Artificial cardiac pacemaker

1018:, a US specialist organization based in Washington, DC, deemed that it was legal and ethical to honor requests by patients, or by those with legal authority to make decisions for patients, to deactivate implanted cardiac devices. Lawyers say that the legal situation is similar to removing a feeding tube, though as of 2010 there was no legal precedent involving pacemakers in the United States. A patient in many jurisdictions (including the US) is deemed to have a right to refuse or discontinue treatment, including a pacemaker that keeps them alive. Physicians have a right to refuse to turn it off, but are advised by the HRS panel that they should refer the patient to a physician who will. Some patients consider that hopeless, debilitating conditions, such as severe strokes or late-stage dementia, can cause so much suffering that they would prefer not to prolong their lives with supportive measures. 440: 958:. However, a 2013 study found that "The overall risk of clinically significant adverse events related to EMI (electromagnetic interference) in recipients of CIEDs (cardiovascular implantable electronic devices) is very low. Therefore, no special precautions are needed when household appliances are used. Environmental and industrial sources of EMI are relatively safe when the exposure time is limited and distance from the CIEDs is maximized. The risk of EMI-induced events is highest within the hospital environment." The study lists and tabulates many sources of interference, and many different potential effects: damage to circuitry, asynchronous pacing, etc. Some sources of hazard in older devices have been eliminated in newer ones. 432: 735: 574:(AVB) the pacemaker is required to detect (sense) the atrial beat and after a normal delay (0.1–0.2 seconds) trigger a ventricular beat, unless it has already happened – this is VDD mode and can be achieved with a single pacing lead with electrodes in the right atrium (to sense) and ventricle (to sense and pace). These modes AAIR and VDD are unusual in the US but widely used in Latin America and Europe. The DDDR mode is most commonly used as it covers all the options though the pacemakers require separate atrial and ventricular leads and are more complex, requiring careful programming of their functions for optimal results. 318: 448:– it will stimulate either the atrium or the ventricle with a short low voltage pulse. If it does sense electrical activity, it will hold off stimulating. This sensing and stimulating activity continues on a beat by beat basis and is called "demand pacing". In the case of a dual-chamber device, when the upper chambers have a spontaneous or stimulated activation, the device starts a countdown to ensure that in an acceptable – and programmable – interval, there is an activation of the ventricle, otherwise again an impulse will be delivered. 1674: 877: 1139:

body at various places in the pathway from device to heart muscle, since the body tends to incorporate foreign devices into tissue. In some cases, for a lead that has been inserted for a short amount of time, removal may involve simple traction to pull the lead from the body. Removal in other cases is typically done with a laser or cutting device which threads like a cannula with a cutting edge over the lead and is moved down the lead to remove any organic attachments with tiny cutting lasers or similar device.

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depending on the surgeon's estimation of the probability that simple traction will suffice to more complex procedures. Leads can normally be disconnected from the pacemaker easily, which is why device replacement usually entails simple surgery to access the device and replace it by simply unhooking the leads from the device to replace and hooking the leads to the new device. The possible complications, such as perforation of the heart wall, come from removing the lead{s} from the patient's body.

623: 1747:), manufactured the world's first pacemaker with a lithium anode and a lithium-iodide electrolyte solid-state battery. Lithium-iodide or lithium anode cells increased the life of pacemakers from one year to as long as eleven years, and has become the standard for pacemaker designs. They began designing and testing their implantable cardiac pacemaker powered by a new longer-life lithium battery in 1971. The first patient to receive a CPI pacemaker emerged from surgery in June 1973. 1797:, has reported that inadequate access to advanced cardiovascular technologies is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in LMICs. Ever since the 1970s, multiple studies worldwide have reported on the safety and efficacy of pacemaker reuse. As of 2016, widely acceptable standards for safe pacemaker and ICD reuse had not been developed, and there continued to be legal and regulatory barriers to widespread adoption of medical device reuse. 271: 1027:

range; they did not attempt to develop a long range antenna. The proof of concept exploit helps demonstrate the need for better security and patient alerting measures in remotely accessible medical implants. In response to this threat, Purdue University and Princeton University researchers have developed a prototype firewall device, called MedMon, which is designed to protect wireless medical devices such as pacemakers and insulin pumps from attackers.

1366:, devised a portable apparatus which "plugged into a lighting point" and in which "One pole was applied to a skin pad soaked in strong salt solution" while the other pole "consisted of a needle insulated except at its point, and was plunged into the appropriate cardiac chamber". "The pacemaker rate was variable from about 80 to 120 pulses per minute, and likewise the voltage variable from 1.5 to 120 volts". In 1928, the apparatus was used to revive a 5860: 178: 1895: 627:

left ventricle. Note that the right ventricular lead in this case has two thickened aspects that represent conduction coils and that the generator is larger than typical pacemaker generators, demonstrating that this device is both a pacemaker and a cardioverter-defibrillator, capable of delivering electrical shocks for dangerously fast abnormal ventricular rhythms.

1317: 999:, some home devices have the potential to occasionally inhibit a single beat. Cellphones do not seem to damage pulse generators or affect how the pacemaker works. It is recommended that objects containing magnets, or generating a significant magnetic field, should not be in close proximity to a pacemaker. Induction cooktops, in particular, can pose a risk. 194: 864:, or the coronary sinus, depending on the type of pacemaker required. Surgery is typically completed within 30 to 90 minutes. Following implantation, the surgical wound should be kept clean and dry until it has healed. Some movements of the shoulder within a few weeks of insertion carry a risk of dislodging the pacemaker leads. 4780: 256:) is achieved, with a corresponding pulse. Pacing artifact on the ECG and severe muscle twitching may make this determination difficult. External pacing should not be relied upon for an extended period of time. It is an emergency procedure that acts as a bridge until transvenous pacing or other therapies can be applied. 1540: 1036: 1779:

in 2013. Post-approval implant trials were carried out in Europe. The European study was stopped after reports of six perforations that led to two patient deaths. After investigations, St Jude Medical restarted the study. In the United States, this therapy had not been approved by the FDA as of 2014.

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Revo MRI SureScan, approved by the US FDA in February 2011, which was the first to be specified as MR conditional. There are several conditions to use of MR Conditional pacemakers, including certain patients' qualifications and scan settings. An MRI conditional device has to have MRI settings enabled

840:. An antibiotic is usually given to reduce the risk of infection. Pacemakers are generally implanted in the front of the chest in the region of the left or right shoulder. The skin is prepared by clipping or shaving any hair over the implant site before cleaning the skin with a disinfectant such as 418:

Leadless pacemakers are devices that are as small as a capsule and are small enough to allow the generator to be placed within the heart, therefore avoiding the need for pacing leads. As pacemaker leads can fail over time, a pacing system that avoids these components offers theoretical advantages.

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Bernstein AD, Daubert JC, Fletcher RD, Hayes DL, Lüderitz B, Reynolds DW, Schoenfeld MH, Sutton R (2002). "The revised NASPE/BPEG generic code for antibradycardia, adaptive-rate, and multisite pacing. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology/British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group".

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The batteries within a pacemaker generator typically last 5 to 10 years. When the batteries are nearing the end of life, the generator is replaced in a procedure that is usually simpler than a new implant. Replacement involves making an incision to remove the existing device, disconnecting the leads

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as well have become common. Pacemakers that control both the atria and ventricles are called dual-chamber pacemakers. Although these dual-chamber models are usually more expensive, timing the contractions of the atria to precede that of the ventricles improves the pumping efficiency of the heart and

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Three leads can be seen in this example of a cardiac resynchronization device: a right atrial lead (solid black arrow), a right ventricular lead (dashed black arrow), and a coronary sinus lead (red arrow). The coronary sinus lead wraps around the outside of the left ventricle, enabling pacing of the

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From this the basic ventricular "on demand" pacing mode is VVI or with automatic rate adjustment for exercise VVIR – this mode is suitable when no synchronization with the atrial beat is required, as in atrial fibrillation. The equivalent atrial pacing mode is AAI or AAIR which is the mode of choice

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Modern pacemakers usually have multiple functions. The most basic form monitors the heart's native electrical rhythm. When the pacemaker wire or "lead" does not detect heart electrical activity in the chamber – atrium or ventricle – within a normal beat-to-beat time period – most commonly one second

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Baddour, Larry M.; Epstein, Andrew E.; Erickson, Christopher C.; Knight, Bradley P.; Levison, Matthew E.; Lockhart, Peter B.; Masoudi, Frederick A.; Okum, Eric J.; Wilson, Walter R.; Beerman, Lee B.; Bolger, Ann F.; Estes, N.A. Mark; Gewitz, Michael; Newburger, Jane W.; Schron, Eleanor B.; Taubert,

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Lead replacement may be done in one of two ways. Insert a new set of leads without removing the current leads (not recommended as it provides additional obstruction to blood flow and heart valve function) or remove the current leads and then insert replacements. The lead removal technique will vary

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Security and privacy concerns have been raised with pacemakers that allow wireless communication. Unauthorized third parties may be able to read patient records contained in the pacemaker, or reprogram the devices, as has been demonstrated by a team of researchers. The demonstration worked at short

782:, etc. Instead of producing a static, predetermined heart rate, or intermittent control, such a pacemaker, a 'Dynamic Pacemaker', could compensate for both actual respiratory loading and potentially anticipated respiratory loading. The first dynamic pacemaker was invented by Anthony Rickards of the 298:

Temporary epicardial pacing is used during open heart surgery should the surgical procedure create atrio-ventricular block. The electrodes are placed in contact with the outer wall of the ventricle (epicardium) to maintain satisfactory cardiac output until a temporary transvenous electrode has been

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The free end of a pacemaker lead is actually implanted into the heart muscle with a miniature screw or anchored with small plastic hooks called tines. The longer the leads have been implanted (starting from a year or two), the more likely that they will have additional attachments to the patient's

