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summarized confidence, probabilities and costs-severities – such as economic costs, financial costs and number of early losses of life – of links to climate change and identified potential ways for the improvement of the field such as "improving the recording of extreme weather impacts around the
77:
Attribution studies generally proceed in four steps: (1) measuring the magnitude and frequency of a given event based on observed data, (2) running computer models to compare with and verify observation data, (3) running the same models on a baseline "Earth" with no climate change, and (4) using
542:
Oldenborgh, Geert Jan van; Krikken, Folmer; Lewis, Sophie; Leach, Nicholas J.; Lehner, Flavio; Saunders, Kate R.; Weele, Michiel van; Haustein, Karsten; Li, Sihan; Wallom, David; Sparrow, Sarah; Arrighi, Julie; Singh, Roop P.; Aalst, Maarten K. van; Philip, Sjoukje Y.; Vautard, Robert; Otto,
135:
by causing high-risk conditions that made widespread burning at least 30 percent more likely. They comment on the results, stating that climate change probably had more effects on the fires which couldn't be attributed using their
159:
concluded that human-induced climate change increased extreme 3-hourly storm rainfall rates by 10%, and extreme 3-day accumulated rainfall amounts by 5%. For hurricane-strength storms, the figures increased to 11% and
114:
world, improving the coverage of attribution studies across different events and regions, and using attribution studies to explore the contributions of both climate and non-climate drivers of impacts."
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posited that attribution science aims to answer the question, "did climate change play a role" in specific extreme events "within the news time frame – so within two weeks of the event".
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statistics to analyze the differences between the second and third steps, thereby measuring the direct effect of climate change on the studied event.
46:
events. Attribution science aims to determine which such recent events can be explained by or linked to a warming atmosphere and are not simply due to
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276:"Is climate change to blame for extreme weather events? Attribution science says yes, for some – here's how it works"
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2021:
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1330:
280:
100:, perhaps by increasing lawsuits against companies for causing and governments for not addressing climate change.
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Schiermeier, Quirin (2021-09-08). "Climate science is supporting lawsuits that could help save the world".
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Climate change can affect the intensity and frequency of extreme weather differently, for example the
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project publicized a study that found that human-caused climate change had an influence on the
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which stated that climate change is linked to six extreme weather events that were studied.
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Attribution science was first mentioned in a 2011 "State of the
Climate" published by the
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639:"Attribution of 2020 hurricane season extreme rainfall to human-induced climate change"
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35:
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Clarke, Ben; Otto, Friederike; Stuart-Smith, Rupert; Harrington, Luke (28 June 2022).
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and that not all drivers of the fires showed imprints of anthropogenic climate change.
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The
Climate Attribution Database contains scientific resources organized by theme.
702:
2084:
1601:
1593:
853:
27:
662:
567:
483:
466:
410:
2116:
1493:
1130:
545:"Attribution of the Australian bushfire risk to anthropogenic climate change"
1071:
680:
493:
418:
557:
544:
363:"Scientists Can Now Blame Individual Natural Disasters on Climate Change"
637:
Reed, Kevin A.; Wehner, Michael F.; Zarzycki, Colin M. (12 April 2022).
153:
A study of 2020 storms of at least tropical storm-strength published in
1049:
467:"Extreme weather impacts of climate change: an attribution perspective"
211:
Attribution of
Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change
2052:
518:"Climate Change Affected Australia's Wildfires, Scientists Confirm"
1059:
697:
205:
117:
707:
609:"Attribution science: Linking climate change to extreme weather"
2003:
1708:
1444:
1004:
916:
797:
749:
711:
1966:
Cooperative
Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
143:
The World
Weather Attribution initiative has attributed the
335:"Yes, Some Extreme Weather Can Be Blamed on Climate Change"
441:"Climate change is driving 2022 extreme heat and flooding"
243:"The Science Connecting Extreme Weather to Climate Change"
171:
Climate change mitigation § Drivers of global warming
2142:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
583:"Extreme weather: How is it connected to climate change?"
632:
630:
81:
Heatwaves are the easiest weather events to attribute.
1983:
United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
549:
Natural
Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions
122:
A house in
Australia that was destroyed by wildfires
2160:
2045:
2014:
1943:
1878:
1800:
1722:
1673:
1590:
1547:
1457:
1364:
1227:
1174:
1017:
841:
810:
214:. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
16:Field of study in meteorology and climate science
2183:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
88:was made far more likely but not more intense.
