397:'s expungement law permits someone convicted of a crime to file a Petition for Dismissal with the court to re-open the case, set aside the plea, and dismiss the case. In order for one to qualify for expungement, the petitioner must have completed probation, paid all fines and restitution, and not currently be charged with a crime. If the requirements are met for eligibility, a court may grant the petition if it finds that it would be in the interest of justice to do so. A successful expungement will not erase the criminal record, but rather the finding of guilt will be changed to a dismissal. The petitioner then can honestly and legally answer to a question about their criminal history, with some exceptions, that they have not been convicted of that crime. What is actually stated on the record of the case is that the case was dismissed after conviction. If the petitioner is later convicted of the same crime again, then the expungement may be reversed.
409:), they must apply to the Superior Court for a Certificate of Rehabilitation (CR). The CR does not remove or expunge anything negative from the individual's record; however, it places something positive on it. Among other requirements, the applicant must live in California and have done so for at least 5 consecutive years prior to applying, and been law-abiding for 7 years starting from the sooner of their release from prison or court supervision. After they meet all requirements and receive a CR, certain rights of theirs are restored and a request for a
343:
state sets its own guidelines for what records can be expunged, or for whether expungements are available at all. The petitioner requesting an expungement of all or part of their record will have to complete forms and instructions to submit to the appropriate authority. The petitioner may choose to hire an attorney to guide them through the process, or he/she can decide to represent themselves. This is called appearing pro se.
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2010:
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sealed or expunged, all records of an arrest and/or subsequent court case are removed from the public record, and the individual may legally deny or fail to acknowledge ever having been arrested for or charged with any crime which has been expunged. Even after expungement, other states may maintain a public or confidential record of the charge and its disposition.
64:. When an expungement is granted, the person whose record is expunged may, for most purposes, treat the event as if it never occurred. A pardon (also called "executive clemency") does not "erase" the event; rather, it constitutes forgiveness. In the United States, an expungement can be granted only by a judge, while a pardon can be granted only by the
187:, arrests which do not lead to a finding of guilt "step down" as soon as the relevant decision is made (typically a "not guilty" verdict or a dismissal of charges) and become visible to law enforcement only. Records of cautions and minor convictions do not step down and remain on the PNC and on enhanced DRB checks until the offender's 100th birthday.
290:
to allow a minor who was accused of criminal acts, or in the language of many juvenile courts, "delinquent acts," to erase his record, typically at the age of 17 or 18. The idea is to allow the juvenile offender to enter adulthood with a "clean slate," shielding him or her from the negative effects of having a criminal record.
129:, if the activity for which the person was convicted was between persons of the same sex, the persons other than the person who was convicted had given their consent to participate in the activity, and the persons who participated in the activity were 16 years of age or older at the time the activity occurred.
434:
record, but in the state of
California, it can be expunged. California Penal Code 1203.4 allows most types of convictions may be expunged. To qualify, the person must have completed probation, satisfied all financial obligations, not currently be facing charges or court supervision, and not have been
293:
States have taken significantly different approaches when it comes to expungement for controlled substance violations such as marijuana and hashish. Typically, only convictions of possession or possession with the intent to distribute are eligible for expungement. Factors such as the weight/amount of
213:
In the United States, most states allow for expungement of criminal records, though laws vary significantly by state. The availability of expungement and the type of charge or conviction that may be expunged will depend upon the laws of the state in which the case was prosecuted. In some states, once
154:
In 2008 there was an amendment to sections 2 and 3 of the South
African Criminal Procedure Act (51 of 1977) known as the Criminal Procedure Amendment Act (65 of 2008). This new law came into effect on 6 May 2009. In summary, the new law says that those convicted of a minor offense, determined by
88:
Criminal records in each state of
Australia are covered by state law. In New South Wales, the relevant legislation is the Criminal Records Act 1991. Under the Act, an offender's criminal record may become spent if they do not re-offend for a period of 10 years. Offenses resulting in a prison term of
289:
Most jurisdictions have laws that allow the expungement of juvenile records once the juvenile reaches a certain age, and some states have automatic expungement procedures for juvenile records. In some cases, the records are destroyed; sometimes they simply are "sealed." The purpose of these laws is
227:
Eligibility for an expungement of an arrest, investigation, detention, or conviction record will be based on the law of the jurisdiction in which the record was made. Ordinarily, only the subject of the record may ask that the record be expunged. Often, the subject must meet a number of conditions
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and any federal department or agency must destroy or remove any judicial record of the conviction to which the expungement order relates that is in its repositories or systems. Provincial and municipal police forces and courts must also be notified of the expungement order. The person convicted of
342:
In some jurisdictions, all records on file within any court, detention or correctional facility, law enforcement or criminal justice agency concerning a person's detection, apprehension, arrest, detention, trial or disposition of an offense within the criminal justice system can be expunged. Each
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When applying for a state professional license or job that is considered a public office or high security (such as security guard, law enforcement, or related to national security), you must often disclose that you have an expunged conviction. Failure to disclose an expunged criminal charge may
443:
In states like
California, state laws allow an individual to reduce a "wobbler" offense from felony to misdemeanor, which will effectively restore firearm rights, provided that the individual has not been convicted of another felony or has not lost his or her firearm rights for another reason.
