473:. The pro-region is required for the proper folding of the newly synthesised enzyme, the inactivation of the peptidase domain and stabilisation of the enzyme against denaturing at neutral to alkaline pH conditions. Amino acid residues within the pro-region mediate their membrane association, and play a role in the transport of the proenzyme to lysosomes. Among the most notable features of propeptides is their ability to inhibit the activity of their cognate enzymes and that certain propeptides exhibit high selectivity for inhibition of the peptidases from which they originate.
2403:
626:
40:
599:
766:
860:
balanced salt solutions and topical drug products containing papain by
November 4, 2008. The FDA said, "Papain-containing drug products in topical form historically have been marketed without approval...". According to the FDA's statement on the subject, "These unapproved products have put consumers'
837:
from the fruit of the papaya tree. The latex is collected after scoring the neck of the fruit, where it may either dry on the fruit or drip into a container. This latex is then further dried. It is now classified as a dried, crude material. A purification step is necessary to remove contaminating
686:
preparations. A ten-minute treatment of small tissue pieces (less than 1 mm) will allow papain to begin cleaving the extracellular matrix molecules holding the cells together. After ten minutes, the tissue should be treated with a protease inhibitor solution to stop the protease action. Left
877:
Topical drug ointments containing papain are used to remove dead or contaminated tissue in acute and chronic lesions, such as diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers, varicose ulcers, and traumatic infected wounds. Trade names for these products include
Accuzyme, Allanfil, Allanzyme, Ethezyme, Gladase,
535:
attack on the carbonyl carbon of a peptide backbone. This forms a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate and frees the amino terminus of the peptide. The enzyme is deacylated by a water molecule and releases the carboxy terminal portion of the peptide. In immunology, papain is known to cleave the Fc
678:
Papain breaks down tough meat fibres, and has been used since before
European contact to tenderise meat eaten in its native South America. Meat tenderisers in powder form with papain as an active component are widely sold and the culinary use of papaya peel has featured in research papers.
881:
In 2008 the FDA announced its intention to take action against these products because it had received reports of serious adverse events in patients using products containing papain. Reports included hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions that lead to hypotension (low blood pressure) and
603:
600:
712:
Papain is added to some toothpastes and mint sweets as a tooth whitener. Its whitening effect is minimal, because the papain is present in low concentrations and is quickly diluted by saliva. It would take several months of use to have a noticeable effect.
886:(rapid heart rate). In addition, people allergic to latex can also be allergic to papaya, the source of papain, implying that people with latex sensitivity may be at increased risk of suffering an adverse reaction to a topical papain drug product.
602:
992:"Development of a meat tenderizer based on papaya peel. Observación por Pares Basada en Mapas Conceptuales: Una Estrategia para Fomentar el "Scholarship of Teaching and Learning" en la Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá. 2013;24"
416:
It has wide ranging commercial applications in the leather, cosmetic, textiles, detergents, food and pharmaceutical industries. In the food industry, papain is used as an active ingredient in many commercial meat tenderizers.
838:
substances. This purification consists of the solubilization and extraction of the active papain enzyme system through a government-registered process. This purified papain may be supplied as powder or as liquid.
505:. The catalytic dyad is made up of the amino acids cysteine-25 (from which it gets its classification) and histidine-159. Aspartate-158 was thought to play a role analogous to the role of aspartate in the
1429:
861:
health in jeopardy, from reports of permanent vision loss with unapproved balanced salt solutions to a serious drop in blood pressure and increased heart rate from the topical papain products," said
1203:
MĂ©nard R, Khouri HE, Plouffe C, Dupras R, Ripoll D, Vernet T, et al. (July 1990). "A protein engineering study of the role of aspartate 158 in the catalytic mechanism of papain".
1550:
Chan SC, Bürki A, Bonél HM, Benneker LM, Gantenbein-Ritter B (March 2013). "Papain-induced in vitro disc degeneration model for the study of injectable nucleus pulposus therapy".
601:
335:
156:
1150:
Yamamoto Y, Kurata M, Watabe S, Murakami R, Takahashi SY (April 2002). "Novel cysteine proteinase inhibitors homologous to the proregions of cysteine proteinases".
354:
1755:
445:, eubacteria, yeast, and practically all protozoa, plants and mammals. The proteins are typically lysosomal or secreted, and proteolytic cleavage of the
465:-terminal propeptide regions. The activation process of these enzymes includes the removal of propeptide regions, which serve a variety of functions
866:
1115:
Sebti SM, DeLeon JC, Lazo JS (July 1987). "Purification, characterization, and amino acid composition of rabbit pulmonary bleomycin hydrolase".