269:
267:
265:
263:
928:History of climate change policy and politics
723:
8:
1045:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
2264:
2252:
2011:
2000:
1719:
1705:
1454:
1441:
1014:
1001:
913:
807:
794:
746:
730:
716:
708:
2292:Climate change assessment and attribution
1810:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
953:United Nations Climate Change conferences
670:
566:
556:
492:
482:
328:
326:
1514:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
26:, is a relatively new field of study in
1870:National Adaptation Programme of Action
1659:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
197:
1519:Economics of climate change mitigation
1482:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
833:Scientific consensus on climate change
2178:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
7:
2200:Representative Concentration Pathway
1151:Tipping points in the climate system
827:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
145:2021 Western North America heat wave
1971:Nationally determined contributions
1681:Individual action on climate change
896:World energy supply and consumption
304:"The Decade of Attribution Science"
2110:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
543:Friederike E. L. (11 March 2020).
361:Harvey, Chelsea (2 January 2018).
34:that tries to measure how ongoing
14:
2037:Satellite temperature measurement
1642:forestry for carbon sequestration
933:History of climate change science
2263:
2251:
2240:
2239:
2227:
1888:Climate Change Performance Index
516:Fountain, Henry (4 March 2020).
127:Scientists of the international
2027:Instrumental temperature record
1978:Sustainable Development Goal 13
471:Environmental Research: Climate
333:Sneed, Annie (2 January 2017).
96:Attribution science may affect
60:American Meteorological Society
2095:Climate variability and change
1136:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
274:Zeng, Zubin (25 August 2021).
1:
2205:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
1740:Climate emergency declaration
302:Hu, Jane (19 December 2019).
247:Union of Concerned Scientists
92:Applications and implications
66:Purpose, methods and findings
2188:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1414:Middle East and North Africa
133:2019–20 Australian wildfires
181:Economics of climate change
42:(rare events), for example
2308:
2022:Global surface temperature
1913:Popular culture depictions
1825:Ecosystem-based adaptation
1555:Carbon capture and storage
1477:Carbon offsets and credits
663:10.1038/s41467-022-29379-1
445:Thomson Reuters Foundation
411:10.1038/d41586-021-02424-7
2234:Climate change portal
2221:
2127:Extreme event attribution
2010:
1999:
1750:School Strike for Climate
1718:
1704:
1629:Climate-smart agriculture
1453:
1440:
1013:
1000:
923:
912:
806:
793:
776:Climate change adaptation
771:Climate change mitigation
766:Effects of climate change
756:
745:
703:World Weather Attribution
186:Effects of climate change
129:World Weather Attribution
98:climate change litigation
20:Extreme event attribution
2137:Global warming potential
1944:International agreements
1591:Preserving and enhancing
1035:Arctic methane emissions
957:Years in climate change
864:Greenhouse gas emissions
761:Causes of climate change
484:10.1088/2752-5295/ac6e7d
2168:Climate change scenario
1820:Disaster risk reduction
1472:Carbon emission trading
1282:U.S. insurance industry
1262:Civilizational collapse
1109:sea surface temperature
2161:Research and modelling
1845:Nature-based solutions
1665:Nature-based solutions
1607:Carbon dioxide removal
1524:Fossil fuel divestment
1509:Climate risk insurance
1419:Small island countries
1040:Arctic sea ice decline
123:
2122:Earth's energy budget
2005:Background and theory
1893:Climate crisis (term)
1565:Fossil fuel phase-out
1459:Economics and finance
1424:by individual country
1366:By country and region
1341:Security and conflict
1336:Psychological impacts
1025:Abrupt climate change
948:Charles David Keeling
781:By country and region
643:Nature Communications
615:. Columbia University
558:10.5194/nhess-2020-69
156:Nature Communications
121:
86:2010 Russia heat wave
70:German climatologist
1951:Glasgow Climate Pact
1612:Carbon sequestration
1187:Mass mortality event
2090:Climate sensitivity
1865:The Adaptation Fund
1321:Infectious diseases
1228:Social and economic
698:Climate Attribution
655:2022NatCo..13.1905R
568:20.500.11850/475524
403:2021Natur.597..169S
368:Scientific American
340:Scientific American
138:climate simulations
24:attribution science
1661:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
1633:Forest management
1617:Direct air capture
1582:Sustainable energy
1539:Net zero emissions
1534:Low-carbon economy
1529:Green Climate Fund
1316:Indigenous peoples
1219:Plant biodiversity
1007:Effects and issues
522:The New York Times
147:to climate change.
