631:) had become the standard document review method for almost two decades, native format review has increased in popularity as a method for document review since around 2004. Because it requires the review of documents in their original file formats, applications and toolkits capable of opening multiple file formats have also become popular. This is also true in the ECM (Enterprise Content Management) storage markets, which converge quickly with ESI technologies.
768:
stabilizing the TAR tool. The Court would have liked the City to use TAR in this case. But the Court cannot, and will not, force the City to do so. There may come a time when TAR is so widely used that it might be unreasonable for a party to decline to use TAR. We are not there yet. Thus, despite what the Court might want a responding party to do, Sedona
Principle 6 controls. Hyles' application to force the City to use TAR is DENIED.
179:
387:. This ensures that data cannot be destroyed. Care is taken to ensure this process is defensible, while the end goal is to reduce the possibility of data spoliation or destruction. Failure to preserve can lead to sanctions. Even if a court does not rule that the failure to preserve is negligence, they can force the accused to pay fines if the lost data puts the defense "at an undue disadvantage in establishing their defense."
777:
Learning
Algorithms to distinguish Relevant from Non-Relevant Documents, based on Training Examples Coded as Relevant or Non-Relevant by the Subject Matter Experts(s), while other TAR methods derive systematic Rules that emulate the expert(s)’ decision-making process. TAR processes generally incorporate Statistical Models and/or Sampling techniques to guide the process and to measure overall system effectiveness.
77:
36:
798:
As compared to eDiscovery, information governance as a discipline is relatively new. Yet, there is traction for convergence. eDiscovery—a multi-billion-dollar industry—is rapidly evolving, ready to embrace optimized solutions that strengthen cybersecurity (for cloud computing). Since the early 2000s,
794:
as "the specification of decision rights and an accountability framework to encourage desirable behavior in the valuation, creation, storage, use, archival, and deletion of information. It includes the processes, roles, standards, and metrics that ensure the effective and efficient use of information
684:
Given the complexities of modern litigation and the wide variety of information systems on the market, electronic discovery often requires IT professionals from both the attorney's office (or vendor) and the parties to the litigation to communicate directly to address technology incompatibilities and
650:
document) with a load file for use in image-based discovery review database applications. Increasingly, database review applications have embedded native file viewers with TIFF capabilities. With both native and image file capabilities, it could either increase or decrease the total necessary storage
724:
New technology is able to address problems created by the first approach by running an application entirely in memory on each custodian machine and only pushing responsive data across the network. This process has been patented and embodied in a tool that has been the subject of a conference paper.
642:
or sensitive information since redaction tools for images are traditionally more mature and easier to apply on uniform image types by non-technical people. Efforts to redact similarly petrified PDF files by incompetent personnel have removed redacted layers and exposed redacted information, such as
436:
During the review phase, documents are reviewed for responsiveness to discovery requests and for privilege. Different document review platforms and services can assist in many tasks related to this process, including rapidly identifying potentially relevant documents and culling documents according
525:
LLC lawsuit. Throughout the case, the plaintiff claimed that the evidence needed to prove the case existed in emails stored on UBS' own computer systems. Because the emails requested were either never found or destroyed, the court found that they were more likely to exist than not. The court found
484:
Any data that is stored in an electronic form may be subject to production under common eDiscovery rules. This type of data has historically included email and office documents (spreadsheets, presentations, documents, PDFs, etc.) but can also include photos, video, instant messaging, collaboration
374:
techniques are often employed to ensure a complete identification of data sources. Since the scope of data can be overwhelming or uncertain in this phase, attempts are made to reasonably reduce the overall scope during this phase - such as limiting the identification of documents to a certain date
732:
Regardless of the method adopted to collect and process data there are few resources available for practitioners to evaluate the different tools. This is an issue due to the significant cost of eDiscovery solutions. Notwithstanding the limited options for obtaining trial licences for the tools, a
776:
A process for
Prioritizing or Coding a Collection of Documents using a computerized system that harnesses human judgments of one or more Subject Matter Expert(s) on a smaller set of Documents and then extrapolates those judgments to the remaining Document Collection. Some TAR methods use Machine
767:
To be clear, the Court believes that for most cases today, TAR is the best and most efficient search tool. That is particularly so, according to research studies (cited in Rio Tinto), where the TAR methodology uses continuous active learning ("CAL") which eliminates issues about the seed set and
475:
Displaying and explaining evidence before audiences (at depositions, hearings, trials, etc.). The idea is that the audience understands the presentation, and non-professionals can follow the interpretation. Clarity and ease of understanding are the focus here. The native form of data needs to be
395:
Once documents have been preserved, collection can begin. The collection is the transfer of data from a company to its legal counsel, who will determine the relevance and disposition of data. Some companies that deal with frequent litigation have software in place to quickly place legal holds on
369:
notice whenever litigation is reasonably anticipated will be deemed grossly negligent. This holding brought additional focus to the concepts of legal holds, eDiscovery, and electronic preservation. Custodians who are in possession of potentially relevant information or documents are identified.
