990:. Titan's surface is thought to be a poor reflector of ELF waves, so the waves may instead be reflecting from the liquidâice boundary of a subsurface ocean of water and ammonia, the existence of which is predicted by some theoretical models. Titan's ionosphere is also more complex than Earth's, with the main ionosphere at an altitude of 1,200 km (750 mi) but with an additional layer of charged particles at 63 km (39 mi). This splits Titan's atmosphere into two separate resonating chambers. The source of natural ELF waves on Titan is unclear, as there does not appear to be extensive lightning activity.
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523:(WHO) have used ELF to refer to the concept of "extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (EMF)". The WHO also stated that at frequencies between 0 and 300 Hz, "the wavelengths in air are very long (6,000 km (3,700 mi) at 50 Hz and 5,000 km (3,100 mi) at 60 Hz), and, in practical situations, the electric and magnetic fields act independently of one another and are measured separately".
939:. The signal is generated as an alternating magnetic field, and the transmitter is mounted to, or to part of, the "pig", the cleaning device inserted into the pipe. The pig is pushed through a mostly metal pipeline. The ELF signal can be detected through the metal, allowing its location to be detected by receivers located outside of the pipe. It is used to check whether a pig has passed a certain location or to locate a stuck pig.
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transmission rate of a few characters per minute and, to a lesser extent, the one-way nature due to the impracticality of installing an antenna of the required size on a submarine (the antenna needs to be of an exceptional size in order to achieve successful communication). Generally, ELF signals have been used to order a submarine to rise to a shallow depth where it could receive some other form of communication.
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1082:(EU27), assuming that correlations seen in epidemiological studies were causal. It reported that around 50â60 cases of childhood leukemia might be attributable to ELF magnetic fields annually, corresponding to between ~1.5% and ~2.0% of all incident cases of childhood leukemia occurring in the EU27 each year. At present, however,
978:
strikes that make electrons in the atmosphere oscillate. Although signals generated from lightning discharges were predominantly VLF, it was found that an observable ELF component (slow tail) followed the VLF component in almost all cases. Also, the fundamental mode of the Earthâionosphere cavity has
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claimed to have spent over $ 25 million studying the effects of the electromagnetic fields, with results indicating that they were similar to the effect produced by standard power-distribution lines. The judgment was not accepted by everyone and, during the time that ELF was in use, some
Wisconsin
1046:
ELF at human-perceivable kV/m levels was said to create an annoying tingling sensation in the areas of the body in contact with clothing, particularly the arms, due to the induction of a surface charge by the ELF. Of the volunteers, 7% described the spark discharges as painful when the subject was
1067:
convened a task group of scientific experts to assess any risks to health that might exist from "exposure to ELF electric and magnetic fields in the frequency range >0 to 100,000 Hz (100 kHz) in regards to childhood leukemia". The long-term, low-level exposure is evaluated as average
862:
shields submarines from most higher-frequency radio waves, making radio communication with submerged submarines at ordinary frequencies impossible. Signals in the ELF frequency range, however, can penetrate much deeper. Two factors limit the usefulness of ELF communications channels: the low data
1042:
Since the late 1970s, various conspiracy theories have risen around exposure to ELF electric and magnetic fields (EMF). External ELF magnetic fields induce electric fields and currents in the body, which, at very high field strengths, cause nerve and muscle stimulation and changes in nerve cell
883:
of the medium is greater than one, ELF waves propagate slower than the speed of light in vacuum. As used in military applications, the wavelength is 299,792 km (186,282 mi) per second divided by 50â85 Hz, which equals around 3,500â6,000 km (2,200â3,700 mi) long. This is
1086:
and IEEE consider the scientific evidence related to possible health effects from long-term, low-level exposure to ELF fields insufficient to justify lowering these quantitative exposure limits. In summary, when all of the studies are evaluated together, the evidence suggesting that EMFs may
730:
equals the circumference of the Earth, and higher harmonics occur at 14.1, 20.3, 26.4, and 32.4 Hz, etc. Lightning strikes excite these resonances, causing the Earthâionosphere cavity to "ring" like a bell, resulting in a peak in the noise spectrum at these frequencies, so the
Schumann
518:
journal articles refer to ELF in the context of "extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF)" with frequencies of 50 Hz and 50â80 Hz. United States
Government agencies, such as NASA, describe ELF as non-ionizing radiation with frequencies between 0 and 300 Hz. The
888:'s diameter of around 12,742 km (7,918 mi). Because of this huge size requirement, to transmit internationally using ELF frequencies, the Earth itself forms a significant part of the antenna, and extremely long leads into the ground are necessary. Various means, such as
1072:, and it is estimated that only between 1% and 4% of children live in such conditions. Subsequently, in 2010, a pooled analysis of epidemiological evidence supported the hypothesis that exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields is related to childhood leukemia.
