875:
418:, or enough to light a 100-watt light bulb for approximately 2 months). However, an average bolt of positive lightning (from the top of a thunderstorm) may carry a current of 300 to 500 kiloamperes, transfer a charge of up to 300 coulombs, have a potential difference up to 1 gigavolt (a billion volts), and may dissipate 300 GJ of energy (72 tons TNT, or enough energy to light a 100-watt light bulb for up to 95 years). A negative lightning strike typically lasts for only tens of microseconds, but multiple strikes are common. A positive lightning stroke is typically a single event, but the larger peak current may flow for hundreds of milliseconds, making it considerably more energetic than negative lightning.
702:
equipment and the body can complete the circuit. To avoid that from happening, the worker should wear insulating clothing such as rubber gloves, use insulated tools, and avoid touching the equipment with more than one hand at a time. An electrical current can also flow between the equipment and the earth ground. To prevent that, the worker should stand on an insulated surface such as on rubber mats. Safety equipment is tested regularly to ensure it is still protecting the user. Test regulations vary according to country. Testing companies can test at up 300,000 volts and offer services from glove testing to
715:
822:. Despite electrostatic machines such as Van de Graaff generators and Wimshurst machines producing voltages approaching one million volts, they deliver a brief sting. That is because the current is low, i.e. only a relatively few electrons move. These devices have a limited amount of stored energy, so the average current produced is low and usually for a short time, with impulses peaking in the 1 A range for a nanosecond.
554:
1068:
427:
49:
634:
898:, and the radiant heat, expanding hot air, and explosive vaporization of metal and insulation material can cause severe injury to unprotected workers. Such switchgear line-ups and high-energy arc sources are commonly present in electric power utility substations and generating stations, industrial plants and large commercial buildings. In the United States, the
745:, and similar objects are frequently involved in fatal contact with overhead wires. Unauthorized persons climbing on power pylons or electrical apparatus are also frequently the victims of electrocution. At very high transmission voltages even a close approach can be hazardous, since the high voltage may arc across a significant air gap.
523:
Unlike an ohmic conductor, the resistance of an arc decreases as the current increases. This makes unintentional arcs in an electrical apparatus dangerous since even a small arc can grow large enough to damage equipment and start fires if sufficient current is available. Intentionally produced arcs,
780:
Protective equipment on high-voltage transmission lines normally prevents formation of an unwanted arc, or ensures that it is quenched within tens of milliseconds. Electrical apparatus that interrupts high-voltage circuits is designed to safely direct the resulting arc so that it dissipates without
803:
Wiring in equipment such as X-ray machines and lasers requires care. The high voltage section is kept physically distant from the low voltage side to reduce the possibility of an arc forming between the two. To avoid coronal losses, conductors are kept as short as possible and free of sharp points.
768:
but thoroughly insulated from the earth so that he is at the same electrical potential as that of the line. Since training for such operations is lengthy, and still presents a danger to personnel, only very important transmission lines are subject to maintenance while live. Outside these properly
686:
Accidental contact with any high voltage supplying sufficient energy may result in severe injury or death. This can occur as a person's body provides a path for current flow, causing tissue damage and heart failure. Other injuries can include burns from the arc generated by the accidental contact.
