Expulsion of the Chagossians

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in 1972 that there were 426 Ilois families numbering 1,151 individuals who left the Chagos for Mauritius voluntarily or involuntarily between 1965 and 1973. In 1977, the Mauritian government independently listed a total of 557 families totaling 2,323 people — 1,068 adults and 1,255 children — a number that included families that had left voluntarily before the creation of the BIOT and never returned to the Chagos. The number reported by the Mauritian government in 1978 to have received compensation was 2,365, consisting of 1,081 adults and 1,284 minor children. The Mauritian Government's Ilois Trust Fund Board certified 1,579 individuals as Ilois in 1982.

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regard to international law, including obligations reflected in General Assembly resolutions 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960, 2066 (XX) of 16 December 1965, 2232 (XXI) of 20 December 1966 and 2357 (XXII) of 19 December 1967?; (b) What are the consequences under international law, including obligations reflected in the above-mentioned resolutions, arising from the continued administration by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of the Chagos Archipelago, including with respect to the inability of Mauritius to implement a programme for the resettlement on the Chagos Archipelago of its nationals, in particular those of Chagossian origin?"

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citizen has been accepted by approximately 1,000 individuals now living in the United Kingdom. Today, the United States understands that the United Kingdom remains actively engaged with the Chagossian community. Senior officials from the United Kingdom continue to meet with Chagossian leaders; community trips to the Chagos Archipelago are organized and paid for by the United Kingdom; and the United Kingdom provides support for community projects within the United Kingdom and Mauritius, to include a resource center in Mauritius. The United States supports these efforts and the United Kingdom's continued engagement with the Chagossian Community.

761:, specifically: Article 3 – The prohibition against degrading treatment; Article 6 – The right to a fair trial; Article 8 – The right to privacy in one's home; Article 13 – The right to obtain remedy before national courts, and; Protocol 1, Article 1 – The right to peaceful enjoyment of one's possessions. On 11 December 2012, the court rejected on the Application's request for a trial ruling that the B.I.O.T. did not come under the jurisdiction of the ECtHR, and that in any event, all claims had previously been raised and settled in the proper national, that is British, courts. 779:

establishment of a marine park – the world's largest – would in no way impinge on USG use of the BIOT, including Diego Garcia, for military purposes. He agreed that the UK and U.S. should carefully negotiate the details of the marine reserve to assure that U.S. interests were safeguarded and the strategic value of BIOT was upheld. He said that the BIOT's former inhabitants would find it difficult, if not impossible, to pursue their claim for resettlement on the islands if the entire Chagos Archipelago were a marine reserve.

23: 459:, KCVO, CMG, MBE, governor of the Seychelles, ordered all the dogs on Diego Garcia to be killed. More than 1000 pets were gassed with exhaust fumes. "They put the dogs in a furnace where the people worked", Lisette Talatte, in her 60s, told me, "and when their dogs were taken away in front of them our children screamed and cried". Sir Bruce had been given responsibility for what the US called "cleansing" and "sanitising" the islands; and the killing of the pets was taken by the islanders as a warning. 411:

any permanent inhabitants will imply that there is a population whose democratic rights will have to be safeguarded and which will therefore be deemed by the UN to come within its purlieu. The solution proposed is to issue them with documents making it clear that they are "belongers" of Mauritius and the Seychelles and only temporary residents of BIOT. This devise, although rather transparent, would at least give us a defensible position to take up at the UN.

2853: 2863: 30: 4074: 2639: 153: 424:, estimated the permanent population of Diego Garcia at 1,700. However, in a BIOT report made in June 1968, the British Government estimated that only 354 Chagossians were third-generation "belongers" on the islands. This number subsequently fell in further reports. Later in 1968, the British Government asked for help from the legal department of their own 629: 1606:

24(1)). The Rome Statute is silent in regard to violations which are committed prior to the entry into force of the Statute and continued afterwards. It is submitted that references in future cases to acts pre-dating the entry into force of the Statute may be useful in establishing the historical context but they may not be form the basis of a charge.

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In the decades following the resettlement of Chagossians in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the United Kingdom has taken numerous steps to compensate former inhabitants for the hardships they endured, including cash payments and eligibility for British citizenship. The opportunity to become a British

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In December 2001, three Chagossians, Olivier Bancoult, Marie Therese Mein, and Marie Isabelle France-Charlot sued the US government for being expelled from the islands and transferred against their will to another location. The lawsuit accused the United States of "trespass, intentional infliction of

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All but 12 of the 1,579 Chagossians eligible to receive compensation at the time signed the documents. The document also contained provisions for those that could not write, by allowing the impression of an inked thumbprint to ratify the document. However, some illiterate islanders say that they were

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Those sent to the Seychelles received a severance pay equal to their remaining contract term. Those sent to Mauritius were to receive a cash settlement from the British Government distributed through the Mauritian Government. However, the Mauritian Government did not distribute this settlement until

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The government is therefore often accused of deciding to clear all the islanders by denying they ever belonged on Diego Garcia in the first place and then removing them. This was to be done by issuing an ordinance that the island be cleared of all non-inhabitants. The legal obligation to announce the

345:

In the latter half of the 20th century, there were thus three major strands to the population — Mauritian and Seychelles contract workers (including management), and the Ilois. There is no agreement as to the numbers of Ilois living in the BIOT prior to 1971. However, the UK and Mauritius agreed

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The Court has the power to exercise jurisdiction following the 1 July 2002, when the Rome Statute was ratified by 60 States and thus entered into force (Article 126). Thus, the Rome Statute is based on the non-retroactivity principle and the temporal jurisdiction of the Court is prospective (Article

878:

Thank you for your petition regarding the former inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago. The U.S. recognizes the British Indian Ocean Territories, including the Chagos Archipelago, as the sovereign territory of the United Kingdom. The United States appreciates the difficulties intrinsic to the issues

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forever banning the islanders from returning home, to override the effect of the 2000 court decision. As of May 2010, some of the Chagossians were still making return plans to turn Diego Garcia into a sugarcane and fishing enterprise as soon as the defence agreement expired (which some thought would

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granted the islanders the right to return to the Archipelago. However, they were not actually allowed to return, and in 2002 the islanders and their descendants, now numbering 4,500, returned to court claiming compensation, after what they said were two years of delays by the British Foreign Office.

