041:
3040:
2980:
2979:
2487:42 (Uhuru, SAS-A)
2217:Explorers Program
2089:978-1-9779279-1-0
1926:on 5 October 2013
1593:on 8 January 2008
1567:. pp. 93–102
1307:on 7 October 2018
1013:Wernher von Braun
987:Wernher von Braun
981:(3rd from left),
834:Mercury batteries
832:was three years.
678:
626:turnstile antenna
452:
451:
16:(Redirected from
4820:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4509:
4493:
4492:
4481:
4480:
4319:Fallen Astronaut
3960:Van Allen Probes
3680:
3586:Mars Exploration
3511:
3382:
3150:Space Task Group
3122:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3057:
3051:
2998:
2988:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2913:
2891:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2647:
2633:
2237:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2172:
2164:Internet Archive
2152:Internet Archive
2107:
2101:
2093:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2019:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1922:. Archived from
1911:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1865:(1): 1042–1058.
1856:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1822:
1804:
1802:astro-ph/0112054
1784:
1778:
1777:
1759:
1741:
1739:astro-ph/9911072
1721:
1715:
1714:
1697:(October 1968).
1691:
1685:
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1664:
1658:
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1198:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1142:
1123:Explorer program
1112:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1087:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1001:
991:Ernst Stuhlinger
975:Redstone Arsenal
970:
958:
923:Explorer-1 Prime
815:Washington, D.C.
757:
742:and solid-state
722:George H. Ludwig
679:
537:Project Vanguard
437:Explorer program
406:
405:
362:Perigee altitude
345:Geocentric orbit
240:Start of mission
178:Science Explorer
144:Mission duration
135:
126:
125:
119:
56:
49:
21:
4828:
4827:
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4545:
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4536:
4506:
4501:
4469:
4369:
4360:Mission patches
4335:Pioneer plaques
4298:Mystic Mountain
4275:Family Portrait
4268:The Blue Marble
4252:
4246:
4220:Apollo missions
4161:
4113:
4102:
4069:
3874:
3868:
3705:Mercury-Atlas 6
3675:
3671:
3661:
3595:
3531:Mariner Mark II
3495:
3476:Commercial Crew
3454:
3377:
3365:
3349:Mission Control
3248:Astronaut Corps
3243:Chief Scientist
3221:
3126:
3110:
3105:
3075:
3070:
3055:
3049:
3037:
2989:
2976:
2937:
2930:
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2911:
2889:
2847:
2820:
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2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2736:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2645:
2626:
2228:
2219:
2214:
2170:
2156:The short film
2124:Wayback Machine
2113:
2094:
2090:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2057:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1983:
1980:Wayback Machine
1971:
1967:
1955:
1952:Wayback Machine
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1854:
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1781:
1757:10.1.1.256.6140
1723:
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1088:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1061:
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1049:
1040:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1009:James Van Allen
1002:
993:
971:
962:
959:
950:
888:
847:
782:
755:
706:James Van Allen
669:
667:
665:Science payload
648:stainless steel
583:
550:(JPL), while a
541:Project Orbiter
529:
477:. This began a
448:
447:
440:
428:
426:
424:
401:
372:Apogee altitude
294:1 February 1958
291:Entered service
215:
175:Spacecraft type
148:
120:
115:
68:
59:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4826:
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4748:
4747:
4745:
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4739:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4701:
4698:Vanguard SLV-3
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4626:
4623:Vanguard SLV-2
4619:
4616:Vanguard SLV-1
4612:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4573:Vanguard TV3BU
4569:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4553:
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4503:
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4462:
4457:
4455:Astronauts Day
4452:
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4432:
4427:
4422:
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4405:
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4367:
4362:
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4347:
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4337:
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4327:
4322:
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4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4271:
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4222:
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4202:
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4185:
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4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4114:and navigation
4112:Communications
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4092:Europa Clipper
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
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3594:
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3588:
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3553:
3548:
3546:New Millennium
3543:
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3517:
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2699:
2692:
2685:
2682:85–89 (THEMIS)
2678:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
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2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2537:52 (Hawkeye 1)
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:44 (Solrad 10)
2494:
2489:
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2190:
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2183:
2178:
2167:
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2144:
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2126:
2112:
2111:External links
2109:
2088:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2035:
1993:
1965:
1937:
1906:
1883:
1842:
1820:10.1.1.192.380
1795:(5): 725–734.
1779:
1732:(9): 937–955.
1716:
1686:
1659:
1614:
1578:
1544:
1502:
1467:
1435:
1409:
1383:(4): 685–690.