1044:
of such insulators, causing them to act as conductors. These transferred potentials are dangerous to people, livestock, and electronic apparatus. Lightning strikes also start fires and explosions, which result in fatalities, injuries, and property damage. For example, each year in North
America,
390:
operate on the flyback effect resulting in voltages greater than the turns ratio multiplied by the input voltage. They typically produce higher currents than electrostatic machines, but each doubling of desired output voltage roughly doubles the weight due to the amount of wire required in the
701:
The standard precautions to avoid injury include working under conditions that would avoid having electrical energy flow through the body, particularly through the heart region, such as between the arms, or between an arm and a leg. Electricity can flow between two conductors in high voltage
1010:
within a few minutes, which has a yellow or reddish-brown color depending on concentration and smells of chlorine gas like a swimming pool. Ozone is invisible but has a pungent smell like that of the air after a lightning storm. It is a short-lived species and half of it breaks down into
859:
currents continuously. The current supplied to a human body will be relatively constant as long as contact is maintained, unlike with electrostatic machines which generally take longer to build up charges, and the voltage will be much higher than the break-down voltage of human skin. As a
748:
Digging into a buried cable can also be dangerous to workers at an excavation site. Digging equipment (either hand tools or machine driven) that contacts a buried cable may energize piping or the ground in the area, resulting in electrocution of nearby workers. A
968:
Explosion-proof (flame-proof) enclosures, which are designed so that an explosion within the enclosure cannot escape and ignite a surrounding explosive atmosphere (this designation does not imply that the apparatus can survive an internal or external
769:
engineered situations, insulation from earth does not guarantee that no current flows to earth—as grounding or arcing to ground can occur in unexpected ways, and high-frequency currents can burn even an ungrounded person. Touching a transmitting
337:(EHV) again depends on context. In electric power transmission engineering, EHV is classified as voltages in the range of 345,000– 765,000 V. In electronics systems, a power supply that provides greater than 275,000 volts is called an
687:
These burns can be especially dangerous if the victim's airway is affected. Injuries may also be suffered as a result of the physical forces experienced by people who fall from a great height or are thrown a considerable distance.
292:
as any voltage difference between conductors that is higher than 1000 VAC or 1500 V ripple-free DC, or any voltage difference between a conductor and Earth that is higher than 600 VAC or 900 V ripple-free DC.
678:
of dry human skin. Living human tissue can be protected from damage by the insulating characteristics of dry skin up to around 50 volts. If the same skin becomes wet, if there are wounds, or if the voltage is applied to
477:, sparks appear at much lower voltages. 500 to 700 volts is not a fixed minimum for producing spark breakdown, but it is a rule-of-thumb. For air at STP, the minimum sparkover voltage is around 327 volts, as noted by
565:
typically use voltages between tens and hundreds of kilovolts. The lines may be overhead or underground. High voltage is used in power distribution to reduce ohmic losses when transporting electricity long distance.
322:
Voltages over approximately 50 volts can usually cause dangerous amounts of current to flow through a human being who touches two points of a circuit, so safety standards are more restrictive around such circuits.
836:
During the discharge, these machines apply high voltage to the body for only a millionth of a second or less. So a low current is applied for a very short time, and the number of electrons involved is very small.
833:, and must deposit a total energy in the range of at least millijoules or higher. Relatively high current at anything more than about fifty volts can therefore be medically significant and potentially fatal.
1039:
cables, fences, and pipelines to dangerous voltages that can be carried many miles from the site of the strike. Although many of these objects are not normally conductive, very high voltage can cause the
973:
In recent years, standards for explosion hazard protection have become more uniform between
European and North American practice. The "zone" system of classification is now used in modified form in U.S.
311:
systems may be authorized to install systems energized up to only 30 volts between conductors, and may not be permitted to work on mains-voltage circuits. The general public may consider household
449:(STP), between spherical electrodes is approximately 33 kV/cm. This is only a rough guide, since the actual breakdown voltage is highly dependent upon the electrode shape and size. Strong
226:
depends on context. Two factors considered in classifying a voltage as high voltage are the possibility of causing a spark in air, and the danger of electric shock by contact or proximity.
1359:
484:
While lower voltages do not, in general, jump a gap that is present before the voltage is applied, interrupting an existing current flow with a gap often produces a low-voltage spark or
1031:
Hazards due to lightning obviously include a direct strike on persons or property. However, lightning can also create dangerous voltage gradients in the earth, as well as an
372:
seen under low-humidity conditions always involve voltage well above 700 V. For example, sparks to car doors in winter can involve voltages as high as 20,000 V.
