243:. These events have been growing in frequency in the past few decades due to climate change. With this growing frequency, it will increase the effects of these events onto humans and society in the future. People who are exposed to life threatening situations, including extreme weather events, are at a greater risk of experiencing PTSD symptoms or developing the disease. Experiencing or knowing someone who experienced an injury from a natural disaster increased the likelihood and frequency of PTSD symptoms. Also, experiencing a close death of a family member in relation to the natural disaster or weather event often led to a higher likelihood of PTSD.
333:
association with trauma from extreme weather events is also evaluated with very high confidence. As different events of extreme weather can cause extreme weather PTSD, and extreme weather is expected to increase globally, there is an enormous scale of people who may be affected by extreme weather PTSD. In an analysis of extreme weather events and mental health reviewing floods, droughts, storms, and heatwaves, PTSD rates as a result of these events ranged from 2.6% to 90% and results vary due to populations, disaster type, and study characteristics, and cross-cultural applications of PTSD diagnoses.
215:(PTSD) is a condition caused by past, life altering events in which people have experienced or witnessed. Events could include a serious accident, physical or sexual violence, combat, or natural disasters. Recently, studies have found that extreme weather also leads to PTSD. Symptoms of PTSD related to extreme weather events can include replaying flashbacks of an event, having greater anxiety, and/or detachment when thinking about an event. Symptoms can also arise months or years after the extreme weather event occurs.
435:
375:(SCT) to consider the patient’s cognitions, emotions, and behavior in the context of the trauma. CPT reduces symptoms of PTSD through cognitive restructuring. CT-PTSD is based on the theory that individuals afflicted with PTSD maintain a sense of a serious and current threat. Patients work to modify assessments of current threats, reduce dysfunctional cognitive strategies, and elaborate their trauma memory through a wide range of behavioral activation assignments.
342:
frequently for people residing in low and middle income areas impacted by climate disasters. Other vulnerable groups to extreme weather mental health effects include the economically disadvantaged, elderly, disabled, prisoners, substance abusers, and children. Children are particularly vulnerable because the mental health impacts of extreme weather can contribute not only to PTSD, but to infectious and chronic disease susceptibility as well as
312:
victims before depression and anxiety. PTSD in a flooded setting and PTSD in a storm setting are among the top three most common combinations of mental health outcomes and extreme weather events. This trend can be seen throughout many countries in South
America and Asia where there are significant increases in PTSD for individuals exposed to floods and storms compared to unexposed groups.
22:
63:
117:
371:(CPT), and cognitive therapy for PTSD (CT-PTSD) all significantly reduce PTSD symptoms in research and clinical settings. Emotional processing theory is the basis for PE. PE employs emotional processing techniques to activate trauma memory and modify the patient’s pathological fear structure. CPT utilizes
391:
and first aid, and government planning. Incorporating flood risk and management infrastructure in urban design is an effective mode of prevention for PTSD. Establishing resilience by allocating resources and encouraging community growth is also an effective tactic for reducing associated flood risks,
350:
later in life. Extreme weather events also force migration in many situations and PTSD is found in higher rates among refugees and forced migrant populations and there are more barriers to receiving treatment such as affordability, information on available services, and cultural or language barriers.
311:
Climate-related disasters and exposures including drought, extreme temperature, floods, landslides, storms, and precipitation have various mental health outcomes, but PTSD is consistently the most commonly reported among low and middle-income countries. Across weather events, PTSD ranks highest among
299:
is a term used to describe the change that can occur after a traumatic event, in which the person experiences adaptation, growth, and a new sense of living. It is a positive reaction to one’s experience of a negative event, in which one would want to change their life, or others lives for the better.
