2152:
polarization is associated with an electric field change. The transferred extensive quantities and their associated respective intensive quantities have dimensions that multiply to give the dimensions of energy. The two members of such respective specific pairs are mutually conjugate. Either one, but not both, of a conjugate pair may be set up as an independent state variable of a thermodynamic system. Conjugate setups are associated by
42:
1612:
2148:
corresponding quantity of entropy in the system respectively increases or decreases, but, in general, not in the same amount as in the surroundings. Likewise, a change in the amount of electric polarization in a system is not necessarily matched by a corresponding change in electric polarization in the surroundings.
1783:
of a system in thermal equilibrium is the same as the temperature of any part of it, so temperature is an intensive quantity. If the system is divided by a wall that is permeable to heat or to matter, the temperature of each subsystem is identical. Additionally, the boiling temperature of a substance
1758:
Not all properties of matter fall into these two categories. For example, the square root of the volume is neither intensive nor extensive. If a system is doubled in size by juxtaposing a second identical system, the value of an intensive property equals the value for each subsystem and the value of
4156:
Other systems, for which standard definitions do not provide a simple answer, are systems in which the subsystems interact when combined. Redlich pointed out that the assignment of some properties as intensive or extensive may depend on the way subsystems are arranged. For example, if two identical
2168:
More generally properties can be combined to give new properties, which may be called derived or composite properties. For example, the base quantities mass and volume can be combined to give the derived quantity density. These composite properties can sometimes also be classified as intensive or
2151:
In a thermodynamic system, transfers of extensive quantities are associated with changes in respective specific intensive quantities. For example, a volume transfer is associated with a change in pressure. An entropy change is associated with a temperature change. A change in the amount of electric
1771:
whose value does not depend on the amount of substance which was measured. The most obvious intensive quantities are ratios of extensive quantities. In a homogeneous system divided into two halves, all its extensive properties, in particular its volume and its mass, are divided into two halves. All
1791:
Any extensive quantity "E" for a sample can be divided by the sample's volume, to become the "E density" for the sample; similarly, any extensive quantity "E" can be divided by the sample's mass, to become the sample's "specific E"; extensive quantities "E" which have been divided by the number of
2143:
In thermodynamics, some extensive quantities measure amounts that are conserved in a thermodynamic process of transfer. They are transferred across a wall between two thermodynamic systems or subsystems. For example, species of matter may be transferred through a semipermeable membrane. Likewise,
2010:
it describes, or to the quantity of matter in the system. For example, the mass of a sample is an extensive quantity; it depends on the amount of substance. The related intensive quantity is the density which is independent of the amount. The density of water is approximately 1g/mL whether you
1795:
The distinction between intensive and extensive properties has some theoretical uses. For example, in thermodynamics, the state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties, along with one extensive property, such as mass. Other intensive
2147:
On the other hand, some extensive quantities measure amounts that are not conserved in a thermodynamic process of transfer between a system and its surroundings. In a thermodynamic process in which a quantity of energy is transferred from the surroundings into or out of a system as heat, a
4152:
noted that, although physical properties and especially thermodynamic properties are most conveniently defined as either intensive or extensive, these two categories are not all-inclusive and some well-defined concepts like the square-root of a volume conform to neither definition.
1699:
is one whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system. An intensive property is not necessarily homogeneously distributed in space; it can vary from place to place in a body of matter and radiation. Examples of intensive properties include
3337:, which is an intensive property. When the extensive property is represented by an upper-case letter, the symbol for the corresponding intensive property is usually represented by a lower-case letter. Common examples are given in the table below.
3223:
3800:, yielding terms such as molar volume, molar internal energy, molar enthalpy, and molar entropy. The symbol for molar quantities may be indicated by adding a subscript "m" to the corresponding extensive property. For example, molar enthalpy is
2164:
The ratio of two extensive properties of the same object or system is an intensive property. For example, the ratio of an object's mass and volume, which are two extensive properties, is density, which is an intensive property.
1331:
3054:
4096:
2539:
2870:
2788:
3283:
property is the intensive property obtained by dividing an extensive property of a system by its mass. For example, heat capacity is an extensive property of a system. Dividing heat capacity,
2144:
volume may be thought of as transferred in a process in which there is a motion of the wall between two systems, increasing the volume of one and decreasing that of the other by equal amounts.