1363:
1328:
1287:
1251:
1240:on 15 May 2008
1219:
1210:
1182:
1176:Paul Dickson,
1169:
1133:
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1017:
1003:
996:
994:
972:
965:
963:
960:
953:
949:
946:
887:
884:
857:due to energy
846:
843:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:micrometeorite
760:
759:
748:micrometeorite
735:
734:
730:
729:
666:
663:
614:dipole antenna
582:
579:
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525:
450:
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307:End of mission
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4731:Luna E-1 No.3
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4710:Luna E-1 No.2
4707:
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4691:Luna E-1 No.1
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4350:NASA insignia
4348:
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4330:Lunar plaques
4328:
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4282:Pale Blue Dot
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4208:
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4205:NASA aircraft
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4127:Space Network
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3450:Constellation
3448:
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3432:Space Shuttle
3430:
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3270:NASA research
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2879:76 (TERRIERS)
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2462:37 (Solrad 9)
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2110:
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2099:
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2072:
2064:
2063:public domain
2045:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:public domain
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:public domain
1981:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:public domain
1953:
1949:
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1925:
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1306:
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1283:public domain
1265:
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1255:
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1239:
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1234:
1229:
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1220:
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1128:
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872:South America
867:
865:
860:
856:
852:
851:rotation axis
844:
842:
840:
839:Pacific Ocean
835:
831:
830:orbital decay
822:
818:
816:
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807:
803:
799:
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627:
623:
619:
618:slot antennas
615:
611:
606:
602:
600:
596:
587:
580:
578:
576:
575:Vanguard TV-3
572:
568:
564:
561:
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553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
526:
524:
522:
517:
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511:
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499:
496:booster from
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:United States
456:
446: →
445:
439:
438:
432:
421:
416:
412:
408:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
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323:31 March 1970
322:
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118:
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82:Earth science
80:
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72:
66:
62:
55:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4757:
4753:
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4722:
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4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4604:Vanguard TV5
4602:
4597:ISZ D-1 No.1
4595:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4495:
4483:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4296:
4289:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4090:
4039:Perseverance
4038:
4000:
3993:
3970:
3930:
3913:
3897:New Horizons
3895:
3888:
3881:
3854:
3846:
3822:
3810:
3803:
3790:
3778:
3770:
3731:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3438:
3422:Apollo–Soyuz
3061:
3050:Green titles
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2896:82 (CHIPSat)
2840:
2833:
2826:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2477:40 (Injun 5)
2372:S-66A (BE-A)
2246:
2158:
2146:A film clip
2079:
2076:
2073:Bibliography
2048:. Retrieved
2038:
2016:. Retrieved
2006:
1996:
1968:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1919:
1909:
1886:
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1627:
1624:NASA History
1623:
1617:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:the original
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1562:
1525:(1): 27–31.
1522:
1518:
1483:. Retrieved
1448:. Retrieved
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1421:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1380:
1376:
1366:
1344:. Retrieved
1309:. Retrieved
1305:the original
1300:
1290:
1268:. Retrieved
1264:NASA History
1263:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1231:
1222:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1192:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1150:. Retrieved
979:John Medaris
927:
912:
889:
880:
868:
848:
827:
791:
765:nickel alloy
746:) to detect
712:containing:
703:
687:
658:
645:
630:
607:
603:
592:
545:
530:
518:
487:
467:Soviet Union
454:
453:
435:
312:Last contact
193:Manufacturer
105:1958 Alpha 1
78:Mission type
69:1958 Alpha 1
43:
4325:Deep fields
4253:and artwork
4251:NASA images
3823:Opportunity
3292:NASA Social
3118:and history
3056:Grey titles
2884:79 (HETE-2)
2800:93 (NuSTAR)
2775:81 (RHESSI)
2750:68 (SAMPEX)
2592:61 (Magsat)
2567:56 (ISEE-1)
2457:36 (GEOS-B)
2422:29 (GEOS-A)
1450:12 February
1428:25 February
1152:12 February
859:dissipation
804:of 33.24°.