403:
The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has suggested increased mental health services as well as surveillance and monitoring of mental health impacts of extreme weather and other climate change related mental health effects as a potential solution (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
399:
Traditionally, mental health research has focused on high-income countries, excluding vulnerable populations. Low and middle-income countries are more burdened by exposure and vulnerabilities to extreme weather events, therefore a useful step in PTSD preparation and planning is expanding research
259:
is a term that describes one's reaction to the ever changing and worsening environmental conditions. One is constantly worried or scared of the eventual doom of the Earth and our society. There are sustained effects on the effects of individuals, as well as the increase in eco-anxiety as a health
319:
Current research focuses on PTSD associated with floods and storms. Knowledge about other events such as droughts, heatwaves, landslides, and precipitation is more limited. Further investigation is needed to determine the prevalence of PTSD in the instance of these various events and to identify
341:
There are many factors that increase vulnerability as well. Low and middle-income countries are more vulnerable due to the interaction of inadequate mental healthcare and increased vulnerability to the effects of climate related disasters. Specifically, flood and storm related PTSD are observed
332:
has connected climate change to extreme weather events as a reason for concern, which has been transitioned from a high to very high risk at near term warming with medium confidence. Negative mental health effects due to climate change are predicted with very high confidence globally, and the
288:, especially after heat waves. Therefore, it can be assumed that an increase in global temperature can lead to an increase in cases of violence. People experience an increase in aggressive behavior due to an increase in temperature, which can lead to violence or other mental health problems.
395:
Policy-based solutions such as enhanced monitoring of mental health and greater access to mental health resources have been shown to help effectively prepare for PTSD due to extreme weather events. Prevention planning for PTSD within the healthcare system can include increasing funding and
359:
There are many treatment and prevention tactics available for extreme weather-related PTSD. Individual conditions and psychological behavior, government action, secondary stressors, and weather events make the assessment of interventions difficult. Some interventions have proven relatively
315:
Populations in the UK that have been exposed to flood events have higher rates of diagnoses than the general population. The most common problem associated with flooding is PTSD (30.4%), surpassing depression (21.3%) and anxiety (19.8%).
396:
encouraging mental health training for professionals in the field, both of which have produced beneficial outcomes. Establishing a robust and well-trained mental health force is a productive step in resilience planning and adaptation.
1309:
Mao, Wanying; Adu, Medard; Eboreime, Ejemai; Shalaby, Reham; Nkire, Nnamdi; Agyapong, Belinda; Pazderka, Hannah; Obuobi-Donkor, Gloria; Owusu, Ernest; Oluwasina, Folajinmi; Zhang, Yanbo; Agyapong, Vincent I. O. (2022).
404:
p. 25). As extreme weather events grow stronger and more prevalent, the incorporation of treatments, solutions, prevention, and preparedness will be an important step for mitigating extreme weather PTSD.
300:
Post-traumatic growth can occur after a traumatic event, including extreme weather events. When someone is given social support after an event, they are more likely to experience post-traumatic growth.
35:
412:
Many extreme weather events from the recent past have led to many new cases of
Extreme Weather PTSD. Presented below are a list of extreme weather events and the prevalence of PTSD in the aftermath.
308:
PTSD surpasses depression and anxiety as the most common mental health outcome from extreme weather events.This phenomenon has been studied on global, regional, and local scales.
605:
Valladares-Garrido, Mario J.; Zapata-Castro, Luis E.; Peralta, C. Ichiro; GarcĂa-Vicente, AbigaĂl; Astudillo-Rueda, David; LeĂłn-Figueroa, Darwin A.; DĂaz-VĂ©lez, Cristian (2022).
423:
was a post-tropical cyclone and flooding event in the New York City area causing $ 19 billion in damages and 43 deaths. Prevalence of PTSD following
Hurricane Sandy was 2.0%.
41:
260:
condition. This has led to increased mental health issues in response to climate change, thus allowing for more research to be developed on the topic (Arcanjo, 2019).
1418:
Bandla, Shailaja; Nappinnai, NR; Gopalasamy, Srinivasagopalan (2019-05-09). "Psychiatric morbidity in
December 2015 flood-affected population in Tamil Nadu, India".
665:
272:
rates. This can be experienced both when one experiences an extreme weather event, but also due to the uncertainty of the future, in relation to climate change.
467:
After particularly high intensity rainfall and the overflowing of neighboring rivers in Tamil Nadu, 26.9% of the studied population were diagnosed with PTSD.