601:
High voltages have been used in landmark chemistry and particle physics experiments and discoveries. Electric arcs were used in the isolation and discovery of the element
508:
may form. Once formed, an arc may be extended to a significant length before breaking the circuit. Attempting to open an inductive circuit often forms an arc, since the
690:
Low-energy exposure to high voltage may be harmless, such as the spark produced in a dry climate when touching a doorknob after walking across a carpeted floor. The
516:
systems make sustained arcing somewhat less likely, since the current returns to zero twice per cycle. The arc is extinguished every time the current goes through a
924:
Even voltages insufficient to break down air can supply enough energy to ignite atmospheres containing flammable gases or vapours, or suspended dust. For example,
461:
or glows in air at atmospheric pressure, so by this rule these voltages are "low". However, under conditions of low atmospheric pressure (such as in high-altitude
299:
may only be licensed for particular voltage classes in some jurisdictions. For example, an electrical license for a specialized sub-trade such as installation of
874:
1142:
1298:
Friedrich
Paschen (1889). "Ueber die zum Funkenübergang in Luft, Wasserstoff und Kohlensäure bei verschiedenen Drucken erforderliche Potentialdifferenz".
234:
230:
1375:
1356:
919:
265:
936:
vapor mixed with air can be ignited by sparks produced by electrical apparatus. Examples of industrial facilities with hazardous areas are
395:
can be used to multiply the voltage produced by an induction coil. It generates DC using diode switches to charge a ladder of capacitors.
899:
488:. As the contacts are separated, a few small points of contact become the last to separate. The current becomes constricted to these small
994:, can produce small quantities of toxic gases, which in a confined space can be a health hazard. These gases include oxidizers such as
613:
of a selection of metallic elements by the spectrum emitted when used as anodes. High voltage is used for generating electron beams for
1247:
883:
446:
753:
in a high-voltage transmission line or substation may result in high currents flowing along the surface of the earth, producing an
910:, and provides standards for the protective clothing required for electrical workers exposed to such hazards in the workplace.
590:
Spark gaps were used historically as an early form of radio transmission. Similarly, lightning discharges in the atmosphere of
504:, which temporarily bridges the widening gap. If the power supply and load allow sufficient current to flow, a self-sustaining
349:(EHT), compared to other voltage supplies within the equipment. This type of supply ranges from 5 kV to about 30 kV.
618:
341:, and is often used in experiments in physics. The accelerating voltage for a television cathode ray tube may be described as
855:
superficially appearing similar to Van de Graaff generators, they are not electrostatic machines and can produce significant
386:
can produce voltages approaching one million volts at several amps, but typically don't last long enough to cause damage.
1112:
975:
764:" techniques to allow hands-on contact with energized equipment. In this case the worker is electrically connected to the
102:
39:
32:
825:
The discharge may involve extremely high voltage over very short periods, but to produce heart fibrillation, an electric
1421:
1193:
804:
If insulated, the plastic coating should be free of air bubbles which result in coronal discharges within the bubbles.
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1102:
1096:
542:
95:
500:
can spark noticeably by this mechanism in a darkened room. The ionized air and metal vapour (from the contacts) form
1467:
392:
391:
secondary winding. Thus scaling them to higher voltages by adding more turns of wire can become impractical. The
1146:
1263:
890:
line-up, a hazard is presented to maintenance and operating personnel due to the possibility of a high-intensity
750:
1224:
1056:, shielding wires, and bonding of electrical and structural parts of buildings to form a continuous enclosure.
1002:. They are readily identified by their characteristic odor or color, and thus contact time can be minimized.
979:
308:
813:
714:
675:
406:. An average bolt of negative lightning carries a current of 30 to 50 kiloamperes, transfers a charge of 5
379:
375:
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by the use of apparatus designed not to accumulate enough stored electrical energy to trigger an explosion
327:
965:
Increased safety, which applies to devices using measures such as oil-filled enclosures to prevent sparks
741:
can result in injury or death. Metal ladders, farm equipment, boat masts, construction machinery, aerial
1032:
622:
357:
1457:
1307:
1041:
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442:
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79:
57:
53:
1355:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation:
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in air, as well as visible sparks. Voltages below about 500–700 volts cannot produce easily visible
1081:
738:
614:
582:. It is also used for electrostatic flocking to coat objects with small fibers that stand on edge.