802:inclination
752:cosmic dust
726:cosmic rays
481:during the
418:Instruments
402:Revolution
382:Inclination
315:23 May 1958
267:Launch site
245:Launch date
203:Launch mass
4772:Categories
4663:Explorer 5
4636:Explorer 4
4591:Explorer 3
4586:Vanguard 1
4580:Explorer 2
4567:Explorer 1
4413:Moon rocks
4173:Astronauts
4166:NASA lists
4023:OSIRIS-REx
3857:helicopter
3725:Pioneer 11
3718:Pioneer 10
3521:Hitchhiker
3396:suborbital
3233:Space Race
2780:83 (GALEX)
2760:73 (TRACE)
2724:HelioSwarm
2675:84 (Swift)
2657:78 (IMAGE)
2542:53 (SAS-C)
2527:50 (IMP-J)
2522:49 (RAE-B)
2517:48 (SAS-B)
2512:47 (IMP-H)
2502:45 (SSS-A)
2492:43 (IMP-I)
2482:41 (IMP-G)
2467:38 (RAE-A)
2452:35 (IMP-E)
2447:34 (IMP-F)
2442:33 (IMP-D)
2432:31 (DME-A)
2417:28 (IMP-C)
2407:26 (EPE-D)
2392:23 (S-55C)
2382:21 (IMP-B)
2362:18 (IMP-A)
2352:16 (S-55B)
2347:15 (EPE-C)
2342:14 (EPE-B)
2337:13 (S-55A)
2332:12 (EPE-A)
2247:Explorer 1
2129:Data Sheet
2018:3 February
1973:Explorer I
1876:9 February
1695:Ley, Willy
1597:6 February
1129:References
896:Explorer 2
855:precessing
758:10 g cm/s;
740:transducer
699:Explorer 3
690:Cosmic Ray
581:Spacecraft
527:Background
508:(AMR), in
479:Space Race
455:Explorer 1
444:Explorer 2
320:Decay date
281:Contractor
211:Dimensions
188:Explorer 1
170:Explorer I
167:Spacecraft
67:Explorer I
47:Explorer 1
18:Explorer I
4754:underline
4737:Pioneer 3
4724:Pioneer 2
4704:Pioneer 1
4649:Pioneer 0
4610:Sputnik 3
4440:Moon tree
4261:Earthrise
4136:Goldstone
4033:Mars 2020
4002:Voyager 2
3995:Voyager 1
3931:Curiosity
3875:operating
3873:Currently
3855:Ingenuity
3792:MESSENGER
3771:Sojourner
3700:Mercury 3
3690:Apollo 11
3637:Discovery
3627:Explorers
3216:Augustine
3180:Augustine
3001:Proposals
2994:Proposals
2874:72 (SNOE)
2821:97 (IXPE)
2807:94 (IRIS)
2793:91 (IBEX)
2770:75 (WIRE)
2765:74 (SWAS)
2755:70 (FAST)
2703:96 (ICON)
2696:95 (TESS)
2689:92 (WISE)
2662:80 (WMAP)
2652:77 (FUSE)
2640:69 (RXTE)
2622:67 (EUVE)
2617:66 (COBE)
2602:63 (DE-2)
2597:62 (DE-1)
2587:60 (SAGE)
2577:58 (HCMM)
2552:55 (AE-E)
2547:54 (AE-D)
2532:51 (AE-C)
2472:39 (AD-C)
2437:32 (AE-B)
2412:27 (BE-C)
2397:24 (AD-B)
2387:22 (BE-B)
2377:20 (IE-A)
2367:19 (AD-A)
2357:17 (AE-A)
2317:11 (S-15)
2302:9 (S-56A)
2240:1958–1992
2098:cite book
1930:5 October
1815:CiteSeerX
1752:CiteSeerX
1311:7 October
744:amplifier
633:germanium
610:milliwatt
571:U.S. Navy
567:Sputnik 2
552:Jupiter-C
475:Sputnik 2
471:Sputnik 1
117:1958-001A
111:COSPAR ID
4717:Beacon 1
4484:Category
4146:Canberra
4058:timeline
4046:timeline
3982:timeline
3938:timeline
3835:observed
3830:timeline
3798:Aquarius
3738:timeline
3711:Magellan
3673:missions
3571:Surveyor
3507:programs
3437:Shuttle–
3378:programs
3210:Aldridge
3129:creation
2890:INTEGRAL
2786:90 (AIM)
2646:71 (ACE)
2612:65 (CCE)
2607:64 (SME)
2582:59 (ICE)
2572:57 (IUE)
2507:46 (MTS)
2282:7 (S-1A)
2233:Missions
2120:Archived
2050:30 March
1976:Archived
1948:Archived
1894:, NASA.
