91:(rCBF) shows larger activation for direct than averted gaze in this area. It has been suggested that this increased activation is related to initial increased face encoding. However, these effects are absent when one has already been presented with a face and its gaze shifts towards the participant. This indicates that when attending to face identity, face encoding effects can be masked.
152:, like the posterior right side of superior temporal sulcus, is not hugely consistent either. While three studies have found activation for direct gaze in this area, several studies have found no effect. It is speculated that due to the small size of the amygdala, neural imaging methods are not sensitive enough to correctly detect activation.
264:
Due to these difficulties, the development of the eye contact effect may be obstructed. However, studies addressing eye contact in individuals with ASD can elicit mixed results. Response to eye contact has been identified as stronger neuro-physiologically for direct gaze than indirect gaze. This may
194:
Eye contact signals intent of communication and the social significance of eye gaze engages theory of mind computations. Because there is an overlap of activation in structures involved in theory of mind computation with regions associated with eye contact detection, this model proposes that this is
135:
These two areas activate when dynamic facial expressions are presented as well as in a communication context when participants are required to decode the intention of the presented face. Like the posterior right side of superior temporal sulcus, this suggests that context could be a factor in this
227:
Sensitivity to eye contact is present in newborns. From as early as four months old cortical activation as a result of eye contact has suggested that infants are able to detect and orient towards faces that make eye contact with them. This sensitivity to eye contact remains as the presence of eye
185:
processing. Because reciprocated eye contact elevates emotional arousal, activation becomes widespread across cortical structures as emotional arousal is often associated with the amygdala. As gaze is directed towards the perceiver, activation increases in a region in the right amygdala. However,
160:
Three models have been developed to explain the mechanisms underlying the eye-contact effect. These models show the areas of the brain that are activated by direct eye contact and where they overlap in activation with areas in the brain related to the social brain network.
261:, are characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication. Atypical responses to direct gaze, a characteristic of ASD, have been demonstrated to manifest in infancy, suggesting that these responses are present from early in development.
74:
When gaze is direct, the eye-contact effect produces activation in the social brain. These six regions demonstrate that perceived eye contact increases activation of elements within this network, with the area of activation depending on task demands and the
228:
contact has an effect on the processing of social stimuli in slightly older infants. For example, a 9-month-old infant will shift its gaze towards an object in response to another face shifting its gaze towards the same object.
1122:
Elsabbagh, Mayada; Volein, Agnes; Csibra, Gergely; Holmboe, Karla; Garwood, Holly; Tucker, Leslie; Krljes, Sanya; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Bolton, Patrick; Charman, Tony; Baird, Gillian; Johnson, Mark H. (2009-01-01).
195:
the mechanism that causes the eye contact effect. However, only parts of the theory of mind network (medial prefrontal cortex, posterior right side of superior temporal sulcus, and sometimes
231:
As humans get older, the eye contact effect develops as well. Accurate face recognition facilitated by direct gaze improves over the period of development from 6 to 11 years of age.
186:
this model fails to account for the selective nature of activation effects. Activation must be more widespread across the network if general arousal is the main effect at work.
50:. This contact has been shown to increase activation in certain areas of what has been termed the ‘social brain’. This social brain network processes social information as the
140:
when averted gaze is perceived than direct gaze. This activation was in a slightly posterior position compared to the areas which had higher activation for direct gaze.
349:
Johnson, Mark H.; Griffin, Richard; Csibra, Gergely; Halit, Hanife; Farroni, Teresa; De Haan, Michelle; Tucker, Leslie A.; Baron–Cohen, Simon; Richards, John (2005).
115:
The activation in this region of the brain during the eye contact effect is not always consistent. Although it has been demonstrated in several studies when dynamic
862:
Kawashima, Ryuta; Sugiura, Motoaki; Kato, Takashi; Nakamura, Akinori; Hatano, Kentaro; Ito, Kengo; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Kojima, Shozo; Nakamura, Katsuki (April 1999).
127:
context in their experiments, suggesting that the eye-contact effect only activates the posterior right side of superior temporal sulcus in these instances.
908:
Wicker, B., Perrett, D. I., Baron-Cohen, S., & Decety, J. (2003) Being the target of another's emotion: a PET study. Neuropsychologia, 41(2) 139-146.
1278:
265:
be due to individuals with ASD responding faster to eye contact based on their detection of features, rather than in the facial context.
674:
Calder, Andrew J; Lawrence, Andrew D; Keane, Jill; Scott, Sophie K; Owen, Adrian M; Christoffels, Ingrid; Young, Andrew W (2002-01-01).