587:
which confines ELF waves, allowing them to propagate long distances without escaping into space. In contrast to VLF waves, the height of the layer is much less than one wavelength at ELF frequencies, so the only mode that can propagate at ELF frequencies is the
539:. The Schumann resonances are the resonant frequencies of the spherical Earthâionosphere cavity. Lightning strikes cause the cavity to "ring" like a bell, causing peaks in the noise spectrum. The sharp power peak at 50 Hz is caused by radiation from global
1169:
There have been some concerns over the possible ecological impact of ELF signals. In 1984 a federal judge halted construction, requiring more environmental and health studies. This judgment was overruled by a federal appeals court on the basis that the
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Some radio hobbyists record ELF signals using antennas ranging in size from 18-inch active antennas up to several thousand feet in length taking advantage of fences, highway guard rails, and even decommissioned railroad tracks. They then
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The attenuation of ELF waves is so low that they can travel completely around the Earth several times before decaying to negligible amplitude, and thus waves radiated from a source in opposite directions circumnavigating the Earth on a
979:
the wavelength equal to the circumference of the Earth, which gives a resonance frequency of 7.8 Hz. This frequency, and higher resonance modes of 14, 20, 26, and 32 Hz, appear as peaks in the ELF spectrum and are called
1029:
frequencies between 0 and 100 hertz are considered extremely low-frequency fields. A common source of exposure of the public to ELF fields is 50 Hz / 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields from high-voltage electric
501:
of power. The United States, Russia, India, and China are the only countries known to have constructed these ELF communication facilities. The U.S. facilities were used between 1985 and 2004 but are now decommissioned.
1827:
S. Basu; J. Buchau; F. J. Rich; E. J. Weber; E. C. Field; J. L. Heckscher; P. A. Kossey; E. A. Lewis; B. S. Dandekar; L. F. McNamara; E. W. Cliver; G. H. Millman; J. Aarons; J. A. Klobuchar; M. F. Mendillo (1985).
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Interest in
Schumann resonances was renewed in 1993 when E. R. Williams showed a correlation between the resonance frequency and tropical air temperatures, suggesting that the resonance could be used to monitor
415:, ELF transmitter facility, used to communicate with deeply submerged submarines. The rights of way of the two perpendicular 14 mile (23 km) overhead transmission lines that constituted the
721:
654:, who predicted them in 1952, and were detected in the 1950s. Modeling the Earthâionosphere cavity with perfectly conducting walls, Schumann calculated the resonances should occur at frequencies of
726:
The actual frequencies differ slightly from this due to the conduction properties of the ionosphere. The fundamental
Schumann resonance is at approximately 7.83 Hz, the frequency at which the
1814:. Accessed 12 February 2010. "ELF fields are defined as those having frequencies up to 300 Hz. ... the electric and magnetic fields act independently of one another and are measured separately."
1694:
1340:
923:, as leads. These leads were in multiple strands ranging from 22.5 to 45 kilometres (14.0 to 28.0 mi) long. Because of the inefficiency of this method, considerable amounts of
1411:. EOS, TRANSACTIONS, AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION, Volume 88, Number 42, 16 October 2007, pages 427â440. Republished by NASA and accessed online, 8 February 2010. Adobe File, page 2.
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horizontal. ELF waves have extremely low attenuation of 1â2 dB per 1,000 km (620 mi), giving a single transmitter the potential to communicate worldwide.
2120:
2279:). Stanford Research Institute Menlo Park, California. 10 August 1959. 64(12), 2315â2329. Summary republished by American Geophysical Union. Accessed 13 February 2010.
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Bashkuev, Yu. B.; V. B. Khaptanov; A. V. Khankharaev (December 2003). "Analysis of
Propagation Conditions of ELF Radio Waves on the "Zeus"âTransbaikalia Path".
394:
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Extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs), typically ranging from 0.3 Hz to 300 Hz, have various ecological impacts on both flora and fauna.
1897:
Schumann, W. O. (1952). "Ăber die strahlungslosen
Eigenschwingungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer Luftschicht und einer IonosphĂ€renhĂŒlle umgeben ist".
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well-insulated and touched a grounded object within a 5 kV/m field, whereas 50% described a similar spark discharge as painful in a 10 kV/m field.
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ELF waves can also travel considerable distances through "lossy" media like earth and seawater, which would absorb or reflect higher-frequency radio waves.
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1829:
1278:
493:, and a few nations have built military ELF transmitters to transmit signals to their submerged submarines, consisting of huge grounded wire antennas (
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915:, then downsized and renamed Project ELF prior to construction), until they were dismantled, beginning in late September 2004. Both sites used long
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1792:. Rev. SaĂșde PĂșblica . 2002, vol. 36, n. 3, pp. 330â336. ISSN 0034-8910. Republished by docguide.com. Accessed 8 February 2010.
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583:, which reflects ELF waves. The space between the conductive Earth's surface and the conductive D layer acts as a parallel-plate
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signal has a wavelength equal to the distance electromagnetic waves travel through a given medium in one third of a second. When the
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No other study has found any evidence to support the hypothesis that ELF exposure is a contributing factor to leukemia in children.
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antenna used for transmitting ELF waves, similar to the U.S. Navy Clam Lake antennas, showing how it works. It functions as a huge
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size, because the length of the antenna must be at least a substantial fraction of the length of the waves. For example, a 3
485:
that can radiate such long waves, ELF have been used in only a very few human-made communication systems. ELF waves can penetrate
2289:
1506:
2321:
Cleary, Stephen F. "Electromagnetic Field: A Danger?". The New Book of
Knowledge â Medicine And Health. 1990. p. 164â174.
1404:
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Since ELF radio waves can penetrate seawater deeply, to the operating depths of submarines, a few nations have built naval ELF
627:
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science, the lower-frequency electromagnetic oscillations (pulsations occurring below ~3 Hz) are considered to lie in the
660:
1134:
2498:
Kelfkens, Gert; Pruppers, Mathieu (2018). "Magnetic fields and childhood leukemia; science and policy in the
Netherlands".