79:
Each jurisdiction whose law allows expungement has its own definitions of expungement proceedings. Generally, expungement is the process to "remove from general review" the records pertaining to a case. In many jurisdictions, however, the records may not completely "disappear" and may still be
368:
One of the major benefits for the individual of expunging a criminal record is that there is a chance the individual may regain their right to possess a firearm. Federal laws deprive individuals with felony and domestic violence offenses of their firearm rights. Some states also have statutes
145:
The
European Court of Human Rights has ruled that a person has a right to have their convictions erased from all records after the passing of certain time. As of September 2020, there is currently a case pending with the Court which aims at the ruling that permanent keeping of the records is
294:
the particular substance, age of the offender, and the number of offenses may impact eligibility for expungement as well. For example, in New Jersey, the threshold is 25 grams for marijuana and 5 grams for hashish if the offense occurred when the offender was 21 years of age or younger.
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can apply to have the conviction totally removed from their criminal record. Clause 96 confirms the effect of a successful application would ensure the person is considered as having not committed, nor been charged, prosecuted or convicted of a homosexual act.
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Juvenile criminal court records remain unless the individual petitions to have them sealed. This may be done when they reach their 18th birthday, even though some states provide for automatic expungement of certain juvenile records regardless of age.
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A criminal record can only be expunged by the jurisdiction in which it was created. The federal government cannot order the expungement of state criminal records. States cannot order the expungement of records from other states or jurisdictions.
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in some states but will not be sufficient to restore firearms rights in others. Seeking restoration of firearm rights may require that the petitioner specifically request restoration of those rights, or may require that the petitioner obtain a
171:. Offences punished by less than five years' imprisonment become spent after a period of time depending on the severity of the sentence; they remain on the offender's criminal record, but are not revealed in basic criminal record checks by the
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proposed the Second Chance Act in 2007, 2009, and 2011, which was intended to " the federal criminal code to allow an individual to file a petition for expungement of a record of conviction for a nonviolent criminal offense".
52:
defines "expungement of record" as the "Process by which record of criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed from the state or
Federal repository." While expungement deals with an underlying criminal record, it is a
89:
more than six months will not become spent. Additionally, for certain employment occupations (e.g. education or child services), a "full disclosure" check is required, and spent convictions are still visible.
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the type of sentence imposed, 10 or more years ago, qualify for the expungement of their criminal record. The sentence must have been a suspended jail term, correctional supervision or a fine.
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The petitioner files the petition with the court where the conviction occurred, and serves copies of the petition on other interested parties such as the prosecutor's office;
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available to law enforcement, to sentencing judges on subsequent offenses, and to corrections facilities to which the individual may be sentenced on subsequent convictions.
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in certain circumstances, and in most cases may not be used as a reason to refuse or terminate insurance or employment. In the data retention model of the
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The court holds a hearing on the petition to verify that the petitioner is eligible for expungement and that the grant of expungement is proper;
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or destroyed, making the records nonexistent or unavailable to the general public. If successful, the records are said to be "expunged".
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in which the subject is the petitioner or plaintiff asking a court to declare that the records be expunged.
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Procedures for obtaining an expungement are different in each state, but tend to follow a similar process:
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Relief From the
Collateral Consequences of a Criminal Conviction: A State-By-State Resource Guide
360:. Some criminal convictions may warrant automatic denials of licensure, whether expunged or not.
583:"Juvenile Records - A National Review of State Laws on Confideniality, Sealing and Expungement"
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https://stage-ips.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/shared/DA%20Discretion%20Final%20Report.pdf
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before the request will be considered. Some jurisdictions allow expungement for the deceased.
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The petitioner prepares a petition for expungement, often using a standard petition form;
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must order expungement of a conviction in respect of an offence that relates to acts of
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depriving individuals of certain gun rights, usually for a definitive period of time.
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506:"The ECHR and the right to have a criminal record and a drink-drive history erased"
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Felonies and first degree misdemeanors in which the victim is under 18 years of age
125:, as defined prior to 1969 and later on under the now repealed section 159 of the
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and cancel out certain criminal laws that were once effective. Under the Act, the
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There is no post-conviction relief available in the federal system, other than a
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Types of convictions that are often not eligible for expungement include:
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the offence is then deemed never to have been convicted of that offence.