445:
Qualitative analysis of the content discovered in the collection phase and after being reduced by the preprocessing phase. The
Evidence is looked at in context. Correlation analysis or contextual analysis to extract structured information relevant to the case. Structuring like Timelineing or
802:
The
Information Governance Reference Model (IGRM) illustrates the relationship between key stakeholders and the Information Lifecycle and highlights the transparency required to enable effective governance. The updated IGRM v3.0 emphasizes that Privacy & Security Officers are essential
496:. Litigators may review material from ediscovery in one of several formats: printed paper, "native file", or a petrified, paper-like format, such as PDF files or TIFF images. Modern document review platforms accommodate the use of native files and allow for them to be converted to TIFF and
454:
Documents are turned over to opposing counsel based on agreed-upon specifications. Often this production is accompanied by a load file, which is used to load documents into a document review platform. Documents can be produced either as native files or in a petrified format (such as
728:
In relation to the second approach, despite self-collection being a hot topic in eDiscovery, concerns are being addressed by limiting the involvement of the custodian to simply plugging in a device and running an application to create an encrypted container of responsive documents.
663:
A number of different people may be involved in an electronic discovery project: lawyers for both parties, forensic specialists, IT managers, and records managers, amongst others. Forensic examination often uses specialized terminology (for example, "image" refers to the
416:
from the native files. Various data culling techniques are employed during this phase, such as deduplication and de-NISTing. Sometimes native files will be converted to a petrified, paper-like format (such as PDF or TIFF) at this stage to allow for easier redaction and
614:
Voicemail is often discoverable under electronic discovery rules. Employers may have a duty to retain voicemail if there is an anticipation of litigation involving that employee. Data from voice assistants like Amazon Alexa and Siri have been used in criminal cases.
446:
Clustering into Topics can be done. An example structure could be the analysis from a client-based perspective; here, each investigator looks at one agent included in the evidence additional
Patterns like discussions or network analysis around people can be done.
437:
to various criteria (such as keyword, date range, etc.). Most review tools also make it easy for large groups of document review attorneys to work on cases, featuring collaborative tools and batches to speed up the review process and eliminate work duplication.
654:
Structured data are most often produced in delimited text format. When the number of tables subject to discovery is large or relationships between the tables are of essence, the data are produced in native database format or as a database backup file.
799:
eDiscovery practitioners have developed skills and techniques that can be applied to information governance. Organizations can apply the lessons learned from eDiscovery to accelerate their path to a sophisticated information governance framework.
701:(1) where physical access to the organizations network is possible - agents are installed on each custodian machine which push large amounts of data for indexing across the network to one or more servers that have to be attached to the network or
704:(2) for instances where it is impossible or impractical to attend the physical location of the custodian system - storage devices are attached to custodian machines (or company servers) and then each collection instance is manually deployed.
733:
significant barrier to the evaluation process is creating a suitable environment in which to test such tools. Adams suggests the use of the
Microsoft Deployment Lab which automatically creates a small virtual network running under HyperV
533:
To establish authenticity, some archiving systems apply a unique code to each archived message or chat. The systems prevent alterations to original messages, messages cannot be deleted, and unauthorized persons cannot access the messages.
685:
agree on production formats. Failure to get expert advice from knowledgeable personnel often leads to additional time and unforeseen costs in acquiring new technology or adapting existing technologies to accommodate the collected data.
680:
a legal hold has been issued by unknowing technicians performing their regular duties. Many companies are deploying software that properly preserves data across the network to combat this trend, preventing inadvertent data spoliation.
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since there may be multiple formats and files associated with each individual native file. Deployment, storage, and best practices are becoming especially critical and necessary to maintain cost-effective strategies.