2398:
1676:, according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of the system changes. The terms "intensive and extensive quantities" were introduced into physics by German mathematician
4046:
3968:
2314:
2679:
3827:
4368:
3106:
1166:
1111:
1056:
4545:
4516:
4327:
4298:
4125:
1688:
863:
816:
731:
684:
596:
549:
3931:
3094:
2745:
2722:
2579:
2253:
2220:
3985:
3878:
2933:
2808:
2699:
2421:
2334:
1641:
767:
635:
1001:
3335:
3308:
3257:
2646:
4646:
3851:
2336:, only the extensive properties will change, since intensive properties are independent of the size of the system. The scaled system, then, can be represented as
1342:
500:
3898:
2913:
2890:
2626:
2606:
2187:
1230:
839:
792:
707:
660:
572:
525:
464:
2941:
1320:
3796:
can be determined, then each of these thermodynamic properties may be expressed on a molar basis, and their name may be qualified with the adjective
2403:
Intensive properties are independent of the size of the system, so the property F is an intensive property if for all values of the scaling factor,
1909:
1353:
3097:
4053:
2429:
4385:
923:
4148:
The general validity of the division of physical properties into extensive and intensive kinds has been addressed in the course of science.
1634:
1221:
457:
335:
890:
273:
4438:
4410:
1405:
1379:
900:
4678:
4626:
4463:
306:
1458:
3274:
929:
328:
1849:
1627:
4372:
1558:
90:
1453:
2813:
2750:
1533:
1306:
283:
4683:
4673:
4178:
4162:
4128:
1995:
1951:
918:
121:
111:
126:
116:
2339:
1759:
an extensive property is twice the value for each subsystem. However the property √V is instead multiplied by √2 .
1448:
1410:
1374:
86:
4011:
1203:
951:
397:
210:
200:
3939:
3494:
2588:
of two extensive properties is an intensive property. To illustrate, consider a system having a certain mass,
1927:
3903:
For the characterization of substances or reactions, tables usually report the molar properties referred to a
2014:
Dividing one extensive property by another extensive property generally gives an intensive value—for example:
4098:
is the standard enthalpy variation of a reaction (with subcases: formation enthalpy, combustion enthalpy...).
4181:, the charge becomes intensive and the voltage extensive. The IUPAC definitions do not consider such cases.
3405:
2258:
2153:
2127:
2019:
1784:
is an intensive property. For example, the boiling temperature of water is 100 °C at a pressure of one
1615:
1443:
1240:
943:
882:
418:
407:
73:
4288:
3739:
3680:
3430:
2651:
1915:
1548:
1468:
1265:
349:
103:
78:
1483:
1060:
373:
219:
68:
3218:{\displaystyle F(\{a_{i}\},\{A_{j}\})=\sum _{j}A_{j}\left({\frac {\partial F}{\partial A_{j}}}\right),}
4232:
3803:
4491:
4247:
3060:
2545:
1974:
1563:
1488:
1478:
278:
152:
140:
3757:
3698:
1508:
1503:
1270:
292:
258:
253:
166:
4599:
3830:
3591:
3229:
1820:
1597:
1260:
1208:
1121:
1066:
1011:
440:
424:
311:
263:
248:
238:
47:
41:
4103:
1255:
845:
798:
713:
666:
578:
531:
4576:
4429:
Brown, T. E.; LeMay, H. E.; Bursten, B. E.; Murphy, C.; Woodward; P.; Stoltzfus, M. E. (2014).
3910:
3066:
2727:
2704:
2551:
2225:
2192:
4622:
4470:
A variable ... proportional to the size of the system is referred to as an extensive variable.
4459:
4434:
4406:
4381:
3856:
3567:
3536:
3268:
2918:
2793:
2684:
2406:
2319:
1936:
1785:
1768:
1681:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1592:
1553:
1543:
1115:
913:
749:
741:
614:
243:
233:
175:
4591:
4559:
4530:
4499:
4341:
4312:
4255:
4174:
3793:
3631:
2109:
2087:
2006:
An extensive property is a physical quantity whose value is proportional to the size of the
1904:
1867:
1709:
1513:
1498:
1438:
1433:
1250:
1245:
971:
895:
363:
228:
3313:
3286:
3235:
2631:
4170:
3836:
3479:
3426:
2100:
2039:
1960:
1942:
1773:
1463:
1311:
965:
606:
429:
190:
157:
4380:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: IUPAC and RSC Publishing. pp. 6 (20 of 250 in PDF file).
2011:
consider a drop of water or a swimming pool, but the mass is different in the two cases.
1772:
its intensive properties, such as the mass per volume (mass density) or volume per mass (
4495:
4251:
482:
3904:
3883:
3787:
3549:
2898:
2875:
2611:
2591:
2172:
1518:
1288:
824:
777:
692:
645:
557:
510:
388:
268:
205:
195:
63:
33:
4647:"What is the difference between intensive and extensive properties in thermodynamics?"
4667:
4158:
3721:
3662:
3644:
2075:
1877:
1873:
1834:
1587:
905:
474:
435:
147:
4603:
4555:
4526:
4337:
4308:
4200:
4149:
4132:
3454:
2066:
1538:
1523:
1473:
956:
4195:
and is not relevant for extremely small systems. Likewise, at a very small scale
17:
4482:
Canagaratna, Sebastian G. (1992). "Intensive and
Extensive: Underused Concepts".