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On 25 February 2019, the International Court of Justice delivered an advisory opinion on the questions: "(a) Was the process of decolonization of Mauritius lawfully completed when Mauritius was granted independence in 1968, following the separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius and having

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Starting in March 1969, Chagossians visiting Mauritius found that they were no longer allowed to board the steamer home. They were told their contracts to work on Diego Garcia had expired. This left them homeless, jobless and without means of support. It also prevented word from reaching the rest of

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The Colonial Office is at present considering the line to be taken in dealing with the existing inhabitants of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). They wish to avoid using the phrase "permanent inhabitants" in relation to any of the islands in the territory because to recognise that there are

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In early March 1967, the British Commissioner declared BIOT Ordinance Number Two. This unilateral proclamation, the Acquisition of Land for Public Purposes (Private Treaty) Ordinance, enabled the Commissioner to acquire any land he liked (for the UK government). On 3 April 1967, under the provisions

341:

Throughout the 20th century, there existed a total population of approximately one thousand individuals, with a peak population of 1,142 on all islands recorded in 1953. In 1966, the population was 924. This population was fully employed. Although it was common for local plantation managers to allow

117:

attorney, petitioned the government of Mauritius to distribute the £650,000 compensation provided in 1972 by the British government. It was not distributed until 1977. Various petitions and lawsuits have been ongoing since then, but have not had much effect due to the repeated refusal of the USA and

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On 22 May 2019, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution welcoming the 25 February 2019 ICJ advisory opinion on the legal consequences of separating the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965, demanding that the United Kingdom unconditionally withdraw its colonial administration

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By 15 October 1971, the Chagossians on Diego Garcia had all been removed to the Peros Banhos and Salomon plantations on ships chartered from Mauritius and the Seychelles. In November 1972 the plantation on Salomon atoll was evacuated, with the population allowed to choose to be taken either to the

337:

In April 1967, the BIOT Administration bought out Chagos-Agalega for £600,000, thus becoming the sole property owner in the BIOT. The Crown immediately leased back the properties to Chagos-Agalega, but the company terminated the lease at the end of 1967, after which the BIOT assigned management of

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In the 1930s, Father Dussercle reported that 60% of the plantation workers were "Children of the Isles"; that is, born in the Chagos. However, beginning in 1962, the Chagos-Agalega Company began hiring Seychellois contract workers almost exclusively, along with a few from Mauritius, as many of the

277:

Significant demographic shifts in the island population began in 1962 when the French-financed Mauritian company Societé Huilière de Diego et Peros, which had consolidated ownership of all the plantations in the Chagos in 1883, sold the plantations to the Seychelles company Chagos-Agalega Company,

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In 1979, a Mauritian Committee asked Mr. Vencatassen's lawyer to negotiate more compensation. In response to this, the British Government offered £4m to the surviving Chagossians on the express condition that Vencatassen withdraw his case and that all Chagossians sign a "full and final" document

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for distribution. The Mauritian government, however, withheld the money until 1978. In response to litigation by islanders, the British Government contributed an additional £4 million, which was again turned over to the Mauritian Government, which distributed it in a series of disbursements

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which then owned the entire Chagos Archipelago, except for six acres at the mouth of the Diego Garcia lagoon. Thus, at no time did anyone living on the islands actually own a piece of real property there. Even the resident managers of the plantations were simply employees of absentee landlords.

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released in 2010, in a calculated move in 2009 to prevent re-settlement of the BIOT by native Chagossians, the UK proposed that the BIOT become a "marine reserve" with the aim of preventing the former inhabitants from returning to their lands. The summary of the diplomatic cable is as follows:

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At this same time, the UK and U.S. began talks with the objective of establishing a military base in the Indian Ocean region. The base would need to be on British Territory, as the U.S. had no possessions in the region. The U.S. was deeply concerned with the stability of the host nation of any

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at least every two years, but the distance from the nearest colonial headquarters (on Mauritius) meant few visits by officials, and that meant that these contract workers often stayed for decades between the visits of the Magistrate, and there is little doubt that some remained for a lifetime.

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HMG would like to establish a "marine park" or "reserve" providing comprehensive environmental protection to the reefs and waters of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), a senior Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) official informed Polcouns on May 12. The official insisted that the

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The Court delivered its opinion that "the process of decolonization of Mauritius was not lawfully completed when that country acceded to independence" and that "the United Kingdom is under an obligation to bring to an end its administration of the Chagos Archipelago as rapidly as possible."

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to decide in 2003 that the UK government ultimately decided to depopulate the entire Chagos to avoid scrutiny by the U.N.'s Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, known as the

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I told the inhabitants that we intended to close the island in July. A few of them asked whether they could receive some compensation for leaving 'their own country.' I kicked this into touch by saying that our intention was to cause as little disruption to their lives as possible.

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The purpose of the Immigration Ordinance is to maintain the fiction that the inhabitants of the Chagos are not a permanent or semi-permanent population. The Ordinance would be published in the BIOT gazette which has only very limited circulation. Publicity will therefore be

226:" to their former masters until 1 February 1839, at which time they became freemen. Following emancipation, the former slaves became contract employees of the various plantation owners throughout the Chagos. Contracts were required by colonial law to be renewed before a 818:. But in the 1960s, the U.S. and U.K. governments expelled the Chagossians from their homes to allow the United States to build a military base on Diego Garcia. Facing social, cultural, and economic despair, the Chagossians now live as a marginalized community in 543:

as Mauritius had legally binding rights to fish in the waters surrounding the Chagos Archipelago, to an eventual return of the Chagos Archipelago, and to the preservation of any minerals or oil discovered in or near the Chagos Archipelago prior to its return.

746:. On 22 October 2008, the UK Government won on appeal, the House of Lords overturned the 2006 High Court ruling and upheld the two 2004 Orders-in-Council and with them the Government's ban on anyone returning. On 29 June 2016, this decision was upheld by the 2774: 556: 266:, and Indian workers were employed on the island at various times in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, contributing to the Chagossian culture, as did plantation managers and administrators, visiting ships' crews and passengers, British and Indian 2819: 523:

if it is "committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack". However, the ICC is not retrospective; alleged crimes committed before 1 July 2002 cannot be judged by the ICC.

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Chagossian human rights activists charge that the number of Chagossian residents on Diego Garcia was deliberately under-counted in order to play down the scale of the proposed mass deportation. Three years before the depopulation plan was created,

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or Chagos Islanders. With no other work to be had, and all the islands granted by the Governor of Mauritius to the plantation owners, life continued for the Chagossians as before, with European managers and Ilois workers and their families.

