694:. The 230 metres (750 ft) main spans of the bridge were, in 2020, the longest concrete-only extradosed box-girder bridge spans in the world. The spans are equal in length to the main span of the N25 Suir Bridge in Waterford; and four metres shorter the main span of the Foyle Bridge in Northern Ireland, which is 21 metres shorter in total length. The two central main spans are supported by a central plane of stay cables passing through saddles located on three towers at the three central supports. The distinctive feature of the Bridge is the different height of the towers. The side towers have a height of 16.2m and have 8 passing cables and the central pier has a height of 27.0m and 18 passing cables.
286:, Japan, designed by Akio Kasuga and completed in 1994. This bridge has a 122 m (400 ft) main span, a 16.2-m deck width and utilises four 10.7-m tall pylons each supporting two sets of eight exposed extradosed tendons in a modified fan arrangement. These tendons pass over saddles at the top of each pylon, however it is unclear as to whether they form a continuous tendon between the two spans, as the designers' documentation refers to them being anchored outside each saddle to restrain slip. Numerous bridges have subsequently been constructed in Japan to similar designs, the twin, 33 m (108 ft) wide
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pre-stressed concrete. The structures are built using balanced cantilever segmental construction. The elevation of the bridges reaches heights between 40 and 60 m above the bottom of the valley, which made a cable-stayed bridge option, with pylons higher than 25 m above the deck, inappropriate for the site. Therefore, it was proposed an extradosed bridge type, which reduces the height of the pylon, and a single plane of stays to allow a more transparent view. The bridges were designed by
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927:Çallı Bridge, in Antalya city center, is the first extradosed bridge designed and constructed in Turkey. The 180 m (590 ft) long bridge has an 80 m (260 ft) main span with 50 m (160 ft) side spans sustained by 2 x 4 sets of 4 extradosed cables (harp design) supported above the 30 m (98 ft) wide deck by two 7 m (23 ft) pylons canted away from the main span. The 6-lane bridge was opened to traffic for Expo 2016.
29:
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392:. Classic cable-stayed designs employ a tower-height to main-span ratio of around 1:5 (or 0.20). In comparison, extradosed bridges have towers with height:span ratios of between 1:8 and 1:15 (0.125 to 0.067), with around 1:10 (0.10) being most common. This lower tower height results in a much flatter cable angle, typically ~ 17° to the horizontal, and a correspondingly much higher axial
413:
majority of any applied deck loads directly into the nearest stay cables. In comparison, extradosed designs utilise a substantially stiffer deck/girder structure, allowing the girder to support a significant proportion of any deck loads, and facilitating the distribution of the remaining load between a larger number of individual stay elements.
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Since the mid-2000s, the style has grown appreciably in popularity with over fifty bridges with extradosed characteristics being recorded as of 2012. They have been constructed in many countries, although the significant majority of them are located in Japan and South Korea. The longest-span example
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between 100 m (330 ft) and 250 m (820 ft), and over fifty such bridges had been constructed around the world as of 2012. Whilst incurring many of the construction costs of both the cable-stayed and girder bridge types, extradosed bridges can deliver material savings to offset much
726:
developed the design task for the route of the bridge, which would connect Vienības Anenue on the left bank of the
Daugava River and the Slāvu Roundabout on the right bank. The Southern Bridge over represents a multispan extradosed structure of 49.5 + 77 + 5 × 110 + 77 + 49.5 metres with six traffic
428:
level experienced by the bridge's structural elements as the live loading varies. The lower proportion of live load carried by the extradosed cables results in a reduced magnitude of stress fluctuations within the cables, down from typically 100 megapascals (15,000 psi) or above for cable-stay
903:
with a four-lane bridge (1 km) on the sea. Construction is scheduled to start in the latter half of the year for completion in 2021. From the total length of 6.23 km, the length of the new bridge is 1.03 km. The main bridge itself is 670m long and is designed as an extradosed bridge
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tendons that have been deviated upwards from the deck to the towers to increase the superstructure's load capacity over the main supports. Extradosed bridges frequently extend this approach by making the extradosed tendons continuous over the towers via saddle supports and using anchorages only at