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490:
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to the other, then through another transmission line back to the transmitter. This creates an alternating magnetic field
2837:
380:
2680:(Report). European Directorate General for Health & Consumers. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission. pp. 4â5
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2632:"Occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis"
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904:
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waves propagate long distances by an Earthâionosphere waveguide mechanism. The Earth is surrounded by a layer of
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2605:"Expertise de l'Afsset sur les effets sanitaires des champs Ă©lectromagnĂ©tiques d'extrĂȘmement basses frĂ©quences"
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324:
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A 2014 study estimated the cases of childhood leukemia attributable to exposure to ELF magnetic fields in the
543:. The rise of the noise at low frequencies (left side) is radio noise caused by slow processes in the Earth's
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2604:
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1123:
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1018:
855:
839:
1981:
Schumann, W. O. (1952). "Ăber die
Ausbreitung sehr langer elektrischer Wellen um die Signale des Blitzes".
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Since the 2000s, very low frequencies have been used successfully at sea for oil geophysical prospecting.
889:
651:
556:
1737:
Legros, A; Beuter, A (2006). "Individual subject sensitivity to extremely low frequency magnetic field".
2533:"Potential health impacts of residential exposures to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in Europe"
843:
593:
2449:"Childhood leukemia and 50 Hz magnetic fields: Findings from the Italian SETIL case-control study"
1378:
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Huge ELF radiation power outputs of 100,000 times the Sun's output in visible light may be radiated by
2024:
Schumann, W. O.; König, H. (1954). "Ăber die Beobachtung von Atmospherics bei geringsten Frequenzen".
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contribute to an increased risk of cancer is non-existent. Epidemiological studies suggest a possible
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around large obstacles, are not blocked by mountain ranges or the horizon, and can travel around the
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Typical spectrum of ELF electromagnetic waves in the Earth's atmosphere, showing peaks caused by the
481:, so they are a subject of research by atmospheric scientists. Because of the difficulty of building
458:, an alternative definition is usually given, from 3 Hz to 3 kHz. In the related
412:
268:
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and secondary distribution lines, such as those supplying electricity to residential neighborhoods.
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1309:"Rec. ITU-R V.431-7, Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications"
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2701:"Low-level EMF effects on wildlife and plants: What research tells us about an ecosystem approach"
2121:"China's NYC-Sized 'Earthquake Warning System' Array Sounds More Like a Way to Talk to Submarines"
1942:"Ăber die DĂ€mpfung der elektromagnetischen Eigenschwingnugen des Systems Erde â Luft â IonosphĂ€re"
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2006:
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A Comparison of Sferics as Observed in the Very Low Frequency and Extremely Low Frequency Bands
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in 1982 built the first ELF submarine communications facility, two coupled ELF transmitters at
3382:
3378:
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3355:
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2764:, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (2002) by the
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2322:
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between long-term, low-level exposure to ELF fields and a number of health effects, including
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1998:
1961:
1914:
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1505:. Belgium: AGARD Conference proceedings 28 Sep â 2 October 1992, NATO. pp. 26.1â26.10.
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1002:
912:
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639:
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163:
120:
3149:
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Williams, Earle R. (22 May 1992). "The Schumann resonance: A global tropical thermometer".
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in order to communicate with its submarine forces without requiring them to surface. The
575:) in the atmosphere at an altitude of about 60 km (37 mi) at the bottom of the
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1994:
1957:
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Scientific Committee on Emerging Newly Identified Health Risks-SCENIHR (January 2009).
2475:
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601:
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478:
258:
248:
125:
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1839:(4th ed.). Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, U.S. Air Force. pp. 10.25â10.27.
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AlteraçÔes cromossĂŽmicas causadas pela radiação dos monitores de vĂdeo de computadores
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radiates powers of this order at 30 Hz. Radiation of this frequency is below the
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2010:
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Naturally occurring ELF waves are present on Earth, resonating in the region between
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1695:"Navy gets new facility to communicate with nuclear submarines prowling underwater"
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Transmitters in the 22 Hz range are also used in pipeline maintenance, or
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passing through an overhead transmission line, then deep in the earth from one
3551:
3219:
3214:
3168:
3145:
1424:
Barr, R.; Jones, D. Llanwyn; Rodger, C. J. (2000). "ELF and VLF radio waves".
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One of the difficulties posed when broadcasting in the ELF frequency range is
727:
638:. In other words, the closed spherical Earthâionosphere cavity acts as a huge
576:
451:
439:
2726:
2400:"Pooled analysis of recent studies on magnetic fields and childhood leukemia"
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with each other. At certain frequencies these oppositely directed waves are
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2433:
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1966:
1941:
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1918:
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exposure to residential power-frequency magnetic field above 0.3â0.4
1009:, thus this medium is opaque to it, and it cannot be observed from Earth.
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3365:
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Levitt, B. Blake; Lai, Henry C.; Manville, Albert M. (25 November 2022).
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Electromagnetic Fields and Public HealthL - Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
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2812:: An Extrem Low Frequency transmission-system, using the real longwaves
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Electric and magnetic fields from power lines and electrical appliances
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2002:
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892:, are used to construct practical radio stations with smaller sizes.
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had constructed the world's largest ELF facility roughly the size of
497:) 15â60 km (9â37 mi) long driven by transmitters producing
362:
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319:
314:
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is shown flowing in one direction only through the loop for clarity.
2249:
Casini - Unlocking Saturn's Secrets - Titan's mysterious radio wave
2145:). SENSORS â Subsurface Sensors. US Navy. Accessed 7 February 2010.