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of the Chagossians. We cannot let others die without the opportunity to return home and obtain redress. The United States should provide relief to the Chagossians in the form of resettlement to the outer Chagos islands, employment, and

681: 2765: 302:. The political posture of an independent Mauritius, from which the remote British islands of the central Indian Ocean were administered, was not clearly known, but was of a nature expected to work against the security of the base. 322:. On 30 December 1966, the U.S. and UK signed a 50-year agreement to use the Chagos for military purposes, and that each island so used would be without a resident civilian population. This and other evidence at trial led the UK 313:

recommended to the UK Government in October 1964 to detach the Chagos from Mauritius. In January 1965, the U.S. Embassy in London formally requested the detachment of the Chagos as well. On 8 November, 1965 the UK created the

2006: 624:

In 1976, the government of the Seychelles took the British government to court. The Aldabra, Desroches, and Farquhar Islands were separated from the BIOT and returned to the Seychelles as it achieved independence in 1976.

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pensioners and the disabled to remain in the islands and continue to receive rations in exchange for light work, children after the age of 12 were required to work. In 1964, only 3 of a population of 963 were unemployed.

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issued an advisory opinion stating that the United Kingdom did not have sovereignty over the Chagos Islands and that the administration of the archipelago should be handed over "as rapidly as possible" to Mauritius. The

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In September 2018, the International Court of Justice in The Hague, heard arguments in a case regarding whether Britain violated Mauritian sovereignty when it took possession of the islands for its own purposes.

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The object of the exercise is to get some rocks which will remain ours; there will be no indigenous population except seagulls who have not yet got a committee. Unfortunately along with the Birds go some few

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from the area within six months. The resolution was passed by a recorded vote of 116 in favour, to 6 against (Australia, Hungary, Israel, Maldives, United Kingdom, United States), with 56 abstentions.

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In 1972, the British Government allocated £650,000 for compensation to the 426 Ilois families displaced to Mauritius. This money was intended to be paid directly to the families, and was given to the

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On 11 May 2006 the British High Court ruled that the 2004 Orders-in-Council were unlawful, and consequently that the Chagossians were entitled to return to the Chagos Archipelago. In

555:(ICJ) in order to clarify the legal status of the Chagos Islands archipelago in the Indian Ocean. The motion was approved by a majority vote with 94 voting for and 15 against and was 840: 621:, George Champion, who changed his name to George Chagos, began a one-man picket of the FCO, with a placard reading simply: 'DIEGO GARCIA'. This continued until his death in 1982. 2053: 2010: 923:

On 25 February 2019 the ICJ ruled that the United Kingdom infringed on the right of self-determination of the Chagos Islanders and was obliged to cede its control of the islands.

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Seychelles or Mauritius. On 26 May 1973 the plantation on Peros Banhos atoll was closed and the last of the islanders sent to Seychelles or Mauritius, according to their choice.

3706: 911:(ICJ) in order to clarify the legal status of the Chagos Islands archipelago in the Indian Ocean. The motion was approved by a majority vote with 94 voting for and 15 against. 4207: 4077: 2827: 4025: 4059: 2928: 2582: 512: 4197: 4167: 2878: 540: 160:

The Chagos Archipelago was uninhabited when first visited by European explorers, and remained that way until the French established a small colony on the island of

4202: 4020: 3473: 3197: 3105: 3838: 3728: 1219: 3738: 84: 3642: 3458: 601:

wrote and published an article titled "Islanders Were Evicted for U.S. Base" which related the plight of the Chagossians in detail. This prompted two U.S.

3853: 2857: 508:

rejected an Application for Trial in 2012 stating that no right of petition exists for residents of the British Indian Ocean Territory before that court.

365: 191:. However, nothing precluded the transport of slaves within the colony, and so the ancestors of the Chagossians were routinely shipped from Mauritius to 3429: 1555:"Latest developments | Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 | International Court of Justice" 4182: 3826: 3585: 3280: 2920: 222:

in 1834, and the colonial administration of the Seychelles (which administered the Chagos at the time) followed suit in 1835, with the former slaves "

4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4015: 2410:"General Assembly Welcomes International Court of Justice Opinion on Chagos Archipelago, Adopts Text Calling for Mauritius' Complete Decolonization" 1405: 1135: 3758: 2938: 2683: 2310: 797: 92: 43: 199:, and elsewhere. In addition, from 1820 to 1840, the atoll of Diego Garcia in the Chagos became the staging post for slave ships trading between 3903: 3843: 3664: 2606: 2333: 1503:"Chagos Islanders v Attorney General Her Majesty's British Indian Ocean Territory Commissioner [2003] EWHC 2222 (QB) (09 October 2003)" 951: 445:

the Diego Garcia population. Relatives who travelled to Mauritius to seek their missing family members also found themselves unable to return.

357: 282:

Ilois left the Chagos because of the change in management; by 1964, 80% of the population were Seychellois under 18-month or 2-year contracts.

2226: 1958: 1148:"Latest developments | Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 | International Court of Justice" 3923: 2508: 2468: 1813: 1772: 3227: 2273: 1837: 1619: 1571: 22: 4132: 4127: 3753: 3551: 3498: 3254: 2893: 2575: 770: 3848: 4187: 3515: 3182: 758: 747: 331: 3192: 377:. The plan was to deprive the Chagossians of an income and encourage them to leave the island voluntarily. In a memo from this period, 3918: 3768: 3696: 3637: 3244: 3157: 789: 729: 3441: 3058: 3006: 2915: 2738: 2489: 847: 2428: 652:

tricked into signing the documents and that they would never have signed sincerely had they known the outcome of their signatures.

338:

the plantations to the former managers of Chagos-Agalega, who had incorporated in the Seychelles as Moulinie and Company, Limited.

274:, and residents of Mauritius — to which individual Chagossians and their families traveled and spent lengthy periods of time. 4045: 3888: 3691: 3478: 3342: 113:

Legal action to claim compensation and the right of abode in the Chagos began in April 1973 when 280 islanders, represented by a

88: 3001: 3733: 3446: 2668: 2568: 904: 689: 592:(MMM) began to question the validity under international law of the purchase of the Chagos and the removal of the Chagossians. 548: 425: 135: 3546: 1985: 3716: 3652: 3053: 2616: 1644: 908: 754: 742:

On 23 May 2007, the UK Government's appeal against the 2006 High Court ruling was dismissed, and they took the matter to the

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decision was fulfilled by publishing the notice in a small-circulation gazette not generally read outside of FCO staff.