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prestressed concrete bridge was built across Barton Creek near Austin, Texas in 1993 to service a private development. This is similar in concept to the original Ganter Bridge, except that the stay cables are encased within triangular blade walls connecting the deck to the towers. The first "true"
476:
was completed in 2010. The new elevated road crosses three parallel valleys with signature bridges. These three consecutive bridges have similar features and as a result are called the
Triplets. All three-span structures are made of concrete, with maximum span of 113 metres, featuring extradosed
170:
of comparable span, an extradosed bridge uses much shorter stay-towers or pylons than the cable-stayed bridge, and a significantly shallower deck/girder structure than used on the girder bridge. This arrangement results in the typical extradosed "look" of a fan of low, shallow-angle stay cables,
412:
element in spanning-action between the main bridge supports. This characteristic derives from the relative stiffnesses between the cable stays and the girder element. Cable-stay designs typically incorporate flexible deck structures without a stiff girder element, and such systems transfer the
260:
of Zurich, it preceded by several years the 1988 publication on the design philosophy of such bridges by
Jacques Mathivat, who is credited with inventing the extradosed terminology and its design concepts. The Ganter Bridge is a modified prestressed concrete cantilever girder design, where the
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that is carried by the cables. On cable-stayed bridges, the stays commonly support at least 80% of the loading from vehicular traffic acting on the bridge superstructure, whereas on extradosed bridges, the stay cables typically support only between 20% and 60% of this load. In both cases, the
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tendons, as they connected to the extradose (or upper surface) of the bridge's spanning structure. The shallow angle of these tendons resulted in them transmitting a large compression force component into the bridge deck structure, allowing them to function in a similar manner to conventional
261:
longitudinal "continuity" tendons are raised significantly above the deck height at the ends of each main span and supported on short towers. These tendons are encased in fin-like blade walls on each side of the towers for protection, a design arrangement now often referred to as a
272:
viaduct across Arret-Darre in France. Mathivat's design replaced the internal tendons normally located in the top of the box girder with "external" tendons running at a shallow angle from the deck surface in one span up over short towers and back to the next span. These he called
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294:"Twinkle" bridges, spanning 271.5 m (891 ft) and 275 m (902 ft) across the Ibi and Kiso Rivers respectively, and completed in 2001. Twinkle bridge was the longest extradosed bridge in the world until 2017, when the 1,920 m (6,300 ft) long
358:. Developed as a hybrid structure between the classic cable-stay and cantilever-girder bridge types, they can offer cost saving and aesthetic opportunities for medium-length bridges in the 100 metres (330 ft) to 250 metres (820 ft) span range.
353:
Visually, extradosed bridges typically have the appearance of a cable-stayed bridge with very short towers (pylons), with cable stays of shallow angle that may not extend along the full length of the deck, and (frequently) with a more substantial deck
281:
The first example of a bridge constructed using
Mathivat's concepts appears to be the 1993 Ponte dos Socorridos at Camara de Lobos, Portugal, with a main span of 106 m (348 ft). This was quickly followed by the Odawara Blueway Bridge on the
763:
region of
Pakistan. The bridge is 60 metres above the river and 246 metre long. The cable-stayed extradosed bridge was designed and funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency at the cost of approximately Rs 1.5 billion. The bridge connects
1975:
727:
lanes. The total length of the bridge is 803 metres. The width is 34.28 metres. There are six pylons, each at a height 13.33 metres above the roadway pavement. Each pylon has eight pairs of cables.
278:"flexural" bridge prestressing. The extradosed tendons were continuous over the towers and were stressed from the deck level, unlike stay cables, which normally terminate at the top of each pylon.
1405:
915:
is the first extradosed bridge in
Thailand. The 4.3-kilometer Maha Chesadabodindranusorn Bridge links the western side (Bang Krang and Bang Sri Muang subdistricts) with the eastern part of the
554:
completed in 2000, although the bridge is described as cable-stayed by some sources. One main span is 312 m (1,024 ft) long. Several bridges followed, including the recently opened
179:
of this penalty. They have frequently been adopted when overall height, navigation clearance, or aesthetic requirements have made the cable-stayed or girder alternatives less feasible.