4550:
4521:
4332:
4303:
4189:
3468:
3415:
3049:{\displaystyle F(\{a_{i}\},\{\lambda A_{j}\})=\lambda F(\{a_{i}\},\{A_{j}\}).\,}
1965:
1780:
1701:
1493:
301:
3992:
1677:
1582:
1528:
4554:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
4525:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
4336:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
4307:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
4595:
4563:
4534:
4345:
4316:
4185:
3981:
1987:
180:
4184:
Some intensive properties do not apply at very small sizes. For example,
4091:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\Delta } _{\mathrm {r} }H_{\mathrm {m} }^{\circ }}
4192:
3523:
3445:
2048:
1979:
1895:
1882:
1725:
1296:
1213:
1005:
413:
185:
4259:
4048:
is the standard molar heat capacity of a substance at constant pressure.
2534:{\displaystyle F(\{a_{i}\},\{\lambda A_{j}\})=F(\{a_{i}\},\{A_{j}\}).\,}
4166:
3615:
3434:
2057:
2023:
1859:
1752:
1717:
402:
4503:
3059:(This is equivalent to saying that extensive composite properties are
2544:(This is equivalent to saying that intensive composite properties are
27:
Properties independent of system size, and proportional to system size
4001:
3626:
2007:
1748:
1665:
3259:. This last equation can be used to derive thermodynamic relations.
1743:
is one whose magnitude is additive for subsystems. Examples include
4278:
Tolman, Richard C. (1917). "The
Measurable Quantities of Physics".
4196:
3974:
3489:
3421:
2585:
1829:
3853:, particularly when discussing a partial molar Gibbs free energy
1998:
for a more exhaustive list specifically pertaining to materials.
4136:
2316:. If the size of the system is changed by some scaling factor,
2118:
2015:
1744:
378:
4169:
of the system is equal to the voltage of each cell, while the
3310:, by the mass of the system gives the specific heat capacity,
2648:
is equal to mass (extensive) divided by volume (extensive):
4177:) is extensive. However, if the same cells are connected in
1796:
properties are derived from those two intensive variables.
1788:, regardless of the quantity of water remaining as liquid.
4577:"Use of Legendre transforms in chemical thermodynamics"
4135:, i.e. Gibbs energy over charge, which is measured in
3829:. Molar Gibbs free energy is commonly referred to as
3341:
Specific properties derived from extensive properties
2810:
s cancel, so this could be written mathematically as
4405:(12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 312.
4106:
4056:
4014:
3942:
3913:
3886:
3859:
3839:
3806:
3316:
3289:
3238:
3109:
3069:
2944:
2921:
2901:
2878:
2865:{\displaystyle \rho (\lambda m,\lambda V)=\rho (m,V)}
2816:
2796:
2753:
2730:
2707:
2687:
2654:
2634:
2614:
2594:
2554:
2432:
2409:
2342:
2322:
2261:
2228:
2195:
2175:
1124:
1069:
1014:
974:
848:
827:
801:
780:
752:
716:
695:
669:
648:
617:
581:
560:
534:
513:
485:
4617:
George N. Hatsopoulos, G. N.; Keenan, J. H. (1965).
2783:{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {\lambda m}{\lambda V}}}
1792:
moles in their sample are referred to as "molar E".
4119:
4090:
4040:
3962:
3925:
3892:
3872:
3845:
3821:
3329:
3302:
3251:
3217:
3088:
3048:
2927:
2907:
2884:
2864:
2802:
2782:
2739:
2716:
2693:
2673:
2640:
2620:
2600:
2573:
2533:
2415:
2392:
2328:
2308:
2247:
2214:
2181:
1160:
1105:
1050:
995:
857:
833:
810:
786:
761:
725:
701:
678:
654:
629:
590:
566:
543:
519:
494:
1689:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
4203:, whose color depends on the size of the "dot".
3986:standard conditions for temperature and pressure
2189:is a function of a set of intensive properties
1680:in 1898, and by American physicist and chemist
2393:{\displaystyle F(\{a_{i}\},\{\lambda A_{j}\})}
3232:is taken with all parameters constant except
1635:
8:
4424:
4422:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
3148:
3135:
3129:
3116:
3083:
3070:
3036:
3023:
3017:
3004:
2986:
2970:
2964:
2951:
2568:
2555:
2521:
2508:
2502:
2489:
2474:
2458:
2452:
2439:
2384:
2368:
2362:
2349:
2300:
2287:
2281:
2268:
2242:
2229:
2209:
2196:
4041:{\displaystyle C_{P,\mathrm {m} }^{\circ }}
4458:. Pearson / Benjamin Cummings. p. 6.
