1539:
1551:
25:
75:
209:
of the backscattered wave are dependent on the type of atom doing the backscattering and the distance of the backscattering atom from the central atom. The dependence of the scattering on atomic species makes it possible to obtain information pertaining to the chemical coordination environment of the
162:
spectra. These spectra can be used to determine the average oxidation state of the element in the sample. The XANES spectra are also sensitive to the coordination environment of the absorbing atom in the sample. Finger printing methods have been used to match the XANES spectra of an unknown sample
154:
of an element in the sample. The x-ray absorption coefficient is usually normalized to unit step height. This is done by regressing a line to the region before and after the absorption edge, subtracting the pre-edge line from the entire data set and dividing by the absorption step height, which is
124:
of an atom within the sample, the number of x-rays absorbed by the sample increases dramatically, causing a drop in the transmitted x-ray intensity. This results in an absorption edge. Every element has a set of unique absorption edges corresponding to different binding energies of its electrons,
189:
of the measured absorption coefficient, thereby causing the oscillation in the EXAFS spectra. A simplified plane-wave single-scattering theory has been used for interpretation of EXAFS spectra for many years, although modern methods (like FEFF, GNXAS) have shown that curved-wave corrections and
129:
because the high intensity of synchrotron X-ray sources allows the concentration of the absorbing element to reach as low as a few parts per million. Absorption would be undetectable if the source were too weak. Because X-rays are highly penetrating, XAS samples can be gases, solids or liquids.
334:, a highly sensitive technique with elemental specificity. As such, EXAFS is an extremely useful way to determine the chemical state of practically important species which occur in very low abundance or concentration. Frequent use of EXAFS occurs in
190:
multiple-scattering effects can not be neglected. The photelectron scattering amplitude in the low energy range (5-200 eV) of the photoelectron kinetic energy become much larger so that multiple scattering events become dominant in the
112:
of a material as a function of energy is obtained by directing X-rays of a narrow energy range at a sample, while recording the incident and transmitted x-ray intensity, as the incident x-ray energy is incremented.
943:
Sayers, Dale E.; Stern, Edward A.; Lytle, Farrel W. (1 October 1971). "New
Technique for Investigating Noncrystalline Structures: Fourier Analysis of the Extended X-Ray—Absorption Fine Structure".
373:. A more modern and accurate account of the history of XAFS (EXAFS and XANES) is given by the leader of the group that developed the modern version of EXAFS in an award lecture by Edward A. Stern.
201:
of the photoelectron is dependent on the energy and phase of the backscattered wave which exists at the central atom. The wavelength changes as a function of the energy of the incoming photon. The
163:
to those of known "standards". Linear combination fitting of several different standard spectra can give an estimate to the amount of each of the known standard spectra within an unknown sample.
170:
from the absorbing atom, leaving behind a core hole. The atom with the core hole is now excited. The ejected photoelectron's energy will be equal to that of the absorbed photon minus the
1370:
832:
Filipponi, Adriano; Di Cicco, Andrea; Natoli, Calogero Renzo (1 November 1995). "X-ray-absorption spectroscopy and n-body distribution functions in condensed matter. I. Theory".
979:
A. Kodre, I. ArÄŤon, Proceedings of 36th
International Conference on Microelectronics, Devices and Materials, MIDEM, Postojna, Slovenia, October 28–20, (2000), p. 191-196
674:
43:
238:
XAS is an interdisciplinary technique and its unique properties, as compared to x-ray diffraction, have been exploited for understanding the details of local structure in:
1043:
587:
392:
591:
546:
1261:
311:
XAS provides complementary to diffraction information on peculiarities of local structural and thermal disorder in crystalline and multi-component materials.
1194:
1139:
1108:
1103:
1476:
1294:
1156:
166:
X-ray absorption spectra are produced over the range of 200 – 35,000 eV. The dominant physical process is one where the absorbed photon ejects a core
1425:
1088:
1365:
1167:
1068:
1577:
1311:
1289:
1036:
1377:
1299:
1129:
1234:
1179:
387:
1461:
1213:
1029:
696:
608:
563:
522:
61:
678:
226:
which are especially optimized for the purpose. The utility of a particular synchrotron to study a particular solid depends on the
1466:
1284:
756:
369:
A very detailed, balanced and informative account about the history of EXAFS (originally called Kossel's structures) is given by
1481:
1451:
1382:
1316:
1410:
1201:
1098:
634:
1208:
1113:
382:
347:
94:
1342:
1189:
1078:
1498:
997:
1337:
1306:
1239:
174:
of the initial core state. The ejected photoelectron interacts with electrons in the surrounding non-excited atoms.
1488:
1430:
1279:
1151:
658:
155:
determined by the difference between the pre-edge and post-edge lines at the value of E0 (on the absorption edge).