433:
experienced by the stay cables and their end anchorages, and bridge design codes allow extradosed stay cables to operate at a significantly higher design stress level and therefore
155:, the exterior or upper curve of an arch, and refers to how the "stay cables" on an extradosed bridge are not considered as such in the design, but are instead treated as external
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Their hybrid nature can lead to significant additional complexity in their design, as the response of the bridge to applied loads is determined by the interactions between:
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While little is known of the origin of Menn's design, Mathivat developed a theoretical basis for such a concept during 1982–83 while preparing a tender proposal for the
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Although differentiated from cable-stayed bridges in a number of areas, the principal and defining extradosed characteristic is the low height of the main
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with a maximum span of 125m. The road consists of a 4.52 km section where two lanes has been expanded to four lanes and a new 0.68 km section.
440:
As a result of these characteristics, the "stay cables" on extradosed bridges are not treated as such by the design codes, but are instead considered as
227:
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2014:
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that was built in the 1970s. Work on the development of the
Southern Bridge project started in 2002, when the City Development Department of the
1198:
951:, which opened to traffic on June 22, 2012. The southbound span opened on August 19, 2015, making it the fourth extradosed bridge in the U.S.
1116:
981:
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in
Switzerland, also designed by Christian Menn and utilising low, outward-leaning pylons to minimise its visual impact on the surroundings.
1431:
305:
across the
Maurienne River at Saint-Remy-de-Maurienne, France. This was followed in 1998 by the curved, 140 m (460 ft) multi-span
429:
bridges to around 50 megapascals (7,300 psi) for extradosed designs. This has a direct benefit in reducing the detrimental effects of
969:. Construction began in July 2012 and the bridges were dedicated in July 2014. They are the first extradosed bridges to be constructed in
899:. The 6.23-kilometre bridge will attempt to relieve the traffic bottleneck by connecting the area near Coco Beach and Agakan Hospital in
739:
as part of the highway E6. The bridge was opened for traffic
December 17, 2016. It is 324 meters long and carries four lanes of traffic.
2462:
2078:
1001:
679:, was built by BAM and Dragados, and opened for traffic in January 2020. It is 894 m long, 21.9 m average width. The bridge spans the
472:
are the first three extradosed concrete bridges in Bolivia. The construction of a beltway allowing traffic decongestion in the city of
718:, is as of 2010 the biggest construction project in Latvia and its capital city, Riga. In work volume it can only be compared to the
2371:
912:
838:. The total length of the bridge is 808.5 metres (2,653 ft) with the main span of 204 m. The bridge has been commissioned by
539:
633:
1832:
1782:"Najdłuższy most typu extradosed w Europie otwarty : Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Serwis informacyjny"
1690:
676:
531:
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28:
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667:. It is the longest multi-span extradosed bridge in the world, with a main bridge length of 1,920 m (6,300 ft).
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1000:. Construction began on the bridge in 2014 and it was opened to traffic on August 2, 2017. The bridge replaced the older
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478:
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2007:
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deviating upward from the deck. In this concept, they remain part of (and define the upper limit of) the main bridge
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795:
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experienced by the external cables, and their subsequent treatment by design codes. Unlike a bridge's near-constant
2293:
869:
748:
587:
575:
516:
551:
1035:"Comportamiento estructural y criterios de diseño de los puentes extradosados: visión general y estado del arte"
804:
640:
1807:"Proposed Second New Kelani Bridge Project–A project for Traffic Improvement around existing new Kelani Bridge"
1720:
1037:[Structural behavior and design criteria of extradosed bridges: general insight and state of the art].
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force within the bridge superstructure due to the greater horizontal force component within each cable stay.
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In 1996, a short 54 m (177 ft) span bridge of the extradosed style was constructed to pass the
1005:
993:
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at Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which spans 180 m (590 ft) and was completed in 2008.
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542:. It is the longest extradosed bridge in North America. The bridge opened to traffic on June 16, 2009.
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523:. The bridge went into service on August 17, 2009, coinciding with the opening of the Canada Line.