2034:Examples of extensive properties include:
1804:Examples of intensive properties include:
1642:
1628:
1191:
343:
162:
40:
29:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4111:
4105:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4032:
4026:
4019:
4013:
3963:{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {m} }^{\circ }}
3954:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3917:
3912:
3885:
3864:
3858:
3838:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3321:
3315:
3294:
3288:
3243:
3237:
3199:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3142:
3123:
3108:
3077:
3068:
3045:
3030:
3011:
2980:
2958:
2943:
2920:
2900:
2877:
2872:, which is analogous to the equation for
2815:
2795:
2760:
2752:
2729:
2706:
2686:
2681:. If the system is scaled by the factor
2661:
2653:
2633:
2613:
2593:
2562:
2553:
2530:
2515:
2496:
2468:
2446:
2431:
2408:
2378:
2356:
2341:
2321:
2294:
2275:
2260:
2236:
2227:
2203:
2194:
2174:
2169:extensive. Suppose a composite property
1668:can often be categorized as being either
1123:
1068:
1013:
973:
847:
826:
800:
779:
751:
715:
694:
668:
647:
616:
580:
559:
533:
512:
484:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4199:is not independent of size, as shown by
3339:
4621:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 19–20.
4212:
1388:
1365:
1319:
1279:
1229:
1194:
387:
362:
291:
218:
165:
32:
2309:{\displaystyle F(\{a_{i}\},\{A_{j}\})}
1776:), must remain the same in each half.
7:
4619:Principles of General Thermodynamics
4454:Engel, Thomas; Reid, Philip (2006).
4233:"Intensive and Extensive Properties"
3098:Euler's homogeneous function theorem
2915:is an extensive property if for all
2674:{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}}
4551:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
4522:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
4333:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
4304:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
4077:
4065:
4059:
4027:
3949:
3933:is added to the symbol. Examples:
3813:
3192:
3184:
2701:, then the mass and volume become
2584:It follows, for example, that the
2222:and a set of extensive properties
849:
802:
717:
670:
582:
535:
355:Intensive and extensive properties
25:
4433:(13th ed.). Prentice Hall.
3822:{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {m} }}
3275:List of thermodynamic properties
1611:
1610:
930:Table of thermodynamic equations
4401:Chang, R.; Goldsby, K. (2015).
1406:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
4431:Chemistry: The Central Science
3792:If the amount of substance in
3151:
3113:
3039:
3001:
2989:
2948:
2859:
2847:
2838:
2820:
2524:
2486:
2477:
2436:
2387:
2346:
2303:
2265:
1140:
1128:
1085:
1073:
1030:
1018:
990:
978:
1:
3907:. In that case a superscript
1307:Mechanical equivalent of heat
4129:standard reduction potential
3063:of degree 1 with respect to
2548:of degree 0 with respect to
1996:List of materials properties
1952:standard reduction potential
1912:(or electrical conductivity)
919:Onsager reciprocal relations
3580:Specific Gibbs free energy
1767:An intensive property is a
1411:Entropy as energy dispersal
1222:"Perpetual motion" machines
1161:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1106:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1051:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
4700:
4120:{\displaystyle E^{\circ }}
3980:is the molar volume of an
3785:
3272:
3266:
2747:, and the density becomes
858:{\displaystyle \partial T}
811:{\displaystyle \partial V}
726:{\displaystyle \partial p}
679:{\displaystyle \partial V}
591:{\displaystyle \partial T}
544:{\displaystyle \partial S}
3926:{\displaystyle ^{\circ }}
3397:
3392:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3345:
3089:{\displaystyle \{A_{j}\}}
2740:{\displaystyle \lambda V}
2717:{\displaystyle \lambda m}
2574:{\displaystyle \{A_{j}\}}
2248:{\displaystyle \{A_{j}\}}
2215:{\displaystyle \{a_{i}\}}
1332:An Inquiry Concerning the
4679:Thermodynamic properties
3873:{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}
3495:Specific internal energy
2928:{\displaystyle \lambda }
2803:{\displaystyle \lambda }
2694:{\displaystyle \lambda }
2416:{\displaystyle \lambda }
2329:{\displaystyle \lambda }
2255:, which can be shown as
2154:Legendre transformations
1928:specific internal energy
1345:Heterogeneous Substances
762:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
630:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
4596:10.1351/pac200173081349
4575:Alberty, R. A. (2001).
4564:10.1351/goldbook.D01614
4535:10.1351/goldbook.B00609
4346:10.1351/goldbook.E02281
4317:10.1351/goldbook.I03074
2018:(extensive) divided by
1662:properties of materials
4371:; et al. (2007).