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Sometimes leads will need to be removed. The most common reason for lead removal is infection; however, over time, leads can degrade due to a number of reasons such as lead flexing. Changes to the programming of the pacemaker may overcome lead degradation to some extent. However, a patient who has

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is activated immediately after an electrical activity is commenced in the heart tissue by itself. A "ventricular triggered pacemaker" produces the impulse just after a pulse is created in the ventricular tissue and it appears as a simultaneous spike with QRS. An "atrial triggered pacemaker" is the

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Wilkoff, Bruce L.; Love, Charles J.; Byrd, Charles L.; Bongiorni, Maria Grazia; Carrillo, Roger G.; Crossley, George H.; Epstein, Laurence M.; Friedman, Richard A.; Kennergren, Charles E.H.; Mitkowski, Przemyslaw; Schaerf, Raymond H.M.; Wazni, Oussama M. (July 2009). "Transvenous Lead Extraction:

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to produce a prototype for a transistorised replacement for the electro-mechanical product. The team was headed by Roger Nolan, an engineer with the Lucas Group Research Centre. Nolan designed and created the first blocking oscillator and transistor-powered pacemaker. This pacemaker was worn on a

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may be attributed to the public perception of interfering with nature by "reviving the dead". For example, "Hyman did not publish data on the use of his pacemaker in humans because of adverse publicity, both among his fellow physicians, and due to newspaper reporting at the time. Lidwell may have

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in order to access the right atrium. Placing a foreign object within the venous system in such a manner may disrupt blood-flow and allow for thrombus formation. Therefore, patients with pacemakers may need to be placed on anti-coagulation therapy to avoid potential life-threatening thrombosis or

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As of 2014 the five most commonly used cardiac pacing device manufacturers (covering more than 99% of the US market) made FDA-approved MR-conditional pacemakers. The use of MRI may be ruled out by the patient having an older, non-MRI Conditional pacemaker, or by having old pacing wires inside the

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Transvenous pacing, when used for temporary pacing, is an alternative to transcutaneous pacing. A pacemaker wire is placed into a vein, under sterile conditions, and then passed into either the right atrium or right ventricle. The pacing wire is then connected to an external pacemaker outside the

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to pace the epicardial wall of the left ventricle. Often, for patients in normal sinus rhythm, there is also a lead in the right atrium to facilitate synchrony with the atrial contraction. Thus, the timing between the atrial and ventricular contractions, as well as between the septal and lateral

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Permanent pacing with an implantable pacemaker involves transvenous placement of one or more pacing electrodes within a chamber, or chambers, of the heart, while the pacemaker is implanted under the skin below the clavicle. The procedure is performed by incision of a suitable vein into which the

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A possible complication of dual-chamber artificial pacemakers is 'pacemaker-mediated tachycardia' (PMT), a form of reentrant tachycardia. In PMT, the artificial pacemaker forms the anterograde (atrium to ventricle) limb of the circuit and the atrioventricular (AV) node forms the retrograde limb

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In 2013, several firms announced devices that could be inserted via a leg catheter rather than invasive surgery. The devices are roughly the size and shape of a pill, much smaller than the size of a traditional pacemaker. Once implanted, the device's prongs contact the muscle and stabilize

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of all types. The procedure is performed by placing two pacing pads on the patient's chest, either in the anterior/lateral position or the anterior/posterior position. The rescuer selects the pacing rate, and gradually increases the pacing current (measured in mA) until electrical capture

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Once the pacemaker is implanted, it is periodically checked to ensure the device is operational and performing appropriately; the device can be checked as often as is deemed necessary. Routine pacemaker checks are typically done in-office every six months, though will vary depending upon

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in the heart's electrical conduction system. Modern pacemakers are externally programmable and allow a cardiologist to select the optimal pacing modes for individual patients. Most pacemakers are on demand, in which the stimulation of the heart is based on the dynamic demand of the

919:. These are typically stored based on specific criteria set by the physician and specific to the patient. Some devices have the availability to display intracardiac electrograms showing the onset of an event as well as the event itself, which helps to diagnose its cause or origin. 907:

Estimated battery life at current rate: As modern pacemakers are "on-demand" and only pace when necessary, battery lifespan is affected by how much the pacemaker is utilized. Other factors affecting battery life include programmed output and algorithms (features) that use battery

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Worldwide each year, in a simple procedure to avoid explosions, thousands of pacemakers are removed from bodies to be cremated. Pacemakers with significant remaining battery life are potentially life-saving devices for people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The

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Bernstein, Alan D.; Camm, A. John; Fisher, John D.; Fletcher, Ross D.; Mead, R. Hardwin; Nathan, Anthony W.; Parsonnet, Victor; Rickards, Anthony F.; Smyth, Nicholas P.D.; Sutton, Richard; Tarjan, Peter P. (September 1993). "The NASPE */BPEG ** Defibrillator Code".

368:. Here, wires are placed in two chambers of the heart. One lead paces the atrium and one paces the ventricle. This type more closely resembles the natural pacing of the heart by assisting the heart in coordinating the function between the atria and ventricles. 1651:. The first implant took place in March 1960, with two further implants the following month. These three patients made good recoveries and returned to a high quality of life. By 1966, 56 patients had undergone implantation with one surviving for over 4152: 1623:

in conjunction with an implanted pacemaker was by Parsonnet in the United States, Lagergren in Sweden and Jean-Jacques Welti in France in 1962–63. The transvenous, or pervenous, procedure involved incision of a vein into which was inserted the

1381:, with the help of his brother, described an electro-mechanical instrument of his own, powered by a spring-wound hand-cranked motor. Hyman himself referred to his invention as an "artificial pacemaker", the term continuing in use to this day. 885:

patient/device status and remote monitoring availability. Newer pacemaker models can also be interrogated remotely, with the patient transmitting their pacemaker data using a transmitter at home connected to a cellular telephone network.

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A patient's lifestyle is usually not modified to any great degree after the insertion of a pacemaker. There are a few activities that are unwise, such as full-contact sports and exposure of the pacemaker to intense magnetic fields.

1601:, Uruguay. This pacemaker, the first implanted in the Americas, lasted until the patient died of other ailments, nine months later. The early Swedish-designed devices used batteries recharged by an induction coil from the outside. 224:

suggests this must be done to raise the ventricular pressure to 10–15 mmHg to induce electrical activity). This is an old procedure used only as a life-saving means until an electrical pacemaker is brought to the patient.

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body. Transvenous pacing is often used as a bridge to permanent pacemaker placement. It can be kept in place until a permanent pacemaker is implanted or until there is no longer a need for a pacemaker and then it is removed.

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Gaca, Jeffrey G.; Lima, Brian; Milano, Carmelo A.; Lin, Shu S.; Davis, R. Duane; Lowe, James E.; Smith, Peter K. (May 2009). "Laser-Assisted Extraction of Pacemaker and Defibrillator Leads: The Role of the Cardiac Surgeon".

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While the St Jude Nanostim and the Medtronic Micra are single-chamber pacemakers, it was anticipated that leadless dual-chamber pacing for patients with atrioventricular block would become possible with further development.

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fiber network directly with a special lead and placement technique, HBP causes a synchronized and therefore more effective ventricular activation and avoids long-term heart muscle disease. HBP in some cases can also correct

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is tracked by the pacemaker and produces beats from a ventricular lead. This is becoming exceedingly rare as newer devices are often programmed to recognize supraventricular tachycardias and switch to non-tracking modes.

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CRT devices have been shown to reduce mortality and improve quality of life in patients with heart failure symptoms; a LV ejection fraction less than or equal to 35% and QRS duration on EKG of 120 ms or greater.

4778:, Adducci, Anthony J. & Schwalm, Arthur W., "Metal-enclosed cardiac pacer with solid-state power source", published 1974-07-09, issued 1972-04-17, assigned to Cardiac Pacemekers Inc. 339:

which enables the physician to view the passage of the electrode lead. After satisfactory lodgement of the electrode is confirmed, the opposite end of the electrode lead is connected to the pacemaker generator.

3001: 1164:(ICDs) are implanted. These devices are often used in the treatment of patients at risk from sudden cardiac death. An ICD has the ability to treat many types of heart rhythm disturbances by means of pacing, 3350: 1038: 895:

Impedance: A test to measure lead integrity. Large and/or sudden increases in impedance can indicate a lead fracture, while large and/or sudden decreases in impedance can be caused by insulation failure.

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Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH (2005).

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may be uncomfortable if it falls across the pacemaker insertion site. Women will not be able to wear bras for a while after the operation, and later might have to wear bras with wide shoulder straps.

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Kamalvand, Kayvan; Tan, Kim; Kotsakis, Athanasios; Bucknall, Cliff; Sulke, Neil (August 1997). "Is Mode Switching Beneficial? A Randomized Study in Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Tachyarrhythmias".

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One of the earliest patients to receive this Lucas pacemaker device was a woman in her early 30s. The operation was carried out in 1964 by South African cardiac surgeon Alf Gunning, a student of

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Right atrial and right ventricular leads as visualized under x-ray during a pacemaker implant procedure. The atrial lead is the curved one making a U shape in the upper left part of the figure.

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Rate responsive pacing allows the device to sense the physical activity of the patient and respond appropriately by increasing or decreasing the base pacing rate via rate response algorithms.

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and increases the incidence of atrial fibrillation. The newer dual-chamber devices can keep the amount of right ventricle pacing to a minimum and thus prevent worsening of the heart disease.

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ECG rhythm strip of a threshold determination in a patient with a temporary (epicardial) ventricular pacemaker. The epicardial pacemaker leads were placed after the patient collapsed during

2031: 1176:(VT), and may try to pace the heart faster than its intrinsic rate in the case of VT, to try to break the tachycardia before it progresses to ventricular fibrillation. This is known as 904:

Percentage of pacing: The percentage of time that the pacemaker has been actively pacing since the previous device interrogation, which shows how dependent the patient is on the device.