124:
48:natural variations
2279:
2278:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2152:Radiative forcing
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1815:Adaptive capacity
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1560:Energy transition
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1156:Tropical cyclones
1082:Urban heat island
996:
995:
908:
907:
904:
903:
869:Carbon accounting
823:Greenhouse effect
789:
788:
397:(7875): 169–171.
221:978-0-309-38094-2
38:directly affects
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2267:
2266:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2242:
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2195:Paleoclimatology
2012:
2001:
1762:Ecological grief
1745:Climate movement
1720:
1706:
1686:Plant-based diet
1577:Renewable energy
1455:
1442:
1277:Economic impacts
1209:Invasive species
1065:Coastal flooding
1015:
1002:
938:Svante Arrhenius
914:
884:from agriculture
874:Carbon footprint
859:Greenhouse gases
808:
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22:, also known as
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2147:Orbital forcing
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2006:
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1961:Paris Agreement
1939:
1935:Warming stripes
1874:
1840:Managed retreat
1835:Loss and damage
1796:
1730:Business action
1714:
1692:
1669:
1592:
1586:
1543:
1504:Climate finance
1449:
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1360:
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1199:Extinction risk
1175:Flora and fauna
1170:
1131:Permafrost thaw
1126:Ozone depletion
1055:Extreme weather
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176:Climate justice
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72:Friederike Otto
68:
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44:extreme weather
32:climate science
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2100:Cloud feedback
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1908:Media coverage
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1624:Carbon farming
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1141:Sea level rise
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818:Climate system
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692:External links
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649:(1905): 1905.
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40:extreme events
36:climate change
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2173:Climate model
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2058:Carbon cycle
2015:Measurements
1710:Society and
1594:carbon sinks
1499:Climate debt
1489:Carbon price
1311:Human rights
1146:Season creep
1104:heat content
1030:Anoxic event
943:James Hansen
646:
642:
617:. Retrieved
612:
607:Cho, Renee.
602:
591:. Retrieved
589:. 2021-08-09
586:
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2085:Carbon sink
2063:atmospheric
1928:video games
1602:Blue carbon
1235:Agriculture
1214:Marine life
1161:Water cycle
1119:temperature
854:Fossil fuel
374:3 September
346:3 September
315:3 September
287:3 September
252:3 September
227:3 September
28:meteorology
2117:Cryosphere
2078:permafrost
1850:Resilience
1802:Adaptation
1777:Litigation
1767:Governance
1712:adaptation
1494:Carbon tax
1447:Mitigation
1384:Antarctica
1272:Disability
593:2021-09-03
192:References
2132:Feedbacks
1903:Education
1404:Caribbean
1399:Australia
1326:Migration
1289:Fisheries
1240:Livestock
1166:Wildfires
1072:Heat wave
503:250134589
427:237452741
2286:Category
2258:Glossary
2246:Category
2068:biologic
1782:Politics
1674:Personal
1379:Americas
1252:Children
1018:Physical
811:Overview
751:Overview
681:35414063
619:6 August
613:phys.org
587:BBC News
551:: 1–46.
419:34497398
208:(2016).
165:See also
104:Examples
2073:oceanic
1923:fiction
1772:Justice
1723:Society
1331:Poverty
1050:Drought
918:History
842:Sources
672:9005694
651:Bibcode
527:6 April
450:19 July
399:Bibcode
54:History
2053:Albedo
2046:Theory
1757:Denial
1548:Energy
1409:Europe
1389:Arctic
1374:Africa
1299:Health
1294:Gender
1257:Cities
1182:Biomes
1089:Oceans
1077:Marine
800:Causes
679:
669:
501:
425:
417:
391:Nature
218:
111:review
2270:Index
2032:Proxy
1792:Women
1267:Crime
1194:Birds
1060:Flood
499:S2CID
423:S2CID
309:Slate
206:NASEM
1855:Risk
1394:Asia
986:2024
981:2023
976:2022
971:2021
966:2020
961:2019
677:PMID
621:2022
529:2020
452:2022
415:PMID
376:2021
348:2021
317:2021
289:2021
254:2021
229:2021
216:ISBN
30:and
1918:art
667:PMC
659:doi
563:hdl
553:doi
489:hdl
479:doi
407:doi
395:597
160:8%.
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