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ELF waves have also been tentatively identified on Saturn's moon
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to more easily observe natural low-frequency fluctuations in the
3305:
3300:
1462:"Extremely Low Frequency Transmitter Site, Clam Lake, Wisconsin"
731:
resonances can be used to monitor global thunderstorm activity.
419:
antenna which radiated the ELF waves can be seen at lower left.
3077:
2826:
1719:, page 8. ">0 to 300 Hz ... Extremely low frequency (ELF)".
1564:
Military communications: from ancient times to the 21st century
3325:
1102:
1064:
568:
520:
2802:: Nature's signals and strange emission at very low frequency
3148:
2377:
Extremely Low Frequency Fields Environmental Health Criteria
2215:
Electromagnetic seabed logging, A new tool for geoscientists
2447:
Salvan, A.; Ranucci, A.; Lagorio, S.; Magnani, C (2015).
1781:
ESTECIO, Marcos Roberto Higino and SILVA, Ana Elizabete.
2233:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1 June 2007. Archived from
2191:
Inspection en ligne des pipelines. Principes et méthodes
716:{\displaystyle f_{n}=7.49{\sqrt {n(n+1)}}\ {\text{Hz}}.}
466:
range, which is thus also defined differently from the
2630:
GarcĂa A. M.; Sisternas A.; Hoyos S. P. (April 2008).
1482:
551:
Due to their extremely long wavelength, ELF waves can
2799:
2502:. IFMBE Proceedings. Vol. 65. pp. 498â501.
663:
2258:". 22 November 2007. NASA. Accessed 7 February 2010.
1427:
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
1401:
Unraveling the Causes of Radiation Belt Enhancements
3550:
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ELF vertical dipole antenna suspended from aircraft
1091:between long-term occupational exposure to ELF and
54:
39:
2804:" - a site specialising in low-frequency signals .
715:
454:of 100,000 to 10,000 kilometers, respectively. In
2593:(Report). Government of Canada. 25 November 2020.
27:The range 3-30 Hz of the electromagnetic spectrum
2785:Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)
2169:"India makes headway with ELF site construction"
1837:Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment
1662:"India makes headway with ELF site construction"
1503:ELF/VLF/LF Radio Propagation and Systems Aspects
1496:"Pattern Measurements of U.S. Navy ELF Antennas"
1224:Communication system by pulses through the Earth
2383:. chapter 5, page 121. Archived from
895:The United States maintained two sites: in the
951:. Increasing the playback speed increases the
794:while submerged. It was reported in 2018 that
3089:
2838:
388:
8:
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1043:excitability in the central nervous system.
32:
1802:
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1137:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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3082:
3074:
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2845:
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2823:
2818:NASA live streaming ELF -> VLF Receiver
1556:
1554:
1494:Wolkoff, E. A.; W. A. Kraimer (May 1993).
1279:Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt
395:
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71:
31:
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1965:
1635:"ZEVS, The Russian 82 Hz ELF Transmitter"
1483:Federation of American Scientists website
1157:Learn how and when to remove this message
834:has an ELF communication facility at the
705:
680:
668:
662:
2347:Electromagnetic fields and public health
1871:
1869:
1867:
1822:
1820:
1712:
1710:
1689:
1687:
1175:politicians such as Democratic Senators
2810:ZEVS, the Russian 82 Hz ELF transmitter
2155:ZEVS, the Russian 82 Hz ELF transmitter
1419:
1417:
1300:
333:
247:
162:
81:
74:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2637:International Journal of Epidemiology
1399:Liemohn, Michael W. and A. A. CHAN, "
927:were required to operate the system.
164:EU / NATO / US ECM
7:
2792:Extremely low frequency (ELF) fields
2135:U.S. Navy: Vision...Presence...Power
1861:), p. 1695, 1696 (fig. 3).
1830:"Ionospheric Radio Wave Propagation"
1591:Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics
1537:. USA: McFarland. pp. 143â144.
1135:adding citations to reliable sources
1055:There is high uncertainty regarding
1023:electromagnetic radiation and health
477:and natural disturbances in Earth's
2349:(Report). Fact Sheet No. 322.
1810:". Fact Sheet N205. November 1998.
897:Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest
838:naval base to communicate with its
818:operates an ELF transmitter called
814:. They were shut down in 2004. The
2379:(Report). Monograph No. 238.
1612:10.1023/B:RAQE.0000029585.02723.11
1471:. United States Navy. 28 June 2001
411:1982 aerial view of the U.S. Navy
25:
2675:Health effects of exposure to EMF
1660:Hardy, James (28 February 2013).
1561:Sterling, Christopher H. (2008).
1512:from the original on 5 April 2014
867:Difficulties of ELF communication
792:communicate with their submarines
642:, enhancing ELF radiation at its
473:ELF radio waves are generated by
3057:
2167:James Hardy (28 February 2013).
1946:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Naturforschung A
1899:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Naturforschung A
1107:
778:, which radiates ELF waves. The
2453:Int J Environ Res Public Health
2231:"Titan's Mysterious Radio Wave"
1534:Wireless Radio: A brief history
1209:Extremely low-frequency antenna
759:, with the alternating current
1567:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 431â432.
1063:in children. In October 2005,
697:
685:
1:
2788:". IK1QFK Home Page (vlf.it).
2508:10.1007/978-981-10-5122-7_125
2091:10.1126/science.256.5060.1184
1835:. In Jursa, Adolph S. (ed.).