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result in denial of a license or denial of a security clearance by the
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Process by which a record of criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed
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the term "spent conviction" is used. The relevant legislation is the
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That the conviction be of a nature not considered to be too serious;
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in which an individual who has been arrested for or convicted of a
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The court issues an order either granting or denying the petition.
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531:"Cameron Pledges Pardons for 'Outdated' U.K. Gay-Sex Convictions"
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Fulfilling a waiting period between the incident and expungement;
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That the petitioner complete probation without any incidents.
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For persons who serve sentences in the state prison system (
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A very real distinction exists between an expungement and a
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There is not much that can be done to remove or conceal a
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Having no more than a specified number of prior incidents;
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That the incident was disposed without a conviction; and
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That all terms of the sentence be completely fulfilled;
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Requirements may include one or more of the following:
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103:Expungement of Historically Unjust Convictions Act
42:seeks that the records of that earlier process be
713:CDCR Quick Reference Guide for CRs & Pardons
826:
381:that fully restores his or her civil rights.
8:
761:"California Penal Code Sections 1191-1210.5"
132:When notified of the expungement order, the
742:Calif. Courts Self Help -- Juvenile records
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282:Obscenity or pornography involving a minor
562:. Collateral Consequences Resource Center
1978:History of the American legal profession
702:California Penal Code § 4852.01-4852.21
635:Collateral Consequences Resource Center
631:"Why we need a federal expungement law"
482:
413:is automatically sent to the governor.
581:Shah, Riya Saha; Fine, Lauren (2014).
554:
552:
439:Reduction of a felony to a misdemeanor
767:. State of California. Archived from
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692:California Penal Code section 1203.4
169:Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974
655:Form CR-180 Petition for Dismissal
14:
962:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2009:
2008:
1994:
629:Dietrich, Sharon (3 June 2015).
238:Having no intervening incidents;
209:Expungement in the United States
1973:History of the legal profession
560:"Restoration of Rights Project"
435:sentenced to prison or parole.
250:That no proceedings be pending;
192:Protection of Freedoms Act 2012
612:"NJ Rev Stat § 2C:52-5 (2013)"
173:Disclosure and Barring Service
105:, in order to further promote
68:for federal offenses, and the
66:President of the United States
1:
504:Toplak, Jurij (20 May 2020).
401:Certificate of rehabilitation
676:"CA Codes (Pen:1191-1210.5)"
455:Martin v. Hearst Corporation
426:Impaired driving expungement
432:driving under the influence
218:Eligibility for expungement
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1640:International legal theory
1119:International slavery laws
1114:International human rights
1109:International criminal law
364:Firearm rights restoration
206:
74:varies from state to state
1988:
1693:Administration of justice
724:How to Apply for a Pardon
190:Since the passing of the
34:proceeding, is a type of
1470:Basic structure doctrine
1320:Natural and legal rights
1201:Public international law
787:23 December 2016 at the
390:Petition for expungement
372:Expungement may restore
196:Sexual Offences Act 1956
185:Police National Computer
181:inadmissible as evidence
1650:Principle of typicality
1124:International trade law
803:Margaret Colgate Love,
494:, p. 582 (6th ed. 1999)
338:Benefits of expungement
285:Serious weapons charges
491:Black's Law Dictionary
111:Parole Board of Canada
76:) for state offenses.
49:Black's Law Dictionary
1645:Principle of legality
1404:Delegated legislation
1104:Intellectual property
471:Rehabilitation Policy
358:Department of Justice
347:Limits of expungement
276:Corruption of a minor
1863:Barristers' chambers
1805:Legal representation
1743:Justice of the peace
1089:Financial regulation
510:Strasbourg Observers
99:Parliament of Canada
1898:Election commission
1610:Expressive function
1139:Landlord–tenant law
1038:Consumer protection
590:Juvenile Law Center
324:presidential pardon
318:Federal expungement
177:Disclosure Scotland
2056:Criminal procedure
1856:Legal institutions
1723:Lawsuit/Litigation
1713:Dispute resolution
1518:Catholic canon law
1226:State of emergency
1189:Will and testament
913:Law of obligations
866:Constitutional law
856:Administrative law
771:on 13 August 2015.