1514:
1493:
1256:
1134:
795:
185:
electron waves interfering with the forward-propagating waves. The resulting interference pattern shows up as a
280:
1555:
1387:
1083:
335:
98:
370:
1174:
937:"The EXAFS family tree: a personal history of the development of extended X-ray absorption fine structure"
261:
109:
1543:
1415:
1146:
1060:
181:-like nature and the surrounding atoms are described as point scatterers, it is possible to imagine the
793:
Rehr, J. J.; Albers, R. C. (1 June 2000). "Theoretical approaches to x-ray absorption fine structure".
102:
952:
843:
804:
421:
302:
1471:
1184:
1093:
319:
139:
1519:
1456:
1435:
1251:
1229:
1162:
1073:
924:
748:
720:
652:
581:
540:
315:
1420:
1347:
1321:
968:
916:
908:
867:
859:
834:
820:
781:
773:
692:
640:
630:
614:
604:
569:
559:
528:
518:
486:
478:
437:
358:
290:
556:
Introduction to XAFS : a practical guide to X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
960:
898:
890:
881:
879:
de Groot, Frank (2001). "High-Resolution X-ray
Emission and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy".
851:
812:
765:
684:
468:
429:
265:
1001:
732:
285:
275:
151:
956:
847:
808:
627:
X-ray absorption : principles, applications, techniques of EXAFS, SEXAFS, and XANES
425:
433:
355:
256:
171:
117:
1571:
202:
167:
147:
928:
702:
673:
Kelly, S. D.; Hesterberg, D.; Ravel, B.; Ulery, April L.; Richard Drees, L. (2008).
1052:
964:
269:
219:
182:
142:
are displayed as plots of the absorption coefficient of a given material versus
126:
936:
688:
412:
Bordwehr, R. Stumm von (1989). "A History of X-ray absorption fine structure".
322:
method can help in extracting more reliable and richer structural information.
855:
816:
769:
473:
456:
227:
218:
Since EXAFS requires a tunable x-ray source, data are frequently collected at
198:
186:
972:
912:
863:
824:
777:
618:
573:
532:
482:
441:
994:
644:
343:
339:
246:
206:
920:
785:
490:
210:
original absorbing (centrally excited) atom by analyzing these EXAFS data.
871:
351:
223:
121:
125:
giving XAS element selectivity. XAS spectra are most often collected at
903:
894:
250:
143:
16:
Measurement of X-ray absorption of a material as a function of energy
675:"Analysis of Soils and Minerals Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy"
230:
of the x-ray flux at the absorption edges of the relevant elements.
1016:
331:
242:
191:
159:
106:
90:
74:
298:
178:
1025:
1021:
629:. Koningsberger, D. C., Prins, Roelof. New York: Wiley. 1988.
18:
1011:
989:
764:(2). International Union of Crystallography (IUCr): 49–54.
1006:
1007:
GNXAS project and XAS laboratory, UniversitĂ di
Camerino
338:, where scientists try to understand the propagation of
39:
842:(21). American Physical Society (APS): 15122–15134.
89:), along with X-ray absorption near edge structure (
1507:
1444:
1403:
1396:
1358:
1330:
1272:
1222:
1122:
1059:
158:The normalized absorption spectra are often called
34:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
951:(18). American Physical Society (APS): 1204–1207.
603:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
889:(6). American Chemical Society (ACS): 1779–1808.
93:), is a subset of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (
393:Surface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure
177:If the ejected photoelectron is taken to have a
995:FEFF Project, University of Washington, Seattle
803:(3). American Physical Society (APS): 621–654.
1037:
8:
1109:Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules
1012:EXAFS Spectroscopy Laboratory (Riga, Latvia)
586:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
116:When the incident x-ray energy matches the
1400:
1104:Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy
1044:
1030:
1022:
590:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
545:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1477:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
1157:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization
902:
601:EXAFS: Basic Principles and Data Analysis
558:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
472:
314:The use of atomistic simulations such as
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
46:, without removing the technical details.
1245:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
83:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
73:
749:"Musings about the development of XAFS"
457:"Musings about the development of XAFS"
404:
990:International X-ray Absorption Society
728:
718:
650:
579:
538:
44:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1550:
747:Stern, Edward A. (1 February 2001).
388:X-ray absorption near edge structure
683:. Soil Science Society of America.
517:. Furst, Kirin Emlet. Boca Raton.
14:
1462:Deep-level transient spectroscopy
1214:Saturated absorption spectroscopy
1549:
1538:
1537:
1467:Dual-polarization interferometry
757:Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
461:Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
434:10.1051/anphys:01989001404037700
23:
1482:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
1457:Circular dichroism spectroscopy
1452:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
680:Methods of Soil Analysis Part 5
455:Stern, Edward A. (2001-03-01).