1448:10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00121-8
955:, bringing the tone into the
949:Earth's electromagnetic field
634:and add (reinforce), causing
491:communication with submarines
489:, which makes them useful in
2558:10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.017
945:replay them at higher speeds
446:from 3 to 30
3197:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
2353:. June 2007. Archived from
1761:10.1016/j.neuro.2006.02.007
905:Escanaba River State Forest
3618:
3192:Very-high-energy gamma ray
2718:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1000840
2705:Frontiers in Public Health
614:
3602:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
3111:
3053:
2861:
2814:" ALFLAB, Halden, Norway.
2611:(in French). 6 April 2010
2381:World Health Organization
2351:World Health Organization
1812:World Health Organization
1666:IHS Jane's Defence Weekly
1371:"Extremely low frequency"
1341:"Extremely Low Frequency"
999:pulsar in the Crab nebula
521:World Health Organization
436:electromagnetic radiation
3105:Electromagnetic spectrum
2254:24 December 2010 at the
1940:Schumann, W. O. (1952).
1788:20 February 2005 at the
1639:Radio Waves Below 22 kHz
1633:Jacobsen, Trond (2001).
1187:called for its closure.
1032:power transmission lines
1027:electromagnetic spectrum
743:Submarine communications
2800:Radio waves below 22kHz
2466:10.3390/ijerph120202184
2196:. Ed. Lavoisier. 2007.
1877:ELF and VLF radio waves
1851:ELF and VLF radio waves
1641:. Renato Romero webpage
1604:2003R&QE...46..909B
1019:electromagnetic therapy
856:electrical conductivity
650:after German physicist
506:Alternative definitions
424:Extremely low frequency
34:Extremely low frequency
18:Extremely Low Frequency
3153:
2770:Non-Ionizing Radiation
2762:Non-ionizing radiation
2416:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605838
1967:10.1515/zna-1952-3-404
1347:. NASA. Archived from
1214:Hansell, Clarence W.,
890:electrical lengthening
844:Akula-class submarines
783:
717:
652:Winfried Otto Schumann
557:curvature of the Earth
548:
420:
3152:
2531:Grellier, J. (2014).
2398:Kheifets, L. (2010).
2141:20 April 2015 at the
1919:10.1515/zna-1952-0202
1887:), p. 1700â1701.
1314:. ITU. Archived from
1232:U.S. patent 4,051,479
1218:U.S. patent 2,389,432
1203:U.S. patent 3,215,937
763:from the transmitter
750:
718:
594:vertical polarization
534:
410:
2500:Embec & Nbc 2017
2217:. Ed. Springer, 2016
2179:on 23 February 2014.
1883:5 April 2014 at the
1875:Barr, et al. (2000)
1857:5 April 2014 at the
1723:21 July 2011 at the
1434:(17â18): 1689â1718.
1131:improve this section
974:and surface seen in
808:Clam Lake, Wisconsin
661:
644:resonant frequencies
541:electric power grids
450:, and corresponding
413:Clam Lake, Wisconsin
3238:Extreme ultraviolet
2756:General information
2549:2014EnInt..62...55G
2300:on 12 November 2020
2275:5 June 2011 at the
2123:. 31 December 2018.
2083:1992Sci...256.1184W
2077:(5060): 1184â1187.
2038:1954NW.....41..183S
2026:Naturwissenschaften
1995:1952NCim....9.1116S
1958:1952ZNatA...7..250S
1911:1952ZNatA...7..149S
1849:Barr, et al (2000)
1753:2006NeuTx..27..534L
1672:on 23 February 2014
1531:Coe, Lewis (2006).
1440:2000JASTP..62.1689B
1407:27 May 2010 at the
1284:Magnetic pulsations
1254:List of initialisms
1249:Ultra low frequency
1093:Alzheimer's disease
1038:Conspiracy theories
1007:interstellar medium
780:alternating current
648:Schumann resonances
646:. These are called
617:Schumann resonances
611:Schumann resonances
537:Schumann resonances
456:atmospheric science
36:
3243:Vacuum ultraviolet
3154:
2807:Jacobsen, Trond, "
2782:Tomislav Stimac, "
2651:10.1093/ije/dym295
2213:Stéphane Sainson,
2189:Stéphane Sainson,
2046:10.1007/BF00638174
2003:10.1007/BF02782924
1700:The Times of India
1381:on 29 October 2013
1321:on 31 October 2013
1274:Wardenclyffe Tower
981:Schumann resonance
911:(originally named
884:comparable to the
812:Republic, Michigan
804:United States Navy
784:
713:
549:
512:subradio frequency
421:
334:Other TV and radio
61:100,000 to 10,000
3584:
3583:
3288:Visible (optical)
3071:
3070:
3048:
3047:
2517:978-981-10-5121-0
2202:978-2-7430-0972-4
1989:(12): 1116â1138.
1574:978-1-85109-732-6
1544:978-0-7864-2662-1
1167:
1166:
1159:
1099:Ecological impact
769:ground connection
708:
704:
700:
600:vertical and the
565:charged particles
405:
404:
158:
157:
70:
69:
16:(Redirected from
3609:
3175:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3075:
3064:Radio portal
3062:
3061:
3060:
2864:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2720:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2468:
2459:(2): 2184â2204.
2444:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2410:(7): 1128â1135.
2395:
2389:
2388:
2387:on 29 June 2007.
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2343:
2330:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2296:. Archived from
2286:
2280:
2267:Tepley, Lee R. "
2265:
2259:
2247:Republished as "
2246:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2175:. Archived from
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1952:(3â4): 250â252.