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While attorneys involved in case litigation try their best to understand the companies and organizations they represent, they may fail to understand the policies and practices that are in place in the company's
526:
that while the corporation's counsel directed that all potential discovery evidence, including emails, be preserved, the staff that the directive applied to did not follow through. This resulted in significant
1490:
537:
The formalized changes to the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in December 2006 and 2007 effectively forced civil litigants into a compliance mode with respect to their proper retention and management of
485:
tools, text (SMS), messaging apps, social media, ephemeral messaging, Internet of things (smart devices like
Fitbits, smart watches, Alexa Alexa, Apple Siri, Nest), databases, and other file types.
476:
abstracted, visualized, and broad into context for the presentation. The results of the analysis should be the subject of the presentation. The clear documentation should provide reproducibility.
558:
Structured data typically resides in databases or datasets. It is organized in tables with columns, rows, and defined data types. The most common are
Relational Database Management Systems (
582:. The structured data domain also includes spreadsheets (not all spreadsheets contain structured data, but those that have data organized in database-like tables), desktop databases like
300:
Electronic information is considered different from paper information because of its intangible form, volume, transience and persistence. Electronic information is usually accompanied by
1460:
516:
created a category for electronic records that, for the first time, explicitly named emails and instant message chats as likely records to be archived and produced when relevant.
542:(ESI). Improper management of ESI can result in a finding of spoliation of evidence and the imposition of one or more sanctions, including adverse inference jury instructions,
749:
approaches to infer the relevance (or responsiveness, privilege, or other categories of interest) of ESI. Technology-assisted review has evolved rapidly since its inception
857:
189:
327:
effective December 1, 2006, and December 1, 2015. In addition, state law and regulatory agencies increasingly also address issues relating to electronic discovery. In
1372:
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Following research studies indicating its effectiveness, TAR was first recognized by a U.S. court in 2012, by an Irish court in 2015, and by a U.K. court in 2016.
1494:
335:
and Practice Direction 31B on Disclosure of Electronic Documents apply. Other jurisdictions around the world also have rules relating to electronic discovery.
803:
stakeholders. This topic is addressed in an article entitled "Better Ediscovery: Unified Governance and the IGRM," published by the American Bar Association.
1232:
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certain custodians when an event (such as legal notice) is triggered and begin the collection process immediately. Other companies may need to call in a
304:
that is not found in paper documents and that can play an important part as evidence (e.g. the date and time a document was written could be useful in a
634:
Petrification involves the conversion of native files into an image format that does not require the use of native applications. This is useful in the
383:
A duty to preserve begins upon the reasonable anticipation of litigation. Data identified as potentially relevant during preservation is placed in a
711:
In a typical collection process large volumes of data are transmitted across the network for indexing and this impacts normal business operations
1402:
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that where the producing party wants to utilize TAR for document review, courts will permit it." In a subsequent matter, the same court stated,
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Traditionally, electronic discovery vendors had been contracted to convert native files into TIFF images (for example, 10 images for a 10-page
274:
1523:
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901:
94:
49:
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The identification phase is when potentially responsive documents are identified for further analysis and review. In the United States, in
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expert to prevent the spoliation of data. The size and scale of this collection are determined by the identification phase.
120:
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The number of concurrent custodian machines that can be processed is severely limited due to the network bandwidth required
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1233:
https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/handle/20.500.11937/93974/Adams%20RB%202023%20Public.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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Perspectives on Predictive Coding and Other Advanced Search and Review Technologies for the Legal Practitioner (ABA 2016)
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Technology-assisted review (TAR)—also known as computer-assisted review or predictive coding—involves the application of
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812:
742:
127:
205:
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1246:"Grossman-Cormack glossary of technology-assisted review with foreword by John M. Facciola, U.S. Magistrate Judge"
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is an ubiquitous diagram that represents a conceptual view of these stages involved in the ediscovery process.
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357:
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492:", which forensic investigators can review for hidden evidence. The original file format is known as the
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842:
639:
571:
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Technology-assisted review in ediscovery can be more effective and more efficient than manual review
308:
case). The preservation of metadata from electronic documents creates special challenges to prevent
1528:
1323:"Document categorization in legal electronic discovery: Computer classification vs. manual review"
949:
134:
698:
Currently the two main approaches for identifying responsive material on custodian machines are:
527:
509:
428:
tools to help document review attorneys more accurately identify potentially relevant documents.
