258:, the complainant argued that it was a violation of Article 4(2) to require him to participate in jury service as he had been called upon three times during the period of 1971 to 1997. The ECtHR considered that jury service was a normal civic obligation and therefore did not constitute forced labour or a violation of Article 4.
301:, "(1) the duty to put in place a legislative and administrative framework to prohibit and punish trafficking; (2) the duty, in certain circumstances, to take operational measures to protect victims, or potential victims, of trafficking; and (3) a procedural obligation to investigate situations of potential trafficking".
242:, the ECtHR stated that a law requiring dentists to provide public dental services was not in violation of Article 4 due to the public nature of the case. As the work was of short duration and was well paid, the ECtHR stated that the prohibition on forced labour could not reasonably be interpreted to apply.
159:
where the ECtHR adopted the definition from the
International Labour Organisation Convention of 1930, "all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which he has not offered himself voluntarily". The ECtHR confirmed that there must be physical or mental
281:
established that forced prostitution as a result of human trafficking is covered by
Article 4. This case saw the first Grand Chamber judgement concerning human trafficking and found that Croatia had not fulfilled their obligations under Article 4 by failing to fully investigate potential human
80:
Article 4 is an absolute right, which means it cannot be restricted. There is an absolute prohibition on slavery and servitude, under section (1), with no scope for derogation. Article 15(2) clarifies that there is no derogation from
Article 4(1), even "in time of war or other public emergency
181:
Section 3 of
Article 4 ECHR provides four circumstances in which forced or compulsory labour, under section 2, do not apply. The exclusions apply to those in detention (prisoners), compulsory military service, the emergency services and any work which constitutes "normal civic obligations".
109:
The ECtHR have adopted the definition of slavery from
Article 1 of the Slavery Convention 1926, which states that "slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised". This was clarified by the ECtHR in
87:
Article 4 also imposes a positive obligation on states to actively ensure that there is no violation of the prohibition on slavery and forced labour. This is opposed to a negative obligation where states must simply refrain violating fundamental human rights. The ECtHR confirmed in
250:
Any compulsory work which constitutes a "civic obligation" will not amount to a violation of
Article 4(2). A civic obligation has been interpreted by the ECtHR in many different ways and is dependant upon the circumstances and context of each case.
203:
Prisoners, or those on conditional release, often undertake unpaid work during the course of their detention. Compulsory work in a forced labour institution would not violate
Article 4(2) if carried out by prisoners as part of their rehabilitation.
274:, it was confirmed by the ECtHR that human trafficking fell within the scope of Article 4. Within this case, the ECtHR set out the nature and the scope of the positive obligation placed upon states under Article 4 in relation to human trafficking.
913:
226:. This case held that it is up to each member state whether they wish to grant the right of conscientious objection and that substitute civilian service can be imposed on objectors instead, which they have no right to object to.
267:
132:
that servitude involves an obligation that is placed on an individual to provide work as well as a violation of freedom. The violation of freedom must involve the individual being forced to live on another's property.
234:
Compulsory demands placed upon individuals in the case of emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community will not constitute a violation of
Article 4(2), so long as they are proportionate.
906:
92:
that article 4 imposes a positive obligation on states to adopt criminal law provisions in relation to the prohibition. Therefore, states are required to criminalise slavery, servitude and forced labour.
1044:
899:
144:
They stated that a particular serious form of denial of freedom was needed to constitute servitude which could amount to the complete restriction of freedom of movement on the victim.
57:
any work required to be done in the ordinary course of detention imposed according to the provisions of
Article 5 of this Convention or during conditional release from such detention;
418:
167:
that a range of circumstances will be considered, and the facts of the case will determine whether a particular service falls within the prohibition of forced or compulsory labour.
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trafficking. This was the first time that internal human trafficking had been considered as relevant under
Article 4 and is therefore significant in expanding its application.
211:
the relevance of the compulsory work forming part of rehabilitation as well as being compatible with the general norms of work in detention within the relevant member state.
60:
any service of a military character or, in case of conscientious objectors in countries where they are recognised, service exacted instead of compulsory military service;
38:. Conscription, national service, prison labour, service exacted in cases of emergency or calamity, and "normal civic obligations" are excepted from these definitions.
219:
Both voluntary and compulsory military service would not constitute a violation of Article 4(2). This is applicable to conscription and national service.
277:
Modern slavery is often associated with trafficking victims from abroad who can be forced into circumstances such as manual labour or sex work. The case
870:
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held that the obligation on the individual to work must be excessive and disproportionate in order for the service to constitute forced labour.
389:
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interpreted the exclusions under Article 4(3) to also suggest guidance on “what shall not constitute forced labour" under Article 4(2).
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760:
Para 245 – "trafficking itself as well as exploitation of prostitution ... fell within the scope of art.4 of the Convention".
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However, there is a more limited prohibition on forced labour, with exceptions clearly defined with section (3) of the Article.
406:
865:
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constraint as well as involuntariness, injustice, oppression or avoidable hardship in order to constitute forced labour.
297:, the Grand Chamber reiterated the three positive obligations that article 4 places upon states that were set out in
63:
any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community;
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413:
222:
There is no right to conscientiously object to military service under Article 4. This was clarified in
891:
314:
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by clarifying that human trafficking and forced prostitution fell within the scope of Article 4.
191:
These exclusions are justified by the idea of the general public interest. The ECtHR stated in
385:
324:
270:. Human trafficking is not explicitly mentioned within Article 4. However, following the case
885:
789:"Human trafficking criminalised after 14-year-old girl kept in domestic servitude in Paris"
120:
confirmed that the condition of slavery is not satisfied simply by work without payment.