878:
Kovia, Panafil, Pap Urea, and Ziox. Other products are marketed under the names of the active ingredients, for instance, papain-urea ointment.
889:
FDA recommended that people with concerns about using topical papain preparations contact their health care provider about discontinuing use.
1036:
104:
1697:
847:
1637:
1338:
1672:
1312:
809:, however, the Fab fragment is still able to bind to and neutralize appropriate antigens, most commonly seen in the use of sheep anti-
485:(19-133) and the mature peptide (134-345). The amino acid numbers are based on the mature peptide. The protein is stabilised by three
2122:
665:
1748:
347:
1240:"Challenging a paradigm: theoretical calculations of the protonation state of the Cys25-His159 catalytic dyad in free papain"
647:
314:
290:
2278:
176:
2393:
2443:
1702:
1287:
853:
1906:
1901:
1741:
757:
Papain has also been used to create a degenerated disc disease model to assess various types of injectable therapies.
2263:
636:
2379:
2366:
2353:
2340:
2327:
2314:
2301:
1775:
2273:
308:
2227:
2170:
1772:
1685:
383:
201:
164:
441:
and enzymes with both exo- and endopeptidase activity. Members of the papain family are widespread, found in
295:
2438:
2175:
1966:
794:
643:
1691:
709:
preparations, notably
Accuzyme. These are used in the care of some chronic wounds to clean up dead tissue.
481:
The papain precursor protein contains 345 amino acid residues, and consists of a signal sequence (1-18), a
612:
359:
2196:
2115:
798:
527:
involves the use of a catalytic dyad with a deprotonated cysteine. A nearby Asn-175 helps to orient the
283:
2268:
160:
1643:. United States Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
543:
Papain is a relatively heat-resistant enzyme, with an optimal temperature range of 60 to 70 °C.
438:
426:
410:
218:
117:
2433:
2232:
2059:
311:
213:
1501:
1379:"Efficacy of extrinsic stain removal by novel dentifrice containing papain and bromelain extracts"
235:
2428:
2423:
2165:
1532:
1644:
1430:"Effect of a papain-based gel for chemomechanical caries removal on dentin shear bond strength"
531:
ring of His-159 to allow it to deprotonate the catalytic Cys-25. This cysteine then performs a
453:
in fungi and mammals. Papain-like cysteine proteinases are essentially synthesised as inactive
1768:
1713:
1618:
1567:
1524:
1482:
1441:
1410:
1269:
1220:
1167:
1132:
1097:
1052:
1032:
732:
490:
379:
302:
151:
991:
687:
untreated, papain activity will lead to complete lysis of the cells. The tissue must then be
2211:
2206:
2180:
2108:
2079:
1971:
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1946:
1733:
1608:
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1251:
1212:
1159:
1124:
1087:
1079:
1042:
1024:
747:
1926:
1669:
934:
271:
143:
2258:
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2155:
1676:
696:
692:
537:
518:
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498:
402:
1353:
247:
206:
2407:
2296:
2237:
1613:
1586:
1405:
1378:
1264:
1239:
1092:
1071:
1047:
862:
486:
434:
330:
2417:
2201:
2160:
1722:
1536:
1028:
751:
717:
575:
442:
430:
109:
46:
1502:"Enzymatically-controlled biomimetic synthesis of titania/protein hybrid thin films"
73:
2150:
2018:
2014:
1500:
Bawazer LA, Ihli J, Levenstein MA, Jeuken LJ, Meldrum FC, McMillan DG (June 2018).
802:
786:
770:
721:
683:
607:
524:
502:
139:
1681:
1459:
Burrows DL, Nicolaides A, Rice PJ, Dufforc M, Johnson DA, Ferslew KE (July 2005).