434:
424:, its live load can be highly variable both in time and position, resulting in fluctuations in the
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Hybrid bridge fusing the main elements of a prestressed box-girder bridge and a cable-stayed bridge
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1083:. Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Our World in Concrete & Structures. pp. 85–93.
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perspective, the second extradosed characteristic is the reduced proportion of superstructure
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167:
142:
42:
1889:Özel, Cemal Noyan; Özkul, Özgür; Erdoğan, Erdem; Ergüner, Kamil; Görgülü, Ali Günalp (2016).
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The first extradosed bridge in Scandinavia is the Harpe Bridge crossing the Norwegian river
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609:. This bridge is 880 m (2,890 ft) long, with a span of 110 m (360 ft).
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2118:
703:
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404:
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919:(Suan Yai and Talat Kwan subdistricts) and a new road connecting with Ratchaphruek Road.
244:
The earliest bridge known to incorporate some of the features of an extradosed design is
2423:
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2133:
2123:
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usually with a pronounced "open window" region extending from the sides of each tower.
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223:
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1903:
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958:
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Pakistan inaugurated its first extradosed bridge for traffic on August 21, 2014. The
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the degree of fixity between the superstructure, the towers and the substructure;
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880:, as part of a project aimed at improving traffic condition around the existing
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84:
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72:
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Extradosed bridges are transitional between girders and cable-stayed bridges.
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of Gujarat and its span of 144 m (472 ft) is the longest in India.
997:
989:
865:
843:
512:
151:
125:
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the deck connections, significantly simplifying the tensioning operations.
1992:
141:
employs a structure that combines the main elements of both a prestressed
2205:
1976:"New signature Brazos bridge design could be model for others nationwide"
1892:
The First Extradosed Bridge in Turkey: Design of the Antalya Çallı Bridge
896:
831:
684:
291:
102:
1539:"The Development and Theoretical Research Analysis of Extradosed Bridge"
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835:
827:
789:
785:
765:
652:
629:
625:
606:
287:
76:
1636:
1199:"Nowe typy konstrukcji owe typy konstrukcji w mostownictwie XXI wieku"
1184:
935:
The first extradosed bridge in the U.S. is the northbound span of the
2023:
850:
812:
800:
715:
644:
473:
409:
1742:
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Ltd. for the Second Vivekananda Bridge Toll corporation over river
1008:, which was functionally obsolete and deteriorating from its age.
970:
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The widest extradosed bridge in the world is Most autostradowy w
711:
1996:
1081:
Development of Extradosed Structures in the Bridge Construction
842:, designed by Transprojekt Gdanski and is built by Budimex and
1924:
325:
remains the 2001 Kisogawa Bridge at 275 m (902 ft).
772:
areas of Muzaffarabad reduced commuting duration by an hour.
174:
The extradosed bridge form is mostly suited to medium-length
2265:
1033:
Benjumea, José; Chio, Gustavo; Maldonado, Esperanza (2010).
1537:
Shi, Jingxian; Duan, Jiahong; Liu, Xun (23 February 2019).
371:
the height and longitudinal stiffness of the towers/pylons;
550:
Extradosed bridges are rare in China, while the first was
530:, crosses the Fraser River between the municipalities of
365:
the flexural stiffness of the deck/girder superstructure;
976:
The fifth extradosed bridge in the United States is the
954:
The second and third extradosed bridges in the U.S. are
1543:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
620:
in Vancouver, Canada, was completed March 2017 across
895:
is the first extradosed bridge in United Republic of
570:
Nivedita Setu. Main bridge 880 m (2,890 ft)
408:
remainder of the load is carried by the longitudinal
1925:"I-95 New Haven Harbor Crossing Improvement Program"
2416:
2395:
2339:
2276:
2031:
840:
General Directorate for National Roads and Highways
632:. It is the first extradosed bridge to be built in
312:In North America, a small 104 m (341 ft)
124:
116:
108:
98:
90:
68:
60:
52:
38:
593:India's first extradosed bridge for road traffic,
2331:List of lists of covered bridges in North America
1484:"Buckland & Taylor Ltd. - Golden Ears Bridge"
574:In 2006, Delhi Metro's Blue Line was extended to
388:or pylons, expressed as a proportion of the main
380:the flexural stiffness of the main support piers.
