300:
453:
Open Root Server
Network (ORSN) was a network of Domain Name System root nameservers for the Internet. ORSN root zone information was normally kept in synchronization with the "official" root nameservers coordinated by ICANN. ORSN Public DNS Servers were operated by the community of ORSN, providing
125:
The implementation of alternative gTLDs predates any significant debate on name space extension by official actors, and this exemplifies how democratising the DNS alters the pace of developing
Internet policy, the nature of decisions that justify that policy development, and political dynamics and
263:
and ICANN providing a non-national democratic alternative to traditional domain registries. OpenNIC servers are able to resolve all ICANN top-level domains, some OpenNIC original top-level domains, and the resolution of other
Alternate DNS Roots with which they have reached peering agreements.
506:
of the
Chicago-area MCSNet. It ceased operation in 1998. It served the following domains: biz (general business use), corp (corporations), fam (for and about family), k12 (for and about children), npo (non-profit organizations), per (personal domains), web (web-based sites, Web pages).
398:(IoT) network in China. The company developing this alternative root claims that China has its own intellectual right on this new alternative domain name root and the associated IoT network, and that it will become the second computer network in the world. It is claimed to be part of a "
419:
188:
Unlike other attempts, Handshake does not aim to replace the existing DNS; rather, it seeks to supplement and enhance it by allowing anyone to bid, register, and manage their own TLDs without an intermediate registrar or delegating authority. Since the
117:
servers for domains delegated by ICANN, as well as name servers for other, custom top-level domains that are not sanctioned by ICANN. Some alternative roots are operated by the organizations that manage these alternative TLDs.
340:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
220:, etc.) through a Handshake node or name server are directed back to ICANN's root servers. In addition, the top 100,000 most popular domains are reserved as Handshake TLDs which can be redeemed by the original domain owner.
276:. Sponsored by a Chinese state agency, the project aims at experimenting with different new DNS-related technology and enabling sovereign countries to explore and control the internet and enhance their
560:. RealNames shut down operations in 2002 following a decision by Microsoft to redirect the 1 billion page views per calendar quarter that RealNames was resolving from the browser address bar into its
454:
Domain Name System access freely for everyone, without any limitation. ORSN public DNS servers did not log usage. "The ORSN project was canceled on May 2019 and will never come back."
530:
The organization posted bylaws and articles of incorporation outlining ORSC's position following extensive public discussion regarding the manner in which the DNS was operated.
973:
55:
1020:
829:"Yeti DNS Project:Building Autonomous & Controllable Internet Infrastructures From the Root Server - ICT\cn-c114 ¡ª C114 - China Communication Network"
675:
1190:
1134:
1082:
1108:
343:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
618:, Internet Architecture Board, The Internet Society (May 2000), Quote: "There is no getting away from the unique root of the public DNS." (page 5)
988:
814:
202:
430:. The main goal is to continue the functioning of the Russian Internet subnetwork in case of its disconnection from the rest of the Internet (
630:"Our Internet and Freedom of Speech 'Hobbled by History': Introducing Plural Control Structures Needed to Redress a Decade of Linear Policy"
193:
records are not centrally managed, and instead are stored on a public blockchain, owners of
Handshake TLDs can add or change top-level
351:
422:, a government department, and is to gradually become mandatory for all ISPs in Russia. As of March 2021, servers are located on the
1160:
855:
921:
583:
891:
537:
acknowledged adopting features such as membership from ORSC in her response to the United States
Department of Commerce.
1195:
527:. It grew large enough that the group decided to submit an application to the United States government to run the DNS.
109:
operated by several organizations around the world that all use a specific, approved list of domains that is managed by
1028:
208:
Existing TLDs are reserved in the
Handshake blockchain such that resolving traditional domain names (i.e. zones under
74:
783:
364:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Chinese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
877:
703:
373:
198:
135:
98:
753:
556:
service on its
Internet Explorer browser address bar. RealNames, to users of Internet Explorer, was in effect a
951:
578:
423:
359:
121:
Zach
Bastick proposes that alternative DNS roots have allowed for more democratic control of the Internet:
1130:
1078:
431:
1104:
456:
426:. The mission of the project is to provide an alternative DNS root for all users of the Internet within
380:
312:
996:
1050:
277:
573:
395:
35:
651:"Decentralized naming and certificate authority An experimental peer-to-peer root naming system"
70:
and commonly administer their own specific name spaces consisting of custom top-level domains.