1563:
85:
2374:
2309:
2145:
2089:
2084:
2054:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
949:
944:
914:
904:
883:
821:, a similar sheep antiserum fragment, used to neutralize the cardiac medication
790:
774:
736:
706:
688:
625:
555:
532:
494:
2402:
2069:
1883:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1707:
743:
579:
571:
482:
446:
1395:
1291:
1163:
2348:
2322:
2074:
1981:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1878:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
967:
857:
528:
454:
39:
1622:
1603:
1571:
1528:
1486:
1477:
1460:
1445:
1414:
1273:
1171:
716:
Papain is the main ingredient of
Papacarie, a gel used for chemomechanical
17:
1224:
1136:
1101:
1056:
113:
2064:
1764:
1185:
818:
810:
782:
583:
547:
80:
1216:
1128:
833:
Papain is usually produced as a crude, dried material by collecting the
724:
and does not interfere in the bond strength of restorative materials to
386:
259:
1893:
1784:
1727:
1717:
1520:
1255:
822:
742:
Recently, it has been demonstrated that papain can be used to assemble
650: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
567:
559:
458:
450:
278:
97:
92:
1083:
2361:
2131:
1941:
1873:
1665:
814:
725:
703:
587:
563:
551:
394:
390:
342:
254:
242:
230:
171:
1638:"Topical Drug Products Containing Papain; Enforcement Action Dates"
1428:
Lopes MC, Mascarini RC, da Silva BM, FlĂłrio FM, Basting RT (2007).
1019:
Rawlings ND, Barrett AJ (1994). "Families of cysteine peptidases".
765:
449:
is required for enzyme activation, although bleomycin hydrolase is
2335:
1916:
929:
924:
834:
806:
764:
597:
1587:"Bovine explant model of degeneration of the intervertebral disc"
954:
939:
919:
909:
899:
266:
133:
68:
2104:
1737:
497:, which contains a catalytic dyad that has been likened to the
619:
425:
Papain belongs to a family of related proteins, known as the
1712:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
1708:
Papain on
Proteopedia (wiki with more protein specific info)
682:
Papain can be used to dissociate cells in the first step of
785:
digested by papain yields three fragments: two 50 kDa
489:. Its three-dimensional structure consists of two distinct
2100:
1023:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 244. pp. 461–86.
1585:
Roberts S, Menage J, Sivan S, Urban JP (February 2008).
2391:
1668:
online database for peptidases and their inhibitors:
1339:"Application of natural tenderizers in meat-a review"
793:. The papain-digested antibody is unable to promote
540:(antibodies) from the Fab (antigen-binding) portion.
429:
family, with a wide variety of activities, including
509:
catalytic triad, but that has since been disproved.
2287:
2251:
2220:
2189:
2138:
2047:
1980:
1892:
1861:
1783:
1021:
Proteolytic
Enzymes: Serine and Cysteine Peptidases
990:Islam MN, Molinar-Toribio EM (July–December 2013).
493:with a cleft between them. This cleft contains the
353:
341:
329:
324:
301:
289:
277:
265:
253:
241:
229:
224:
212:
200:
195:
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170:
150:
132:
127:
103:
91:
79:
67:
59:
54:
32:
1337:Maiti AK, Ahlawat SS, Sharma DP, Khanna N (2008).
1238:Shokhen M, Khazanov N, Albeck A (December 2009).
695:) to break up the pieces of tissue into a single
1698:Papain Applications, Inhibitors and Substrates
731:Papain has been known to interfere with urine
2116:
1749:
1014:
1012:
8:
702:It is also used as an ingredient in various
985:
983:
893:Human cysteine proteases from papain family
739:. It is found in some drug detox products.
2123:
2109:
2101:
1756:
1742:
1734:
1377:Chakravarthy P, Acharya S (October 2012).
321:
124:
38:
1684:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1612:
1602:
1476:
1404:
1394:
1263:
1091:
1070:Rawlings ND, Barrett AJ (February 1993).
1046:
856:(FDA) warned companies to stop marketing
666:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Widely used enzyme extracted from papayas
1313:"Papain - Selective Proteolytic Enzymes"
2398:
979:
867:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
813:toxin antibody preparations, known as
691:(passed quickly up and down through a
187:
29:
1152:Current Protein & Peptide Science
1072:"Evolutionary families of peptidases"
523:The mechanism by which papain breaks
7:
1186:"UniProt P00784: Papain precursor –
848:Proteases (medical and related uses)
648:adding citations to reliable sources
409:). It is the namesake member of the
1461:"Papain: a novel urine adulterant"
873:Unapproved topical papain products
769:The papain-digested antibody: two
546:Papain prefers to cleave after an
25:
1434:Journal of Dentistry for Children
2401:
1509:Journal of Materials Chemistry B
1465:Journal of Analytical Toxicology
624:
635:needs additional citations for
33:Papain family cysteine protease
1078:. 290 ( Pt 1) (Pt 1): 205–18.
852:On September 23, 2008, the US
825:in acute overdose situations.