4121:
4092:
4042:
3964:
3927:
3894:
3874:
3847:
3823:
3740:Specific heat capacity
3681:Specific heat capacity
3507:Molar internal energy
3331:
3304:
3253:
3219:
3090:
3050:
2929:
2909:
2886:
2866:
2804:
2784:
2741:
2718:
2695:
2675:
2642:
2622:
2602:
2575:
2535:
2417:
2394:
2330:
2310:
2249:
2216:
2183:
1916:specific heat capacity
1162:
1107:
1052:
997:
996:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
859:
835:
812:
788:
763:
727:
703:
680:
656:
631:
592:
568:
545:
521:
496:
475:Specific heat capacity
79:Quantum thermodynamics
4122:
4093:
4043:
3965:
3928:
3895:
3875:
3848:
3824:
3761:at constant pressure
3743:at constant pressure
3725:at constant pressure
3332:
3330:{\displaystyle c_{p}}
3305:
3303:{\displaystyle C_{p}}
3273:Further information:
3254:
3252:{\displaystyle A_{j}}
3220:
3091:
3061:homogeneous functions
3051:
2930:
2910:
2887:
2867:
2805:
2785:
2742:
2719:
2696:
2676:
2643:
2641:{\displaystyle \rho }
2623:
2603:
2576:
2546:homogeneous functions
2536:
2418:
2395:
2331:
2311:
2250:
2217:
2184:
1850:magnetic permeability
1343:On the Equilibrium of
1163:
1108:
1061:Helmholtz free energy
1053:
998:
860:
836:
813:
789:
764:
728:
704:
681:
657:
632:
593:
569:
546:
522:
497:
4231:Redlich, O. (1970).
4173:transferred (or the
4104:
4054:
4012:
3940:
3911:
3884:
3857:
3846:{\displaystyle \mu }
3837:
3804:
3366:Intensive (specific)
3314:
3287:
3236:
3107:
3096:.) It follows from
3067:
2942:
2919:
2899:
2876:
2814:
2794:
2751:
2728:
2705:
2685:
2652:
2632:
2612:
2592:
2552:
2430:
2407:
2340:
2320:
2259:
2226:
2193:
2173:
2160:Composite properties
2139:Conjugate quantities
2002:Extensive properties
1975:thermal conductivity
1910:specific conductance
1763:Intensive properties
1356:Motive Power of Fire
1122:
1067:
1012:
972:
924:Bridgman's equations
901:Fundamental relation
846:
825:
799:
778:
750:
714:
693:
667:
646:
615:
579:
558:
532:
511:
483:
4684:Chemical quantities
4674:Physical quantities
4496:1992JChEd..69..957C
4260:10.1021/ed047p154.2
4252:1970JChEd..47..154R
4087:
4037:
3959:
3758:Molar heat capacity
3702:at constant volume
3699:Molar heat capacity
3684:at constant volume
3666:at constant volume
3342:
3263:Specific properties
2040:amount of substance
1334:Source ... Friction
1266:Loschmidt's paradox
458:Material properties
336:Conjugate variables
4456:Physical Chemistry
4338:Extensive quantity
4309:Intensive quantity
4117:
4088:
4071:
4038:
4015:
3960:
3943:
3923:
3890:
3870:
3843:
3831:chemical potential
3819:
3592:Chemical potential
3340:
3327:
3300:
3249:
3230:partial derivative
3215:
3166:
3086:
3046:
2925:
2905:
2882:
2862:
2800:
2780:
2737:
2714:
2691:
2671:
2638:
2618:
2598:
2571:
2531:
2413:
2390:
2326:
2306:
2245:
2212:
2179:
2022:(extensive) gives
1821:chemical potential
1741:extensive quantity
1737:extensive property
1697:intensive quantity
1693:intensive property
1598:Order and disorder
1354:Reflections on the
1261:Heat death paradox
1158:
1103:
1048:
993:
855:
831:
808:
784:
759:
723:
699:
676:
652:
627:
588:
564:
541:
517:
495:{\displaystyle c=}
492:
465:Property databases
441:Reduced properties
425:Chemical potential
389:Functions of state
312:Thermal efficiency
48:Carnot heat engine
18:Extensive property
4651:Callinterview.com
4504:10.1021/ed069p957
4387:978-0-85404-433-7
4161:are connected in
3893:{\displaystyle i}
3779:
3778:
3604:
3568:Gibbs free energy
3537:Specific enthalpy
3473:
3450:
3420:
3385:Intensive (molar)
3269:Specific quantity
3206:
3157:
2908:{\displaystyle F}
2885:{\displaystyle F}
2778:
2669:
2621:{\displaystyle V}
2601:{\displaystyle m}
2182:{\displaystyle F}
1937:specific rotation
1769:physical quantity
1682:Richard C. Tolman
1652:
1651:
1593:Self-organization
1418:
1417:
1116:Gibbs free energy
914:Maxwell relations
872:
871:
868:
867:
834:{\displaystyle V}
787:{\displaystyle 1}
742:Thermal expansion
736:
735:
702:{\displaystyle V}
655:{\displaystyle 1}
601:
600:
567:{\displaystyle N}
520:{\displaystyle T}
448:
447:
364:Process functions
350:Property diagrams
329:System properties
319:
318:
284:Endoreversibility
176:Equation of state
16:(Redirected from
4691:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4633:
4632:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4590:(8): 1349–1380.