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A 2008 US study found that the magnetic field created by some headphones used with portable music players or cellphones may cause interference if placed very close to some pacemakers.

793:. Advances in transitional tissue welding would support this and other artificial organ/joint/tissue replacement efforts. Stem cells may be of interest in transitional tissue welding. 399:

Most commonly, the generator is placed below the subcutaneous fat of the chest wall, above the muscles and bones of the chest. However, the placement may vary on a case-by-case basis.

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announced the first enrollments in the company's leadless Pacemaker Observational Study evaluating the Nanostim leadless pacing technology. The Nanostim pacemaker received European

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Santomauro, M.; Costanzo, A.; Ottaviano, L.; Cresta, R.; Minichiello, S.; Prastaro, M.; Chiariello, M. (2000). "Pacemaker/ICD Patients: To Anticoagulate or Not to Anticoagulate?".

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Overall life expectancy with pacemakers is excellent, and mostly depends upon underlying diseases, presence of atrial fibrillation, age and sex at the time of first implantation.

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A major step forward in pacemaker function has been to attempt to mimic nature by utilizing various inputs to produce a rate-responsive pacemaker using parameters such as the

844:. An incision is made below the collar bone and a space or pocket is created under the skin to house the pacemaker generator. This pocket is usually created just above the 2668: 1712:

resin encapsulation, affecting the electronic circuitry. This phenomenon was overcome by encasing the pacemaker generator in a hermetically sealed metal case, initially by

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Before medical procedures, the patient should inform all medical personnel that they have a pacemaker. Having a pacemaker does not imply that a patient requires the use of

1496:. This transistorized pacemaker, housed in a small plastic box, had controls to permit adjustment of pacing heart rate and output voltage and was connected to electrode 2625:

Sharma, Parikshit S.; Vijayaraman, Pugazhendhi; Ellenbogen, Kenneth A. (2020). "Permanent His bundle pacing: shaping the future of physiological ventricular pacing".

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Halperin, Daniel; Thomas S. Heydt-Benjamin; Benjamin Ransford; Shane S. Clark; Benessa Defend; Will Morgan; Kevin Fu; Tadayoshi Kohno; William H. Maisel (May 2008).

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Parsonnet V, Zucker IR, Asa MM (1962). "Preliminary Investigation of the Development of a Permanent Implantable Pacemaker Using an Intracardiac Dipolar Electrode".

2247: 3354: 3045: 380:. This pacemaker has sensors that detect changes in the patient's physical activity and automatically adjust the pacing rate to fulfill the body's metabolic needs. 2728:"Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial" 1142:

Pacemaker lead malposition in various locations has been described in the literature. Treatment varies, depending on the location of the pacer lead and symptoms.

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occurs when a patient manipulates the pacemaker and causes the leads to be removed from their intended location and causes possible stimulation of other nerves.

1324:(1915–2001) became the first person to receive an implantable pacemaker. He had 26 devices during his life and campaigned for other patients needing pacemakers. 1750:

Liza Morton was fitted with an implantable pacemaker at 11 days old in 1978, at Glasgow’s Yorkhill hospital, Scotland. She was the youngest baby at the time

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events. The leads are small-diameter wires from the pacemaker to the implantation site in the heart muscle, and are usually placed intravenously through the

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Weirich WL, Gott VL, Lillehei CW (1957). "The treatment of complete heart block by the combined use of a myocardial electrode and an artificial pacemaker".

3280: 439: 3058: 5808: 5134: 1037: 374:. This pacemaker has three wires placed in three chambers of the heart. One in the atrium and two in either ventricle. It is more complicated to implant. 5072: 5230: 1941: 1571:. The device failed after three hours. A second device was then implanted which lasted for two days. The world's first implantable pacemaker patient, 717:(HBP) leads to a more natural or perfectly natural ventricular activation and has generated strong research and clinical interest. By stimulating the 127: 3126: 3023: 1188:(ATP). ATP is only effective if the underlying rhythm is ventricular tachycardia, and is never effective if the rhythm is ventricular fibrillation. 898:

Threshold amplitude: The minimum voltage (generally in hundredths of volts) required in order to pace the atrium or ventricle connected to the lead.

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Many advancements have been made to improve the control of the pacemaker once implanted. Many of these have been made possible by the transition to

646:), which occurs in approximately 25–50% of heart failure patients. To achieve CRT, a biventricular pacemaker (BVP) is used, which can pace both the 2007: 939:

For some sports and physical activities, special pacemaker protection can be worn to prevent possible injuries, or damage to the pacemaker leads.

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with certain types of equipment, and maintaining heavy equipment that may generate strong magnetic fields. Some medical procedures, particularly

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The preceding implantable devices all suffered from the unreliability and short lifetime of the available primary cell technology, mainly the

169:, have multiple electrodes stimulating different positions within the ventricles (the lower heart chambers) to improve their synchronization. 5503: 4486: 4211: 4124: 3954: 3599: 3482: 2785: 2468: 2417: 2201: 2176: 1575:, went on to receive 26 different pacemakers during his lifetime. He died in 2001, at the age of 86, outliving the inventor and the surgeon. 901:

Threshold duration: The time that the device requires at the preset amplitude to reliably pace the atrium or ventricle connected to the lead.

392:, a sensing amplifier which processes the electrical manifestation of naturally occurring heart beats as sensed by the heart electrodes, the 4923: 3305: 4860: 3254: 1470:, but connected to electrodes attached to the heart. This apparatus was successfully used to sustain a 70-year-old priest, Gerardo Florez. 689:

Biventricular pacing alone is referred to as CRT-P (for pacing). For selected patients at risk of arrhythmias, CRT can be combined with an

2077:"Overview of Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center" 1068:

used during the procedure; swelling, bruising or bleeding at the generator site, or around the heart, especially if the patient is taking

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The pacemaker patient may find that some types of everyday actions need to be modified. For instance, the shoulder harness of a vehicle

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of the right ventricle, or RV apical pacing, can have negative effects on heart function. It has been associated with increased risk of

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is inserted and passed along the vein, through the valve of the heart, until positioned in the chamber. The procedure is facilitated by

4881: 4114: 3692: 2860:"Effects of external electrical and magnetic fields on pacemakers and defibrillators: from engineering principles to clinical practice" 2226: 1480:

and its first commercial availability in 1956 was the pivotal event that led to the rapid development of practical cardiac pacemaking.

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Percussive pacing, also known as transthoracic mechanical pacing, is the use of the closed fist, usually on the left lower edge of the

5887: 5753: 5429: 5334: 1451:. These studies demonstrated the restoration of heart rate, cardiac output and mean aortic pressures in animal subjects with complete 734: 239:

Transcutaneous pacing (TCP), also called external pacing, is recommended for the initial stabilization of hemodynamically significant

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contraction and that a heart rhythm of 60–70 beats per minute could be evoked by impulses applied at spacings equal to 60–70/minute.

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Parsonnet V, Zucker IR, Gilbert L, Asa M (1962). "An intracardiac bipolar electrode for interim treatment of complete heart block".

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Automatic pacemakers are designed to be over-ridden by the heart's natural rate at any moment that it gets back to a non-pathologic

166: 1429:, it was somewhat crude and painful to the patient in use and, being powered from an AC wall socket, carried a potential hazard of 286:

in the second half of the tracing. At the end of the tracing, distortion results from muscle contractions due to a (short) hypoxic

4174: 693:(ICD): such devices, known as CRT-D (for defibrillation), also provide effective protection against life-threatening arrhythmias. 5092: 4503: 2076: 1371: 742:

of a pacemaker with normally located leads in the right atrium (white arrow) and right ventricle (black arrowhead), respectively

5917: 5641: 5448: 1444:, made smaller but still bulky transcutaneous pacing devices from 1952 using a large rechargeable battery as the power supply. 2458: 5927: 5741: 5438: 4403: 3617:"Severe Symptomatic Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation Due to Permanent Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Leads" 1060:

are uncommon (each 1-3% approximately), but could include: infection where the pacemaker is implanted or in the bloodstream;

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A further impediment to the reliability of the early devices was the diffusion of water vapor from body fluids through the

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The Intellectual Devotional: Health: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Digest a Daily Dose of Wellness Wisdom

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Crick JC (1991). "European Multicenter Prospective Follow-Up Study of 1,002 Implants of a Single Lead VDD Pacing System".

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several pacemaker replacements over a decade or two in which the leads were reused may require lead replacement surgery.

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constructed an external pacemaker, similar to those of Hopps and Zoll, weighing 45 kg and powered by a 12 volt car

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surgery. In the first half of the tracing, pacemaker stimuli at 60 beats per minute result in a wide QRS complex with a

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Lin, Grace; Nishimura, Rick A.; Connolly, Heidi M.; Dearani, Joseph A.; Sundt, Thoralf M.; Hayes, David L. (May 2005).

5882: 5863: 5085: 4148: 3810:"Long-term survival after pacemaker implantation Prognostic importance of gender and baseline patient characteristics" 3064:. MRI-Ready Systems Manual - MRI Procedure Information for the MR Conditional System (Report). St. Jude Medical. 2016. 1902: 3151: 4227: 5055: 3075:

Ferreira, António M; Costa, Francisco; Tralhão, António; Marques, Hugo; Cardim, Nuno; Adragão, Pedro (7 May 2014).

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This article is about the medical device that simulates the function. For the natural pacemaker in the heart, see

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Marco D, Eisinger G, Hayes DL (November 1992). "Testing of work environments for electromagnetic interference".

5922: 5774: 5758: 5225: 5208: 3004:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration - Medical Device Approvals and Clearances. 24 February 2011. Archived from 1821: 1740: 1717: 1678: 1434: 1414: 892:

Sensing: the ability of the device to "see" intrinsic cardiac activity (atrial and ventricular depolarization).