897:
746:
397:
328:
1458:
Best practices recommendations & principles for addressing electronic document production
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IT administrators are generally unhappy with the installation of agents on custodian machines
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1147:"Method and system for searching for, and collecting, electronically-stored information"
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Grossman, Maura R., and Gordon V. Cormack. "A tour of technology-assisted review."
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1190:"ISEEK, a tool for high speed, concurrent, distributed forensic data acquisition"
891:
1087:"The AP Reveals Details of Facebook/ConnectU Settlement With Greatest Hack Ever"
817:
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In the United States, at the federal level, electronic discovery is governed by
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1201:
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1091:
384:
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1029:"Legal Hold and Data Preservation | Ultimate Guide to eDiscovery | Logikcull"
635:
599:
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425:
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1149:. Elliot Spencer, Samuel J. Baker, Erik Andersen, Perlustro LP. 2009-11-25.
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Anecdotal evidence for this emerging trend points to the business value of
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During the processing phase, native files are prepared to be loaded into a
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489:
464:
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The indexing process is not 100% reliable in finding responsive material
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1259:(1). Stannardsville, Virginia: Federal Magistrate Judges Association: 6
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platform. Often, this phase also involves the extraction of text and
838:
Electronically stored information (Federal Rules of Civil Procedure)
559:
1327:
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology
1189:
772:
Grossman and Cormack define TAR in Federal Courts Law Review as:
628:
624:
460:
1278:
Gricks, Thomas C. III; Ambrogi, Robert J. (November 17, 2015).
595:
546:, monetary fines, and other sanctions. In some cases, such as
456:
172:
70:
29:
1215:
562:) that are capable of handling large volumes of data such as
707:
In relation to the first approach there are several issues:
1052:
Qualcomm v. Broadcom: Implications for Electronic Discovery
987:
PRACTICE DIRECTION 31B – DISCLOSURE OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS
1519:
Federal Judicial Center: Materials on Electronic Discovery
1111:"Yet Another Redacting Failure]. Schneier on Security"
27:
Discovery in legal proceedings seeking digital information
989:, last updated 1 October 2020, accessed 11 September 2022
1066:"How the IoT Is Solving Murders and Reshaping Discovery"
1390:
Irish Bank Resolution Corporation Limited v. Sean Quinn
1244:
Grossman, Maura R.; Cormack, Gordon V. (January 2013).
1000:"Judge Scheindlin Brought Great Insight and Leadership"
643:
social security numbers and other private information.
623:
Although petrifying documents to static image formats (
319:, case law and specific statutes, but primarily by the
197:
1401:
High Court of Justice Chancery Division, U.K. (2016).
1309:
TAR Case Law Primer Public Comment Version August 2016
289:
and agreed-upon processes, often involving review for
1188:
Richard, Adams; Graham, Mann; Valerie, Hobbs (2017).
297:
before data are turned over to the requesting party.
285:
or ESI). Electronic discovery is subject to rules of
1491:"Better Ediscovery: Unified Governance and the IGRM"
1413:
1411:
676:
department. As a result, some data may be destroyed
795:in enabling an organization to achieve its goals."
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
519:One type of preservation problem arose during the
858:Legal governance, risk management, and compliance
424:Modern processing tools can also employ advanced
974:PART 31 - DISCLOSURE AND INSPECTION OF DOCUMENTS
668:of digital media), which can lead to confusion.
1280:"A brief history of technology assisted review"
893:Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation
765:
759:Recently a U.S. court has declared that it is "
1524:American Bar Association article on eDiscovery
277:requests, where the information sought is in
186:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1529:eDiscovery with AI (Artificial intelligence)
1489:Article (2012). Ledergerber, Marcus (ed.).
550:, attorneys can be brought before the bar.
345:Electronic Discovery Reference Model (EDRM)
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1493:. American Bar Association. Archived from
1403:Pyrrho Investments Ltd v. MWB Property Ltd
885:
883:
480:Types of electronically stored information
1355:Richmond Journal of Law & Technology
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
879:
782:Convergence with information governance
1163:
1152:
365:ruled that failure to issue a written
1014:"Case Law AJ Holdings v. IP Holdings"
7:
1085:Kincaid, Jason (February 11, 2009).
890:Various (2009). Eoghan Casey (ed.).
99:adding citations to reliable sources
554:Databases and other structured data
1445:Continuous Active Learning for TAR
1321:Roitblat, Herbert; Kershaw, Anne.
925:"Federal Rules of Civil Procedure"
25:
929:LII / Legal Information Institute
868:Telecommunications data retention
540:electronically stored information
283:electronically stored information
45:This article has multiple issues.
514:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
488:Also included in ediscovery is "
321:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
273:, government investigations, or
177:
75:
34:
896:. Academic Press. p. 567.
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1443:Practical Law Journal (2016).
694:Alternative collection methods
1:
269:in legal proceedings such as
1388:High Court, Ireland (2015).
1216:"Digital Forensics Services"
976:, accessed 11 September 2022
813:Catalyst Repository Systems
743:supervised machine learning
500:-stamped for use in court.
200:, discuss the issue on the
1580:
1456:Sedona Conference (2007).
1379:Retrieved August 13, 2016.
1333:(1). Hoboken, New Jersey:
737:Technology-assisted review
275:Freedom of Information Act
1447:Retrieved August 14, 2016
1434:Retrieved August 14, 2016
1421:Retrieved August 14, 2016
1405:Retrieved August 13, 2016
1392:Retrieved August 13, 2016
1359:Retrieved August 14, 2016
1311:Retrieved August 17, 2016
1253:Federal Courts Law Review
1288:American Bar Association
1202:10.4225/75/5a838d3b1d27f
1129:"The Sedona Conference®"
1133:thesedonaconference.org
522:Zubulake v. UBS Warburg
358:Zubulake v. UBS Warburg
1559:Information governance
1432:Hyles v. New York City
1162:Cite journal requires
853:Information governance
788:information governance
779:
770:
281:(often referred to as
110:"Electronic discovery"
1286:. Chicago, Illinois:
1054:accessdate=2014-10-19
985:Ministry of Justice,
972:Ministry of Justice,
833:Early case assessment
774:
512:'s amendments to the
375:range or custodians.
333:Civil Procedure Rules
1284:Law Technology Today
843:File hosting service
572:Microsoft SQL Server
548:Qualcomm v. Broadcom
255:Electronic discovery
206:create a new article
198:improve this article
188:may not represent a
95:improve this article
1307:Sedona Conference.
1173:CS1 maint: others (
1064:Sullivan, Casey C.
1016:. January 13, 2015.
504:Electronic messages
1564:Records management
1463:2016-07-06 at the
1375:2013-03-10 at the
510:U.S. Supreme Court
323:(FRCP), including
1554:Digital forensics
1430:S.D.N.Y. (2016).
1419:Rio Tinto v. Vale
1370:Moore v. Publicis
1368:S.D.N.Y. (2012).
1220:www.ricoh-usa.com
1109:(June 26, 2006).
1002:. March 28, 2016.
943:"2015 Amendments"
903:978-0-12-374267-4
790:(IG), defined by
619:Reporting formats
398:digital forensics
339:Stages of process
331:, Part 31 of the
329:England and Wales
279:electronic format
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1499:. Retrieved
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372:Data mapping
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93:Please help
88:verification
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47:Please help
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1027:Logikcull.
818:Data mining
666:acquisition
263:e-discovery
1538:Categories
1501:2016-08-21
1341:August 14,
1293:August 14,
1263:August 14,
1092:TechCrunch
1071:2018-06-08
1038:2018-06-08
959:2017-06-27
874:References
747:rule-based
640:privileged
600:data marts
592:flat files
450:Production
404:Processing
391:Collection
385:legal hold
367:legal hold
325:amendments
317:common law
310:spoliation
271:litigation
259:ediscovery
121:newspapers
50:improve it
18:EDiscovery
1033:Logikcull
909:27 August
636:redaction
584:FileMaker
528:sanctions
306:copyright
295:relevance
291:privilege
267:discovery
202:talk page
56:talk page
1461:Archived
1373:Archived
807:See also
586:Pro and
580:Teradata
490:raw data
465:metadata
441:Analysis
426:analytic
414:metadata
302:metadata
214:May 2011
196:You may
1479:(2016).
792:Gartner
606:, etc.
598:files,
568:IBM Db2
361:, Hon.
135:scholar
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627:&
578:, and
576:Sybase
564:Oracle
432:Review
257:(also
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953:(PDF)
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751:circa
678:after
610:Audio
560:RDBMS
498:Bates
204:, or
142:JSTOR
128:books
1343:2016
1295:2016
1265:2016
1175:link
1168:help
911:2010
898:ISBN
629:JPEG
625:TIFF
461:TIFF
343:The
293:and
114:news
1198:doi
745:or
638:of
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459:or
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97:by
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