4581:
4572:
4566:
4556:Derived quantity
4543:
4537:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4426:
4417:
4416:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4374:IUPAC Green Book
4365:
4348:
4325:
4319:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4275:
4264:
4263:
4237:
4228:
4175:electric current
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4005:
4004:
3996:
3995:
3979:
3978:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3880:for a component
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3833:, symbolized by
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3782:Molar properties
3632:Specific entropy
3602:
3471:
3448:
3418:
3343:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3147:
3146:
3128:
3127:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3016:
3015:
2985:
2984:
2963:
2962:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2628:. The density,
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2500:
2473:
2472:
2451:
2450:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2361:
2360:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2280:
2279:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2110:spring stiffness
2088:Helmholtz energy
1905:refractive index
1868:specific gravity
1843:energy density,
1809:charge density,
1735:By contrast, an
1710:refractive index
1644:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1613:
1321:Key publications
1302:
1301:("living force")
1251:Brownian ratchet
1246:Entropy and life
1241:Entropy and time
1192:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
896:Clausius theorem
891:Carnot's theorem
864:
862:
861:
856:
840:
838:
837:
832:
817:
815:
814:
809:
793:
791:
790:
785:
772:
771:
768:
766:
765:
760:
732:
730:
729:
724:
708:
706:
705:
700:
685:
683:
682:
677:
661:
659:
658:
653:
640:
639:
636:
634:
633:
628:
597:
595:
594:
589:
573:
571:
570:
565:
550:
548:
547:
542:
526:
524:
523:
518:
505:
504:
501:
499:
498:
493:
471:
470:
344:
163:
44:
30:
21:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4664:
4663:
4655:
4653:
4644:
4642:
4640:Further reading
4637:
4636:
4629:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4584:Pure Appl. Chem
4579:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4544:
4540:
4515:
4511:
4490:(12): 957–963.
4481:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4351:
4326:
4322:
4297:
4293:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4214:
4209:
4171:electric charge
4146:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4010:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3973:
3971:
3938:
3937:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3882:
3881:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3835:
3834:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3790:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3750:
3742:
3732:
3724:
3713:
3701:
3691:
3683:
3673:
3665:
3654:
3601:
3559:
3515:
3480:Internal energy
3464:
3427:Specific volume
3387:
3368:
3349:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3167:
3138:
3119:
3105:
3104:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3026:
3007:
2976:
2954:
2940:
2939:
2917:
2916:
2897:
2896:
2874:
2873:
2812:
2811:
2792:
2791:
2770:
2762:
2749:
2748:
2726:
2725:
2703:
2702:
2683:
2682:
2650:
2649:
2630:
2629:
2610:
2609:
2590:
2589:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2511:
2492:
2464:
2442:
2428:
2427:
2405:
2404:
2374:
2352:
2338:
2337:
2318:
2317:
2290:
2271:
2257:
2256:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2141:
2136:
2101:internal energy
2083:
2032:
2004:
1992:
1961:surface tension
1943:specific volume
1923:
1802:
1774:specific volume
1765:
1648:
1603:
1602:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1398:
1384:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1256:Maxwell's demon
1218:
1189:
1188:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1010:
1009:
1008:
970:
969:
968:
966:Internal energy
961:
946:
936:
935:
910:
885:
875:
874:
873:
844:
843:
823:
822:
797:
796:
776:
775:
748:
747:
712:
711:
691:
690:
665:
664:
644:
643:
613:
612:
607:Compressibility
577:
576:
556:
555:
530:
529:
509:
508:
481:
480:
460:
450:
449:
430:Particle number
383:
342:
331:
321:
320:
279:Irreversibility
191:State of matter
158:Isolated system
143:
133:
132:
131:
106:
96:
95:
91:Non-equilibrium
83:
58:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4666:
4665:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4609:
4567:
4538:
4509:
4474:
4464:
4446:
4440:978-0321910417
4439:
4418:
4412:978-0078021510
4411:
4393:
4386:
4349:
4320:
4291:
4265:
4246:(2): 154–156.
