230:, it seems that there is little to no correlation of health with job performance. With the exception of cognitive-dependent jobs such as air-traffic controller, professional athlete, or other elite jobs, age does not seem to impact one's job performance. This obviously conflicts with cognitive tests given, so the matter has been researched further. One possible reason for this conclusion is the rare need for a person to perform at their maximum. There is a difference between typical functioning, that is – the normal level of functioning for daily life, and maximal functioning, that is – what cognitive tests observe as our maximum level of functioning. As the maximum cognitive ability that we are able to achieve decreases, it may not actually affect our daily lives, which only require the normal level.
208:
In addition to a series of cognitive tests, general practitioner physicians often also rely on clinical judgement for diagnosing cognitive impairments. Clinical judgement is ideal when paired with additional tests to that permit the medical professional to confirm the diagnosis or confirm the absence
200:
Screening for cognitive impairment in those over the age of 65 without symptoms is of unclear benefit versus harm as of 2020. In a large population-based cohort study included 579,710 66-year-old adults who were followed for a total of 3,870,293 person-years (average 6.68 ± 1.33 years per person),
66:
or different areas of cognition. Cognition, also known as cognitive function, refers to the mental processes of how a person gains knowledge, uses existing knowledge, and understands things that are happening around them using their thoughts and senses. A cognitive impairment can be in different
217:
Deciding on an appropriate treatment for people with cognitive decline takes clinical judgement based on the diagnosis (the specific cognitive problem), the person's symptoms, other patient factors included expectations and the person's own ideas, and previous approaches to helping the person.
245:
When a person's level of cognition declines, it is often harder to live in an independent setting and some people have trouble taking care of themselves and the burden on the people caring for them can increase. Some people require supportive healthcare and in some cases institutionalization.
185:, and child abuse. Stroke, dementia, mental health disorders such as depression or schizophrenia, drug, substance, or alcohol abuse, brain tumours, nutritional deficiencies or malnutrition, brain injuries, hormonal disorders, and other chronic disorders may result in cognitive impairment with
71:, language (comprehension, writing, speech), executive functioning, and visuospatial functioning. The term cognitive impairment covers many different diseases and conditions and may also be symptom or manifestation of a different underlying condition. Examples include impairments in overall
118:
There are different approaches to assessing or diagnosing a cognitive impairment including neuropsychological testing using various different tests that consider the different domains of cognition. Examples of shorter assessment clinical tools include the
511:
US Preventive
Services Task, Force.; Owens, DK; Davidson, KW; Krist, AH; Barry, MJ; Cabana, M; Caughey, AB; Doubeni, CA; Epling JW, Jr; Kubik, M; Landefeld, CS; Mangione, CM; Pbert, L; Silverstein, M; Simon, MA; Tseng, CW; Wong, JB (25 February 2020).
619:
Creavin, Samuel T; Noel-Storr, Anna H; Langdon, Ryan J; Richard, Edo; Creavin, Alexandra L; Cullum, Sarah; Purdy, Sarah; Ben-Shlomo, Yoav (2022-06-16). Cochrane
Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group (ed.).
454:
Taylor-Rowan, Martin; Kraia, Olga; Kolliopoulou, Christina; Noel-Storr, Anna H.; Alharthi, Ahmed A.; Cross, Amanda J.; Stewart, Carrie; Myint, Phyo K.; McCleery, Jenny; Quinn, Terry J. (2022-08-22).
233:
Some studies have indicated that childhood hunger might have a protective effect on cognitive decline. One possible explanation is that the onset of age-related changes in the body can be delayed by
769:
Chiu, HL; Chan, PT; Chu, H; Hsiao, SS; Liu, D; Lin, CH; Chou, KR (October 2017). "Effectiveness of Light
Therapy in Cognitively Impaired Persons: A Metaanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials".
189:. Cognitive impairment may also be caused by a pathology in the brain. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia caused by HIV, Lewy Body dementia, Huntington disease.
151:. While more common in elderly people, not all people who are elderly have cognitive impairments. Some known causes of cognitive impairments that are more common in younger people are:
1006:
Goldstein, Gerald; Beers, Susan, eds (2004). Comprehensive
Handbook of Psychological Assessment: Volume I: Intellectual and Neurological Assessment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
406:
Kalachnik, JE.; Hanzel, TE.; Sevenich, R.; Harder, SR. (Sep 2002). "Benzodiazepine behavioral side effects: review and implications for individuals with mental retardation".
1033:
Naglieri, Jack A.; Otero, Tulio M. (2012). "Chapter 15: The
Cognitive Assessment System: From Theory to Practice". In Flanagan, Dawn P.; Harrison, Patti L. (eds.).
237:. Another possible explanation is the selective survival effect, as the study participants who had a childhood with hunger tend to be the healthiest of their era.
812:
Forbes, Dorothy; Blake, Catherine M; Thiessen, Emily J; Peacock, Shelley; Hawranik, Pamela (2014-02-26). Cochrane
Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group (ed.).
920:"The Effects of Light Therapy on Sleep, Agitation and Depression in People With Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
456:"Anticholinergic burden for prediction of cognitive decline or neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia"
127:(MoCA). There are many different syndromes and pathologies that cause cognitive impairments including dementia or major neurocognitive disorder and
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1078:
1046:
1023:
814:"Light therapy for improving cognition, activities of daily living, sleep, challenging behaviour, and psychiatric disturbances in dementia"
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622:"Clinical judgement by primary care physicians for the diagnosis of all-cause dementia or cognitive impairment in symptomatic people"
120:
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Lee, YC; Kang, JM; Lee, H; Kim, K; Kim, S; Yu, TY; Lee, EM; Kim, CT; Kim, DK; Lewis, M; Won, HH; Jessen, F; Myung, W (6 May 2020).