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from the old device and reconnecting them to a new generator, reinserting the new device and closing the skin.

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The more complex forms include the ability to sense and/or stimulate both the atrial and ventricular chambers.

189:. Note the circle around one of the sharp electrical spikes in the position where the P wave would be expected. 581:

and can reinitiate influencing the electric activity in the heart when the pathologic event happens again. A "

3127:"MP3 Headphones Interfere With Implantable Defibrillators, Pacemakers – Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center" 1563:(in collaboration with Elema-Schönander AB, later Siemens-Elema AB), connected to electrodes attached to the 1547:

The first clinical implantation into a human of a fully implantable pacemaker was on October 8, 1958, at the

5770: 5712: 5612: 5577: 5423: 1448: 1173: 1116: 670: 654:. By pacing both sides of the left ventricle, the pacemaker can resynchronize the ventricular contractions. 647: 3177:

Irnich, Werner; Bernstein, Alan D. (May 2006). "Do induction cooktops interfere with cardiac pacemakers?".

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mode in which an impulse is produced immediately after an electrical event in the atrium. It appears as a

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in Sydney, whose heart continued "to beat on its own accord", "at the end of 10 minutes" of stimulation.

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muscle (prepectoral), but in some cases the device may be inserted beneath the muscle (submuscular). The

5847: 5651: 5572: 5034: 3543:"Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Lead Thrombus as a Nidus for Pulmonary and Systemic Embolization" 2726:

Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, Greene HL, Hallstrom AP, Hsia H, Kutalek SP, Sharma A (December 2002).

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which passed through the skin of the patient to terminate in electrodes attached to the surface of the

1080:(ventricle to atrium) of the circuit. Treatment of PMT typically involves reprogramming the pacemaker. 4775: 622: 396:

logic for the pacemaker and the output circuitry which delivers the pacing impulse to the electrodes.

5912: 5907: 5821: 5378: 5191: 5186: 4818: 4758: 3937:

Rhodes, Larry; Campbell, Robert (2017). "History of cardiac pacing and defibrillation in the young".

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Heart Rhythm Society Expert Consensus on Facilities, Training, Indications, and Patient Management".

2126:"Percussion pacing in a three-year-old girl with complete heart block during cardiac catheterization" 1931: 1548: 1463: 1402: 1363: 1015: 4738: 1405:

designed and built the first external pacemaker based upon observations by cardio-thoracic surgeons

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Böhm A, Pintér A, Székely A, Préda I (1998). "Clinical Observations with Long-term Atrial Pacing".

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Current indications for CRT-P and CRT-D: Webinar from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)

2055: 5683: 5596: 5592: 5538: 5533: 5474: 5395: 5303: 5252: 5166: 4927: 4685: 4588: 4297: 4095: 4011: 3523: 3325:

Pacemakers and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators: Software Radio Attacks and Zero-Power Defenses

3296: 2934: 2840: 2650: 2566: 2516: 2388: 2345: 2302: 1956: 1831: 1620: 1579: 1520: 1497: 1493: 955: 951: 849: 837: 783: 610: 332: 308: 162: 147: 123: 104: 4846: 3262: 3019: 2230: 1859: 1732: 4987:"Reuse of cardiac implantable electronic devices to improve and extend lives: a call to action" 270: 5726: 5672: 5602: 5510: 5498: 5359: 5349: 5344: 5247: 5198: 5109: 5016: 4712: 4677: 4642: 4580: 4545: 4482: 4459: 4338: 4289: 4254: 4207: 4120: 4087: 4052: 4003: 3950: 3919: 3870: 3831: 3790: 3739: 3674: 3638: 3595: 3564: 3515: 3478: 3396: 3236: 3194: 3108: 2983: 2926: 2891: 2832: 2791: 2781: 2749: 2642: 2607: 2558: 2508: 2464: 2413: 2380: 2337: 2294: 2197: 2172: 2147: 1815: 1760: 1759:

heartbeats. Development of this type of device was continuing. In November 2014, Bill Pike of

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The first lithium-iodide cell-powered pacemaker. Invented by Anthony Adducci and Art Schwalm.

1647:

developed and implanted the first patient-controlled variable-rate heart pacemaker in 1960 at

1612:. The Greatbatch innovation varied from the earlier Swedish devices in using primary cells (a 1605: 1593:

In February 1960, an improved version of the Swedish Elmqvist design was implanted by Doctors

1516:

belt and powered by a rechargeable sealed battery, enabling users to live a more-normal life.

1348: 1124: 1057: 857: 582: 359: 253: 138: 76: 67: 38: 4428:

Record, C O; Sleight, P; Gunning, A J; Kenworthy-Browne, J M; Richings, M (1 November 1971).

1343:(BMJ) of his experiments in which application of an electrical impulse to the human heart in 980:, safe to use during MRI subject to certain conditions. The first to be so specified was the 419:

Leadless pacemakers can be implanted into the heart using a steerable catheter fed into the

5826: 5731: 5469: 5399: 5382: 5314: 5287: 5282: 5006: 4998: 4669: 4634: 4572: 4537: 4449: 4441: 4328: 4281: 4079: 4042: 3995: 3942: 3909: 3901: 3862: 3821: 3780: 3770: 3731: 3700: 3666: 3628: 3587: 3554: 3507: 3470: 3226: 3186: 3098: 3088: 2973: 2965: 2918: 2881: 2871: 2822: 2739: 2706: 2698: 2634: 2597: 2586:"Cardiac resynchronization therapy: a decade of experience and the dilemma of nonresponders" 2548: 2500: 2433: 2372: 2329: 2286: 2137: 1873: 1768: 845: 829: 790: 771: 739: 402:

The outer casing of pacemakers is so designed that it will rarely be rejected by the body's

58: 5077: 2484:

Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, Tavazzi L (2005).

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of Minneapolis, Minnesota, produced the first wearable external pacemaker for a patient of

973:(MRI), involve very strong magnetic fields or other conditions that may damage pacemakers. 343:

There are three basic types of permanent pacemakers, classified according to the number of

5798: 5720: 5567: 5557: 5543: 5434: 5404: 5310: 5139: 5124: 5062: 4479:

A History of Cardiac Surgery: An Adventurous Voyage from Antiquity to the Artificial Heart

2669:"Focus on Electrophysiology: His Bundle Pacing: A More Physiologic Alternative For Pacing" 1736: 1686: 1613: 1594: 1112: 1104: 811:

The DAVID trials have shown that unnecessary pacing of the right ventricle can exacerbate

718: 666: 563: 211: 3448: 3323: 4794: 3215:"Update on Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections and Their Management" 1543:

Illustration of implanted cardiac pacemaker showing locations of cardiac pacemaker leads

5705: 5690: 5486: 5463: 5294: 5278: 5213: 5011: 4986: 4673: 4576: 4285: 4178: 4047: 4030: 3999: 3914: 3889: 3866: 3785: 3758: 3474: 3103: 3076: 2978: 2953: 2922: 2886: 2859: 2711: 2686: 2602: 2585: 2376: 2333: 1698: 1694: 1609: 1560: 1430: 1169: 1092: 1069: 962: 943: 861: 801: 797: 763: 678: 651: 355: 354:. In this type, only one pacing lead is placed into a chamber of the heart, either the 186: 107: 4703:

Lagergren H, Johansson L (1963). "Intracardiac stimulation for complete heart block".

4454: 4429: 3511: 3231: 3214: 2876: 2537:"Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure" 5876: 5842: 5562: 5181: 4638: 4528:

Furman S, Schwedel JB (1959). "An intracardiac pacemaker for Stokes-Adams seizures".

4356: 4083: 3757:

Kalavakunta, Jagadeesh Kumar; Gupta, Vishal; Paulus, Basil; Lapenna, William (2014).

3735: 2827: 2810: 2654: 2486:"The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure" 2290: 1644: 1556: 1524: 1165: 841: 812: 767: 714: 710: 639: 403: 344: 294:, the patient can be said to be pacemaker-dependent and needs a definitive pacemaker. 291: 207: 158: 119: 5068:

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator from National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute

4592: 4301: 4099: 4070:

Furman S, Szarka G, Layvand D (2005). "Reconstruction of Hyman's second pacemaker".

4015: 3527: 2954:"Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices" 2938: 2844: 2570: 2520: 2349: 2306: 1462:

In 1958 Colombian doctor Alberto Vejarano Laverde and Colombian electrical engineer

5607: 4689: 1713: 1705:. Lithium-iodide or lithium anode cells became the standard for pacemaker designs. 1587: 1389: 1378: 662: 578: 420: 275: 5002: 4407: 4357:"Gunning, Alfred James – Biographical entry – Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online" 2392: 177: 4272:

Reynolds, Jorge (March 1988). "The Early History of Cardiac Pacing in Colombia".

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pacemakers, but this development was overtaken by the development in 1971 of the

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walls of the left ventricle can be adjusted to achieve optimal cardiac function.

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Noheria, Amit; DeSimone, Christopher V.; Asirvatham, Samuel J. (November 2018).

1936: 1855: 1640: 1629: 1568: 1523:. This pioneering operation took place under the guidance of cardiac consultant 1489: 1452: 1422: 966: 912: 853: 747: 336: 282:

pattern. Progressively weaker pacing stimuli are administered, which results in

245: 240: 220:, striking from a distance of 20 – 30 cm to induce a ventricular beat (the 215: 142: 4377: 3633: 3616: 2485: 2227:"Pacemakers, Patient and Public Information Center : Heart Rhythm Society" 1843: 1447:

In 1957, William L. Weirich published the results of research performed at the

1115:, either during placement or through wear and tear over time. This can lead to 800:

controlled pacemakers. Pacemakers that control not only the ventricles but the

17: 5779: 5646: 5551: 5319: 4942: 4333: 4316: 3946: 3826: 3809: 3351:"Researchers Develop Personal Firewall Solution for Pacemakers, Insulin Pumps" 3190: 2969: 2809:

Pena, Rafael E.; Shepard, Richard K.; Ellenbogen, Kenneth A. (December 2006).