298:in India became the longest bridge of this type.
1406:"Cable Stayed Bridges with Prestressed Concrete"
1175:Mermigas, Konstantinos Kris (24 February 2009).
1678:New bridge will have the longest spans in India
582:. This section had a Extradosed Bridge between
884:. The project was completed in November 2021.
558:with 265 m (869 ft) long main span.
2008:
807:is the widest extradosed bridge in the world.
374:the lengths of adjacent spans and back-spans;
252:, constructed in Poland in 1980. Next is the
8:
1721:"Denne brua blir Norges første av sitt slag"
826:opened to traffic on 26 July 2013 over the
21:
1950:"TxDOT, Contractors Make Big Moves on I-35"
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
2015:
2001:
1993:
1177:Behaviour and Design of Extradosed Bridges
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
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1146:
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1142:
1140:
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1105:The Design of Prestressed Concrete Bridges
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
815:, one of the largest in the world, is the
317:extradosed design on the continent is the
256:, constructed in Switzerland, designed by
1562:
1050:
1587:"Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge (Wuhu, 2000)"
1432:"Pedelta Project: The Trillizos Bridges"
1324:
1322:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1016:
675:Ireland's first extradosed bridge, the
464:Puentes Trillizos: The Triplets bridges
368:the axial stiffness of the cable stays;
1743:"Opalenie | Miasto i Gmina Gniew"
20:
1532:
1530:
1079:Ikeda, S.; Kasuga, A. (August 2000).
846:Agroman at a cost of 90 million EUR.
639:A few months later in June 2017, the
7:
1851:"Story < PR Room < GS E&C"
1612:"Hongxi Bridge - HighestBridges.com"
1510:"Jiayue Bridge - HighestBridges.com"
941:Interstate 95 (Connecticut Turnpike)
1898:. 2016 Istanbul Bridge Conference.
1404:Leonhardt, Fritz (September 1987).
1691:"Latvia's first extradosed bridge"
1039:Revista ingeniería de construcción
616:, which bears a similarity to the
504:is a transit-pedestrian bridge of
14:
2299:medieval stone bridges in Germany
913:Maha Chesadabodindranusorn Bridge
811:The largest extradosed bridge in
2437:
2436:
876:, an extradosed bridge over the
27:
1052:10.4067/S0718-50732010000300004
751:was built in four years on the
149:. The name comes from the word
33:Diagram of an extradosed bridge
1564:10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012053
1458:"Opening Day: August 17, 2009"
677:Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge
204:Odawara BlueWay Bridge, Japan.
166:Compared to a cable-stayed or
1:
2256:Visual index to various types
1637:"文成县百丈漈飞云湖旅游开发投资有限公司-文成旅游资讯网"
1486:. 4 June 2011. Archived from
2079:Cantilever spar cable-stayed
937:Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge
416:Thirdly is the magnitude of
337:Ibigawa Bridge, Nagoya Japan
228:Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge
597:, was completed in 2007 by
240:Main spans 157 m, 2012-2015
2484:
2463:Bridges by structural type
1974:J.B. Smith (3 July 2014).
1111:. Routledge. p. 519.
870:Road Development Authority
749:Earthquake Memorial Bridge
663:districts in the state of
2432:
2263:
1833:"New Kelani River Bridge"
552:Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge
347:Shin-Meisei Bridge, Japan
26:
2367:Continuous truss bridges
2340:Lists of bridges by size
2277:Lists of bridges by type
1252:"Odawara Blueway Bridge"
1109:(Google books (Preview))
443:external post-tensioning
168:cantilever-girder bridge
1876:"สะพานมหาเจษฎาบดินทร์ฯ"
1555:2019E&ES..218a2053S
1102:Benaim, Robert (2007).