1937:
1931:
1930:
1894:
1888:
1873:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1824:
1815:
1804:
1793:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1734:
1728:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1668:. Archived from
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1421:
1412:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:. Archived from
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1234:
1220:
1205:
1183:and Congressman
1162:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1111:
1103:
1003:plasma frequency
925:electrical power
913:Project Sanguine
881:refractive index
722:
720:
719:
714:
709:
706:
702:
701:
681:
673:
672:
640:cavity resonator
434:designation for
397:
390:
383:
90:
89:
72:
66:
56:Wavelength range
50:
37:
35:
21:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3546:
3473:
3448:
3434:
3402:
3330:
3282:
3224:
3201:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3107:
3102:
3072:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3040:300 GHz/1 mm
3039:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3011:
3009:
2999:
2996:
2995:300 MHz/1 m
2994:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2954:
2951:
2950:300 kHz/1 km
2949:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2909:
2906:
2905:300 Hz/1 Mm
2904:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2857:
2851:
2779:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2320:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2294:www.cv.nrao.edu
2288:
2287:
2283:
2277:Wayback Machine
2266:
2262:
2256:Wayback Machine
2240:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2212:
2208:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2143:Wayback Machine
2132:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2023:
2022:
2018:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1885:Wayback Machine
1874:
1865:
1859:Wayback Machine
1848:
1844:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1805:
1796:
1790:Wayback Machine
1780:
1776:
1740:NeuroToxicology
1736:
1735:
1731:
1725:Wayback Machine
1715:
1708:
1703:. 31 July 2014.
1693:
1692:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1598:(12): 909â917.
1587:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1409:Wayback Machine
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1351:on 4 March 2016
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1245:
1230:
1216:
1201:
1199:Tanner, R. L.,
1196:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1128:
1112:
1101:
1053:
1040:
1015:
968:
966:Natural sources
957:audio frequency
933:
869:
854:Because of its
852:
836:INS Kattabomman
745:
664:
659:
658:
619:
613:
529:
514:. Some medical
508:
468:ITU radio bands
401:
372:
329:
310:
297:
243:
60:
57:
45:
42:
41:Frequency range
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3597:Radio spectrum
3589:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3368:
3363:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3032:
3030:
3025:30 GHz/10 mm
3017:
3015:
3002:
3000:
2987:
2985:
2980:30 MHz/10 m
2972:
2970:
2957:
2955:
2942:
2940:
2935:30 kHz/10 km
2927:
2925:
2912:
2910:
2897:
2895:
2890:30 Hz/10 Mm
2882:
2880:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:Radio spectrum
2852:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2794:(EHC 35, 1984)
2789:
2778:
2777:External links
2775:
2774:
2773:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2691:
2665:
2644:(2): 329â340.
2622:
2596:
2582:
2523:
2516:
2490:
2439:
2390:
2368:
2357:on 1 July 2007
2331:
2311:
2281:
2260:
2237:on 3 June 2007
2219:
2206:
2182:
2173:IHS Jane's 360
2159:
2147:
2126:
2112:
2059:
2032:(8): 183â184.
2016:
1973:
1932:
1905:(2): 149â154.
1889:
1863:
1842:
1816:
1794:
1774:
1729:
1706:
1683:
1652:
1625:
1580:
1573:
1550:
1543:
1523:
1486:
1469:Navy Fact File
1453:
1413:
1392:
1362:
1332:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
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1266:
1261:
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1244:
1241:
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1239:
1227:
1212:
1195:
1192:
1165:
1164:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1080:European Union
1052:
1049:
1039:
1036:
1014:
1011:
967:
964:
932:
929:
921:ground dipoles
868:
865:
851:
848:
828:Kola Peninsula
744:
741:
737:global warming
724:
723:
712:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
679:
676:
671:
667:
636:standing waves
615:Main article:
612:
609:
602:magnetic field
598:electric field
528:
525:
507:
504:
495:ground dipoles
479:magnetic field
403:
402:
400:
399:
392:
385:
377:
374:
373:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
339:
336:
335:
331:
330:
328:
327:
322:
317:
312:
308:
304:
299:
295:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
252:
251:
245:
244:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
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191:
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176:
170:
167:
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134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
86:
85:
79:
78:
68:
67:
65:, respectively
58:
55:
52:
51:
43:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3603:
3600:
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3595:
3594:
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3574:
3572:
3569:
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3384:
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3376:
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3369:
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3333:
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3274:
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3212:
3210:
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3204:
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3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3170:
3163:
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3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
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3119:
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3110:
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3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3052:
3043:
3042:3 THz/0.1 mm
3038:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3027:300 GHz/1 mm
3023:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3012:30 GHz/10 mm
3010:3 GHz/100 mm
3008:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2997:3 GHz/100 mm
2993:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2965:3 MHz/100 m
2963:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2937:300 kHz/1 km
2933:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2922:30 kHz/10 km
2920:3 kHz/100 km
2918:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2907:3 kHz/100 km
2903:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2875:3 Hz/100 Mm
2873:
2872:
2866:
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2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
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2569:
2568:10044/1/41782
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2327:0-7172-8244-9
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2250:
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2207:
2204:. 332 p.
2203:
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2055:
2051:
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2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:(in German).
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:(in German).
1984:
1983:Nuovo Cimento
1977:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:(in German).
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
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1901:(in German).
1900:
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1747:(4): 534â46.