1774:14114765
1397:51646193
1096:See also
919:Delta II
904:Beacon-1
864:Eulerian
483:Cold War
88:Operator
4758:italics
4684:Pilot-6
4677:Pilot-5
4670:Pilot-4
4656:Pilot-3
4642:Pilot-2
4630:Pilot-1
4496:Commons
4374:Related
4183:by year
4178:by name
3955:GOES 15
3945:GOES 14
3862:flights
3848:InSight
3804:Cassini
3732:Galileo
3657:SIMPLEx
3632:Voyager
3600:Current
3556:Pioneer
3526:Mariner
3505:Robotic
3486:Artemis
3459:Current
3402:Mercury
3394: (
3287:NASA TV
3226:General
3125:History
3062:Italics
3008:FINESSE
2957:SunRISE
2835:TRACERS
2710:SPHEREx
2277:6 (S-2)
2176:YouTube
2082:. U.S.
1867:Bibcode
1837:1110286
1807:Bibcode
1744:Bibcode
1677:Bibcode
1632:Bibcode
1571:30 July
1527:Bibcode
1485:30 July
1402:30 July
1346:30 July
1270:30 July
1244:30 July
1203:30 July
948:Gallery
908:Juno II
845:Results
794:perigee
708:of the
637:silicon
560:Jupiter
510:Florida
504:of the
500:at the
262:(RS-29)
132:SATCAT
4555:1959 →
4540:← 1957
4141:Madrid
4074:Future
3989:NuSTAR
3920:THEMIS
3842:RHESSI
3779:Spirit
3576:Viking
3566:Ranger
3417:Skylab
3412:Apollo
3407:Gemini
3265:Budget
3218:(2009)
3212:(2004)
3206:(2004)
3200:(2003)
3194:(2002)
3192:CFUSAI
3188:(1996)
3182:(1990)
3176:(1989)
3170:(1987)
3164:(1986)
3162:Rogers
3158:(1986)
3152:(1958)
3146:(1958)
3140:(1915)
3116:Policy
3033:ESCAPE
3028:EXCEDE
2918:Hitomi
2906:Suzaku
2869:HETE-1
2562:DADE-B
2557:DADE-A
2086:
2046:. NASA
1835:
1817:
1772:
1754:
1709:-102.
1395:
1342:. NASA
1011:, and
938:LC-26A
886:Legacy
798:apogee
780:Flight
498:LC-26A
494:Juno I
392:Period
386:33.24°
351:Regime
275:LC-26A
260:Juno I
256:Rocket
4742:SCORE
4086:NISAR
4041:rover
4013:MAVEN
3933:rover
3914:Swift
3825:rover
3786:LADEE
3781:rover
3773:rover
3750:GRAIL
3745:GALEX
3536:MESUR
3481:Orion
3282:NASA+
3258:Chief
3156:Paine
3023:ASTRE
3018:OHMIC
3013:Arcus
2944:GUSTO
2938:XRISM
2924:NICER
2912:TWINS
2901:CINDI
2828:PUNCH
2632:MIDEX
2322:S-45A
2287:S-46A
1855:(PDF)
1833:S2CID
1797:arXiv
1770:S2CID
1734:arXiv
1712:know.
1393:S2CID
1197:(PDF)
409:58402
226:watts
221:Power
139:00004
64:Names
4548:1958
4065:PACE
4008:WISE
3971:Juno
3811:Dawn
3755:WMAP
3695:COBE
3683:Past
3514:Past
3392:X-15
3385:Past
3198:CAIB
3168:Ride
3138:NACA
3108:NASA
2971:CASE
2964:EZIE
2931:GOLD
2853:UNEX
2842:COSI
2814:GEMS
2742:SMEX
2731:UVEX
2717:MUSE
2668:FAME
2327:S-55
2307:S-45
2297:S-56
2104:link
2084:ISBN
2052:2012
2020:2008
2013:NASA
1932:2013
1878:2023
1599:2008
1573:2024
1487:2024
1452:2021
1430:2008
1404:2024
1348:2024
1313:2018
1272:2024
1246:2024
1233:Time
1205:2024
1154:2021
989:and
898:and
635:and
473:and
96:ABMA
4018:MMS
3439:Mir
2950:AWE
2272:S-1
2174:on
1825:doi
1762:doi
1640:doi
1535:doi
1385:doi
932:'s
813:in
622:MHz
490:GMT
404:no.
250:GMT
224:60
184:Bus
134:no.
92:JPL
4774::
2857:MO
2312:10
2135:,
2100:}}
2096:{{
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2005:.
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1742:.
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1728:.
1707:93
1675:.
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1671:.
1638:.
1628:89
1626:.
1561:.
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1533:.
1521:.
1517:.
1505:^
1470:^
1420:.
1391:.
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1379:.
1375:.
1331:^
1299:.
1262:.
1230:.
1137:^
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