747:2010-09-15 at the
729:2010-10-08 at the
97:In June 2018, the
2066:Legal terminology
2038:
2037:
1698:Constitutionalism
1620:Law and economics
1458:Act of parliament
1196:Product liability
1149:Legal archaeology
1074:Environmental law
1068:Entertainment law
908:International law
682:on 22 August 2010
331:Charles B. Rangel
279:Sexual imposition
223:State expungement
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1822:Question of fact
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537:. 14 April 2015
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621:
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481:
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466:Record sealing
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165:United Kingdom
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159:United Kingdom
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94:
91:
85:
82:
70:state governor
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2078:
2067:
2064:
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2031:
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2019:
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2016:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1987:
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1911:
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1899:
1896:
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1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Civil society
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
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1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
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1842:Trier of fact
1840:
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1728:Legal opinion
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1708:Court-martial
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1704:
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1680:Jurisprudence
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1577:
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1569:Statutory law
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1564:Socialist law
1562:
1558:
1557:Byzantine law
1555:
1554:
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1508:Religious law
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1480:Legal systems
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1278:Statutory law
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1236:Transport law
1234:
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1154:Legal fiction
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1084:Financial law
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1077:
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1069:
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1056:
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1043:Corporate law
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1021:
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986:
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967:Statutory law
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849:Core subjects
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797:
790:
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616:Justia US Law
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203:United States
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182:
178:
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170:
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158:
156:
149:
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140:
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127:Criminal Code
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
90:
83:
81:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
22:
2027:
2020:
2006:
1992:
1765:Jurisdiction
1733:Legal remedy
1688:Adjudication
1588:Legal theory
1426:Ratification
1421:Promulgation
1392:Proclamation
1372:Codification
1305:Human rights
1293:Divine right
1283:Constitution
1251:Women in law
1169:Military law
1164:Marriage law
1159:Maritime law
1058:Election law
998:Aviation law
988:Abortion law
940:Property law
876:Criminal law
777:
769:the original
764:
755:
737:
719:
708:
697:
686:10 September
684:. Retrieved
680:the original
650:
638:. Retrieved
634:
624:
615:
610:Wu, Stella.
605:
593:. Retrieved
589:
576:
564:. Retrieved
539:. Retrieved
534:
525:
515:13 September
513:. Retrieved
509:
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329:Congressman
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296:
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259:
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212:
189:
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153:
150:South Africa
144:
131:
102:
101:enacted the
96:
87:
78:
59:
55:civil action
47:
31:
27:
24:legal system
18:
2051:Expungement
1937:Legislature
1868:Bureaucracy
1665:Rule of man
1660:Rule of law
1635:Libertarian
1498:Chinese law
1399:Legislation
1349:Regulations
1337:Law reports
1315:Natural law
1211:Reparations
1206:Refugee law
1129:Jurimetrics
1070:(Media law)
1008:Banking law
1003:Amnesty law
981:Disciplines
918:Private law
807:(June 2008)
146:excessive.
107:LGBT rights
28:expungement
2045:Categories
1930:Law school
1810:Prosecutor
1748:Magistrate
1535:Jewish law
1493:Common law
1414:Rulemaking
1409:Regulation
1359:Law making
1298:Divine law
1274:Legal code
1221:Sports law
1144:Law of war
1094:Health law
1079:Family law
1063:Energy law
1013:Bankruptcy
950:Punishment
945:Public law
541:20 October
477:References
395:California
385:California
374:gun rights
32:expunction
21:common law
1908:Judiciary
1903:Executive
1878:The bench
1815:Solicitor
1790:Barrister
1670:Sociology
1655:Pseudolaw
1595:Anarchist
1552:Roman law
1540:Parsi law
1525:Hindu law
1513:Canon law
1488:Civil law
1441:Concordat
1332:Precedent
1241:Trust law
1216:Space law
1053:Drugs law
923:Procedure
861:Civil law
535:Bloomberg
175:(DRB) or
84:Australia
2015:Category
1957:Tribunal
1942:Military
1785:Attorney
1755:Judgment
1615:Feminist
1530:Jain law
1327:Case law
1048:Cyberlaw
955:Corporal
933:Criminal
903:Evidence
893:Doctrine
871:Contract
785:Archived
745:Archived
727:Archived
448:See also
2029:Outline
1966:History
1873:The bar
1847:Verdict
1795:Counsel
1775:Justice
1630:History
1453:Statute
1269:Charter
1231:Tax law
1179:Probate
640:29 June
595:29 June
566:29 June
163:In the
123:buggery
36:lawsuit
19:In the
1947:Police
1918:Agency
1800:Lawyer
1545:Sharia
1436:Treaty
1431:Repeal
1377:Decree
1288:Custom
1184:Estate
1134:Labour
898:Equity
765:CA.gov
461:Pardon
411:pardon
407:felons
379:pardon
264:Murder
179:, are
141:Europe
93:Canada
62:pardon
44:sealed
2022:Index
1888:Court
1832:Trial
1738:Judge
1579:Yassa
1382:Edict
928:Civil
881:Crime
586:(PDF)
40:crime
26:, an
1770:Jury
1718:Fiqh
1574:Xeer
972:Tort
888:Deed
688:2010
642:2017
597:2017
568:2017
543:2016
517:2020
270:Rape
134:RCMP
842:Law
121:or
30:or
2047::
1276:/
763:.
661:^
633:.
614:.
588:.
551:^
533:.
508:.
326:.
117:,
834:e
827:t
820:v
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644:.
618:.
599:.
570:.
545:.
519:.
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