579:
513:
493:
254:
1435:
1264:"John Chubb, "Control of body voltage getting out of a car," IOP Annual Congress, Brighton, 1998"
1169:"ANSI C84.1 - Electric Power Systems and Equipment - Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz) | Engineering360"
819:
548:
435:
1429:
315:
circuits (100 to 250 VAC), which carry the highest voltages they normally encounter, to be
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765:
761:
653:
528:, require some element in the circuit to stabilize the arc's current/voltage characteristics.
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For high voltage and extra-high voltage transmission lines, specially trained personnel use "
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1288:
A. H. Howatson, "An
Introduction to Gas Discharges", Pergamom Press, Oxford, 1965, page 67
856:
770:
742:
330:, high voltage is defined as voltage in range 30 to 1000 VAC or 60 to 1500 VDC.
214:
122:
453:(from high voltages applied to small or pointed conductors) often produce violet-colored
1311:
426:
999:
945:
941:
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Voltages greater than 50 V applied across dry unbroken human skin can cause heart
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982:. Intrinsic safety apparatus is now approved for use in North American applications.
937:
638:
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that penetrate the skin, then even voltage sources below 40 V can be lethal.
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Measurements of radio frequency signals from lightning in
Jupiter's atmosphere
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A high voltage is not necessarily dangerous if it cannot deliver substantial
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http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2013/R100r2e.pdf
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949:
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492:, causing them to become incandescent, so that they emit electrons (through
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126:
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High voltage testing arrangement with large capacitor and test transformer
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must produce a significant current in the heart muscle continuing for many
633:
625:
lithium atoms in lithium oxide into helium by accelerating hydrogen atoms.
1207:
933:
925:
903:
642:
462:
272:
electric power systems over 100 V. Specifically, ANSI C84.1-2020 defines
242:
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consequence, the output of a Tesla coil can be dangerous or even fatal.
733:
Contact with or close approach to line conductors presents a danger of
727:
609:
powered early X-ray tubes. Moseley used an X-ray tube to determine the
591:
525:
407:
399:
utilize resonance, are lightweight, and do not require semiconductors.
353:
285:
87:
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1239:
Electrical Power
Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design
1223:
UNECE regulation No 100 (revision 2, 12 August 2013), paragraph 2.17
1052:
Measures to control lightning can mitigate the hazard; these include
895:
719:
132:, as well as other industrial, military and scientific applications.
118:
520:, and must reignite during the next half-cycle to maintain the arc.
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provides a high-voltage pulse whenever the current is interrupted.
27:
Electrical potential that is large enough to cause damage or injury
995:
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EDN - Understanding and comparing the differences in ESD testing
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large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries,
1023:
within a day at normal temperatures and atmospheric pressure.
790:
800:
to quench the arc when the high voltage circuit is broken.
1214:
establishes classes of electrician's licences by voltage.
402:
The largest scale sparks are those produced naturally by
990:
Electrical discharges, including partial discharge and
594:
are thought to be the source of the planet's powerful
356:
text character representing "high voltage" is U+26A1,
1389:"Van de Graaff Generators Frequently Asked Questions"
1006:is invisible but has a sweet odor. It oxidizes to
955:Measures taken to prevent such explosions include:
894:. Maximum temperature of an arc can exceed 10,000
773:is dangerous for this reason, and a high-frequency
694:can be in the thousand-volt range, but the average
561:Electrical transmission and distribution lines for
38:"High tension" redirects here. For other uses, see
785:often use a blast of high pressure air, a special
670:area. The voltage at which there is the danger of
574:It is used in the production of semiconductors to
578:thin layers of metal films on the surface of the
1035:, and can charge extended metal objects such as
666:in body tissues that happen to pass through the
757:that also presents a danger of electric shock.
268:(ANSI) establishes nominal voltage ratings for
8:
777:can sustain a spark with only one endpoint.
557:Power lines with high voltage warning sign.
1143:"Electrical installation rules, standards"
1417:: Electrical Safety in the Workplace, USA
1327:
231:International Electrotechnical Commission
90:above a certain threshold. Equipment and
1357:Cases of high-voltage related casualties
139:
94:that carry high voltage warrant special
1242:(3 ed.). CRC Press. p. 3,36.