874:New Kelani river bridge
339:Main span 271.5 m, 2001
2326:List of bridge–tunnels
2270:
2094:Double-beam drawbridge
1954:Texas.construction.com
1662:"Third Narmada Bridge"
1616:www.highestbridges.com
1514:www.highestbridges.com
1330:"Arrah-Chhapra Bridge"
1227:"Ponte dos Socorridos"
949:New Haven, Connecticut
855:A1 autostrada (Poland)
808:
792:
784:808-meter bridge near
692:national primary route
571:
497:
465:
350:
340:
329:Design characteristics
241:
220:
219:Main spans 140 m, 1998
207:
206:Main span 122 m, 1994.
197:
196:Main span 174 m, 1980.
56:Low-tower cable-stayed
2319:vertical-lift bridges
2269:
1978:. Waco Tribune-Herald
1006:Stillwater, Minnesota
798:
783:
569:
492:
463:
349:Main span 124 m, 2003
346:
336:
226:
213:
203:
190:
2377:Masonry arch bridges
2357:Cable-stayed bridges
1837:www.mageba-group.com
1761:Trojmiasto.gazeta.pl
1701:on 10 September 2008
980:, which crosses the
799:402-meter bridge in
641:Arrah–Chhapra Bridge
296:Arrah-Chhapra Bridge
157:prestressing tendons
2304:multi-level bridges
1438:on 11 November 2013
917:Nonthaburi province
687:and is part of the
599:Larsen & Toubro
515:with its suburb of
437:level as a result.
435:material efficiency
147:cable-stayed bridge
47:cable-stayed bridge
23:
2468:Extradosed bridges
2362:Cantilever bridges
2352:Suspension bridges
2294:cantilever bridges
2271:
2191:Navigable aqueduct
1723:. 10 November 2015
1380:"North Arm Bridge"
1355:"Sunniberg Bridge"
1302:"Kiso Gawa Bridge"
978:St. Croix Crossing
809:
793:
761:Azad Jammu Kashmir
737:Gudbrandsdalslågen
643:opened across the
618:Golden Ears Bridge
614:3rd Narmada Bridge
572:
528:Golden Ears Bridge
519:crossing over the
498:
466:
351:
341:
242:
221:
208:
198:
2450:
2449:
2408:Bridge to nowhere
2309:road–rail bridges
2026:-related articles
1277:"Ibi Gawa Bridge"
1118:978-0-415-23599-0
1002:Stillwater Bridge
882:New Kelani Bridge
759:, the capital of
724:Riga City Council
647:river connecting
246:Bridge in Rzuchów
143:box girder bridge
139:extradosed bridge
135:
134:
43:Box girder bridge
22:Extradosed bridge
2475:
2440:
2439:
2396:Additional lists
2032:Structural types
2017:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1921:
1915:
1914:
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1910:
1897:
1886:
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1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1809:. Archived from
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
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1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1697:. Archived from
1695:Dienvidutilts.lv
1687:
1681:
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1506:
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1495:
1480:
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1473:
1471:
1469:
1464:on 8 August 2009
1460:. Archived from
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:. Archived from
1428:
1422:
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1419:
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1195:
1189:
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1127:
1125:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1076:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1030:
986:Oak Park Heights
945:Quinnipiac River
893:Tanzanite Bridge
872:constructed the
825:
805:Wodzisław Śląski
502:North Arm Bridge
494:North Arm Bridge
319:North Arm Bridge
307:Sunniberg Bridge
215:Sunniberg Bridge
31:
24:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2428:
2412:
2403:Bridge failures
2391:
2335:
2289:bascule bridges
2284:List of bridges
2272:
2261:
2149:Rolling bascule
2027:
2021:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1929:I95newhaven.com
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
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1895:
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1883:
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1800:
1790:
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1755:
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1726:
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1704:
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1689:
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1684:
1671:
1669:
1660:
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1634:
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1620:
1618:
1610:
1609:
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1585:
1584:
1580:
1536:
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1528:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
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1482:
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1477:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1451:
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1415:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
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1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
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1270:
1260:
1258:
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1245:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1174:
1173:
1136:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1078:
1077:
1060:
1032:
1031:
1018:
1014:
982:St. Croix River
961:spans over the
933:
925:
910:
890:
863:
819:
778:
745:
733:
704:Southern Bridge
700:
673:
580:Barakhamba Road
564:
548:
487:
458:
453:
418:fatigue loading
348:
338:
331:
239:
218:
205:
195:
185:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2424:Bridges in art
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
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2328:
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2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2280:
2278:
2274:
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2264:
2262:
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2259:
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2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1966:
1941:
1916:
1881:
1867:
1842:
1824:
1813:on 14 May 2014
1798:
1773:
1748:
1734:
1712:
1682:
1666:structurae.net
1653:
1628:
1603:
1578:
1526:
1501:
1490:on 4 June 2011
1475:
1449:
1423:
1396:
1384:Structurae.net
1371:
1359:Structurae.net
1346:
1334:Structurae.net
1318:
1306:Structurae.net
1293:
1281:Structurae.net
1268:
1256:Structurae.net
1243:
1231:Structurae.net
1218:
1190:
1134:
1117:
1094:
1058:
1045:(3): 383–398.