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The entire population of the Chagos, including the Ilois, was removed to Mauritius and the Seychelles by 27 April 1973.

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went on a hunger strike, and there were demonstrations in the streets (mainly organised by the MMM) over Diego Garcia.

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in 1968, concluding its forced deportations on 27 April 1973 with the expulsion of the remaining Chagossians on the

1915: 1230: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 3908: 3612: 3493: 3297: 3285: 2352: 1671: 895:

In November 2016, the United Kingdom restated it would not permit Chagossians to return to the Chagos Archipelago.

219: 100: 3048: 2996: 2966: 4177: 4172: 3933: 3414: 3100: 3073: 2372:"A half-century after being uprooted for a remote U.S. naval base, these islanders are still fighting to return" 2104: 1478:"A half-century after being uprooted for a remote U.S. naval base, these islanders are still fighting to return" 373:

of the order, the British government bought all the plantations of the Chagos archipelago for £660,000 from the

3898: 3463: 3172: 3162: 399: 2185: 326: 1645:"Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration (Mauritius v. United Kingdom) (Press Release and Summary of Award)" 3943: 3878: 3863: 3488: 3419: 3377: 3352: 3259: 3207: 3167: 3140: 3088: 3023: 2898: 851: 660: 605:

to look into the matter. They were told that the "entire subject of Diego Garcia is considered classified".

602: 576: 374: 119: 1136:"That's When the Nightmare Started: Forced displacement of the Chagossians" Human Rights Watch Report, 2023 3783: 3028: 2956: 2658: 2079: 520: 299: 188: 2976: 1061: 3953: 3217: 3063: 3043: 1297: 323: 208: 448:

Another action taken during the forced deportation was to massacre the residents' pets. As recorded by

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Foreign & Commonwealth Office, "BIOT: Health & Mortality in the Chagos Islands", London, 2000

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published an article titled "The Islanders that Britain Sold". That year, a Methodist preacher from

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On 4 April 2012, the sufficient number of 25,000 signatures was met to require a response from the

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then voted to give Britain a six-month deadline to begin the process of handing over the islands.

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Eviction from the Chagos Islands: Displacement and Struggle for Identity Against Two World Powers

811: 736: 61: 907:(UNGA) voted in favour of referring the territorial dispute between Mauritius and the UK to the 709:

happen as early as 2016). A few dozen other Chagossians were still fighting to be housed in the

551:(UNGA) voted in favour of referring the territorial dispute between Mauritius and the UK to the 1933:

R (on the application of Bancoult) v Secretary of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office

1530: 3721: 3436: 3394: 3177: 3083: 2807: 2663: 2504: 2485: 2464: 2458: 2376: 1809: 1441: 966: 961: 945: 867: 705: 469: 187:

The French surrendered Mauritius and its dependencies (including the Chagos) to the UK in the

1803: 1733:

The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003

1718:

The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003

1398:

R (on the application of Bancoult) v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

1290:

Chagos Islanders v Attorney General Her Majesty's British Indian Ocean Territory Commissioner

1100:

The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003

989:

The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003

4031: 3868: 3858: 3831: 3793: 3409: 3202: 3145: 3115: 2793: 2673: 2429:"UK could forfeit security council seat over Chagos Islands dispute, former diplomat claims" 1401: 859: 701: 641: 609: 456: 417: 361: 319: 1320: 1123: 1111: 501:

offered an Advisory Opinion at the request of the UN General Assembly on 25 February 2019.

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and have not been allowed to return home. The recent passing of the oldest member of the

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The Chagos Islands and international orders: human rights, rule of law, and foreign rule

1959:"Chagossians-the original inhabitants of Diego Garcia face U.S. government in the court" 368:, 1966, stating "Unfortunately along with the birds go some few Tarzans or Men Fridays." 254:

On the Chagos, this involved specific tasks and rewards, including housing, rations and

164:, composed of 50–60 men and "a complement of slaves". The slaves came from what are now 83:

advocates have said that the Chagossian right of occupation was violated by the British

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emotional distress, forced relocation, racial discrimination, torture, and genocide."

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four years later, and the Chagossians on Mauritius were not compensated until 1977.

3988: 3778: 3686: 3669: 3556: 3389: 2678: 2409: 1066: 831: 815: 757:. The Application said that the British Government violated their rights under the 535:

objected, stating this was contrary to its legal rights, and on 18 March 2015, the

271: 161: 123: 80: 65: 1773:"Diego Garcia, 1975: The Debate Over the Base and the Island's Former Inhabitants" 1648: 402:

whose origins are obscure, and who are being hopefully wished on to Mauritius etc.

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R v Secretary of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, ex parte Bancoult

3674: 3362: 3292: 2653: 2540: 449: 428:(FCO) in creating a legal basis for deporting the Chagossians from the islands. 306: 295: 247: 181: 147: 73: 1124:

England and Wales High Court, Case No: CO/4093/2004, 2006, Handed Down Judgment

1112:

England and Wales High Court, Case No: CO/4093/2004, 2006, Handed Down Judgment

935:

As of January 2020, the UK has refused to abide by the ICJ's advisory opinion.

753:

In 2005, 1,786 Chagossians made Application for a Trial of the issues with the

531:(MPA) was declared to cover the waters around the Chagos Archipelago. However, 3110: 2961: 2481:

United States and Britain in Diego Garcia – The Future of a Controversial Base

1757:

Ottaway, David B. (9 September 1975). "Islanders Were Evicted for U.S. Base".

1574:

European Court of Human Rights, Fourth Section, Decision, Application 35622/04

1173:"Chagos Islands dispute: UK accused of 'crimes against humanity' by Mauritius" 1099: 823: 227: 204: 196: 169: 165: 1732: 1717: 988: 4010: 3983: 3883: 3617: 3568: 2198: 2150: 2122: 1888: 819: 532: 497:

While no appropriate venue was found to hear the case for many decades, the

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An undated response was posted on the White House petition web site by the

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On 5 March 2012, an international petition was launched on the now-defunct

152: 1454: 1172: 246:

word meaning "Islanders" until the late 1990s, when they adopted the name

3590: 2560: 2249: 2244: 2203: 2155: 2127: 2054:"Britain shamed as exiles of the Chagos Islands win the right to go home" 2029: 1893: 1037: 267: 184:) but local administrations in Indian Ocean hindered its implementation. 2353:"U.N. Asks International Court to Weigh In on Britain-Mauritius Dispute" 1672:"U.N. Asks International Court to Weigh in on Britain-Mauritius Dispute" 680: 628: 180:

peoples. The French Government abolished slavery on 4 February 1794 (16

4003: 3998: 3573: 2391: 1919: 1692: 663:

in protest at the treatment of the islanders and to take the UK to the

200: 2180:

R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State For Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

1554: 1147: 519:(ICC), "deportation or forcible transfer of population" constitutes a 262:

society developed. Over the decades, Mauritian, Seychellois, Chinese,

3978: 3958: 633: 395: 886:

Thank you for taking the time to raise this important issue with us.