1:
1703:Data sheet-Papain from BIOZYM
1591:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
720:removal. It does not require
610:effect of papain on the worm
407:Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis
128:Available protein structures:
1564:10.1016/j.spinee.2012.12.007
1383:Journal of Young Pharmacists
1029:10.1016/0076-6879(94)44034-4
854:Food and Drug Administration
842:US restrictions on marketing
536:(crystallisable) portion of
1352:(3): 226–30. Archived from
2460:
845:
516:
2279:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
320:
123:
37:
2171:Diffusion-limited enzyme
1686:Medical Subject Headings
1396:10.4103/0975-1483.104368
1164:10.2174/1389203024605331
586:) and not followed by a
1636:Shuren J (2008-09-22).
1076:The Biochemical Journal
1604:10.1186/1471-2474-9-24
778:
617:
613:Heligmosomoides bakeri
2264:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
2197:Allosteric regulation
1288:"Data Sheet - Papain"
768:
606:
439:dipeptidyl peptidases
2274:Lineweaver–Burk plot
1478:10.1093/jat/29.5.275
1346:Agricultural Reviews
789:and one 50 kDa
644:improve this article
427:papain-like protease
411:papain-like protease
2444:Dietary supplements
2060:Cancer procoagulant
1217:10.1021/bi00480a021
1129:10.1021/bi00388a006
865:, director for the
376:papaya proteinase I
2233:Enzyme superfamily
2166:Enzyme promiscuity
1769:cysteine proteases
1675:2008-04-05 at the
1521:10.1039/C8TB00381E
1256:10.1002/prot.22516
779:
752:photovoltaic cells
618:
491:structural domains
2389:
2388:
2098:
2097:
1552:The Spine Journal
1515:(23): 3979–3988.
1084:10.1042/bj2900205
1038:978-0-12-182145-6
676:
675:
668:
604:
487:disulfide bridges
380:cysteine protease
369:
368:
365:
364:
284:metabolic pathway
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:structure summary
16:(Redirected from
2451:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2269:Hanes–Woolf plot
2212:Enzyme activator
2207:Enzyme inhibitor
2181:Enzyme catalysis
2125:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2080:3C-like protease
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1726:(Papain) at the
1652:
1651:
1650:on 1 March 2017.
1649:
1642:
1633:
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1358:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1290:. Archived from
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1016:
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605:
374:, also known as
322:
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42:
30:
21:
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2448:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2297:Oxidoreductases
2283:
2259:Enzyme kinetics
2247:
2243:List of enzymes
2216:
2185:
2156:Catalytic triad
2134:
2129:
2099:
2094:
2043:
1976:
1888:
1857:
1779:
1762:
1694:- info on papin
1677:Wayback Machine
1661:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1640:
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1634:
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1584:
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1579:
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1319:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1211:(28): 6706–13.
1202:
1201:
1197:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1114:
1113:
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1069:
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994:
989:
988:
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761:Immunoglobulins
697:cell suspension
693:Pasteur pipette
672:
661:
655:
652:
641:
629:
598:
596:
538:immunoglobulins
521:
519:Catalytic triad
515:
507:serine protease
499:catalytic triad
479:
435:aminopeptidases
423:
403:mountain papaya
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2439:Food additives
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2221:Classification
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2012:
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1997:
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1659:External links
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1123:(14): 4213–9.
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554:preceded by a
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431:endopeptidases
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275:
274:
269:
263:
262:
257:
251:
250:
245:
239:
238:
233:
227:
226:
222:
221:
216:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
193:
192:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
154:
148:
147:
137:
130:
129:
121:
120:
107:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
83:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2456:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Enzyme family
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Cooperativity
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Oxyanion hole
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:Fruit-derived
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:(3): 273–83.
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1471:(5): 275–95.
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1359:on 2020-11-27
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1318:
1317:Sigma-Aldrich
1314:
1308:
1305:
1294:on 2014-07-15
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:(4): 916–26.