2638: 1776: 1633: 1598: 1564: 1508: 1501: 1477: 1456: 1367: 1100: 1065: 1045: 1003: 779: 265: 134: 72: 4902: 3046:"FDA Approves Second Generation MRI-Friendly Pacemaker System From Medtronic" 2795: 2744: 2727: 766:

levels) in the arterial-venous system, physical activity as determined by an

4961: 3973:, Australasian Medical Congress, Sydney, Australia, Sept. 2–7, 1929, p. 160. 3453: 3059:"For physicians: V: Select and save MRI settings; VII: Disable MRI settings" 2702: 1867: 1849: 1809: 1764: 1441: 981: 115: 5020: 4832: 4716: 4646: 4549: 4258: 4091: 4056: 3939:

Cardiac Pacing and Defibrillation in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease

3923: 3905: 3835: 3794: 3759:"An Unusual Cause of Transient Ischemic Attack in a Patient with Pacemaker" 3743: 3678: 3642: 3568: 3240: 3198: 3112: 2987: 2895: 2836: 2753: 2646: 2611: 2562: 2512: 2298: 2168:

Cardiac Pacing and Defibrillation in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease

2151: 1636:

of the right ventricle. This became the method of choice by the mid-1960s.

1531:

in Oxford and his cardiac research team at St George's Hospital in London.

4463: 4430:"Treatment of chronic heart block with the Lucas induction coil pacemaker" 4342: 4293: 4007: 3874: 3775: 3519: 3155: 2930: 2384: 2341: 1316: 1083:

Another possible complication is "pacemaker-tracked tachycardia," where a

4445: 2553: 2536: 2504: 2142: 2125: 1863: 1725: 1625: 1616:) as the energy source. The first patient lived for a further 18 months. 1583: 1344: 933: 833: 713:, weakening of the heart muscle and potentially shorter life expectancy. 407: 393: 283: 4681: 4660:

Lagergren H (1978). "How it happened: my recollection of early pacing".

4584: 3093: 1866:; in 2018, LivaNova sold its cardiac rhythm management business unit to 1582:

was first demonstrated by Seymour Furman and John Schwedel, whereby the

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been aware of this and did not proceed with his experiments in humans".

1385: 1172:. Some ICD devices can distinguish between ventricular fibrillation and 193: 1825: 1744: 1474: 1073: 1061: 1053: 287: 642:

in whom the left and right ventricles do not contract simultaneously (

85: 5443: 4861:"Medtronic's Minimally Invasive Pacemaker the Size of a Multivitamin" 3467:

Clinical Cardiac Pacing, Defibrillation and Resynchronization Therapy

1552: 1388:

in the publication of research conducted between the early 1930s and

852:

are fed into the heart through a large vein guided by X-ray imaging (

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following the p wave but prior to the QRS which is commonly widened.

598: 594: 566:

of the natural pacemaker is unreliable – sinus node disease (SND) or

290:. Because decreased pacemaker stimuli do not result in a ventricular 249: 141:

provides an inadequate or irregular heartbeat, or because there is a

4113:

Kidder, David S.; Oppenheim, Noah D.; Young, Bruce K. (2009-10-13).

3465:

Love, Charles J. (2011). "Pacemaker Troubleshooting and Follow-up".

911:

Any events that were stored since the last follow-up, in particular

701:

Conventional placement of ventricular leads in or around the tip or

5792: 5622: 5453: 5298: 5113: 1709: 1315: 1034: 875: 621: 438: 430: 316: 269: 192: 176: 880:

Two types of remote monitoring devices used by pacemaker patients

2952:

Maass, A. H.; Hemels, M. E. W.; Allaart, C. P. (December 2018).

1690: 638:

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is used for people with

5081: 1305:

ICD with tachycardia (and bradycardia) pacing as well as shock

455:

The revised NASPE/BPEG generic code for antibradycardia pacing

3986:

Mond HG, Sloman JG, Edwards RH (1982). "The first pacemaker".

1889: 1837: 1539: 1339: 789:

Dynamic pacemaking technology could also be applied to future

590: 586: 182: 27:

Medical device for artificially stimulating heart contractions

3969:

Lidwell M C, "Cardiac Disease in Relation to Anaesthesia" in

2165:

Shah, Maully; Rhodes, Larry; Kaltman, Jonathan (2017-03-20).

1728:

as the encasing metal, became the standard by the mid-1970s.

657:

CRT devices have at least two leads, one passing through the

4563:

Parsonnet V (1978). "Permanent transvenous pacing in 1962".

828:

A pacemaker may be implanted whilst a person is awake using

2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2192:

Valchanov, Kamen; Jones, Nicola; Hogue, Charles W. (2018).

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It is important to consider leads as a potential nidus for

585:-demand pacemaker" produces a narrow vertical spike on the 4943:"New Data on Leadless Pacemaker Supports Efficacy, Safety" 3338:– via Archimedes Center for Medical Device Security. 1805:

Current and prior manufacturers of implantable pacemakers

1608:

entered use in humans from April 1960 following extensive

1421:'s Banting Institute. A substantial external device using 1006:

to be administered before procedures such as dental work.

888:

During in-office follow-up, diagnostic tests may include:

133:

The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an even

4175:"IEEE Milestone in Electrical Engineering and Computing" 2006:(Report). St. Jude Medical. October 2008. Archived from 1362:

of Sydney, supported by physicist Edgar H. Booth of the

4962:"British charity calls for re-use of pacemakers abroad" 1906: 4504:"Arne H. W. Larsson, 86; Had First Internal Pacemaker" 2001:

Product Performance Report – Cardiac Rhythm Management

1281:

Short form of the NASPE/BPEG Defibrillator (NBD) code

856:). The tips of the leads may be positioned within the 5056:

Detecting and Distinguishing Cardiac Pacing Artifacts

4833:"Permanent cardiac pacemaker in infants and children" 4729:

Jean Jacques Welti:Biography, Heart Rhythm Foundation

2248:"The leadless pacemaker: A new era in cardiac pacing" 1771:. D. Randolph Jones was the EP doctor. Also in 2014, 1767:

Micra pacemaker in Providence St Vincent Hospital in

4847:"Doctors gave me a pacemaker when I was 11 days old" 2409:

Rapid Interpretation of EKG's: An Interactive Course

976:

However, many modern pacemakers are specified to be

965:

should be avoided. This includes activities such as

126:

and pump blood, thus regulating the function of the

5835: 5807: 5664: 5519: 5415: 5155: 5148: 3847: 3845: 562:when atrioventricular conduction is intact but the 185:in a person with a single-chamber pacemaker to the 66: 46: 4321:Circulation: An American Heart Association Journal 3295: 3255:"Heart devices can be turned off near end of life" 3077:"MRI-conditional pacemakers: current perspectives" 1689:. In the late 1960s, several companies, including 1072:, elderly, of thin frame or otherwise on chronic 924:Magnetic fields, MRIs, and other lifestyle issues 4315:Jeffrey, Kirk; Parsonnet, Victor (19 May 1998). 1160:Sometimes devices resembling pacemakers, called 197:An ECG of a person with a dual-chamber pacemaker 30:"Pacemaker" redirects here. For other uses, see 3693:"What is Laser-Assisted Lead Extraction? | DFW" 1604:Implantable pacemakers constructed by engineer 122:. Each pulse causes the targeted chamber(s) to 4770: 4768: 4481:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 151. 3022:. Magnetic Resonance Safety Testing Services. 1417:. The device was first tested on a dog at the 677:and the right atrium and inserted through the 347:involved and their basic operating mechanism: 5093: 5035:"LivaNova closes $ 190 CRM sale to MicroPort" 3621:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 3500:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1597:and Roberto Rubio in the Casmu 1 Hospital of 1507:In the UK in the 1960s, Lucas Engineering in 1297:ICD with bradycardia pacing as well as shock 1192:NASPE / BPEG Defibrillator (NBD) code – 1993 8: 3981: 3979: 3890:"Electrical stimulation of the heart in man" 3443: 3441: 3317: 3315: 2858:Beinart, R; Nazarian, S (24 December 2013). 2124:Eich C, Bleckmann A, Paul T (October 2005). 388:device containing a power source, usually a 150:. Others send out a fixed rate of impulses. 4882:"European Post-Approval Trial for Nanostim" 4795:"The History of Nuclear Powered Pacemakers" 3383:. Archived from the original on Nov 6, 2018 3002:"Revo MRI SureScan Pacing System - P090013" 2815:Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 2194:Core Topics in Cardiothoracic Critical Care 1010:End-of-life care and pacemaker deactivation 989:heart, no longer connected to a pacemaker. 805:can be useful in congestive heart failure. 597:-demand pacemaker" appears just before the 5152: 5135:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures 5100: 5086: 5078: 52: 5231:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement 5010: 4819:"Pioneers of the Medical Device Industry" 4453: 4332: 4046: 3913: 3825: 3784: 3774: 3632: 3558: 3230: 3102: 3092: 2977: 2885: 2875: 2826: 2743: 2710: 2601: 2552: 2141: 1942:Electrical conduction system of the heart 1632:guidance, until it was lodged within the 1586:electrode was inserted via the patient's 1555:, using a pacemaker designed by inventor 128:electrical conduction system of the heart 5274:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel 4382:Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences 3331:. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2584:Ganjehei L, Razavi M, Massumi A (2011). 1672: 1538: 1279: 1190: 985:before a scan, and disabled afterwards. 733: 453: 153:A specific type of pacemaker, called an 5374:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel 4924:"Leadless Pacing from St. Jude Medical" 1968: 1162:implantable cardioverter-defibrillators 3394: 3277:"End of Life and Heart Rhythm Devices" 3081:Medical Devices: Evidence and Research 1947:Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 1828:(USA) (now owned by Boston Scientific) 1401:In 1950, Canadian electrical engineer 691:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 155:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 43: 5504:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement 5243:enlargement of existing septal defect 4274:Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 3988:Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 3855:Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2463:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2460:Basic and Bedside Electrocardiography 2242: 2240: 1145:Another possible complication called 137:, either because the heart's natural 7: 5238:production of septal defect in heart 3026:from the original on 11 October 2013 1048:showing non capture of a pacemaker 4031:"A brief history of cardiac pacing" 99:, commonly referred to as simply a 81: 61:with ruler in cm (released in 2005) 5335:transposition of the great vessels 5260:creation of septal defect in heart 4674:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1978.tb03451.x 4577:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1978.tb03472.x 4286:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1988.tb05018.x 4000:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1982.tb02226.x 3867:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1993.tb01809.x 3475:10.1016/B978-1-4377-1616-0.00029-1 3353:. eSecurity Planet. Archived from 3283:from the original on Oct 23, 2023. 2923:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1992.tb03013.x 2811:"How to Make a Submuscular Pocket" 2780:. Rao, Archana. London: Springer. 2457:Baltazar, Romulo F. (2012-03-28). 2377:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1991.tb02757.x 2334:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01097.x 1716:of Australia in 1969, followed by 1440:A number of innovators, including 673:, and another passing through the 435:Single-chamber VVIR/AAIR pacemaker 25: 5635:Cardiac resynchronization therapy 4200:Silva, Regis A. de (2013-01-24). 3971:Transactions of the Third Session 3427:from the original on Feb 18, 2017 3308:from the original on Apr 2, 2024. 3232:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192665 2877:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005697 2778:Cardiac pacing and device therapy 978:MR conditional or MRI conditional 832:to numb the skin with or without 634:Cardiac resynchronization therapy 5859: 5858: 4985:Crawford, TC; Eagle, KA (2017). 4502:Altman, Lawrence (18 Jan 2002). 4404:"British Cardiovascular Society" 4084:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.09542.x 3736:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.02.015 3584:Cardiac Arrhythmias 1999 - Vol.1 3547:JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 2828:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00665.x 2291:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00260.x 1893: 1724:in 1972. This technology, using 1111:These leads may also damage the 5642:Left atrial appendage occlusion 4941:Stiles, Steve (24 March 2014). 4821:. Minnesota Historical Society. 4035:Images in Paediatric Cardiology 3129:. www.bidmc.org. Archived from 1377:In 1932, American physiologist 1289:ICD with shock capability only 1220:Antibradycardia pacing chamber 4960:Mazumdar, Tulip (2013-11-19). 3724:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 3449:Pacemaker-Mediated Tachycardia 3297:"What Broke My Father's Heart" 3279:. Heart Rhythm Society. 2014. 3261:. May 31, 2010. Archived from 3213:Kathryn A. (26 January 2010). 2673:American College of Cardiology 2196:. Cambridge University Press. 1511:was asked by Mr Abrams of The 1214:Antitachycardia pacing chamber 995:In addition, according to the 942:Pacemakers may be affected by 423:via an incision in the groin. 410:, which is inert in the body. 303:Transvenous pacing (temporary) 222:British Journal of Anaesthesia 59:St. Jude single-lead pacemaker 1: 5764:Radionuclide ventriculography 5003:10.1136/heartasia-2016-010835 4863:. Singularity Hub. 2013-12-27 3512:10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00162-9 3375:Smith, Ben (26 August 2014). 3294:Butler, Katy (18 June 2010). 2590:Texas Heart Institute Journal 1795:non-governmental organization 1372:Crown Street Women's Hospital 384:The pacemaker generator is a 260:Epicardial pacing (temporary) 5749:Myocardial perfusion imaging 4705:Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica 4639:10.1016/0002-9149(62)90305-3 4477:Tesler, Ugo Filippo (2020). 4151:. 2008-03-19. Archived from 4141:"John Alexander Hopps fonds" 3592:10.1007/978-88-470-2139-6_66 3349:Goldman, Jeff (2012-04-20). 2412:. Cover Publishing Company. 1649:the University of Birmingham 1433:of the patient and inducing 1360:Royal Prince Alfred Hospital 1085:supraventricular tachycardia 961:Activities involving strong 738:Posteroanterior and lateral 326:Permanent transvenous pacing 97:artificial cardiac pacemaker 47:Artificial cardiac pacemaker 4542:10.1056/NEJM195911052611904 4317:"Cardiac Pacing, 1960–1985" 4149:Library and Archives Canada 3808:Brunner, M (January 2004). 3671:10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.05.020 3560:10.1016/j.jacep.2018.08.019 3154:. HRMReview. Archived from 2776:Ramsdale, David R. (2012). 1125:tricuspid valve replacement 872:Periodic pacemaker checkups 443:Dual-chamber DDDR pacemaker 5949: 5356:for univentricular defect 4751:"University of Birmingham" 4662:Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 4565:Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 4359:. Livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk 4072:Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 3763:Case Reports in Cardiology 3634:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.037 2911:Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2687:"Anthony Francis Rickards" 2365:Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2322:Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2279:Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2252:Hospital Healthcare Europe 1052:Complications from having 997:American Heart Association 971:magnetic resonance imaging 631: 306: 263: 232: 36: 32:Pacemaker (disambiguation) 29: 5888:Cardiac electrophysiology 5856: 5696:Implantable loop recorder 5340:Arterial switch operation 5130:Interventional cardiology 5120: 4406:. Bcs.com. Archived from 4334:10.1161/01.CIR.97.19.1978 3947:10.1002/9781119333050.ch1 3827:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.10.022 3401:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2970:10.1007/s12471-018-1192-3 2958:Netherlands Heart Journal 2639:10.1038/s41569-019-0224-z 2627:Nature Reviews Cardiology 2171:. John Wiley & Sons. 2101:"Biventricular Pacemaker" 1335:John Alexander MacWilliam 1121:right-sided heart failure 650:and lateral walls of the 378:Rate-responsive pacemaker 280:right bundle branch block 244:(characterized by a wide 157:, combines pacemaker and 82: 51: 5775:Coronary catheterization 5265:Blalock–Hanlon procedure 5226:Mitral valve replacement 5209:Aortic valve replacement 2745:10.1001/jama.288.24.3115 1741:Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. 1718:Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. 1513:Queen Elizabeth Hospital 1435:ventricular fibrillation 1415:Toronto General Hospital 1113:tricuspid valve leaflets 730:Advancements in function 697:Conduction System Pacing 644:ventricular dyssynchrony 406:. It is usually made of 352:Single-chamber pacemaker 167:biventricular pacemakers 5771:Cardiac catheterization 5713:Electrophysiology study 5613:Radiofrequency ablation 5578:Alcohol septal ablation 3191:10.1093/europace/eul014 2703:10.1136/hrt.2004.045674 1639:Cardiothoracic surgeon 1473:The development of the 1449:University of Minnesota 1340:British Medical Journal 1186:anti-tachycardia pacing 1174:ventricular tachycardia 1117:tricuspid regurgitation 786:, London, UK, in 1982. 