504:

Prior to the International Court of Justice's Advisory Opinion, the

172:

via Mauritius. Thus, the original Chagossians were a mixture of the

2532:

Archive of "Let Them Return", The Chagos People's Homeland Campaign

856:

Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor

3973: 3968: 3963: 3541: 2555: 1003:"A Return from Exile in Sight? The Chagossians and Their Struggle" 827: 679: 627: 539:

ruled that the Chagos Marine Protected Area was illegal under the

356: 286:

potential base, and sought an unpopulated territory, to avoid the

151: 2550: 2334:"Chagos islanders cannot return home, UK Foreign Office confirms" 2303:"The U.S. Government Must Redress Wrongs Against the Chagossians" 3948: 1805:

Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire

618: 3469:

190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident

3454:

JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.

2823: 2564: 1647:. Permanent Court of Arbitration. 19 March 2015. Archived from 808:

The U.S. Government Must Redress Wrongs Against the Chagossians

1838:"Rajni Lallah on Women in Chagos & Diego Garcia Struggles" 864:

Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs

255: 3096:

Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930)

1620:"UN ruling raises hope of return for exiled Chagos islanders" 3223:

1993 United Kingdom–United States Maritime Boundary Treaties

1993:

Asser Institute - Center for International and European Law

872:

Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs

16:

Forced relocation of the inhabitants of the Chagos Islands

2245:"Chagos islanders cannot return home, says Supreme Court" 1455:"Pilger reveals: British-US conspiracy to steal a nation" 1346:

England's Colonial Empire: Mauritius and its Dependencies

722:

United States District Court for the District of Columbia

472:

told the Chagossians that they would be forced to leave.

3308:

United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom

2392:"Chagos Islands dispute: UK obliged to end control - UN" 2227:"Britain wins appeal over Chagos islanders' return home" 4039:

The Evil Empire: 101 Ways That England Ruined the World

3240:

Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic

2501:

Chagos: A History, Exploration, Exploitation, Expulsion

1693:"Chagos legal status sent to international court by UN" 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 3702:

United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II

2906:

Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom

2884:

Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States

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population underscores the urgent need to improve the

1566: 1564: 1213: 1211: 1209: 234:

Those workers born in the Chagos were referred to as

3707:

Allied technological cooperation during World War II

2007:"Developments in the British Indian Ocean Territory" 203:, the Seychelles, and the French island of Bourbon ( 3809: 3529: 3328: 3268: 2947: 2871: 2785: 2702: 2646: 2599: 2546:

Chagos Archipelagos timeline (October 2005 archive)

1946:

Chagos Islanders v The Attorney General and another

1916:

Mauritius says may leave Commonwealth in Chagos row

294:requirements and the resulting political issues of 4026:18th-century American piracy of British literature 800:in the United States to consider the Chagos case. 47:Location of Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean 2297: 2295: 2274:"HMG FLOATS PROPOSAL FOR MARINE RESERVE COVERING" 1860: 1858: 68:atoll. The inhabitants, known at the time as the 2929:United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland 2105:"Abuse of executive power over Chagos Islanders" 700:On 10 June 2004 the British government made two 513:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 4078:Category:United Kingdom–United States relations 2879:Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C. 1603: 1599:Commentary Rome Statute: Part 2, Articles 11–21 1202:. Chippenham (UK): Antony Rowe Ltd. p. 32. 876: 874:). The non-committal response read as follows: 805: 776: 541:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 477: 454: 433: 408: 391: 3474:Detention of U.S. and UK diplomats in Zimbabwe 3198:United Nations Security Council Resolution 135 1549: 1547: 810:For generations, the Chagossians lived on the 648:renouncing any right of return to the island. 640:In 1978, at Bain Des Dames in Port Louis, six 385:(later Lord Greenhill of Harrow) wrote to the 87:as a result of the 1966 agreement between the 3839:United States v England (1950 FIFA World Cup) 3729:British contribution to the Manhattan Project 2835: 2576: 1728: 1726: 1525: 1523: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 431:The first paragraph of the FCO's reply read: 8: 4060:President Trump – The Piers Morgan Interview 3739:British nuclear testing in the United States 406:Another internal Colonial Office memo read: 3643:Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom 2080:"Bancoult, Olivier vs. McNamara, Robert S." 1986:"Deportation/exile of the Chagos Islanders" 1393: 1391: 984: 982: 4021:Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations 2842: 2828: 2820: 2583: 2569: 2561: 2009:. Fco.gov.uk. 15 June 2004. Archived from 1200:Peak of Limuria: the story of Diego Garcia 156:A Chagossian man harvesting coconuts, 1971 3827:United Kingdom and the American Civil War 3586:International Maritime Security Construct 3281:United States Declaration of Independence 2921:Consulate of the United States, Liverpool 1789: 1744: 1618:Owen Bowcott; Sam Jones (19 March 2015). 106:, and that additional compensation and a 60:, began expelling the inhabitants of the 4016:Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden 3759:Combined Production and Resources Board 2939:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs 2684:Diego Garcia and Chagos Islands Council 1687: 1685: 1533:A Brief History of the Ilois Experience 978: 4208:United Kingdom–United States relations 4168:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 3904:British International School of Boston 3854:Cayman Islands–United States relations 3844:American studies in the United Kingdom 3665:United States Naval Facility, Barbados 2858:United Kingdom–United States relations 2607:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 2229:. AFP. 22 October 2008. Archived from 1984:Bancoult, Olivier (20 December 2001). 952:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 684:The headquarters of BIOT police (2005) 126:beyond limited monetary compensation. 3924:Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission 3106:U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) 2503:. London: Chagos Conservation Trust. 2499:Wenban-Smith, N.; Carter, M. (2016). 1808:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 73. 1348:. Smith, Elder & Co. p. 403. 1007:Journal of International Human Rights 7: 3754:Combined Munitions Assignments Board 3552:CIA activities in the United Kingdom 3499:The United States of America v Nolan 3255:British-American Parliamentary Group 2894:Embassy of the United States, London 2370:Bengali, Shashank (14 August 2018). 2151:"Chagos families making visit home'" 1457:. Green Left Weekly. 3 November 2004 1437: 1416: 1402:[2006] EWHC 1038 (Admin) 1382: 1370: 1358: 1331: 1087: 879:raised by the Chagossian community. 3516:Trump Tower wiretapping allegations 3183:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 2457:Evers, Sandra; Kooy, Marry (2011). 1321:[2000] EWHC 413 (Admin) 1220:"Slavery in the Chagos Archipelago" 1033:"The Chagos Islands: A sordid tale" 759:European Convention on Human Rights 748:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 4198:Mauritius–United Kingdom relations 3919:Friends of Ireland (U.S. Congress) 3769:Combined Shipping Adjustment Board 3697:Diplomatic history of World War II 3638:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 3245:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 3158:Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement 2332:Bowcott, Owen (16 November 2016). 2123:"Chagos families win legal battle" 2025:"Exiles protest in Downing Street" 730:United States Secretary of Defense 270:troops stationed on the island in 14: 4203:Mauritius–United States relations 3442:Scottish Court in the Netherlands 3059:Anglo-French Financial Commission 3007:Shanghai International Settlement 2916:British Consulate-General, Boston 2351:Sengupta, Somini (22 June 2017). 2199:"Chagos exiles ruling overturned" 1865:BrandFour Design Communications. 1836:Lallah, Rajni (2 November 2010). 1775:. 4 November 1975. Archived from 1670:Sengupta, Somini (22 June 2017). 1294:[2003] EWHC 2222 (QB) 848:United States Department of State 511:According to Article 7(d) of the 4183:Forcibly depopulated communities 4073: 4072: 3889:American Ambulance Great Britain 3479:Release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi 3459:British Guantanamo Bay detainees 3343:Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident 3228:UK–US extradition treaty of 2003 2861: 2851: 2637: 2630: 2484:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2427:Doward, Jamie (5 January 2020). 1889:"President's threat over Chagos" 915:2018–2019 ICJ hearing and ruling 28: 21: 4163:1973 in international relations 4158:1972 in international relations 4153:1971 in international relations 4148:1970 in international relations 4143:1969 in international relations 4138:1968 in international relations 4046:Drunk Enough to Say I Love You? 3849:Bermuda–United States relations 3734:British hydrogen bomb programme 2556:http://chagosrefugeesgroup.org/ 1218:Taylor, Donald (January 2000). 1060:Pilger, John (1 October 2004). 905:United Nations General Assembly 843:under its policy at that time. 588:The Mauritian opposition party 549:United Nations General Assembly 464:Removal of the last inhabitants 426:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 136:United Nations General Assembly 74:Chagos Islanders or Chagossians 3717:British Security Co-ordination 3193:US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement 3054:Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 2889:British Ambassador's residence 2617:British Indian Ocean Territory 2551:http://www.letusreturnusa.org/ 2272:Embassy London (15 May 2009). 