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:Carica papaya
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
993:
986:
984:
980:
973:
969:
966:
965:
961:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
892:
890:
887:
885:
879:
872:
870:
868:
864:
859:
855:
849:
841:
839:
836:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:precipitation
796:
795:agglutination
792:
788:
787:Fab fragments
784:
776:
772:
771:Fab fragments
767:
760:
758:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:dental caries
714:
710:
708:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
680:
670:
667:
659:
656:February 2014
649:
645:
639:
638:
633:This section
631:
627:
622:
621:
615:
614:
609:
593:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
541:
539:
534:
530:
526:
525:peptide bonds
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:baculoviruses
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:Papain family
420:
418:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Carica papaya
396:
392:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
361:
358:
356:
352:
349:
346:
344:
340:
337:
334:
332:
328:
323:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
300:
297:
294:
292:
288:
285:
282:
280:
276:
273:
270:
268:
264:
261:
260:NiceZyme view
258:
256:
252:
249:
246:
244:
240:
237:
234:
232:
228:
223:
220:
217:
215:
211:
208:
205:
203:
199:
194:
189:
178:
175:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
108:
106:
102:
99:
96:
94:
90:
87:
84:
82:
78:
75:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
48:
47:Carica papaya
41:
36:
31:
19:
2375:Translocases
2372:
2359:
2346:
2333:
2320:
2310:Transferases
2307:
2294:
2151:Binding site
1868:
1721:
1645:the original
1631:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1512:
1508:
1495:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1389:(4): 245–9.
1386:
1382:
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1349:
1345:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1282:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1208:
1205:Biochemistry
1204:
1198:
1192:. UniProtKB.
1187:
1180:
1158:(2): 231–8.
1155:
1151:
1145:
1120:
1117:Biochemistry
1116:
1110:
1075:
1065:
1020:
1002:
998:
888:
880:
876:
851:
832:
803:opsonization
780:
756:
741:
737:cannabinoids
730:
715:
711:
701:
684:cell culture
681:
677:
662:
653:
642:Please help
637:verification
634:
611:
608:Anthelmintic
545:
542:
533:nucleophilic
522:
503:chymotrypsin
480:
470:
466:
462:
424:
415:
406:
398:
375:
371:
370:
248:BRENDA entry
63:Peptidase_C1
45:
44:Papain from
2146:Active site
2090:Gingipain K
2085:Gingipain R
2055:Clostripain
1440:(2): 93–7.
884:tachycardia
791:Fc fragment
775:Fc fragment
556:hydrophobic
495:active site
393:present in
236:IntEnz view
196:Identifiers
55:Identifiers
18:EC 3.4.22.2
2434:Hydrolases
2418:Categories
2349:Isomerases
2323:Hydrolases
2190:Regulation
2070:Autophagin
1884:Actinidain
1853:Caspase 14
1848:Caspase 13
1843:Caspase 12
1838:Caspase 10
1692:drugdigest
1363:2021-05-13
1298:2010-08-08
974:References
858:ophthalmic
846:See also:
829:Production
744:thin films
735:tests for
689:triturated
517:See also:
483:propeptide
455:proenzymes
447:propeptide
305:structures
272:KEGG entry
219:9001-73-4
140:structures
2429:Proteases
2424:EC 3.4.22
2228:EC number
2075:Cruzipain
1982:Cathepsin
1879:Bromelain
1833:Caspase 9
1828:Caspase 8
1823:Caspase 7
1818:Caspase 6
1813:Caspase 5
1808:Caspase 4
1803:Caspase 3
1798:Caspase 2
1793:Caspase 1
1765:Proteases
1597:(1): 24.
1537:102894814
1190:(Papaya)"
968:Bromelain
707:debriding
704:enzymatic
529:imidazole
477:Structure
451:cytosolic
225:Databases
98:PDOC00126
86:IPR000668
2252:Kinetics
2176:Cofactor
2139:Activity
2065:Separase
1673:Archived
1623:18298830
1572:23353003
1529:32254326
1487:16105251
1446:18477426
1415:23493413
1322:2 August
1274:19688822
1244:Proteins
1172:12188906
962:See also
819:Digibind
811:Crotalid
783:antibody
750:used in
722:drilling
548:arginine
513:Function
471:in vitro
459:zymogens
413:family.
387:3.4.22.2
360:proteins
348:articles
336:articles
309:RCSB PDB
207:3.4.22.2
157:RCSB PDB
81:InterPro
2408:Biology
2362:Ligases
2132:Enzymes
1894:Calpain
1785:Caspase
1728:PDBe-KB
1718:UniProt
1670:C01.001
1614:2266744
1406:3573376
1265:2767454
1225:2397208
1137:3117099
1102:8439290
1093:1132403
1057:7845226
1048:7172846
823:digoxin
817:and in
773:and an
748:titania
467:in vivo
461:) with
378:, is a
296:profile
279:MetaCyc
214:CAS no.