555:"Subjective cognitive decline and subsequent dementia: a nationwide cohort study of 579,710 people aged 66 years in South Korea"
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Barnes, L. L.; Wilson, R. S.; Everson-Rose, S. A.; Hayward, M. D.; Evans, D. A.; Mendes de Leon, C. F. (26 October 2015).
124:
88:
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267:
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Sattler, Jerome M. (2008). Assessment of
Children: Cognitive Foundations. La Mesa (CA): Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher.
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Short term cognitive impairments can be caused by pharmaceutical agents or drugs such as tranquilizers or sedatives.
371:
Belanoff, Joseph K.; Gross, Kristin; Yager, Alison; Schatzberg, Alan F. (2001). "Corticosteroids and cognition".
514:"Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
419:
76:
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domains or aspects of a person's cognitive function including memory, attention span, planning, reasoning,
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of a diagnosis. Clinical judgement in these cases may also help inform the choice in additional tests.
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subjective cognitive decline was significantly associated with an increased risk of subsequent
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115:.). Cognitive impairments may be short-term, progressive (gets worse over time) or permanent.
103:), or it may describe drug-induced impairment in cognition and memory (such as that seen with
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863:"Phototherapy improves cognitive function in dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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722:"Effects of early-life adversity on cognitive decline in older African Americans and whites"
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for treating people with cognitive impairment or dementia is not fully understood.
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Fong, Kenneth Nk; Ge, Xiangyang; Ting, K. H.; Wei, Minchen; Cheung, Hilda (2023).
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is an inclusive term to describe any characteristic that acts as a barrier to
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Cognitive impairments may be caused by many different factors including
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226:
Although one would expect cognitive decline to have major effects on
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186:
1035:
Contemporary
Intellectual Assessment: Theories, tests, and issues
1010:
Kaufman, Alan S. (2000). "Chapter 20: Tests of
Intelligence". In
1088:
Urbina, Susana (2011). "Chapter 2: Tests of
Intelligence". In
1018:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 445–476.
924:
American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias
420:
10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0376:BBSERA>2.0.CO;2
1096:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–38.
297:
Coren, Stanley; Lawrence M. Ward; James T. Enns (1999).
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861:
Lu, Xinlian; Liu, Chengyu; Shao, Feng (2023-04-05).
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37:
32:
999:Das, J.P. (2002). A better look at intelligence.
671:"Consequences of Age-Related Cognitive Declines"
981:Das, J.P.; Naglieri, J.A.; Kirby, J.R. (1994).
347:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
8:
339:Dhakal, Aayush; Bobrin, Bradford D. (2023),
460:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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985:. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
771:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
29:
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818:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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1094:The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
669:Salthouse, Timothy (10 January 2012).
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1070:Essentials of Psychological Testing
689:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100328
273:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
173:(e.g. prenatal exposure to drugs),
559:Alzheimer's Research & Therapy
25:
983:Assessment of Cognitive Processes
1001:Current Directions in Psychology
1092:; Kaufman, Scott Barry (eds.).
143:or injuries to the brain (e.g.
830:10.1002/14651858.CD003946.pub4
638:10.1002/14651858.CD012558.pub2
472:10.1002/14651858.CD015196.pub2
147:), neurological illnesses, or
89:neuropsychological impairments
1:
385:10.1016/s0022-3956(01)00018-8
125:Montreal Cognitive Assessment
121:Mini Mental State Examination
1037:(Third ed.). New York:
738:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318278b607
676:Annual Review of Psychology
268:PASS Theory of Intelligence
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1195:Developmental disabilities
572:10.1186/s13195-020-00618-1
1073:. John Wiley & Sons.
937:10.1177/15333175231160682
153:chromosomal abnormalities
77:intellectual disabilities
1016:Handbook of Intelligence
299:Sensation and Perception
1067:Urbina, Susana (2004).
531:10.1001/jama.2020.0435
145:traumatic brain injury
930:: 15333175231160682.
167:causing agents while
141:environmental factors
64:the cognition process
1090:Sternberg, Robert J.
1041:. pp. 376–399.
1012:Sternberg, Robert J.
341:"Cognitive Deficits"
60:Cognitive impairment
33:Cognitive impairment
1190:Cognitive disorders
235:calorie restriction
129:alzheimer's disease
1149:External resources
867:Brain and Behavior
101:executive function
81:learning disorders
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1103:978-0-521-73911-5
1080:978-0-471-41978-5
1048:978-1-60918-995-2
1025:978-0-521-59648-0
879:10.1002/brb3.2952
783:10.1111/jgs.14990
777:(10): 2227–2234.
732:(24): 2321–2327.
157:genetic syndromes
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1179:Categories
1134:DiseasesDB
358:2023-04-12
345:StatPearls
284:References
179:poisonings
161:teratogens
111:, and the
52:Psychiatry
1185:Cognition
1158:eMedicine
946:1938-2731
887:2162-3279
726:Neurology
599:218513668
565:(1): 52.
480:1469-493X
428:0895-8017
241:Prognosis
213:Treatment
196:Screening
93:attention
75:(as with
47:Specialty
1163:ped/2762
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278:Dementia
262:See also
250:Research
203:dementia
170:in utero
85:dyslexia
1014:(ed.).
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187:aging
135:Cause
83:like
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1098:ISBN
1075:ISBN
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1043:ISBN
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987:ISBN
960:PMID
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844:PMID
822:2014
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652:PMID
630:2022
587:PMID
536:PMID
518:JAMA
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476:ISSN
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432:PMID
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389:PMID
349:PMID
307:ISBN
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932:doi
891:PMC
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315:.
20:)
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