4211:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4159:galvanic cells
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4114:
4110:
4099:
4085:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4061:
4049:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4007:
3957:
3951:
3946:
3920:
3916:
3905:standard state
3900:in a mixture.
3889:
3867:
3863:
3842:
3815:
3810:
3788:Molar quantity
3786:Main article:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3550:Molar enthalpy
3547:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3437:
3424:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3324:
3320:
3297:
3293:
3267:Main article:
3264:
3261:
3246:
3242:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2924:
2904:
2881:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2799:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2736:
2733:
2713:
2710:
2690:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2637:
2617:
2608:, and volume,
2597:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2412:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2325:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2178:
2161:
2158:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2003:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1963:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1893:
1880:
1871:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1818:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1764:
1761:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:Thermodynamics
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1289:Caloric theory
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1113:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1003:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
962:
960:
959:
954:
948:
947:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
926:
921:
916:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
886:
881:
880:
877:
876:
870:
869:
866:
865:
854:
851:
841:
830:
819:
818:
807:
804:
794:
783:
769:
758:
755:
745:
738:
737:
734:
733:
722:
719:
709:
698:
687:
686:
675:
672:
662:
651:
637:
626:
623:
620:
610:
603:
602:
599:
598:
587:
584:
574:
563:
552:
551:
540:
537:
527:
516:
502:
491:
488:
478:
469:
468:
467:
461:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
422:
411:
392:
391:
385:
384:
382:
381:
376:
370:
367:
366:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
333:
332:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
304:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
269:Free expansion
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
223:
222:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
206:Control volume
203:
198:
196:Phase (matter)
193:
188:
183:
178:
170:
169:
161:
160:
155:
150:
144:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
82:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
51:
46:The classical
45:
37:
36:
34:Thermodynamics
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4696:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4662:
4652:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4628:9780471359999
4624:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:Base quantity
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4484:J. Chem. Educ
4478:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4465:0-8053-3842-X
4461:
4457:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:(3): 237–253.
4285:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:J. Chem. Educ
4234:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4112:
4108:
4100:
4083:
4072:
4050:
4033:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3955:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3918:
3915:
3906:
3901:
3887:
3865:
3861:
3840:
3832:
3808:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3781:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3722:Heat capacity
3720:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3663:Heat capacity
3661:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Molar entropy
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3322:
3318:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3262:
3260:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3078:
3074:
3062:
3042:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2922:
2902:
2895:The property
2893:
2879:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2797:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2734:
2731:
2711:
2708:
2688:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2635:
2615:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2563:
2559:
2547:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2410:
2401:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2323:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2237:
2233:
2204:
2200:
2176:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2077:
2076:heat capacity
2074:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2026:(intensive).
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:boiling point
1875:
1874:melting point
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:concentration
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:According to
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Self-assembly
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:van der Waals
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:von Helmholtz
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1004:
987:
984:
981:
975:
967:
964:
963:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
940:
939:
932:
931:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:Ideal gas law
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
884:
879:
878:
852:
842:
828:
821:
820:
805:
795:
781:
774:
773:
770:
756:
753:
746:
743:
740:
739:
720:
710:
696:
689:
688:
673:
663:
649:
642:
641:
638:
624:
621:
618:
611:
608:
605:
604:
585:
575:
561:
554:
553:
538:
528:
514:
507:
506:
503:
489:
486:
479:
476:
473:
472:
466:
463:
462:
459:
454:
453:
442:
439:
437:
436:Vapor quality
434:
432:
431:
426:
423:
421:
420:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
390:
386:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
369:
368:
365:
361:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
341:
337:
330:
325:
324:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
294:
290:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:Reversibility
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
221:
217:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:Closed system
146:
145:
142:
137:
136:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
105:
100:
99:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
54:
53:
49:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
19:
4654:. Retrieved
4650:
4643:
4618:
4612:
4587:
4583:
4570:
4549:
4541:
4520:
4512:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4469:
4455:
4449:
4430:
4402:
4396:
4373:
4369:Cohen, E. R.