459:
PTSD was expected to be a long term effect of the Krymsk area after flooding in 2012 after warning signs were found in residents during the following weeks.
363:
One possible treatment for extreme weather PTSD is psychological debriefing, but this has been shown to be an ineffective intervention for flood events.
329:
1485:
1312:"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Wildfires: A Fifth-Year Postdisaster Evaluation among Residents of Fort McMurray"
720:"Natural Disasters in Indonesia: Relationships Among Posttraumatic Stress, Resource Loss, Depression, Social Support, and Posttraumatic Growth"
127:
138:
1475:
191:, particularly in the form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). With the increasing frequency and severity of these events due to
1480:
174:
156:
49:
212:
1136:
368:
832:"Extreme weather events in developing countries and related injuries and mental health disorders - a systematic review"
448:
979:"Climate change, climate-related disasters and mental disorder in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review"
770:"Climate change, climate-related disasters and mental disorder in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review"
92:
364:
1036:"The impact of climate change and natural disasters on vulnerable populations: A systematic review of literature"
372:
607:"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after the 6.1 Magnitude Earthquake in Piura, Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study"
388:
296:
131:
that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1252:"Effect of Extreme Weather Events on Mental Health: A Narrative Synthesis and Meta-Analysis for the UK"
896:"Effect of Extreme Weather Events on Mental Health: A Narrative Synthesis and Meta-Analysis for the UK"
548:"Effect of Extreme Weather Events on Mental Health: A Narrative Synthesis and Meta-Analysis for the UK"
434:
1382:
719:
196:
431:
PTSD after extreme weather events leading to flooding in the United
Kingdom was recorded at 30.36%.
1371:"Risks to the Health of Russian Population from Floods and Droughts in 2010–2020: A Scoping Review"
73:
1451:
1118:
1063:
747:
384:
268:
Among other issues, the effects of climate change and extreme weather can lead to an increase in
1443:
1435:
1400:
1351:
1333:
1291:
1273:
1199:
1181:
1110:
1102:
1055:
1016:
998:
935:
917:
871:
853:
807:
789:
739:
646:
628:
587:
569:
528:
510:
343:
1427:
1390:
1341:
1323:
1281:
1263:
1230:
1189:
1173:
1094:
1047:
1006:
990:
925:
907:
861:
843:
797:
781:
731:
698:
636:
618:
577:
559:
518:
500:
1082:
420:
224:
451:, Canada, and the destruction of 10% of housing, PTSD afflicted 39.6% of those affected.
1386:
487:
Padhy, Susanta Kumar; Sarkar, Sidharth; Panigrahi, Mahima; Paul, Surender (2015-01-01).
1346:
1311:
1286:
1251:
1194:
1161:
1011:
930:
895:
866:
831:
802:
769:
641:
606:
582:
547:
523:
488:
192:
1469:
1455:
1067:
751:
188:
1122:
546:
Cruz, Joana; White, Piran C. L.; Bell, Andrew; Coventry, Peter A. (9 October 2020).
1051:
735:
666:"Eco-Anxiety: Mental Health Impacts of Environmental Disasters and Climate Change"
1162:"Psychological Mechanisms of Effective Cognitive–Behavioral Treatments for PTSD"
1035:
994:
978:
894:
Cruz, Joana; White, Piran C. L.; Bell, Andrew; Coventry, Peter A. (2020-11-19).
785:
256:
1219:"Extreme Weather Events and Mental Health: Tackling the Psychosocial Challenge"
687:"Extreme Weather Events and Mental Health: Tackling the Psychosocial Challenge"
1177:
848:
232:
228:
1439:
1431:
1404:
1337:
1277:
1185:
1106:
1098:
1059:
1002:
921:
857:
793:
743:
632:
573:
514:
505:
623:
82:
1447:
1355:
1328:
1295:
1268:
1203:
1114:
1020:
939:
912:
875:
811:
650:
591:
564:
532:
62:
1250:
Cruz, Joana; White, Piran C. L.; Bell, Andrew; Coventry, Peter A. (2020).