1134:
920:Electrical equipment in hazardous areas
1099:(includes a 'Health concerns' section)
1437:Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC
902:, has published a guideline standard
266:American National Standards Institute
7:
900:National Fire Protection Association
617:. Cockcroft and Walton invented the
1212:Electrician's Licence Act, CCSM E50
1049:are started by lightning strikes.
96:safety requirements and procedures
25:
884:prospective short-circuit current
796:under pressure), or immersion in
447:Standard Temperature and Pressure
1366:. Retrieved on 24 November 2008.
1145:. 22 August 2010. Archived from
1066:
847:Tesla coil § Health hazards
906:for evaluating and calculating
257:, and at least 1500 V for
233:and its national counterparts (
430:Long exposure photograph of a
284:as 1,100 kV. British Standard
1:
1113:Orders of magnitude (voltage)
103:electrical power distribution
40:High Tension (disambiguation)
33:High Voltage (disambiguation)
1346:, J. Geophys. Res., 103(E10)
524:such as used in lighting or
222:The numerical definition of
1103:High-voltage direct current
1097:Electric power transmission
718:High-voltage substation in
543:Electric power transmission
465:), or in an environment of
393:Cockcroft-Walton multiplier
64:filaments streaming from a
1489:
1424:electrical safety handbook
1387:Beaty, William J. (1998).
917:
867:
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651:
546:
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264:In the United States, the
52:High voltages may lead to
29:
1422:USA Department of Energy
1206:One such jurisdiction is
704:Elevated Working Platform
309:closed-circuit-television
280:as 345 kV to 765 kV, and
1320:10.1002/andp.18892730505
1173:standards.globalspec.com
980:Canadian Electrical Code
976:National Electrical Code
808:Electrostatic generators
445:strength of dry air, at
380:Van de Graaff generators
376:Electrostatic generators
117:, to produce electrical
101:High voltage is used in
814:Electrostatic generator
676:electrical conductivity
414:of energy (120 kg
1092:Electrical engineering
879:
730:
649:
605:from atmospheric air.
558:
438:
370:static electric sparks
328:automotive engineering
69:
60:as illustrated by the
1362:28 April 2014 at the
1033:electromagnetic pulse
877:
781:damage. High voltage
717:
645:W012), also known as
636:
598:frequency emissions.
556:
434:showing the repeated
429:
410:, and dissipates 500
276:as 115 kV to 230 kV,
123:photomultiplier tubes
51:
1042:electrical breakdown
755:earth potential rise
443:dielectric breakdown
125:, and in high-power
80:electrical potential
58:electrical discharge
54:electrical breakdown
31:For other uses, see
1342:K. Rinnert et al.,
1312:1889AnP...273...69P
1194:"Electrical safety"
1082:Voltage transformer
647:high voltage symbol
494:thermionic emission
436:electric discharges
255:alternating current
249:as above 1000
121:, for ignition, in
1473:Technology hazards
1329:2027/uc1.$ b624756
1300:Annalen der Physik
1270:on 8 February 2007
1236:Gönen, T. (2014).
1000:oxides of nitrogen
880:
731:
706:(or EWP) testing.
650:
619:voltage multiplier
559:
549:High-voltage cable
439:
384:Wimshurst machines
347:extra-high tension
343:extra-high voltage
335:extra-high voltage
333:The definition of
282:ultra-high voltage
278:extra-high voltage
143:IEC voltage range
70:
56:, resulting in an
18:Extra high voltage
1468:Electrical safety
1431:Electrical Safety
1149:on 22 August 2010
882:Depending on the
766:high-voltage line
664:electric currents
654:Electrical injury
479:Friedrich Paschen
455:corona discharges
220:
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204:Extra-low voltage
179:Electrical arcing
107:cathode-ray tubes
16:(Redirected from
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960:Intrinsic safety
914:Explosion hazard
908:arc flash hazard
864:Arc flash hazard
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339:EHV Power Supply
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451:electric fields
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1075:
1074:Energy portal
1069:
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1055:
1050:
1048:
1045:thousands of
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938:petrochemical
935:
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735:electrocution
729:
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721:
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709:
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673:
672:electrocution
669:
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635:
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611:atomic number
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569:
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518:zero crossing
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422:Sparks in air
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50:
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41:
34:
19:
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1430:
1423:
1414:
1395:29 September
1393:. Retrieved
1391:. amasci.com
1382:
1371:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1306:(5): 69–75.