1746:
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1181:Russ Feingold
1178:
1173:
1161:
1158:
1150:
1147:December 2023
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:This section
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1071:
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1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
984:
982:
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965:
963:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
940:
938:
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:, and in the
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
882:
878:
874:
866:
864:
861:
857:
849:
847:
845:
841:
840:Arihant-class
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:New York City
797:
793:
789:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:ground dipole
749:
742:
740:
738:
732:
729:
710:
694:
691:
688:
682:
677:
674:
669:
665:
657:
656:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:
610:
608:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
582:
579:, called the
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
545:magnetosphere
542:
538:
533:
526:
524:
522:
517:
516:peer reviewed
513:
505:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
460:magnetosphere
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
418:
417:ground dipole
414:
409:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
379:
378:
376:
375:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
338:
337:
332:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
305:
303:
300:
298:
292:
290:
287:
285:
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280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
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257:
256:
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253:
250:
246:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
169:
168:
165:
161:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
64:
59:
53:
49:
44:
38:
30:
19:
3541:
3156:
3055:
3034:
3033:
3019:
3018:
3004:
3003:
2989:
2988:
2982:300 MHz/1 m
2974:
2973:
2967:30 MHz/10 m
2959:
2958:
2952:3 MHz/100 m
2944:
2943:
2929:
2928:
2914:
2913:
2899:
2898:
2892:300 Hz/1 Mm
2884:
2883:
2877:30 Hz/10 Mm
2870:
2869:
2868:
2808:
2798:
2783:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2668:
2641:
2635:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2608:
2599:
2585:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2499:
2493:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2385:the original
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2302:. Retrieved
2298:the original
2293:
2284:
2263:
2239:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2214:
2209:
2190:
2185:
2177:the original
2172:
2162:
2150:
2129:
2115:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2029:
2025:
2019:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1845:
1836:
1777:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1698:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:the original
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1638:
1628:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1563:
1533:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1502:
1489:
1473:. Retrieved
1468:
1456:
1431:
1425:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1375:ANL Glossary
1374:
1365:
1355:28 September
1353:. Retrieved
1349:the original
1345:ANL Glossary
1344:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1316:the original
1303:
1236:
1223:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1189:
1168:
1153:
1144:
1129:Please help
1117:
1077:
1074:
1057:correlations
1054:
1045:
1041:
1016:
992:
985:
969:
961:
941:
934:
919:, so-called
894:
870:
853:
816:Russian Navy
788:transmitters
785:
775:
771:
764:
760:
757:loop antenna
733:
725:
624:great circle
620:
606:
581:D layer
550:
511:
509:
472:
427:
423:
422:
93:
29:
3571:Medium wave
3248:Lyman-alpha
3230:Ultraviolet
3169:wavelengths
3162:frequencies
3126:Ultraviolet
2537:Environ Int
2404:Br J Cancer
2304:31 December
2194:(in French)
1676:23 February
1645:17 February
1516:17 February
1475:17 February
1325:20 February
1264:Skin effect
1229:Altshuler,
1089:association
917:power lines
850:Explanation
832:Indian Navy
596:, with the
527:Propagation
452:wavelengths
444:frequencies
440:radio waves
76:Radio bands
3591:Categories
3552:Wavelength
3408:Microwaves
3220:Hard X-ray
3215:Soft X-ray
3184:Gamma rays
3116:Gamma rays
2361:7 February
1290:References
1259:Infrasound
1025:research,
972:ionosphere
931:Other uses
822:(Zeus) at
728:wavelength
577:ionosphere
559:. ELF and
3566:Shortwave
3561:Microwave
3141:Microwave
2727:2296-2565
2609:afsset.fr
2543:: 55â63.
2290:"Pulsars"
2011:122643775
1620:119798336
1185:Dave Obey
1177:Herb Kohl
1118:does not
995:magnetars
976:lightning
901:Wisconsin
628:interfere
585:waveguide
573:electrons
510:ELF is a
499:megawatts
475:lightning
430:) is the
3576:Longwave
3336:Infrared
3136:Infrared
2745:36505009
2684:27 April
2660:18245151
2615:23 April
2577:24161447
2485:25689995
2434:20877339
2273:Archived
2252:Archived
2139:Archived
2107:26708495
2099:17795213
1927:96060996
1881:Archived
1855:Archived
1786:Archived
1769:16620992
1721:Archived
1717:NASA.gov
1507:Archived
1405:Archived
1385:9 August
1243:See also
1061:leukemia
1051:Leukemia
1013:Exposure
909:Michigan
860:seawater
824:Murmansk
632:in phase
590:TEM mode
553:diffract
487:seawater
483:antennas
153:12 (THF)
148:11 (EHF)
143:10 (SHF)
46:3 to 30
3167:longer
3160:higher
3131:Visible
2736:9732734
2545:Bibcode
2476:4344719
2425:3039816
2079:Bibcode
2070:Science
2054:6546863
2034:Bibcode
1991:Bibcode
1954:Bibcode
1907:Bibcode
1749:Bibcode
1600:Bibcode
1481:at the
1436:Bibcode
1211:", 1965
1194:Patents
1172:US Navy
1139:removed
1124:sources
1005:of the
959:range.