1227:"Does perceived direct gaze boost detection in adults and children with and without autism? The stare-in-the-crowd effect revisited"
512:"The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: Review of literature and implications for future research"
88:
20:
103:
is activated, indicating facilitation of gaze direction encoding in this region when eye contact is present. Like the
731:"When eye creates the contact! ERP evidence for early dissociation between direct and averted gaze motion processing"
119:
are used, activation is not demonstrated across all literatures. The studies that demonstrate activation provided
274:
250:
219:, and amygdala. This route is fast and operates on low spatial frequency and modulates cortical face processing.
619:"Seen Gaze-Direction Modulates Fusiform Activity and Its Coupling with Other Brain Areas during Face Processing"
207:
Proposed by Senju and
Johnson, this model argues that the eye contact effect is facilitated by the subcortical
137:
100:
408:"Distinct representations of eye gaze and identity in the distributed human neural system for face perception"
1293:
863:
116:
1076:
1021:
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656:
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511:
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443:
328:
300:
174:
1022:"Understanding the referential nature of looking: Infants' preference for object-directed gaze"
1246:
1199:
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687:
638:
630:
586:
570:
523:
474:
419:
378:
362:
312:
63:
746:
351:"The emergence of the social brain network: Evidence from typical and atypical development"
1077:"Eye remember you two: gaze direction modulates face recognition in a developmental study"
216:
591:
558:
383:
350:
208:
104:
99:
When directing gaze specifically towards the eye area, the anterior, right side of the
76:
55:
824:
793:
691:
1272:
1171:
1092:
959:
840:
643:
574:
559:"Brain Mechanisms for Interpreting the Actions of Others From Biological-Motion Cues"
124:
120:
1258:
1211:
1156:
1037:
1006:
990:
973:
Farroni, Teresa; Massaccesi, Stefano; Menon, Enrica; Johnson, Mark H. (March 2007).
809:
762:
715:
543:
527:
496:
1140:
1061:
660:
332:
447:
1125:"Neural Correlates of Eye Gaze Processing in the Infant Broader Autism Phenotype"
479:
462:
729:
Conty, Laurence; N’Diaye, Karim; Tijus, Charles; George, Nathalie (2007-10-01).
245:
47:
43:
316:
1242:
1187:
879:
366:
178:
31:
1250:
1195:
1172:"Skin Conductance Responses to Another Person's Gaze in Children with Autism"
1100:
1045:
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887:
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699:
582:
431:
374:
1226:
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182:
39:
35:
1203:
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998:
951:
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754:
707:
652:
634:
600:
535:
488:
439:
407:
392:
324:
919:
776:
Wicker, Bruno; Perrett, David I; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Decety, Jean (2003).
149:
170:
59:
136:
activation. However, some studies have shown higher activation in the
254:
199:
and amygdala) are activated depending on task demands and context.
1075:
Smith, Alastair D.; Hood, Bruce M.; Hector, Karen (September 2006).
935:
1225:
Senju, Atsushi; Hasegawa, Toshikazu; Tojo, Yoshikuni (2005-11-01).
423:
1020:
Senju, Atsushi; Csibra, Gergely; Johnson, Mark H. (2008-08-01).
51:
864:"The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring"
617:
George, Nathalie; Driver, Jon; Dolan, Raymond J. (June 2001).
169:
This model proposes that eye contact directly activates brain
975:"Direct gaze modulates face recognition in young infants"
46:
with another human face has on certain mechanisms in the
406:
Hoffman, Elizabeth A.; Haxby, James V. (January 2000).
1170:
Kylliäinen, Anneli; Hietanen, Jari K. (2006-03-23).
778:"Being the target of another's emotion: a PET study"
301:"The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development"
557:Pelphrey, Kevin A.; Morris, James P. (June 2006).
131:Medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex
111:Posterior, right side of superior temporal sulcus
95:Anterior, right side of superior temporal sulcus
823:Nichols, K. A.; Champness, B. G. (1971-11-01).
299:Senju, Atsushi; Johnson, Mark H. (2009-02-13).
107:, this effect can also be masked in this area.
1176:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
8:
563:Current Directions in Psychological Science
461:Frith, Chris D.; Frith, Uta (2006-05-18).
190:The communicative intention detector model
42:. It is the effect that the perception of
829:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
642:
590:
478:
382:
516:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
286:
747:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.017
7:
612:
610:
344:
342:
294:
292:
290:
211:pathway. This pathway involves the
14:
463:"The Neural Basis of Mentalizing"
1093:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00513.x
676:"Reading the mind from eye gaze"
575:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00423.x
1038:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.02.009
991:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.01.007
918:Johnson, Mark H. (2005-10-01).
528:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.011
355:Development and Psychopathology
203:The first-track modulator model
1141:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.034
34:phenomenon in human selective
1:
920:"Subcortical face processing"
794:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00144-6
692:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00008-8
246:Eye contact § Difficulty
841:10.1016/0022-1031(71)90024-2
480:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.001
305:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
89:regional cerebral blood flow
21:Eye contact (disambiguation)
1279:Interpersonal relationships
924:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
165:The affective arousal model
1310:
317:10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.009
243:
18:
1243:10.1080/13506280444000797
1188:10.1007/s10803-006-0091-4
644:21.11116/0000-0001-A1AE-5
367:10.1017/S0954579405050297
275:Stare-in-the-crowd effect
251:Autism spectrum disorders
240:Autism spectrum disorders
138:medial prefrontal cortex
101:superior temporal sulcus
16:Psychological phenomenon
880:10.1093/brain/122.4.779
70:Activation in the brain
825:"Eye gaze and the GSR"
635:10.1006/nimg.2001.0769
510:Singer, Tania (2006).
253:(ASDs), which include
148:The activation in the
1129:Biological Psychiatry
1081:Developmental Science
156:Underlying mechanisms
235:Atypical development
19:For other uses, see
412:Nature Neuroscience
213:superior colliculus
175:emotional responses
28:eye-contact effect
741:(13): 3024–3037.
259:Asperger syndrome
177:which influences
64:goal-directedness
1301:
1263:
1262:
1237:(8): 1474–1496.
1231:Visual Cognition
1222:
1216:
1215:
1167:
1161:
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1119:
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1112:
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782:Neuropsychologia
773:
767:
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735:Neuropsychologia
726:
720:
719:
686:(8): 1129–1138.
680:Neuropsychologia
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665:
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629:(6): 1102–1112.
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930:(10): 766–774.
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1294:Theory of mind
1291:
1286:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1217:
1182:(4): 517–525.
1162:
1114:
1087:(5): 465–472.
1067:
1032:(2): 303–319.
1012:
985:(3): 396–404.
965:
910:
901:
874:(4): 779–783.
854:
835:(6): 623–626.
815:
788:(2): 139–146.
768:
721:
666:
606:
569:(3): 136–140.
549:
522:(6): 855–863.
502:
473:(4): 531–534.
453:
398:
361:(3): 599–619.
338:
311:(3): 127–134.
285:
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209:face detection
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105:fusiform gyrus
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83:Fusiform gyrus
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77:social context
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56:theory of mind
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32:psychological
29:
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1135:(1): 31–38.
1132:
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418:(1): 80–84.
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173:systems and
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87:Increase in
86:
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27:
25:
223:Development
44:eye contact
1273:Categories
623:NeuroImage
281:References
244:See also:
179:perceptual
1289:Cognition
1284:Attention
1251:1350-6285
1196:0162-3257
1101:1363-755X
1046:0010-0277
1026:Cognition
979:Cognition
960:205500386
944:1471-0048
888:1460-2156
849:0022-1031
700:0028-3932
583:0963-7214
432:1097-6256
375:0954-5794
197:precuneus
183:cognitive
40:cognition
36:attention
1259:14524916
1212:29319389
1204:16555137
1157:13936224
1149:19064038
1109:16911448
1054:18371943
1007:13957199
999:16540101
952:16276354
896:10219788
810:46066691
802:12459212
763:25441481
755:17644145
716:13910127
708:11931917
653:11352615
601:18079992
544:15411628
536:16904182
497:16198411
489:16701204
440:10607399
393:16262984
325:19217822
269:See also
217:pulvinar
150:amygdala
144:Amygdala
1062:1340375
661:8311624
592:2136413
384:1464100
333:2873180
171:arousal
117:stimuli
60:empathy
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467:Neuron
448:369825
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255:autism
121:social
62:, and
1255:S2CID
1208:S2CID
1153:S2CID
1058:S2CID
1003:S2CID
956:S2CID
868:Brain
806:S2CID
759:S2CID
712:S2CID
657:S2CID
540:S2CID
493:S2CID
444:S2CID
329:S2CID
48:brain
30:is a
1247:ISSN
1200:PMID
1192:ISSN
1145:PMID
1105:PMID
1097:ISSN
1050:PMID
1042:ISSN
995:PMID
948:PMID
940:ISSN
892:PMID
884:ISSN
845:ISSN
798:PMID
751:PMID
704:PMID
696:ISSN
649:PMID
597:PMID
579:ISSN
532:PMID
485:PMID
436:PMID
428:ISSN
389:PMID
371:ISSN
321:PMID
257:and
181:and
52:face
38:and
26:The
1239:doi
1184:doi
1137:doi
1089:doi
1034:doi
1030:108
987:doi
983:102
932:doi
876:doi
872:122
837:doi
790:doi
743:doi
688:doi
639:hdl
631:doi
587:PMC
571:doi
524:doi
475:doi
420:doi
379:PMC
363:doi
313:doi
123:or
1275::
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