1303:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1258:
1238:
1231:
1219:
1211:
1202:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:the original
1137:
1051:
1047:forest fires
1030:
1004:Nitric oxide
998:and various
989:
972:
954:
940:refineries,
932:, or petrol/
923:
907:
892:electric arc
881:
850:
835:
831:milliseconds
827:power supply
824:
817:
802:
779:
759:
747:
732:
710:Distribution
700:
689:
685:
660:fibrillation
657:
646:
600:
589:
573:
560:
537:Distribution
522:
489:
483:
440:
401:
374:
367:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
332:
325:
321:
317:high voltage
316:
297:Electricians
295:
290:high voltage
289:
281:
277:
274:high voltage
273:
263:
247:high voltage
246:
228:
224:high voltage
221:
193:120 to 1,500
168:High voltage
167:
130:vacuum tubes
100:
84:high voltage
83:
73:High voltage
72:
71:
45:
1458:Electricity
1108:Low voltage
986:Toxic gases
978:and in the
930:natural gas
853:Tesla coils
841:Tesla coils
798:mineral oil
623:transmutate
498:9 V battery
397:Tesla coils
368:The common
190:50 to 1,000
186:Low voltage
76:electricity
1452:Categories
1274:1 February
1129:References
1118:Tesla coil
969:explosion)
950:coal mines
888:switchgear
775:Tesla coil
681:electrodes
652:See also:
615:microscopy
586:Scientific
570:Industrial
547:See also:
510:inductance
432:Tesla coil
412:megajoules
364:Production
305:fire alarm
175:> 1,500
172:> 1,000
136:Definition
92:conductors
86:refers to
78:refers to
66:Tesla coil
1440:book and
1123:Spark gap
1037:telephone
1027:Lightning
870:Arc flash
789:(such as
762:live line
490:hot spots
467:noble gas
404:lightning
307:systems,
303:systems,
127:amplifier
1415:NFPA 70E
1360:Archived
1208:Manitoba
1060:See also
934:gasoline
926:hydrogen
904:NFPA 70E
851:Despite
743:antennas
698:is low.
643:ISO 7010
469:such as
463:aircraft
408:coulombs
378:such as
211:< 120
1463:Voltage
1308:Bibcode
1178:18 July
1153:18 July
896:kelvins
820:current
771:antenna
728:Finland
696:current
692:voltage
592:Jupiter
576:sputter
526:welding
354:Unicode
286:BS 7671
208:< 50
150:voltage
88:voltage
1442:series
1246:
992:corona
948:, and
720:Kaanaa
629:Safety
502:plasma
459:sparks
111:X-rays
62:plasma
996:ozone
928:gas,
751:fault
668:chest
603:argon
596:radio
580:wafer
471:argon
313:mains
270:60 Hz
105:, in
1397:2020
1276:2007
1244:ISBN
1180:2020
1155:2020
724:Pori
532:Uses
475:neon
441:The
382:and
352:The
301:HVAC
253:for
239:IEEE
229:The
119:arcs
113:and
1324:hdl
1316:doi
1304:273
621:to
506:arc
486:arc
473:or
345:or
326:In
243:VDE
235:IET
148:RMS
146:AC
98:.
1454::
1322:.
1314:.
1302:.
1171:.
952:.
944:,
791:SF
726:,
722:,
514:AC
481:.
360:.
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156:)
1444:.
1399:.
1332:.
1326::
1318::
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1182:.
1157:.
1018:2
1013:O
793:6
641:(
251:V
154:V
152:(
68:.
42:.
35:.
20:)
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