4331:
4323:
4302:
4294:
4283:
4279:
4243:
4239:
4201:quantum dots
4183:
4155:
4147:
4133:redox couple
3902:
3797:
3791:
3768:
3764:
3746:
3728:
3709:
3705:
3687:
3669:
3649:
3636:
3620:
3605:
3596:
3583:
3572:
3554:
3541:
3528:
3510:
3499:
3484:
3459:
3455:Molar volume
3439:
3410:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3280:
3278:
3227:
3058:
2894:
2583:
2543:
2402:
2167:
2163:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2079:
2070:
2067:Gibbs energy
2061:
2052:
2043:
2033:
2013:
2005:
1993:
1982:
1969:
1955:
1946:
1931:
1919:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1863:
1853:
1844:
1838:
1824:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1757:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1691:(IUPAC), an
1686:
1673:
1669:
1653:
1449:Carathéodory
1380:Heat engines
1352:
1341:
1330:
1312:Motive power
1297:
957:Free entropy
928:
428:
427: /
417:
416: /
408:introduction
401:
400: /
354:
339:
302:Heat engines
89: /
4190:macroscopic
4144:Limitations
3429:a.k.a. the
1966:temperature
1781:temperature
1702:temperature
1271:Synergetics
952:Free energy
398:Temperature
259:Quasistatic
254:Isenthalpic
211:Instruments
201:Equilibrium
153:Open system
87:Equilibrium
69:Statistical
4668:Categories
4207:References
3775:J/(mol·K)
3716:J/(mol·K)
3657:J/(mol·K)
3431:reciprocal
3228:where the
2790:; the two
1786:atmosphere
1678:Georg Helm
1583:Nucleation
1427:Scientists
1231:Philosophy
944:Potentials
307:Heat pumps
264:Polytropic
249:Isentropic
239:Isothermal
4403:Chemistry
4280:Phys. Rev
4186:viscosity
4113:∘
4084:∘
4060:Δ
4034:∘
3982:ideal gas
3956:∘
3919:∘
3862:μ
3841:μ
3754:J/(kg·K)
3695:J/(kg·K)
3641:J/(kg·K)
3347:Extensive
3193:∂
3185:∂
3159:∑
2996:λ
2974:λ
2923:λ
2845:ρ
2833:λ
2824:λ
2818:ρ
2798:λ
2772:λ
2764:λ
2755:ρ
2732:λ
2709:λ
2689:λ
2656:ρ
2636:ρ
2462:λ
2411:λ
2372:λ
2324:λ
1988:viscosity
1684:in 1917.
1674:extensive
1670:intensive
1564:Waterston
1514:von Mayer
1469:de Donder
1459:Clapeyron
1439:Boltzmann
1434:Bernoulli
1395:Education
1366:Timelines
1150:−
1095:−
883:Equations
850:∂
803:∂
754:α
718:∂
671:∂
625:−
619:β
583:∂
536:∂
244:Adiabatic
234:Isochoric
220:Processes
181:Ideal gas
64:Classical
4645:Suresh.
4604:98264934
4193:quantity
4163:parallel
3524:Enthalpy
3399:SI units
3389:property
3380:SI units
3370:property
3361:SI units
3351:property
3281:specific
2049:enthalpy
2030:Examples
1980:velocity
1896:pressure
1883:molality
1800:Examples
1726:hardness
1659:chemical
1655:Physical
1616:Category
1554:Thompson
1464:Clausius
1444:Bridgman
1298:Vis viva
1280:Theories
1214:Gas laws
1006:Enthalpy
414:Pressure
229:Isobaric
186:Real gas
74:Chemical
57:Branches
4656:7 April
4492:Bibcode
4248:Bibcode
4167:voltage
4150:Redlich
4127:is the
3988:(being
3616:Entropy
3435:density
2892:above.
2058:entropy
2024:density
1860:density
1753:entropy
1718:density
1666:systems
1539:Smeaton
1534:Rankine
1524:Onsager
1509:Maxwell
1504:Massieu
1209:Entropy
1204:General
1195:History
1185:Culture
1182:History
406: (
403:Entropy
340:italics
141:Systems
4625:
4602:
4462:
4437:
4409:
4384:
4179:series
4165:, the
4139:= J/C.
3610:J/mol
3562:J/mol
3518:J/mol
3474:L/mol
3406:Volume
3394:Symbol
3375:Symbol
3356:Symbol
2128:volume
2020:volume
2008:system
1749:volume
1724:; and
1529:Planck
1519:Nernst
1494:Kelvin
1454:Carnot
744:
609:
477:
419:Volume
334:Note:
293:Cycles
122:Second
112:Zeroth
4600:S2CID
4580:(PDF)
4546:IUPAC
4517:IUPAC
4378:(PDF)
4328:IUPAC
4299:IUPAC
4236:(PDF)
4197:color
4188:is a
4131:of a
3999:22.79
3972:22.79
3798:molar
3794:moles
3588:J/kg
3546:J/kg
3504:J/kg
3451:L/kg
3100:that
2586:ratio
1858:mass
1830:color
1577:Other
1544:Stahl
1499:Lewis
1489:Joule
1479:Gibbs
1474:Duhem
167:State
127:Third
117:First
4658:2024
4623:ISBN
4460:ISBN
4435:ISBN
4407:ISBN
4382:ISBN
4137:volt
3997:and
3977:/mol
3736:J/K
3677:J/K
2724:and
2119:mass
2016:mass
1994:See
1876:and
1866:(or
1813:(or
1779:The
1751:and
1745:mass
1664:and
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