909:International Court of Justice 803:The petition read as follows: 755:European Court of Human Rights 665:International Court of Justice 553:International Court of Justice 537:Permanent Court of Arbitration 506:European Court of Human Rights 499:International Court of Justice 316:British Indian Ocean Territory 131:International Court of Justice 29: 1: 3744:British Purchasing Commission 3537:2024 missile strikes in Yemen 2694:UK Chagos Support Association 2052:Tweedie, Neil (12 May 2006). 1229:. No. 14. Archived from 655:In 2007, Mauritian President 3764:Combined Raw Materials Board 3562:Expulsion of the Chagossians 3136:Washington Conference (1943) 3126:Second Washington Conference 3017:Halifax Fisheries Commission 2669:Aurélie Marie-Lisette Talate 2622:Chagos Marine Protected Area 2612:Expulsion of the Chagossians 796:website in order to ask the 590:Mouvement Militant Mauricien 529:Chagos Marine Protected Area 517:International Criminal Court 387:British Delegation at the UN 305:As a direct result of these 258:, and a relatively distinct 4133:1970s in the British Empire 4128:1960s in the British Empire 3799:Tripartite Naval Commission 3789:Four Power Naval Commission 3079:Washington Naval Conference 3012:Treaty of Washington (1871) 3002:Lyons–Seward Treaty of 1862 2276:. WikiLeaks. Archived from 750:, again by a 3–2 majority. 4226: 4188:People exiled to Mauritius 3909:British War Relief Society 3613:Operation Vigilant Warrior 3547:British Defence Staff – US 3494:FTC v. Balls of Kryptonite 3286:American Revolutionary War 2521:, International Relations. 1001:Nauvel, Christian (2007). 595:In 1975, David Ottaway of 207:), adding a population of 145: 4069: 3934:Mont Tremblant Conference 3596:Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo 3415:Venezuelan crisis of 1895 3303:Chesapeake–Leopard affair 3101:Destroyers-for-bases deal 3074:Conference of Ambassadors 2628: 2085:. Pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov 1344:Pridham, Charles (1846). 3899:British-American Project 3464:Dixie Chicks controversy 3173:Moscow Conference (1945) 3163:Second Quebec Conference 2987:Webster–Ashburton Treaty 2539:, a 2004 documentary by 1963:www.culturalsurvival.org 771:leaked diplomatic cables 659:threatened to leave the 603:Congressional committees 56:, at the request of the 3944:UK Fulbright Commission 3914:Cambridge–MIT Institute 3879:North Atlantic triangle 3864:Second British Invasion 3489:Death of Linda Norgrove 3425:Hindu–German Conspiracy 3420:Alaska boundary dispute 3378:Bombardment of Greytown 3353:Oregon boundary dispute 3260:Friends of Wales Caucus 3208:Polaris Sales Agreement 3168:Malta Conference (1945) 3141:First Quebec Conference 3089:Washington Naval Treaty 3039:Olney–Pauncefote Treaty 3024:Treaty of Berlin (1889) 2925:Northern Ireland Bureau 2899:Macdonald House, London 2775:Chagos advisory opinion 2478:Sand, Peter H. (2009). 1802:Winchester, S. (2003). 1296: (9 October 2003), 841:Office of the President 765:Diplomatic cables leaks 671:Developments since 2000 661:Commonwealth of Nations 580:between 1982 and 1987. 218:The British Government 211:slaves into the Chagos 3784:Four-Power Authorities 3029:Bering Sea Arbitration 2957:Treaty of Paris (1783) 2659:Louis Olivier Bancoult 2111:. London. 31 May 2007. 1842:www.lalitmauritius.org 1608: 1198:Edis, Richard (2004). 888: 837: 781: 685: 637: 521:crime against humanity 515:which established the 482: 461: 438: 413: 404: 375:Chagos Agalega Company 369: 309:concerns, the British 300:anti-Western sentiment 157: 3954:Apollo (cable system) 3218:Guadeloupe Conference 3064:Migratory Bird Treaty 3049:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty 3044:Tripartite Convention 2997:Clayton–Bulwer Treaty 2967:Monroe–Pinkney Treaty 2739:Chagos Islanders v UK 2647:Key groups and people 2013:on 27 September 2007. 1790:Evers & Kooy 2011 1745:Evers & Kooy 2011 903:On 23 June 2017, the 732:, was dismissed as a 683: 631: 559:by the UNGA in 2019. 547:On 23 June 2017, the 527:On 1 April 2010, the 475:A memorandum states: 422:Governor of Mauritius 360: 324:High Court of Justice 195:to the Chagos to the 155: 72:, are today known as 3939:Royal Oak Foundation 3929:Marshall Scholarship 3817:Special Relationship 3628:RAF Ascension Island 3608:Operation Sky Shield 3250:New Atlantic Charter 3233:Extradition Act 2003 3213:Bermuda II Agreement 2721:Bancoult v. McNamara 2689:Chagos Refugee Group 2517:Welz, Martin (2022) 2313:on 23 September 2011 2233:on 20 December 2008. 1578:. Hudoc.echr.coe.int 1404: (11 May 2006), 927:2019 UNGA resolution 718:Bancoult v. McNamara 657:Sir Anerood Jugnauth 577:Mauritian government 457:Sir Bruce Greatbatch 189:1814 Treaty of Paris 93:American governments 44:class=notpageimage| 4053:Letter from America 3894:The Atlantic Bridge 3749:Combined Food Board 3680:Supreme War Council 3603:Montreal Laboratory 3521:Death of Harry Dunn 3338:Embargo Act of 1807 3276:American Revolution 3188:Anglo-American loan 3153:Moscow Declarations 3034:Great Rapprochement 2398:. 25 February 2019. 2058:The Daily Telegraph 1867:"Stealing A Nation" 1759:The Washington Post 1576:, 20 December 2012" 1476:Bengali, Shashank. 1300:(England and Wales) 1236:on 19 January 2012. 1062:"Paradise cleansed" 720:, an action in the 608:In September 1975, 598:The Washington Post 4193:National questions 3530:Military relations 3509:Christopher Steele 3131:Bermuda Conference 3121:Arcadia Conference 2357:The New York Times 2280:on 2 December 2010 2159:. 29 February 2008 1676:The New York Times 1406:High Court (Admin) 1179:. 27 December 2019 812:Chagos Archipelago 737:political question 690:British High Court 686: 676:Legal developments 638: 370: 353:Forced deportation 158: 97:unpopulated island 62:Chagos Archipelago 4123:1973 in Mauritius 4118:1972 in Mauritius 4113:1971 in Mauritius 4108:1970 in Mauritius 4103:1969 in Mauritius 4098:1968 in Mauritius 4085: 4084: 3722:Alexander Halpern 3437:Pan Am Flight 103 3395:Chesapeake Affair 3178:Bermuda Agreement 3084:Four-Power Treaty 2977:Rush–Bagot Treaty 2817: 2816: 2808:Stealing a Nation 2801:Diego l'interdite 2664:Allen Vincatassin 2537:Stealing a Nation 2510:978-0-9954596-0-1 2470:978-90-04-20441-6 2377:Los Angeles Times 2207:. 22 October 2008 2033:. 3 November 2004 1965:. 8 February 2002 1815:978-0-14-101189-9 1482:Los Angeles Times 1334:, pp. 39–40) 1041:. 3 November 2000 967:Diaspora politics 962:Right to homeland 946:Stealing a Nation 868:Andrew J. Shapiro 850:, in the name of 784:Internet petition 706:Royal Prerogative 702:Orders in Council 493:International law 470:John Rawling Todd 220:abolished slavery 4215: 4178:Forced migration 4173:Ethnic cleansing 4076: 4075: 3869:Fountain of Time 3859:British Invasion 3832:Cotton diplomacy 3794:Operation Bolero 3692:European theatre 3410:Murchison letter 3203:Nassau Agreement 3146:Quebec Agreement 3116:Atlantic Charter 2872:Diplomatic posts 2866: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2844: 2837: 2830: 2821: 2794:Another Paradise 2674:Charlesia Alexis 2641: 2634: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2562: 2514: 2495: 2474: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2309:. 