93:PROSITE
74:PF00112
2394:Portal
2336:Lyases
1972:CAPNS2
1967:CAPNS1
1962:CAPN14
1957:CAPN13
1952:CAPN12
1947:CAPN11
1942:CAPN10
1874:Ficain
1869:Papain
1776:3.4.22
1723:P00784
1688:(MeSH)
1682:Papain
1666:MEROPS
1621:
1611:
1570:
1535:
1527:
1485:
1444:
1413:
1403:
1272:
1262:
1223:
1170:
1135:
1100:
1090:
1055:
1045:
1035:
999:RIDTEC
815:CroFab
805:, and
726:dentin
588:valine
558:unit (
552:lysine
401:) and
395:papaya
391:enzyme
372:Papain
343:PubMed
325:Search
315:PDBsum
255:ExPASy
243:BRENDA
231:IntEnz
202:EC no.
191:papain
172:PDBsum
146:
136:
118:SUPFAM
60:Symbol
2288:Types
2048:Other
1937:CAPN9
1932:CAPN8
1927:CAPN7
1922:CAPN6
1917:CAPN5
1912:CAPN3
1907:CAPN2
1902:CAPN1
1648:(PDF)
1641:(PDF)
1533:S2CID
1505:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1342:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
935:CTSL3
930:CTSL2
925:CTSL1
835:latex
807:lysis
291:PRIAM
114:SCOPe
105:SCOP2
2380:list
2373:EC7
2367:list
2360:EC6
2354:list
2347:EC5
2341:list
2334:EC4
2328:list
2321:EC3
2315:list
2308:EC2
2302:list
2295:EC1
1716:for
1664:The
1619:PMID
1568:PMID
1525:PMID
1483:PMID
1442:PMID
1411:PMID
1324:2020
1270:PMID
1221:PMID
1168:PMID
1133:PMID
1098:PMID
1053:PMID
1033:ISBN
1005:(2).
955:CTSZ
950:CTSW
945:CTSS
940:CTSO
920:CTSK
915:CTSH
910:CTSF
905:CTSC
900:CTSB
733:drug
594:Uses
469:and
355:NCBI
312:PDBe
267:KEGG
165:PDBj
161:PDBe
144:ECOD
134:Pfam
110:1aec
69:Pfam
1714:PDB
1609:PMC
1599:doi
1560:doi
1517:doi
1473:doi
1401:PMC
1391:doi
1260:PMC
1252:doi
1213:doi
1160:doi
1125:doi
1088:PMC
1080:doi
1043:PMC
1025:doi
781:An
746:of
646:by
584:Tyr
580:Trp
576:Phe
572:Ile
568:Leu
564:Val
560:Ala
550:or
501:of
331:PMC
303:PDB
152:PDB
2420::
2019:L2
2015:L1
1773:EC
1767::
1720::
1617:.
1607:.
1593:.
1589:.
1566:.
1556:13
1554:.
1531:.
1523:.
1511:.
1507:.
1481:.
1469:29
1467:.
1463:.
1438:74
1436:.
1432:.
1409:.
1399:.
1385:.
1381:.
1350:29
1348:.
1344:.
1315:.
1268:.
1258:.
1248:77
1246:.
1242:.
1219:.
1209:29
1207:.
1166:.
1154:.
1131:.
1121:26
1119:.
1096:.
1086:.
1074:.
1051:.
1041:.
1031:.
1011:^
1001:.
997:.
982:^
869:.
801:,
797:,
754:.
728:.
699:.
590:.
582:,
578:,
574:,
570:,
566:,
562:,
437:,
433:,
389:)
384:EC
163:;
159:;
142:/
116:/
112:/
2396::
2382:)
2378:(
2369:)
2365:(
2356:)
2352:(
2343:)
2339:(
2330:)
2326:(
2317:)
2313:(
2304:)
2300:(
2124:e
2117:t
2110:v
2039:Z
2034:W
2029:S
2024:O
2017:/
2010:K
2005:H
2000:F
1995:C
1990:B
1778:)
1771:(
1757:e
1750:t
1743:v
1730:.
1625:.
1601::
1595:9
1574:.
1562::
1539:.
1519::
1513:6
1489:.
1475::
1448:.
1417:.
1393::
1387:4
1366:.
1326:.
1301:.
1276:.
1254::
1227:.
1215::
1174:.
1162::
1156:3
1139:.
1127::
1104:.
1082::
1059:.
1027::
1003:9
777:.
669:)
663:(
658:)
654:(
640:.
616:.
463:N
457:(
405:(
397:(
382:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