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For the purpose of this article the term "forced or compulsory labour" shall not include:
866:
Slavery, servitude and forced labour cases under the European Convention on Human Rights
1038:
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that the exclusions are based on "what is normal in the ordinary course of affairs".
35:
17:
384:(3rd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 279–286.
31:
163:
There is no explicit test for forced labour, but the ECtHR stated in
140:
The ECtHR explained the distinction between slavery and servitude in
152:
There is no definition of forced or compulsory labour in the ECHR.
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any work or service which forms part of normal civic obligations.
101:
There is no definition of slavery or servitude within the ECHR.
50:
No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour.
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137:
also confirmed that there must be an element of coercion.
380:
Harris, David; O'Boyle, Michael; Warbrick, Colin (2014).
323:, application No. 25965/04 (adjudicated in 2010; case of
313:, application No. 73316/01 (adjudicated in 2005; case of
266:
The definition of human trafficking can be found in the
419:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
305:
Violations found by the European Court of Human Rights
286:
disregarded any ambiguity that was created following
42:
Article 4 – Prohibition of slavery and forced labour
28:
Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights
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Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights
923:
Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights
843:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
818:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
814:"Death of an alleged victim of human trafficking"
793:Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights
369:, application No. 40311/10 (adjudicated in 2019)
363:, application No. 60561/14 (adjudicated in 2018)
357:, application No. 21884/15 (adjudicated in 2017)
351:, application No. 71545/12 (adjudicated in 2016)
339:, application No. 4239/08 (adjudicated in 2012)
333:, application No. 67724/09 (adjudicated in 2012)
839:"Practical reforms to combat human trafficking"
591:(App. No.67724/09), judgment of 11 October 2012
40:
382:Law of the European Convention on Human Rights
345:application No. 51637/12 (adjudicated in 2015)
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199:Work done in the ordinary course of detention
47:No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
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155:The concept of forced labour was set out in
673:8 YB 324 (1965), 10 YB 626 (1966), E Com HR
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900:
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128:The Commission of Human Rights stated in
268:Council of Europe Trafficking Convention
876:Summary of Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia
751:Grand Chamber judgement of 25 June 2020
441:
148:Forced or compulsory labour (art.4(2))
886:Slavery, servitude, and forced labour
81:threatening the life of the nation".
7:
645:De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v Belgium
431:European Convention on Human Rights
209:De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v Belgium
476:(19 April 2005, unreported), ECtHR
25:
317:and forced or compulsory labour)
97:Slavery and servitude (art.4(1))
651:) A 12 (1971) 1 EHRR 373, ECtHR
461:Slavery Convention article 1(1)
407:R v Knowles, ex parte Somersett
452:(2005) 20 BHRC 654, at para 89
1:
871:Summary of Siliadin v. France
355:Chowdury and others v Greece
495:Van Droogenbroeck v Belgium
321:Rantsev v Cyprus and Russia
130:Van Droogenbroeck v Belgium
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881:Summary of L. E. v. Greece
579:6 YB 278 (1963), E Com HR.
557:(1984) 6 EHRR 163, para 37
337:C. N. v the United Kingdom
929:
635:3 YB 428 (1960), E Com HR
613:(1994) 18 EHRR 513, ECtHR
555:Van der Mussele v Belgium
543:Van der Mussele v Belgium
367:T. I. and others v Greece
157:Van der Mussele v Belgium
246:Normal civic obligations
207:The ECtHR emphasised in
747:Application 60561/14:
716:Application 25965/04:
686:6 YB 278 (1963), E Com
609:Application 13580/88:
470:Application 72704/01:
448:Application 73316/01:
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888:ECtHR factsheet, 2015
682:Application 1468/62:
669:Application 2299/64:
575:Application 1468/62:
414:Slavery at common law
331:C. N. and V. v France
177:Exclusions (art.4(3))
707:(2007) 44 E.H.R.R. 3
631:Application 833/60:
671:Grandrath v Germany
224:Grandrath v Germany
112:Siliadin v France.
1032:
1031:
611:Schmidt v Germany
589:CN and V v France
545:(1984) 6 EHRR 163
497:(1982) 4 EHRR 443
450:Siliadin v France
391:978-0-19-960639-9
325:human trafficking
311:Siliadin v France
262:Human trafficking
230:Emergency service
193:Schmidt v Germany
186:CN and V v France
135:Siliadin v France
90:Siliadin v France
16:(Redirected from
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215:Military service
171:Iverson v Norway
118:Dolgov v Ukraine
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633:X v Austria
1039:Categories
1019:Article 18
1014:Article 17
1009:Article 16
1004:Article 15
999:Article 14
994:Article 13
989:Article 12
984:Article 11
979:Article 10
485:para 23–25
437:References
374:Literature
76:Background
30:prohibits
1024:Protocols
974:Article 9
969:Article 8
964:Article 7
959:Article 6
954:Article 5
949:Article 4
944:Article 3
939:Article 2
934:Article 1
315:servitude
142:Siliadin.
124:Servitude
778:Para 221
769:Para 296
729:Para 282
533:Para 129
524:Para 123
515:Para 122
425:See also
848:21 June
823:21 June
798:21 June
695:Para 29
660:Para 80
622:Para 22
600:Para 74
566:Para 37
506:Para 58
400:History
299:Rantsev
293:Within
288:Rantsev
165:Mussele
105:Slavery
32:slavery
410:(1772)
388:
850:2018
825:2018
800:2018
386:ISBN
284:S.M.
34:and
254:In
238:In
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