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Greenhill 355: 332:Committee of 24 311:Colonial Office 150: 144: 108:right of return 50: 49: 48: 46: 40: 39: 38: 37: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3648:Tizard Mission 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3576: 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4079: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4032:Albion's Seed 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3822:Resolute desk 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3712:Arnold Scheme 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3658:RNAD Coulport 3656: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3633:RNAD Coulport 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3623:Project Emily 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3368:Paulet affair 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3315:Aroostook War 3313: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 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2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2491:9780230617094 2487: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2265: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2186: UKHL 61 2182: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2131:. 23 May 2007 2130: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1868: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1753: 1750: 1747:, p. 64. 1746: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1663: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1590: 1577: 1575: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1535:, 1 May 2013" 1534: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1483: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1419:, p. 70) 1418: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1385:, p. 82) 1384: 1379: 1376: 1373:, p. 58) 1372: 1367: 1364: 1361:, p. 40) 1360: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1090:, p. 69. 1089: 1084: 1081: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1012: 1008: 1004: 997: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 972: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 947: 943: 942: 938: 936: 933: 926: 924: 921: 914: 912: 910: 906: 898: 896: 890: 887: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 842: 836: 835:compensation. 833: 829: 825: 821: 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Retrieved 2433:The Guardian 2432: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2375: 2365: 2356: 2346: 2338:the Guardian 2337: 2327: 2315:. Retrieved 2311:the original 2282:. Retrieved 2278:the original 2267: 2255:. Retrieved 2248: 2239: 2231:the original 2221: 2209:. Retrieved 2202: 2193: 2178: 2173: 2161:. Retrieved 2154: 2145: 2133:. Retrieved 2126: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2087:. Retrieved 2074: 2062:. Retrieved 2057: 2047: 2035:. Retrieved 2028: 2019: 2011:the original 2001: 1992: 1979: 1967:. Retrieved 1962: 1953: 1945: 1940: 1932: 1927: 1911: 1901:27 September 1899:. Retrieved 1892: 1883: 1871:. Retrieved 1845:. Retrieved 1841: 1831: 1819:. Retrieved 1804: 1797: 1785: 1777:the original 1767: 1758: 1752: 1740: 1713: 1701:. Retrieved 1696: 1675: 1665: 1653:. Retrieved 1649:the original 1639: 1627:. Retrieved 1624:The Guardian 1623: 1613: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1580:. Retrieved 1573: 1532: 1510:. Retrieved 1506: 1497: 1485:. Retrieved 1481: 1471: 1459:. 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Retrieved 1010: 1006: 996: 944: 934: 930: 922: 918: 902: 894: 885: 881: 877: 845: 838: 832:human rights 816:Indian Ocean 807: 806: 802: 787: 777: 768: 752: 741: 715: 699: 695: 688:In 2000 the 687: 654: 650: 646: 639: 623: 614:Sunday Times 613: 610: 607: 596: 594: 587: 574: 571:Compensation 565: 561: 546: 526: 510: 503: 496: 487: 483: 478: 474: 467: 455: 447: 443: 439: 434: 430: 414: 409: 405: 392: 371: 348: 344: 340: 336: 307:geopolitical 304: 284: 280: 276: 272:World War II 253: 239: 235: 233: 217: 186: 178:Austronesian 162:Diego Garcia 159: 128: 124:repatriation 112: 81:human rights 78: 69: 66:Peros Banhos 51: 3675:World War I 3363:Creole case 3293:War of 1812 2703:Legal cases 2654:Chagossians 2541:John Pilger 1227:Chagos News 891:2016 ruling 798:White House 450:John Pilger 400:Men Fridays 296:sovereignty 248:Chagossians 224:apprenticed 148:Chagossians 142:Chagossians 120:reparations 4092:Categories 3111:Lend-Lease 2962:Jay Treaty 2284:2 December 2211:3 November 2163:3 November 2135:3 November 2089:3 November 1969:21 October 1873:3 November 1582:3 November 1507:bailii.org 1440:, p. 1417:Sand (2009 1383:Edis (2004 1371:Edis (2004 1359:Edis (2004 1332:Edis (2004 1298:High Court 973:References 824:Seychelles 704:under the 364:signed by 228:magistrate 197:Seychelles 170:Madagascar 166:Mozambique 4011:Yo, Blair 3984:TAT-12/13 3884:USA House 3618:Project E 3569:Five Eyes 3330:Incidents 3269:Conflicts 2949:Diplomacy 2724:D.C. 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London 2030:BBC News 1944:Case of 1931:Case of 1894:BBC News 1697:BBC News 1655:29 March 1629:29 March 1177:BBC News 1038:BBC News 939:See also 724:against 632:US Navy 584:Protests 557:voted on 436:minimal. 268:garrison 182:Pluviôse 4004:Ariel 2 3999:Ariel 1 3810:Related 3653:Trident 3574:ECHELON 3358:Hermosa 3298:Origins 2600:History 2594:dispute 2317:4 April 2257:29 June 1920:Reuters 1847:23 July 1821:29 July 1703:23 June 1487:27 June 1461:30 June 1183:18 July 1157:18 July 1013:(1): 96 814:in the 396:Tarzans 205:Réunion 201:Sumatra 89:British 3979:TAT-11 3959:PTAT-1 3430:Impact 2507: 2488: 2467: 2184:, 1812: 866:) and 828:exiled 634:radome 264:Somali 260:Creole 99:for a 36:Chagos 3974:TAT-8 3969:TAT-7 3964:TAT-3 3542:AUKUS 3447:Trial 2786:Media 2772:2019 2763:2018 2754:2016 2745:2015 2742:ECtHR 2736:2012 2727:2008 2718:2006 2709:2000 2083:(PDF) 2064:1 May 2037:1 May 1989:(PDF) 1538:(PDF) 1400: 1319: 1292: 1234:(PDF) 1223:(PDF) 381:head 240:Ilois 238:, or 209:Malay 174:Bantu 70:Ilois 3949:AC-2 2769:UKSC 2760:UKSC 2733:UKHL 2715:EWHC 2505:ISBN 2486:ISBN 2465:ISBN 2440:2020 2319:2012 2286:2010 2259:2016 2213:2014 2165:2014 2137:2014 2091:2014 2066:2010 2039:2010 1971:2021 1903:2014 1875:2014 1849:2020 1823:2017 1810:ISBN 1705:2017 1657:2015 1631:2015 1584:2014 1514:2021 1489:2019 1463:2016 1185:2021 1159:2021 1075:2014 1047:2014 1019:2014 822:and 619:Kent 288:U.N. 176:and 168:and 122:and 101:U.S. 91:and 52:The 2778:ICJ 2751:PCA 2396:BBC 858:), 611:The 398:or 334:". 298:or 290:'s 256:rum 4094:: 2431:. 2414:UN 2412:. 2394:. 2374:. 2355:. 2336:. 2305:. 2294:^ 2247:. 2201:. 2153:. 2125:. 2107:. 2056:. 2027:. 1991:. 1961:. 1918:, 1891:. 1857:^ 1840:. 1725:^ 1695:. 1684:^ 1674:. 1622:. 1563:^ 1546:^ 1522:^ 1505:. 1480:. 1442:25 1390:^ 1305:^ 1242:^ 1225:. 1208:^ 1175:. 1150:. 1064:. 1035:. 1009:. 1005:. 981:^ 739:. 713:. 711:UK 667:. 452:: 420:, 389:: 215:. 76:. 2843:e 2836:t 2829:v 2584:e 2577:t 2570:v 2513:. 2494:. 2473:. 2442:. 2416:. 2380:. 2359:. 2340:. 2321:. 2288:. 2261:. 2215:. 2188:. 2167:. 2139:. 2093:. 2068:. 2041:. 1995:. 1973:. 1905:. 1877:. 1851:. 1825:. 1761:. 1707:. 1678:. 1659:. 1633:. 1602:: 1586:. 1572:" 1557:. 1540:. 1531:" 1516:. 1491:. 1465:. 1444:. 1187:. 1161:. 1114:. 1102:. 1077:. 1049:. 1021:. 1011:5 870:( 862:( 854:( 330:"

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Knowledge (XXG)

Expulsion of the Chagossians

Index