784:National Heart Hospital 570:. Where the problem is 372:Biventricular pacemaker 5918:Biomedical engineering 5817:Impedance cardiography 5439:Coronary artery bypass 4384:. University of Oxford 3906:10.1136/bmj.1.1468.348 3814:European Heart Journal 3381:Ultrasound of the Week 3152:"What is a pacemaker?" 2081:www.urmc.rochester.edu 1981:www.accessdata.fda.gov 1952:Infective endocarditis 1822:Cardiac Pacemaker Inc. 1682: 1679:Cardiac Pacemakers Inc 1544: 1425:technology to provide 1407:Wilfred Gordon Bigelow 1325: 1049: 948:electromagnetic fields 881: 743: 628: 572:atrioventricular block 444: 436: 366:Dual-chamber pacemaker 322: 295: 198: 190: 161:functions in a single 118:to one or more of the 5928:Australian inventions 5848:Transcutaneous pacing 5652:Heart transplantation 5573:Ventricular reduction 5389:Blalock–Taussig shunt 4903:"First-in-Human Data" 3888:McWilliam JA (1889). 3048:. Forbes, 2013-02-13. 1858:(Italy) (merged with 1791:Institute of Medicine 1773:St. Jude Medical Inc. 1693:in the US, developed 1676: 1643:and medical engineer 1628:electrode lead under 1542: 1455:through the use of a 1427:transcutaneous pacing 1419:University of Toronto 1319: 1217:Tachycardia detection 1044: 879: 737: 625: 589:, just before a wide 442: 434: 320: 273: 235:Transcutaneous pacing 229:Transcutaneous pacing 196: 180: 120:chambers of the heart 5933:Colombian inventions 5822:Ballistocardiography 5379:systemic circulation 4446:10.1136/hrt.33.6.938 4181:on February 25, 2021 4145:Archival description 4029:Aquilina, O (2006). 3586:. pp. 494–500. 3469:. pp. 844–888. 2917:(11 Pt 2): 2016–22. 2554:10.1056/NEJMoa043399 2505:10.1056/NEJMoa050496 2406:Dubin, Dale (2000). 1932:Biological pacemaker 1907:adding missing items 1876:(USA) (now owned by 1549:Karolinska Institute 1464:Jorge Reynolds Pombo 1364:University of Sydney 1123:, which may require 1022:Privacy and security 1016:Heart Rhythm Society 836:, or asleep using a 617:Biventricular pacing 5898:Implants (medicine) 5701:Cardiac stress test 5679:Electrocardiography 5618:Pacemaker insertion 5365:Kawashima procedure 5329:compound procedures 5204:Aortic valve repair 5177:Mitral valve repair 4228:"Paul Maurice Zoll" 3776:10.1155/2014/265759 3417:"Risks – Pacemaker" 3094:10.2147/MDER.S44063 3008:on 20 October 2012. 1878:Abbott Laboratories 1784:Reusable pacemakers 1733:Manuel A. Villafaña 1722:St. Paul, Minnesota 1578:In 1959, temporary 1529:Radcliffe Infirmary 1282: 1193: 1147:twiddler's syndrome 1089:atrial fibrillation 917:atrial fibrillation 724:bundle branch block 707:atrial fibrillation 606:Triggered Pacemaker 593:. The spike of an " 579:normal sinus rhythm 568:sick sinus syndrome 520:R = Rate modulation 483:Response to sensing 456: 386:hermetically sealed 248:with a tall, broad 5883:1959 introductions 5754:Cardiovascular MRI 5684:Vectorcardiography 5539:Pericardial window 5534:Pericardiocentesis 5475:Drug-eluting stent 5304:Rastelli procedure 5253:Balloon septostomy 5061:2016-03-04 at the 4884:. DAIC. 2014-03-18 4799:large.stanford.edu 4119:. Harmony/Rodale. 3302:The New York Times 2697:(9): 981–2. 2004. 2143:10.1093/bja/aei209 1957:Pacemaker syndrome 1905:; you can help by 1739:, the founders of 1683: 1621:transvenous pacing 1580:transvenous pacing 1545: 1521:Christiaan Barnard 1494:C. Walton Lillehei 1488:In 1958, engineer 1326: 1280: 1191: 1050: 956:acoustic radiation 882: 838:general anesthetic 744: 629: 454: 445: 437: 323: 309:Transvenous pacing 296: 199: 191: 163:implantable device 148:circulatory system 5870: 5869: 5727:Angiocardiography 5673:Electrophysiology 5660: 5659: 5603:Catheter ablation 5586:Conduction system 5511:LeCompte maneuver 5499:Bentall procedure 5360:Norwood procedure 5350:Senning procedure 5345:Mustard procedure 5248:Atrial septostomy 5199:Valve replacement 4739:Blue Plaque Guide 4488:978-1-5275-4480-2 4327:(19): 1978–1991. 4213:978-0-313-37607-8 4126:978-1-60529-330-1 3956:978-0-470-67109-2 3941:. pp. 1–11. 3627:(10): 1672–1675. 3601:978-88-470-0071-1 3553:(11): 1437–1439. 3484:978-1-4377-1616-0 2821:(12): 1381–1383. 2787:978-1-4471-2939-4 2675:. April 26, 2019. 2470:978-1-4511-4791-9 2419:978-0-912912-06-6 2203:978-1-108-66567-4 2178:978-0-470-67109-2 1923: 1922: 1816:Boston Scientific 1761:Fairbanks, Alaska 1731:On July 9, 1974, 1703:Wilson Greatbatch 1619:The first use of 1606:Wilson Greatbatch 1468:lead–acid battery 1309: 1308: 1278: 1277: 1062:allergic reaction 1042: 791:artificial hearts 740:chest radiographs 715:His bundle pacing 669:to stimulate the 559: 558: 489:Multisite pacing 480:Chamber(s) sensed 202:Percussive pacing 173:Methods of pacing 165:. Others, called 139:cardiac pacemaker 112:electrical pulses 93: 92: 77:electrophysiology 39:Cardiac pacemaker 16:(Redirected from 5940: 5903:Neuroprosthetics 5893:Embedded systems 5862: 5861: 5827:Cardiotocography 5795: 5759:Ventriculography 5732:Echocardiography 5723: 5675: 5591:Maze procedure ( 5588: 5554: 5530: 5483: 5482:Obstacle removal 5470:Bare-metal stent 5466: 5426: 5383:pulmonary artery 5375: 5330: 5315:pulmonary artery 5288:Fontan procedure 5283:pulmonary artery 5275: 5239: 5153: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5079: 5043: 5042: 5041:. 30 April 2018. 5031: 5025: 5024: 5014: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4926:. Archived from 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4757:. 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Archived from 3689: 3683: 3682: 3665:(7): 1085–1104. 3653: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3562: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3462: 3456: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3400: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3319: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3265:on Oct 24, 2017. 3251: 3245: 3244: 3234: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3096: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2879: 2870:(25): 2799–809. 2855: 2849: 2848: 2830: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2773: 2758: 2757: 2747: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2605: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2556: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2438:www.uptodate.com 2430: 2424: 2423: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2254:. Archived from 2244: 2235: 2234: 2229:. Archived from 2223: 2208: 2207: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2105:Cleveland Clinic 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2036:www.uptodate.com 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2005: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1973: 1918: 1915: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1874:St. Jude Medical 1769:Portland, Oregon 1664: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1567:of the heart by 1337:reported in the 1283: 1194: 1182:overdrive pacing 1043: 846:pectoralis major 830:local anesthetic 772:body temperature 477:Chamber(s) paced 457: 86:edit on Wikidata 56: 44: 21: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5923:Medical devices 5873: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5852: 5831: 5803: 5799:Phonocardiogram 5791: 5721:Cardiac imaging 5719: 5671: 5656: 5584: 5568:Septal myectomy 5558:Cardiomyoplasty 5550: 5544:Pericardiectomy 5526: 5515: 5481: 5462: 5422: 5416:Cardiac vessels 5411: 5405:Glenn procedure 5373: 5328: 5311:right ventricle 5273: 5237: 5159: 5144: 5140:Cardiac imaging 5125:Cardiac surgery 5116: 5106: 5063:Wayback Machine 5052: 5047: 5046: 5033: 5032: 5028: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4803: 4801: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4530:N. Engl. J. Med 4527: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4360: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4232:Harvard Gazette 4226: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4028: 4027: 4023: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3851: 3850: 3843: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3704: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3446: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3393: 3386: 3384: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3357:on Apr 23, 2012 3348: 3347: 3343: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3044:Husten, Larry. 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2964:(12): 584–590. 2951: 2950: 2946: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2788: 2775: 2774: 2761: 2738:(24): 3115–23. 2725: 2724: 2720: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2541:N. Engl. J. Med 2533: 2532: 2528: 2499:(15): 1539–49. 2493:N. Engl. J. Med 2488: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2259: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2225: 2224: 2211: 2204: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2040: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1985: 1983: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1928: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1894: 1803: 1786: 1756: 1737:Anthony Adducci 1695:isotope-powered 1687:mercury battery 1671: 1669:Lithium battery 1661: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1614:mercury battery 1595:Orestes Fiandra 1537: 1486: 1399: 1331: 1314: 1274:D = Dual (A+V) 1245:H = Hemodynamic 1231:E = Electrogram 1158: 1105:subclavian vein 1035: 1033: 1024: 1014:A panel of the 1012: 963:magnetic fields 926: 874: 858:right ventricle 826: 821: 757: 753: 732: 699: 667:right ventricle 636: 630: 619: 564:sinoatrial node 555:D = Dual (A+V) 486:Rate modulation 429: 416: 414:Leadless pacing 390:lithium battery 328: 311: 305: 268: 262: 237: 231: 212:right ventricle 204: 175: 110:that generates 89: 62: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:External pacing 15: 12: 11: 5: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5875: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5809:Function tests 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5729: 5724: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5706:Bruce protocol 5698: 5693: 5691:Holter monitor 5688: 5687: 5686: 5676: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5589: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5487:Endarterectomy 5484: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5464:Coronary stent 5459: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5432: 5427: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5295:left ventricle 5292: 5291: 5290: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5214:Ross procedure 5206: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5112:involving the 5107: 5105: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5051: 5050:External links 5048: 5045: 5044: 5026: 4977: 4952: 4933: 4930:on 2014-10-29. 4915: 4894: 4873: 4852: 4838: 4824: 4810: 4786: 4764: 4761:on 2014-10-06. 4755:bhamalumni.org 4742: 4731: 4722: 4695: 4652: 4627:Am. J. Cardiol 4617: 4598: 4555: 4520: 4508:New York Times 4494: 4487: 4469: 4440:(6): 938–942. 4420: 4395: 4369: 4348: 4307: 4280:(3): 355–361. 4264: 4237: 4219: 4212: 4192: 4166: 4132: 4125: 4105: 4062: 4021: 3975: 3962: 3955: 3929: 3880: 3841: 3800: 3749: 3713: 3684: 3648: 3607: 3600: 3574: 3533: 3506:(2): 496–504. 3490: 3483: 3457: 3437: 3408: 3367: 3341: 3311: 3286: 3268: 3246: 3225:(3): 458–477. 3204: 3185:(5): 377–384. 3169: 3158:on 22 May 2014 3143: 3118: 3067: 3050: 3037: 3011: 2993: 2944: 2901: 2850: 2801: 2786: 2759: 2718: 2678: 2660: 2617: 2576: 2526: 2476: 2469: 2449: 2425: 2418: 2398: 2371:(11): 1742–4. 2355: 2312: 2268: 2236: 2233:on 2010-06-19. 