937:pigging
873:antenna
826:on the
442:) with
138:9 (UHF)
131:8 (VHF)
109:4 (VLF)
104:3 (ULF)
99:2 (SLF)
94:1 (ELF)
3469:L band
3464:S band
3459:C band
3454:X band
3440:K band
3426:Q band
3421:V band
3416:W band
3321:Orange
3316:Yellow
3296:Violet
3207:X-rays
3121:X-rays
2743:
2733:
2725:
2658:
2575:
2514:
2483:
2473:
2432:
2422:
2325:
2241:2 June
2200:
2105:
2097:
2052:
2009:
1925:
1767:
1618:
1571:
1541:
1269:TACAMO
1084:ICNIRP
997:. The
830:. The
810:, and
703:
126:7 (HF)
121:6 (MF)
116:5 (LF)
3554:types
3479:Radio
3375:Bands
3348:Bands
3311:Green
3146:Radio
2856:(ITU)
2678:(PDF)
2103:S2CID
2050:S2CID
2007:S2CID
1923:S2CID
1833:(PDF)
1616:S2CID
1510:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1465:(PDF)
1319:(PDF)
1312:(PDF)
1295:Notes
988:Titan
953:pitch
886:Earth
796:China
626:path
249:IEEE
3449:band
3435:band
3393:LWIR
3371:MWIR
3366:SWIR
3306:Cyan
3301:Blue
2766:IARC
2741:PMID
2723:ISSN
2686:2010
2656:PMID
2617:2010
2573:PMID
2512:ISBN
2481:PMID
2430:PMID
2363:2010
2323:ISBN
2306:2018
2243:2007
2198:ISBN
2095:PMID
1765:PMID
1678:2014
1647:2012
1569:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1518:2012
1477:2012
1387:2011
1357:2013
1327:2013
1122:any
1120:cite
1021:and
842:and
820:ZEVS
678:7.49
571:and
569:ions
83:ITU
3542:ELF
3537:SLF
3532:ULF
3527:VLF
3507:VHF
3502:UHF
3497:SHF
3492:EHF
3487:THF
3398:FIR
3344:NIR
3326:Red
3278:UVA
3273:UVB
3268:UVC
3263:NUV
3258:MUV
3253:FUV
3036:THF
3021:EHF
3006:SHF
2991:UHF
2976:VHF
2916:VLF
2901:ULF
2886:SLF
2871:ELF
2768:. (
2731:PMC
2713:doi
2646:doi
2563:hdl
2553:doi
2504:doi
2471:PMC
2461:doi
2420:PMC
2412:doi
2408:103
2271:" (
2137:" (
2087:doi
2075:256
2042:doi
1999:doi
1962:doi
1915:doi
1757:doi
1608:doi
1444:doi
1403:".
1222:, "
1207:, "
1133:by
1065:WHO
1017:In
790:to
592:in
561:VLF
464:ULF
432:ITU
428:ELF
353:III
269:UHF
264:VHF
3593::
3522:LF
3517:MF
3512:HF
3385:,
3381:,
3377::
3358:,
3354:,
3350::
2961:HF
2946:MF
2931:LF
2739:.
2729:.
2721:.
2711:.
2709:10
2707:.
2703:.
2654:.
2642:37
2640:.
2634:.
2607:.
2571:.
2561:.
2551:.
2541:62
2539:.
2535:.
2510:.
2479:.
2469:.
2457:12
2455:.
2451:.
2428:.
2418:.
2406:.
2402:.
2334:^
2314:^
2292:.
2222:^
2171:.
2101:.
2093:.
2085:.
2073:.
2048:.
2040:.
2030:41
2005:.
1997:.
1960:.
1944:.
1921:.
1913:.
1866:^
1819:^
1797:^
1763:.
1755:.
1745:27
1743:.
1709:^
1697:.
1686:^
1664:.
1637:.
1614:.
1606:.
1596:46
1594:.
1553:^
1501:.
1467:.
1442:.
1432:62
1430:.
1416:^
1373:.
1343:.
1235:,
1179:,
1095:.
1070:ÎŒT
983:.
907:,
899:,
877:Hz
858:,
846:.
751:A
739:.
707:Hz
470:.
448:Hz
368:VI
358:IV
348:II
325:mm
259:HF
63:km
48:Hz
3447:u
3445:K
3433:a
3431:K
3389:)
3387:N
3383:M
3379:L
3373:(
3362:)
3360:H
3356:K
3352:J
3346:(
3172:â
3158:â
3097:e
3090:t
3083:v
2846:e
2839:t
2832:v
2797:"
2772:)
2747:.
2715::
2688:.
2662:.
2648::
2619:.
2579:.
2565::
2555::
2547::
2520:.
2506::
2487:.
2463::
2436:.
2414::
2365:.
2329:.
2308:.
2245:.
2157:.
2133:"
2109:.
2089::
2081::
2056:.
2044::
2036::
2013:.
2001::
1993::
1987:9
1970:.
1964::
1956::
1950:7
1929:.
1917::
1909::
1903:7
1879:(
1853:(
1806:"
1771:.
1759::
1751::
1727:.
1680:.
1649:.
1622:.
1610::
1602::
1577:.
1547:.
1520:.
1479:.
1450:.
1446::
1438::
1389:.
1359:.
1329:.
1226:"
1160:)
1154:(
1149:)
1145:(
1141:.
1127:.
776:H
772:G
765:P
761:I
711:.
698:)
695:1
692:+
689:n
686:(
683:n
675:=
670:n
666:f
567:(
547:.
438:(
426:(
396:e
389:t
382:v
363:V
343:I
320:W
315:V
309:a
307:K
302:K
296:u
294:K
289:X
284:C
279:S
274:L
239:N
234:M
229:L
224:K
219:J
214:I
209:H
204:G
199:F
194:E
189:D
184:C
179:B
174:A
20:)
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