346:. EXAFS can be used along with
1411:Fourier-transform spectroscopy
1099:Vibrational circular dichroism
354:examinations, particularly in
1:
1578:X-ray absorption spectroscopy
1209:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
1114:Thermal infrared spectroscopy
554:Bunker, Grant, 1954- (2010).
513:Calvin, Scott. (2013-05-20).
383:X-ray absorption spectroscopy
348:accelerator mass spectrometry
1343:Inelastic neutron scattering
307:chemical speciation analysis
146:, typically in a 500 – 1000
1404:Data collection, processing
1280:Photoelectron/photoemission
1017:Community web site for XAFS
965:10.1103/physrevlett.27.1204
214:Experimental considerations
1594:
1489:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
1431:Time-resolved spectroscopy
689:10.2136/sssabookser5.5.c14
150:range beginning before an
1533:
1515:Astronomical spectroscopy
1494:Photothermal spectroscopy
856:10.1103/physrevb.52.15122
817:10.1103/revmodphys.72.621
796:Reviews of Modern Physics
770:10.1107/s0909049500014138
474:10.1107/S0909049500014138
99:absorption spectroscopies
78:Three regions of XAS data
281:organometallic compounds
101:, XAS techniques follow
1499:Pump–probe spectroscopy
1388:Ferromagnetic resonance
1180:Laser-induced breakdown
945:Physical Review Letters
336:environmental chemistry
1195:Glow-discharge optical
1175:Raman optical activity
1089:Rotational–vibrational
657:: CS1 maint: others (
110:absorption coefficient
79:
1416:Hyperspectral imaging
599:Teo, Boon K. (1986).
371:R. Stumm von Bordwehr
274:local distortions of
194:(or NEXAFS) spectra.
77:
1168:Coherent anti-Stokes
1123:UV–Vis–NIR "Optical"
295:vibrational dynamics
1472:Hadron spectroscopy
1262:Conversion electron
1223:X-ray and Gamma ray
1130:Ultraviolet–visible
957:1971PhRvL..27.1204S
848:1995PhRvB..5215122F
809:2000RvMP...72..621R
426:1989AnPh...14..377S
414:Annales de Physique
320:reverse Monte Carlo
1520:Force spectroscopy
1445:Measured phenomena
1436:Video spectroscopy
1140:Cold vapour atomic
1000:2022-01-21 at the
316:molecular dynamics
266:ionic implantation
80:
1565:
1564:
1529:
1528:
1421:Spectrophotometry
1348:Neutron spin echo
1322:Beta spectroscopy
1235:Energy-dispersive
895:10.1021/cr9900681
835:Physical Review B
515:XAFS for everyone
359:non-proliferation
268:of materials for
72:
71:
64:
1585:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1401:
1312:phenomenological
1061:Vibrational (IR)
1046:
1039:
1032:
1023:
976:
932:
906:
882:Chemical Reviews
875:
828:
789:
753:
736:
730:
726:
724:
716:
714:
713:
707:
701:. Archived from
662:
656:
648:
622:
595:
585:
577:
550:
544:
536:
495:
494:
476:
452:
446:
445:
409:
276:crystal lattices
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
27:
26:
19:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1525:
1503:
1440:
1392:
1354:
1326:
1268:
1218:
1118:
1079:Resonance Raman
1055:
1050:
1002:Wayback Machine
986:
942:
878:
831:
792:
751:
746:
743:
727:
717:
711:
709:
705:
699:
672:
669:
649:
637:
625:
611:
598:
578:
566:
553:
537:
525:
512:
509:
504:
499:
498:
454:
453:
449:
411:
410:
406:
401:
379:
367:
330:EXAFS is, like
328:
286:metalloproteins
257:solid solutions
236:
216:
152:absorption edge
136:
68:
57:
51:
48:
40:help improve it
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1295:Angle-resolved
1292:
1287:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
992:
985:
984:External links
982:
981:
980:
977:
940:
933:
876:
829:
790:
742:
739:
738:
737:
697:
668:
665:
664:
663:
635:
623:
609:
596:
564:
551:
523:
508:
505:
503:
500:
497:
496:
447:
420:(4): 377–465.
403:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
390:
385:
378:
375:
366:
363:
361:applications.