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639:. Policy lessons from a decade of eGovernment, eHealth & eInclusion (15): 97–111.
166:
94:
847:
540:
ORSC publishes a root zone containing additional top level domains not found in the
134:
settings, alternative DNS top level domains are generally unreachable, and very few
534:
399:
178:
131:
929:
611:
272:
Yeti DNS Project is an attempt to build an alternative root server dedicated to
82:
67:
51:
402:" decimal network/numeric domain name system developed and innovated in China.
899:
502:
eDNS (Enhanced Domain Name Service) was founded by a coalition of ISPs led by
238:
170:
39:
146:
Some organizations provide alternative DNS root services, such as additional
553:
523:), a group that grew out of private discussions and developed into a public
515:
One of the notable challengers to ICANN's control of the DNS namespace was
42:
with human-readable names. The top level of the domain name hierarchy, the
828:
791:
490:
AlterNIC was created before ICANN's creation to challenge the monopoly of
113:. By contrast, alternative roots typically include pointers to all of the
524:
491:
485:
260:
229:
43:
31:
869:
362:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
254:
704:"A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live"
761:
427:
457:"Open Root Server Network - General Information about this Project"
394:.chn is a new top-level domain with its own root DNS server for an
54:. The most widely used (and first) DNS root is administered by the
541:
182:
110:
289:
1055:
448:
337:
273:
217:
213:
209:
922:"Об утверждении Положения о национальной системе доменных имен"
815:"Alternate DNS roots and the abominable snowman of sovereignty"
66:. These alternative domain name systems operate their own root
464:
293:
676:"The ambitious plan to reinvent how websites get their names"
728:
77:(IAB) has spoken out strongly against alternative roots in
650:
418:) is an alternative DNS root project started in 2019 by
259:
OpenNIC is a user owned and controlled alternative to
1009:, SunWorld, 1996-09-16, retrieved through Archive.org
27:
Unofficial alternatives to the official DNS Root Zone
333:
58:(ICANN). In addition, several organizations operate
181:alternative to the 13 root name servers managed by
105:(TLDs). The root zone is hosted on a collection of
56:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
813:Kuerbis, Brenden; Mueller, Milton (7 April 2016).
637:European Commission: European Journal of EPractice
245:to support the alternative top-level domain .bit.
972:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
991:New top-level domains promise descriptive names
954:. Archived from the original on 25 January 1997
123:
358:accompanying your translation by providing an
324:Click for important translation instructions.
311:expand this article with text translated from
846:观察者网综合自央视网、科技日报、天涯论坛、人民网强国论坛等 (18 May 2019).
8:
1157:"NTIA Reviewing ICANN November 6 Submission"
616:IAB Technical Comment on the Unique DNS Root
126:user autonomy in the network infrastructure.
50:that appear as the suffixes of all Internet
1027:. Vol. 4, no. 5. Archived from
410:The Russian National Domain Name System (
600:
494:on domain name governance at the time.
138:provide this configuration by default.
965:
130:Unless one specifically changes their
7:
1163:from the original on 8 November 2009
1137:from the original on 9 November 2009
1111:from the original on 21 October 2009
1085:from the original on 9 November 2009
698:
696:
38:(DNS) to associate numeric computer
729:"Dot-Bit: Secure Decentralized DNS"
406:Russian National Domain Name System
25:
1191:Alternative Internet DNS services
1079:"ORSC proposal of 8 October 1998"
880:from the original on 18 May 2019.
858:from the original on 18 May 2019.
99:authoritative domain name servers
1131:"ORSC articles of incorporation"
1021:"Schism hits Domain Name System"
298:
754:"What is OpenNIC?:OpenNIC Wiki"
443:Open Root Server Network (ORSN)
1019:Rodger, Will (February 1997).
892:"牟承晋：关于IPV9的几个问题（修订版）_洞幽察微_察网"
521:Open Root Server Confederation
368:You may also add the template
1:
584:Public recursive name servers
784:"OpenNIC Peers:OpenNIC Wiki"
97:consists of pointers to the
75:Internet Architecture Board
18:EDNS (alternative DNS root)
1212:
483:
446:
332:Machine translation, like
287:
252:
227:
199:authoritative name servers
136:Internet service providers
870:"意义重大！中国自主知识产权".chn"域名亮相"
848:"意义重大！我国自主知识产权".chn"域名亮相"
415:
370:{{Translated|zh|替代性DNS根}}
313:the corresponding article
579:Open Root Server Network
424:Moscow Internet Exchange
788:wiki.opennicproject.org
758:wiki.opennicproject.org
438:Defunct implementations
379:For more guidance, see
205:zone signing directly.