2209: 2202: 2184: 2177: 2157: 2116: 2092: 2068: 2047: 2023: 1992: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1900: 1898: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1871: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1819: 1813: 1802: 1799: 1785: 1782: 1755: 1752: 1699:lithium iodide 1670: 1667: 1610:animal testing 1536: 1533: 1504:of the heart. 1485: 1482: 1411:John Callaghan 1398: 1397:Transcutaneous 1395: 1356:Mark C Lidwill 1330: 1327: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1269:D = Dual (A+V) 1267: 1266:D = Dual (A+V) 1263: 1262: 1261:V = Ventricle 1259: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1170:defibrillation 1157: 1154: 1101:thromboembolic 1093:atrial flutter 1070:blood thinners 1064:to the dye or 1032: 1029: 1023: 1020: 1011: 1008: 925: 922: 921: 920: 909: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 873: 870: 825: 822: 820: 819:Considerations 817: 798:microprocessor 764:carbon dioxide 755: 751: 731: 728: 698: 695: 679:coronary sinus 652:left ventricle 632:Main article: 620: 618: 615: 604:Comparably, a 557: 556: 553: 551: 550:D = Dual (T+I) 548: 547:D = Dual (A+V) 545: 544:D = Dual (A+V) 541: 540: 539:V = Ventricle 537: 535: 532: 529: 525: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 508: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 491: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 474: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 428: 427:Basic function 425: 415: 412: 382: 381: 375: 369: 363: 327: 324: 307:Main article: 304: 301: 264:Main article: 261: 258: 233:Main article: 230: 227: 203: 200: 174: 171: 108:medical device 91: 90: 83: 80: 79: 70: 64: 63: 57: 49: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5945: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5865: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5843:Cardioversion 5841: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5563:Dor procedure 5561: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398:to the right 5397: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5219:Transcatheter 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5182:Valvuloplasty 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4978: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4735: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4421: 4410:on 2013-12-12 4409: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4383: 4379: 4378:"Our history" 4373: 4370: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4203:Heart Disease 4196: 4193: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4155:on 2020-07-28 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4078:(5): 446–53. 4077: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994:(2): 278–82. 3993: 3989: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3714: 3703:on 2022-09-20 3702: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3327: 3326: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3133:on 2010-09-27 3132: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3025: 3021: 3020:"Terminology" 3015: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2596:(4): 358–60. 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2547:(3): 225–37. 2546: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2450: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2269: 2258:on 2019-02-02 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2013:on 2022-08-19 2009: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1982: 1978: 1977:"Devices@FDA" 1972: 1969: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1914:February 2021 1908: 1904: 1901:This list is 1899: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1801:Manufacturers 1800: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763:, received a 1762: 1754:Intra-cardial 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1675: 1668: 1666: 1650: 1646: 1645:Ray Lightwood 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:Rune Elmqvist 1554: 1550: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1525:Peter Sleight 1522: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1431:electrocution 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1256:V = Ventricle 1255: 1253:V = Ventricle 1252: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1211:Shock chamber 1210: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:cardioversion 1163: 1156:Other devices 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056:to implant a 1055: 1047: 1031:Complications 1030: 1028: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 993: 990: 986: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 937: 935: 930: 923: 918: 914: 910: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 890: 889: 886: 878: 871: 869: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:lead or leads 847: 843: 842:chlorhexidine 839: 835: 831: 823: 818: 816: 814: 813:heart failure 809: 806: 803: 799: 794: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768:accelerometer 765: 761: 749: 741: 736: 729: 727: 725: 720: 716: 712: 711:heart failure 708: 704: 696: 694: 692: 687: 683: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:heart failure 635: 624: 616: 614: 612: 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 554: 552: 549: 546: 543: 542: 538: 536: 534:I = Inhibited 533: 531:V = Ventricle 530: 528:V = Ventricle 527: 526: 522: 519: 517:T = Triggered 516: 513: 510: 509: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 492: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 475: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 458: 452: 449: 441: 433: 426: 424: 422: 413: 411: 409: 405: 404:immune system 400: 397: 395: 391: 387: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 357: 353: 350: 349: 348: 346: 341: 338: 334: 325: 319: 315: 310: 302: 300: 293: 292:escape rhythm 289: 285: 281: 277: 272: 267: 259: 257: 255: 251: 247: 242: 236: 228: 226: 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 201: 195: 188: 184: 179: 172: 170: 168: 164: 160: 159:defibrillator 156: 151: 149: 144: 140: 136: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114:delivered by 113: 109: 106: 102: 98: 87: 78: 74: 71: 69: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 33: 19: 5631:implantation 5625:implantation 5617: 5608:Cryoablation 5449:Off-pump CAB 5259: 5242: 5167:Valve repair 5157:Heart valves 5038: 5029: 4997:(1): 34–35. 4994: 4990: 4980: 4969:. Retrieved 4965: 4955: 4946: 4936: 4928:the original 4918: 4907:. Retrieved 4897: 4886:. Retrieved 4876: 4865:. Retrieved 4855: 4841: 4827: 4813: 4802:. Retrieved 4798: 4789: 4759:the original 4754: 4745: 4734: 4725: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4668:(1): 140–3. 4665: 4661: 4655: 4633:(2): 261–5. 4630: 4626: 4620: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4571:(2): 265–8. 4568: 4564: 4558: 4536:(5): 943–8. 4533: 4529: 4523: 4511:. Retrieved 4507: 4497: 4478: 4472: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4412:. Retrieved 4408:the original 4398: 4386:. Retrieved 4381: 4372: 4361:. Retrieved 4351: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4206:. ABC-CLIO. 4202: 4195: 4185:September 5, 4183:. Retrieved 4179:the original 4169: 4157:. Retrieved 4153:the original 4144: 4135: 4115: 4108: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4041:(2): 17–81. 4038: 4034: 4024: 3991: 3987: 3970: 3965: 3938: 3932: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3858: 3854: 3820:(1): 88–95. 3817: 3813: 3803: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3705:. Retrieved 3701:the original 3696: 3687: 3662: 3659:Heart Rhythm 3658: 3651: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3583: 3577: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3466: 3460: 3447: 3429:. Retrieved 3420: 3411: 3385:. Retrieved 3380: 3370: 3359:. Retrieved 3355:the original 3344: 3333:. Retrieved 3324: 3301: 3289: 3271: 3263:the original 3259:amednews.com 3258: 3249: 3222: 3218: 3207: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3160:. Retrieved 3156:the original 3146: 3135:. Retrieved 3131:the original 3121: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3053: 3040: 3028:. Retrieved 3014: 3006:the original 2996: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2777: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2694: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2633:(1): 22–36. 2630: 2626: 2620: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2496: 2492: 2479: 2459: 2452: 2441:. Retrieved 2437: 2428: 2408: 2401: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2328:(1): 246–9. 2325: 2321: 2315: 2285:(2): 260–4. 2282: 2278: 2271: 2260:. Retrieved 2256:the original 2251: 2231:the original 2193: 2187: 2167: 2160: 2136:(4): 465–7. 2133: 2130:Br J Anaesth 2129: 2119: 2108:. Retrieved 2104: 2095: 2084:. Retrieved 2080: 2071: 2059:. Retrieved 2056:"Pacemakers" 2050: 2039:. Retrieved 2035: 2026: 2015:. Retrieved 2008:the original 1995: 1984:. Retrieved 1980: 1971: 1911: 1870:for $ 190M ) 1838:Lepu Medical 1804: 1787: 1757: 1749: 1730: 1714:Telectronics 1707: 1684: 1638: 1630:fluoroscopic 1618: 1603: 1592: 1588:basilic vein 1577: 1573:Arne Larsson 1559:and surgeon 1546: 1518: 1506: 1487: 1472: 1461: 1446: 1439: 1400: 1390:World War II 1384:An apparent 1383: 1379:Albert Hyman 1376: 1353: 1338: 1332: 1322:Arne Larsson 1185: 1181: 1177: 1159: 1151: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1110: 1098: 1082: 1078: 1051: 1025: 1013: 1001: 994: 991: 987: 975: 960: 941: 938: 931: 927: 887: 883: 866: 862:right atrium 827: 810: 807: 795: 788: 745: 719:His–Purkinje 702: 700: 688: 684: 674: 663:right atrium 658: 656: 637: 605: 603: 576: 560: 450: 446: 421:femoral vein 417: 401: 398: 383: 377: 371: 365: 351: 342: 329: 312: 297: 276:aortic valve 241:bradycardias 238: 221: 216: 205: 152: 132: 100: 96: 94: 5913:Cybernetics 5908:Prosthetics 5785:Cardiac PET 5528:Pericardium 5492:Atherectomy 5430:Angioplasty 5172:Valvulotomy 5039:Mass Device 4711:: 562–566. 3421:Mayo Clinic 3219:Circulation 3179:EP Europace 3087:: 115–124. 3030:13 February 2864:Circulation 1937:Button cell 1856:Sorin Group 1832:Intermedics 1641:Leon Abrams 1569:thoracotomy 1561:Åke Senning 1535:Implantable 1490:Earl Bakken 1459:electrode. 1453:heart block 1423:vacuum tube 1349:ventricular 1248:A = Atrium 1178:fast-pacing 1004:antibiotics 967:arc welding 913:arrhythmias 854:fluoroscopy 758:(dissolved 748:QT interval 583:ventricular 523:A = Atrium 337:fluoroscopy 246:QRS complex 5877:Categories 5780:Cardiac CT 5647:Cardiotomy 5552:Myocardium 5320:Sano shunt 5110:procedures 5108:Tests and 4991:Heart Asia 4971:2018-07-31 4909:2014-06-19 4905:. Medscape 4888:2015-05-04 4867:2013-12-29 4804:2023-04-18 4776:US 3822707 4414:2013-12-29 4388:26 October 4363:2013-12-29 4247:Surg Forum 3769:: 265759. 3707:2022-09-16 3697:HeartPlace 3431:2016-12-01 3377:"UOTW #15" 3361:2012-04-20 3335:2008-08-10 3137:2008-11-10 2443:2018-09-10 2434:"UpToDate" 2262:2019-02-01 2110:2022-08-02 2086:2022-08-02 2041:2022-08-02 2032:"UpToDate" 2017:2022-04-27 1986:2022-04-27 1963:References 1903:incomplete 1860:Cyberonics 1777:CE marking 1634:trabeculae 1599:Montevideo 1565:myocardium 1551:in Solna, 1509:Birmingham 1502:myocardium 1478:transistor 1457:myocardial 1403:John Hopps 1370:infant at 1242:A = Atrium 1239:A = Atrium 1066:anesthesia 1046:Ultrasound 780:adrenaline 726:patterns. 514:A = Atrium 511:A = Atrium 331:electrode 299:inserted. 266:Epicardial 135:heart rate 116:electrodes 73:Cardiology 5160:and septa 4608:Clin. 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