1235:
1218:
703:
686:
347:
285:
236:
1395:
1370:
830:
Rataj, Elisabeth; Kunzweiler, Katharina; Garthus-Niegel, Susan (2016).
269:
953:
320:
which symptoms of PTSD correspond to which extreme weather incidents.
240:
718:
N. Sattler, David; Claramita, Mora; Muskavage, Brett (2018-07-04).
433:
195:, it is important to understand how they can lead to long-lasting
1316:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1256:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
900:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
611:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
552:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
360:
ineffective while others have produced more successful outcomes.
281:
110:
56:
15:
447:
After wildfires caused the evacuation of 90,000 residents of
954:"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"
128:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
493:
Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1083:"Extreme Weather-driven Disasters and Children's Health"
187:
Extreme weather events can have a significant impact on
280:
It has been shown that there is a relationship between
134:
87:
77:
1369:
Grigorieva, Elena A.; Livenets, Alexandra S. (2022).
383:
Prevention and preparedness tactics include enhanced
1034:
Benevolenza, Mia A.; DeRigne, LeaAnne (2019-02-17).
1040:
Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment
1081:Garcia, Daniel Martinez; Sheehan, Mary C. (2016).
977:Sharpe, Isobel; Davison, Colleen M. (2021-10-01).
199:and learn to provide support for those affected.
392:especially among more vulnerable populations.
8:
889:
887:
885:
763:
761:
416:New York and New Jersey, United States flood
768:Sharpe, Isobel; Davison, Colleen M (2021).
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1420:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
1394:
1345:
1327:
1285:
1267:
1234:
1193:
1010:
929:
911:
865:
847:
801:
702:
640:
622:
581:
563:
522:
504:
489:"Mental health effects of climate change"
330:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
1223:International Scholarly Research Notices
1087:International Journal of Health Services
691:International Scholarly Research Notices
1137:"Mental health and forced displacement"
476:
825:
823:
821:
208:Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
7:
680:
678:
482:
480:
455:Krymsk, Russia flooding and droughts
438:Wildfire spreads in Fort McMurray.
408:Examples of extreme weather events
14:
31:This article has multiple issues.
227:events include tropical storms,
115:
61:
20:
1217:Shukla, Jyotsana (2013-07-18).
685:Shukla, Jyotsana (2013-07-18).
443:Fort McMurray, Canada wildfires
39:or discuss these issues on the
1486:Post-traumatic stress disorder
213:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
1052:10.1080/10911359.2018.1527739
736:10.1080/15325024.2017.1415740
369:cognitive processing therapy
995:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051908
786:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051908
379:Prevention and preparedness
1502:
1476:Climate change and society
1166:Current Psychiatry Reports
724:Journal of Loss and Trauma
463:Tamil Nadu, India flooding
427:UK flooding and heat waves
1178:10.1007/s11920-015-0560-6
1160:Zalta, Alyson K. (2015).
849:10.1186/s12889-016-3692-7
400:among these populations.
1481:Environmental psychology
1432:10.1177/0020764019846166
1099:10.1177/0020731415625254
664:Arcanjo, Marcus (2019).
506:10.4103/0019-5278.156997
355:Treatments and solutions
624:10.3390/ijerph191711035
373:social cognitive theory
76:, as no other articles
1329:10.3390/ijerph19159759
1269:10.3390/ijerph17228581
913:10.3390/ijerph17228581
565:10.3390/ijerph17228581
439:
389:mental health literacy
337:Vulnerable populations
219:Extreme weather events
137:by rewriting it in an
437:
297:Post-traumatic growth
292:Post-traumatic growth
197:psychological trauma
1396:10.3390/cli10030037
1387:2022Clim...10...37G
1236:10.1155/2013/127365
704:10.1155/2013/127365
440:
385:risk communication
365:Prolonged exposure
344:cognitive deficits
139:encyclopedic style
126:is written like a
95:for suggestions.