1041:(in Spanish).
1015:
1013:
1010:
932:
929:
924:
921:
909:
906:
889:
886:
862:
859:
817:Kwidzyn Bridge
777:
774:
744:
741:
732:
729:
699:
696:
672:
669:
563:
560:
547:
544:
486:
483:
457:
454:
452:
449:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
356:superstructure
330:
327:
258:Christian Menn
194:, Switzerland.
184:
181:
161:superstructure
133:
132:
129:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
70:
66:
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62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2480:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2443:
2435:
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2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
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2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
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2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
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2312:
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2307:
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2300:
2297:
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2287:
2286:
2285:
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2248:
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2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
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2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:Vertical-lift
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Bridge–tunnel
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1856:
1855:www.gsenc.com
1852:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1787:
1786:Gddkia.gov.pl
1783:
1777:
1774:
1762:
1758:
1757:"Wyborcza.pl"
1752:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1641:www.lwcly.com
1638:
1632:
1629:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:(1): 012053.
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:frontage road
957:
956:Interstate 35
952:
950:
946:
942:
939:that carries
938:
931:United States
930:
928:
922:
920:
918:
914:
907:
905:
902:
901:Dar es Salaam
898:
894:
887:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:Vistula River
823:
818:
814:
806:
802:
797:
791:
787:
782:
775:
773:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
740:
738:
730:
728:
725:
721:
720:Island Bridge
717:
713:
709:
708:Daugava River
705:
697:
695:
693:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:Narmada River
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Nivedita Setu
591:
589:
585:
584:Supreme Court
581:
577:
568:
561:
559:
557:
556:Hongxi Bridge
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
511:, connecting
510:
507:
503:
496:, Canada 2009
495:
491:
484:
482:
480:
475:
471:
462:
455:
450:
448:
445:
444:
438:
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
414:
411:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
357:
345:
335:
328:
326:
322:
320:
315:
310:
308:
304:
303:A43 Autoroute
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Seisho Bypass
279:
276:
271:
270:Autoroute A64
266:
264:
259:
255:
254:Ganter Bridge
251:
247:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:, Switzerland
216:
212:
202:
193:
192:Ganter Bridge
189:
182:
180:
177:
172:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
140:
130:
127:
123:
119:
117:Design effort
115:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
2372:Arch bridges
2314:toll bridges
2254:
2230:Through arch
2098:
2064:Cable-stayed
1980:. Retrieved
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1891:
1884:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1737:
1727:14 September
1725:. Retrieved
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1694:
1685:
1677:
1670:. Retrieved
1665:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1546:
1542:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1462:the original
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1426:
1416:22 September
1414:. Retrieved
1409:
1399:
1389:26 September
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1364:26 September
1362:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:
1311:26 September
1309:. Retrieved
1305:
1296:
1286:26 September
1284:. Retrieved
1280:
1271:
1261:26 September
1259:. Retrieved
1255:
1246:
1236:26 September
1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:
1193:
1176:
1129:
1122:. Retrieved
1104:
1097:
1080:
1042:
1038:
1004:in downtown
975:
963:Brazos River
953:
934:
926:
911:
891:
878:Kelani River
864:
853:(MA 532) on
848:
810:
757:Muzaffarabad
753:Jhelum River
746:
734:
701:
681:River Barrow
674:
638:
611:
592:
588:Indraprastha
576:Indraprastha
573:
549:
532:Pitt Meadows
525:
521:Fraser River
499:
467:
442:
439:
415:
398:
383:
360:
352:
323:
313:
311:
300:
280:
274:
267:
262:
243:
173:
165:
150:
138:
136:
18:
2174:Transporter
2154:Submersible
2139:Retractable
1878:. May 2015.