177:technology to create a
62:, often referred to as
1051:"Rogue domains revolt"
628:Bastick, Zach (2012).
552:Microsoft offered the
432:Sovereign Internet Law
128:
708:MIT Technology Review
680:MIT Technology Review
447:Further information:
381:Knowledge:Translation
352:copyright attribution
288:Further information:
253:Further information:
228:Further information:
60:alternative DNS roots
165:implementation of a
1196:Internet governance
999:on 21 December 1996
932:on 25 February 2021
794:on 27 December 2016
278:network sovereignty
1031:on 29 October 2013
952:"AlterNIC website"
764:on 18 January 2017
574:Domain Name System
396:Internet of Things
360:interlanguage link
36:Domain Name System
614:(informational),
562:MSN search engine
533:ICANN chairwoman
467:on 6 October 2017
392:
391:
325:
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148:top-level domains
103:top-level domains
48:top-level domains
16:(Redirected from
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1159:. Ntia.doc.gov.
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1133:. Ntia.doc.gov.
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1107:. Ntia.doc.gov.
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1081:. Ntia.doc.gov.
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1025:Inter@ctive Week
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928:. Archived from
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733:bit.namecoin.org
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463:. Archived from
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338:Google Translate
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268:Yeti DNS Project
195:resource records
21:
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902:on 26 June 2017
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1059:. 4 March 1997
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1165:. Retrieved
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1139:. Retrieved
1125:
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1099:
1087:. Retrieved
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1061:. Retrieved
1054:
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1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1024:
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1001:. Retrieved
997:the original
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956:. Retrieved
946:
934:. Retrieved
930:the original
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904:. Retrieved
900:the original
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796:. Retrieved
792:the original
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778:
766:. Retrieved
762:the original
757:
748:
736:. Retrieved
732:
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711:. Retrieved
707:
683:. Retrieved
679:
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658:. Retrieved
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623:
615:
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551:
539:
535:Esther Dyson
532:
529:
525:mailing list
520:
516:
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489:
469:. Retrieved
465:the original
460:
452:
420:Roskomnadzor
409:
393:
356:edit summary
347:
320:(March 2020)
318:
310:
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197:to delegate
187:
179:peer-to-peer
158:
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107:root servers
92:
72:
68:name servers
63:
59:
52:domain names
40:IP addresses
29:
896:www.cwzg.cn
660:11 December
544:root zone.
201:and set up
1185:Categories
1167:6 November
1141:6 November
1115:6 November
1089:6 November
1003:10 October
926:rkn.gov.ru
798:17 January
768:17 January
738:17 January
713:8 December
685:8 December
595:References
315:in Chinese
239:blockchain
171:blockchain
1063:6 January
1035:5 January
852:环球时报微信公众号
655:Handshake
554:RealNames
548:RealNames
374:talk page
159:Handshake
154:Handshake
64:alt roots
34:uses the
1161:Archived
1135:Archived
1109:Archived
1083:Archived
968:cite web
958:11 April
878:Archived
874:凤凰网转载环球网
856:Archived
568:See also
517:Open RSC
511:Open RSC
492:InterNIC
486:AlterNIC
480:AlterNIC
461:ORSN.org
350:provide
261:InterNIC
235:Namecoin
230:Namecoin
224:Namecoin
101:for all
89:Overview
44:DNS root
32:Internet
936:3 March
906:11 June
471:28 July
412:Russian
372:to the
354:in the
317:.
290:zh:.chn
255:OpenNIC
249:OpenNIC
610:
428:Russia
203:DNSSEC
169:using
81:
633:(PDF)
542:ICANN
334:DeepL
237:is a
183:ICANN
161:is a
111:ICANN
1169:2009
1143:2009
1117:2009
1091:2009
1065:2013
1056:CNET
1037:2013
1005:2016
974:link
960:2017
938:2021
908:2019
800:2017
770:2017
740:2017
715:2020
687:2020
662:2020
612:2826
498:eDNS
473:2017
449:ORSN
416:НСДИ
400:IPv9
348:must
346:You
284:.chn
274:IPv6
241:and
218:.net
214:.org
210:.com
173:and
93:The
83:2826
73:The
30:The
608:RFC
434:).
336:or
115:TLD
79:RFC
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1053:.
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970:}}
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.