85:to this page from
836:BMC Public Health
185:
184:
177:
167:
166:
159:
109:
108:
54:
1493:
1460:
1459:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1331:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1271:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1014:
974:
968:
967:
965:
964:
950:
944:
943:
933:
915:
891:
880:
879:
869:
851:
827:
816:
815:
805:
765:
756:
755:
715:
709:
708:
706:
682:
673:
672:
670:
661:
655:
654:
644:
626:
602:
596:
595:
585:
567:
543:
537:
536:
526:
508:
484:
180:
173:
162:
155:
151:
148:
142:
119:
118:
111:
104:
101:
90:
88:related articles
65:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1033:
1032:
1028:
989:(10): e051908.
976:
975:
971:
962:
960:
952:
951:
947:
893:
892:
883:
829:
828:
819:
780:(10): e051908.
767:
766:
759:
717:
716:
712:
684:
683:
676:
668:
663:
662:
658:
604:
603:
599:
545:
544:
540:
486:
485:
478:
473:
465:
457:
445:
429:
421:Hurricane Sandy
418:
410:
381:
357:
346:, lower IQ and
339:
326:
306:
294:
278:
266:
254:
249:
225:extreme weather
221:
210:
205:
181:
170:
169:
168:
163:
152:
146:
143:
135:help improve it
132:
120:
116:
105:
99:
96:
86:
83:introduce links
66:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1426:(4): 338–344.
1410:
1361:
1301:
1242:
1209:
1152:
1128:
1073:
1046:(2): 266–281.
1026:
969:
945:
881:
817:
757:
730:(5): 351–365.
710:
674:
656:
597:
538:
475:
474:
472:
469:
464:
461:
456:
453:
444:
441:
428:
425:
417:
414:
409:
406:
380:
377:
356:
353:
338:
335:
325:
322:
305:
302:
293:
290:
277:
274:
265:
262:
253:
250:
248:
245:
220:
217:
209:
206:
204:
201:
193:climate change
183:
182:
165:
164:
123:
121:
114:
107:
106:
93:Find link tool
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1498:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:(1): 79–105.
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
970:
959:
955:
949:
946:
941:
937:
932:
927:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
888:
886:
882:
877:
873:
868:
863:
859:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
824:
822:
818:
813:
809:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
762:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
711:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
679:
675:
667:
660:
657:
652:
648:
643:
638:
634:
630:
625:
620:
617:(17): 11035.
616:
612:
608:
601:
598:
593:
589:
584:
579:
575:
571:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
539:
534:
530:
525:
520:
516:
512:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
483:
481:
477:
470:
468:
462:
460:
454:
452:
450:
449:Fort McMurray
442:
436:
432:
426:
424:
422:
415:
413:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
390:
386:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
354:
352:
349:
345:
336:
334:
331:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
303:
301:
298:
291:
289:
287:
283:
275:
273:
271:
263:
261:
258:
251:
246:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
216:
214:
207:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:mental health
179:
176:
161:
158:
150:
140:
136:
130:
129:
124:This article
122:
113:
112:
103:
94:
89:
84:
80:
79:
75:
70:This article
68:
64:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1322:(15): 9759.
1319:
1315:
1304:
1262:(22): 8581.
1259:
1255:
1245:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:
1131:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1043:
1039:
1029:
986:
982:
972:
961:. Retrieved
957:
948:
906:(22): 8581.
903:
899:
839:
835:
777:
773:
727:
723:
713:
694:
690:
659:
614:
610:
600:
558:(22): 8581.
555:
551:
541:
496:
492:
466:
458:
446:
430:
419:
411:
402:
398:
394:
382:
362:
358:
340:
327:
324:Risk factors
318:
314:
310:
307:
295:
279:
267:
255:
223:Examples of
222:
211:
186:
171:
153:
144:
125:
97:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
1229:: e127365.
1141:www.who.int
958:www.ipcc.ch
842:(1): 1020.
697:: e127365.
257:Eco-anxiety
252:Eco-anxiety
1470:Categories
1146:2023-03-13
963:2023-03-13
499:(1): 3–7.
471:References
304:Prevalence
233:heat waves
229:hurricanes
203:Background
147:March 2023
100:March 2023
91:; try the
78:link to it
36:improve it
1456:148569896
1440:0020-7640
1405:2225-1154
1381:(3): 37.