1410:PCI Journal
967:Waco, Texas
820: [
536:Maple Ridge
509:Canada Line
394:compression
390:span length
263:cable-panel
236:Connecticut
73:Pedestrians
2457:Categories
2213:Suspension
2129:Drawbridge
2099:Extradosed
2074:Cantilever
2059:Burr Truss
2049:Box girder
1766:3 December
1705:3 December
1591:Structurae
1494:3 December
1339:1 November
1211:3 December
1206:Nbi.com.pl
1185:1807/17203
1179:(Thesis).
1012:References
994:St. Joseph
451:By country
401:structural
314:fin-backed
275:extradosed
91:Span range
85:heavy rail
81:light rail
61:Descendant
2347:By length
2186:Multi-way
1904:201864711
1860:31 August
1573:1755-1315
1089:248554987
998:Wisconsin
990:Minnesota
943:over the
866:Sri Lanka
861:Sri Lanka
844:Ferrovial
788:crossing
706:over the
683:south of
590:Station.
513:Vancouver
422:dead load
405:live load
232:New Haven
126:Falsework
2442:Category
2206:Vlotbrug
2119:Moveable
1468:4 August
1442:19 April
1124:21 April
984:between
908:Thailand
897:Tanzania
888:Tanzania
832:Opalenie
743:Pakistan
685:New Ross
517:Richmond
506:SkyTrain
470:Triplets
292:Kisogawa
265:bridge.
152:extrados
128:required
103:Concrete
99:Material
77:vehicles
39:Ancestor
2417:Related
2387:Tallest
2382:Highest
2250:Viaduct
2245:Tubular
2235:Trestle
2201:Pontoon
2144:Rolling
2134:Folding
2124:Bascule
2084:Covered
1909:10 June
1646:7 March
1621:7 March
1596:7 March
1551:Bibcode
1519:7 March
851:Mszanie
836:Kwidzyn
790:Vistula
786:Kwidzyn
770:Chattar
766:Naluchi
671:Ireland
657:Bhojpur
653:Chhapra
630:Gujarat
626:Bharuch
607:Kolkata
603:Hooghly
540:Langley
479:PEDELTA
456:Bolivia
431:fatigue
399:From a
288:Ibigawa
250:Leżajsk
183:History
109:Movable
69:Carries
53:Related
2225:Timber
2069:Canopy
2024:Bridge
1982:3 July
1959:6 June
1934:6 June
1902:
1817:6 June
1791:6 June
1672:20 May
1668:. 2016
1571:
1115:
1087:
923:Turkey
830:from
813:Europe
801:Mszana
776:Poland
731:Norway
716:Latvia
698:Latvia
645:Ganges
485:Canada
474:La Paz
426:stress
410:girder
386:towers
238:, U.S.
145:and a
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2240:Truss
2218:types
2164:Table
2159:Swing
1900:S2CID
1896:(PDF)
1202:(PDF)
971:Texas
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665:Bihar
661:Saran
649:Arrah
634:state
578:from
562:India
546:China
248:near
176:spans
2196:Pile
2169:Tilt
2114:Moon
2089:Crib
2044:Beam
2039:Arch
1984:2014
1961:2016
1936:2016
1911:2020
1862:2019
1819:2016
1793:2016
1768:2017
1729:2018
1707:2017
1674:2020
1648:2021
1623:2021
1598:2021
1569:ISSN
1521:2021
1496:2017
1470:2009
1444:2011
1418:2016
1412:: 61
1391:2016
1366:2016
1341:2019
1313:2016
1288:2016
1263:2016
1238:2016
1213:2017
1126:2009
1113:ISBN
1085:OCLC
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768:and
712:Riga
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