327:
324:
309:
308:
305:
296:
293:
291:metal clusters
288:
283:
278:
272:
259:
254:
235:
232:
215:
212:
172:binding energy
135:
132:
118:binding energy
97:). Like other
70:
69:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1590:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Near-infrared
1150:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
750:
745:
744:
740:
734:
722:
708:on 2019-07-16
704:
700:
698:9780891188575
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
676:
671:
670:
667:Book chapters
666:
660:
654:
646:
642:
638:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
610:9783642500312
606:
602:
597:
593:
589:
583:
575:
571:
567:
565:9780511809194
561:
557:
552:
548:
542:
534:
530:
526:
524:9781439878637
520:
516:
511:
510:
506:
501:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
408:
405:
398:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
376:
374:
372:
364:
362:
360:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
312:
306:
304:
300:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
248:
244:
241:
240:
239:
233:
231:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
188:
184:
183:backscattered
180:
175:
173:
169:
168:photoelectron
164:
161:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
131:
128:
123:
119:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
76:
66:
63:
55:
45:
41:
35:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
1554:
1542:
1522:(a misnomer)
1508:Applications
1426:Time-stretch
1317:paramagnetic
1244:
1135:Fluorescence
1053:Spectroscopy
948:
944:
935:F.W. Lytle,
886:
880:
839:
833:
800:
794:
761:
755:
710:. Retrieved
703:the original
679:
626:
600:
555:
514:
502:Bibliography
467:(2): 49–54.
464:
460:
450:
417:
413:
407:
368:
329:
313:
310:
237:
234:Applications
220:synchrotrons
217:
196:
176:
165:
157:
137:
127:synchrotrons
115:
86:
82:
81:
58:
49:
33:
1094:Vibrational
904:1874/386323
729:|work=
342:through an
270:electronics
222:, often at
1300:Two-photon
1202:absorption
1084:Rotational
712:2019-07-16
636:0471875473
399:References
340:pollutants
228:brightness
199:wavelength
187:modulation
134:Background
103:Beer's law
1378:Terahertz
1359:Radiowave
1257:Mössbauer
973:0031-9007
913:0009-2665
864:0163-1829
825:0034-6861
778:0909-0495
731:ignored (
721:cite book
653:cite book
619:851822691
582:cite book
574:646816275
541:cite book
533:711041662
483:0909-0495
442:0003-4169
344:ecosystem
303:solutions
247:amorphous
224:beamlines
207:amplitude
52:June 2019
1572:Category
1544:Category
1273:Electron
1240:Emission
1190:emission
1147:Vibronic
998:Archived
929:44020569
921:11709999
786:11512825
645:14904784
491:11512825
377:See also
352:forensic
326:Examples
122:electron
1556:Commons
1383:ESR/EPR
1331:Nucleon
1159:(REMPI)
953:Bibcode
872:9980866
844:Bibcode
805:Bibcode
422:Bibcode
365:History
356:nuclear
318:or the
253:systems
140:spectra
38:Please
1397:Others
1185:Atomic
971:
927:
919:
911:
870:
862:
823:
784:
776:
741:Papers
695:
643:
633:
617:
607:
572:
562:
531:
521:
489:
481:
440:
262:doping
251:liquid
144:energy
138:EXAFS
120:of an
105:. The
1338:Alpha
1307:Auger
1285:X-ray
1252:Gamma
1230:X-ray
1163:Raman
1074:Raman
1069:FT-IR
925:S2CID
752:(PDF)
706:(PDF)
507:Books
332:XANES
243:glass
203:phase
192:XANES
160:XANES
107:X-ray
91:XANES
87:EXAFS
969:ISSN
917:PMID
909:ISSN
868:PMID
860:ISSN
821:ISSN
782:PMID
774:ISSN
733:help
693:ISBN
659:link
641:OCLC
631:ISBN
615:OCLC
605:ISBN
592:link
588:link
570:OCLC
560:ISBN
547:link
529:OCLC
519:ISBN
487:PMID
479:ISSN
438:ISSN
299:ions
264:and
249:and
205:and
197:The
179:wave
1366:NMR
961:doi
899:hdl
891:doi
887:101
852:doi
813:doi
766:doi
685:doi
469:doi
430:doi
350:in
301:in
95:XAS
42:to
1574::
1371:2D
1290:UV
967:.
959:.
949:27
947:.
923:.
915:.
907:.
897:.
885:.
866:.
858:.
850:.
840:52
838:.
819:.
811:.
801:72
799:.
780:.
772:.
760:.
754:.
725::
723:}}
719:{{
691:.
677:.
655:}}
651:{{
639:.
613:.
584:}}
580:{{
568:.
543:}}
539:{{
527:.
485:.
477:.
463:.
459:.
436:.
428:.
418:14
416:.
245:,
148:eV
1045:e
1038:t
1031:v
975:.
963::
955::
939:,
931:.
901::
893::
874:.
854::
846::
827:.
815::
807::
788:.
768::
762:8
735:)
715:.
687::
661:)
647:.
621:.
594:)
576:.
549:)
535:.
493:.
471::
465:8
444:.
432::
424::
85:(
65:)
59:(
54:)
50:(
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