1338:1660-4601
1278:1660-4601
1186:1523-3812
1172:(4): 23.
1107:0020-7314
1068:150219722
1060:1091-1359
1003:2044-6055
922:1660-4601
858:1471-2458
794:2044-6055
752:148654393
744:1532-5024
633:1660-4601
574:1660-4601
515:0973-2284
81:. Please
42:talk page
1448:31068043
1356:35955114
1296:33227944
1204:25749748
1123:44726684
1115:26721564
1021:34649848
983:BMJ Open
940:33227944
876:27682833
812:34649848
774:BMJ Open
651:36078753
592:33227944
533:26023264
348:dementia
286:violence
276:Violence
247:Symptoms
237:droughts
1383:Bibcode
1375:Climate
1347:9368448
1287:7699288
1195:4472473
1012:8522671
931:7699288
867:5041325
803:8522671
642:9518033
583:7699288
524:4446935
270:suicide
264:Suicide
133:Please
1454:
1446:
1438:
1403:
1354:
1344:
1336:
1294:
1284:
1276:
1202:
1192:
1184:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1066:
1058:
1019:
1009:
1001:
938:
928:
920:
874:
864:
856:
810:
800:
792:
750:
742:
649:
639:
631:
590:
580:
572:
531:
521:
513:
367:(PE),
241:floods
239:, and
74:orphan
72:is an
1452:S2CID
1119:S2CID
1064:S2CID
748:S2CID
669:(PDF)
1444:PMID
1436:ISSN
1401:ISSN
1352:PMID
1334:ISSN
1292:PMID
1274:ISSN
1227:2013
1200:PMID
1182:ISSN
1111:PMID
1103:ISSN
1056:ISSN
1017:PMID
999:ISSN
936:PMID
918:ISSN
872:PMID
854:ISSN
808:PMID
790:ISSN
740:ISSN
695:2013
647:PMID
629:ISSN
588:PMID
570:ISSN
529:PMID
511:ISSN
328:The
284:and
282:heat
1428:doi
1391:doi
1342:PMC
1324:doi
1282:PMC
1264:doi
1231:doi
1190:PMC
1174:doi
1095:doi
1048:doi
1007:PMC
991:doi
926:PMC
908:doi
862:PMC
844:doi
798:PMC
782:doi
732:doi
699:doi
637:PMC
619:doi
578:PMC
560:doi
519:PMC
501:doi
1472::
1450:.
1442:.
1434:.
1424:65
1422:.
1399:.
1389:.
1379:10
1377:.
1373:.
1350:.
1340:.
1332:.
1320:19
1318:.
1314:.
1290:.
1280:.
1272:.
1260:17
1258:.
1254:.
1225:.
1221:.
1198:.
1188:.
1180:.
1170:17
1168:.
1164:.
1139:.
1117:.
1109:.
1101:.
1091:46
1089:.
1085:.
1062:.
1054:.
1044:29
1042:.
1038:.
1015:.
1005:.
997:.
987:11
985:.
981:.
956:.
934:.
924:.
916:.
904:17
902:.
898:.
884:^
870:.
860:.
852:.
840:16
838:.
834:.
820:^
806:.
796:.
788:.
778:11
776:.
772:.
760:^
746:.
738:.
728:23
726:.
722:.
693:.
689:.
677:^
645:.
635:.
627:.
615:19
613:.
609:.
586:.
576:.
568:.
556:17
554:.
550:.
527:.
517:.
509:.
497:19
495:.
491:.
479:^
387:,
235:,
231:,
45:.
1458:.
1430::
1407:.
1393::
1385::
1358:.
1326::
1298:.
1266::
1239:.
1233::
1206:.
1176::
1149:.
1125:.
1097::
1070:.
1050::
1023:.
993::
966:.
942:.
910::
878:.
846::
814:.
784::
754:.
734::
707:.
701::
671:.
653:.
621::
594:.
562::
535:.
503::
178:)
172:(
160:)
154:(
149:)
145:(
141:.
102:)
98:(
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
