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31:
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3152:; Ellsworth, R. W.; Fleysher, L.; Fleysher, R.; Gebauer, I.; Gonzalez, M. M.; Goodman, J. A.; Hays, E.; Hoffman, C. M.; Kolterman, B. E.; Kelley, L. A.; Lansdell, C. P.; Linnemann, J. T.; McEnery, J. E.; Mincer, A. I.; Moskalenko, I. V.; Nemethy, P.; Noyes, D.; Ryan, J. M.; Samuelson, F. W.; Saz Parkinson, P. M.; et al. (2007). "Discovery of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from the Cygnus Region of the Galaxy".
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2356:, but applications such as imaging and communications are now appearing. Scientists are also looking to apply terahertz technology in the armed forces, where high-frequency waves might be directed at enemy troops to incapacitate their electronic equipment. Terahertz radiation is strongly absorbed by atmospheric gases, making this frequency range useless for long-distance communication.
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2838:. Hard X-rays have shorter wavelengths than soft X-rays and as they can pass through many substances with little absorption, they can be used to 'see through' objects with 'thicknesses' less than that equivalent to a few meters of water. One notable use is diagnostic X-ray imaging in medicine (a process known as
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Ritter demonstrated that the fastest rate of decomposition occurred with radiation that could not be seen, but that existed in a region beyond the violet. Ritter initially referred to the new type of radiation as chemical rays, but the title of ultraviolet radiation eventually became the preferred term.
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The Sun emits UV radiation (about 10% of its total power), including extremely short wavelength UV that could potentially destroy most life on land (ocean water would provide some protection for life there). However, most of the Sun's damaging UV wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere before they
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Electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter in different ways across the spectrum. These types of interaction are so different that historically different names have been applied to different parts of the spectrum, as though these were different types of radiation. Thus, although these "different
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Ritter hypothesized that there must also be invisible radiation beyond the violet end of the spectrum and commenced experiments to confirm his speculation. He began working with silver chloride, a substance decomposed by light, measuring the speed at which different colours of light broke it down.
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in air to absorb. This leaves less than 3% of sunlight at sea level in UV, with all of this remainder at the lower energies. The remainder is UV-A, along with some UV-B. The very lowest energy range of UV between 315 nm and visible light (called UV-A) is not blocked well by the atmosphere, but
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radiators) can radiate strongly in this range, and human skin at normal body temperature radiates strongly at the lower end of this region. This radiation is absorbed by molecular vibrations, where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. This range is sometimes
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radiation. He was studying the temperature of different colours by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism. He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red. He theorized that this temperature change was due to "calorific rays", a type of light ray that could not be seen. The next
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and 760 nm (400–790 terahertz) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light, especially when the visibility to humans is not
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is the most sensitive to. Visible light (and near-infrared light) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another. This action allows the chemical mechanisms that underlie human vision and plant photosynthesis. The light that excites
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in solids. The water in Earth's atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere in effect opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges ("windows") within the opaque range that allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from
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or sub-millimeter radiation is a region of the spectrum from about 100 GHz to 30 terahertz (THz) between microwaves and far infrared which can be regarded as belonging to either band. Until recently, the range was rarely studied and few sources existed for microwave energy in the so-called
2411:, from 120 THz to 400 THz (2,500–750 nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light. The highest frequencies in this region can be detected directly by some types of photographic film, and by many types of solid state
739:(which is the sub-spectrum of visible light). Radiation of each frequency and wavelength (or in each band) has a mix of properties of the two regions of the spectrum that bound it. For example, red light resembles infrared radiation in that it can excite and add energy to some
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to 700 nm in a vacuum. A common laboratory spectroscope can detect wavelengths from 2 nm to 2500 nm. Detailed information about the physical properties of objects, gases, or even stars can be obtained from this type of device. Spectroscopes are widely used in
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He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum and then measured the temperature of each colour. He found that the temperatures of the colours increased from the violet to the red part of the spectrum. Herschel decided to measure the temperature just
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they are valuable for studying high-energy objects or regions, however as with X-rays this can only be done with telescopes outside the Earth's atmosphere. Gamma rays are used experimentally by physicists for their penetrating ability and are produced by a number of
2381:, from 300 GHz to 30 THz (1 mm – 10 μm). The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves or terahertz waves. This radiation is typically absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and by
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for light), so EM radiation that one observer would say is in one region of the spectrum could appear to an observer moving at a substantial fraction of the speed of light with respect to the first to be in another part of the spectrum. For example, consider the
229:, working at the other end of the spectrum, noticed what he called "chemical rays" (invisible light rays that induced certain chemical reactions). These behaved similarly to visible violet light rays, but were beyond them in the spectrum. They were later renamed
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that radiate away from the antenna as radio waves. In reception of radio waves, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave couple to the electrons in an antenna, pushing them back and forth, creating oscillating currents which are applied to a
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emits its peak power in the visible region, although integrating the entire emission power spectrum through all wavelengths shows that the Sun emits slightly more infrared than visible light. By definition, visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the
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transitions involving highly energetic inner atomic electrons. In general, nuclear transitions are much more energetic than electronic transitions, so gamma rays are more energetic than X-rays, but exceptions exist. By analogy to electronic transitions,
307:. Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at the speed of light. Hertz also demonstrated that the new radiation could be both reflected and refracted by various
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relevant. White light is a combination of lights of different wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Passing white light through a prism splits it up into the several colours of light observed in the visible spectrum between 400 nm and 780 nm.
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At most wavelengths, however, the information carried by electromagnetic radiation is not directly detected by human senses. Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum, and technology can also manipulate a broad range of wavelengths.
2772:. UV fluorescence is used by forensics to detect any evidence like blood and urine, that is produced by a crime scene. Also UV fluorescence is used to detect counterfeit money and IDs, as they are laced with material that can glow under UV.
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can be used to separate waves of different frequencies, so that the intensity of the radiation can be measured as a function of frequency or wavelength. Spectroscopy is used to study the interactions of electromagnetic waves with matter.
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in a transmitter by varying either the amplitude, frequency or phase, and applied to an antenna. The radio waves carry the information across space to a receiver, where they are received by an antenna and the information extracted by
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are used to carry them. Although at the low end of the band the atmosphere is mainly transparent, at the upper end of the band absorption of microwaves by atmospheric gases limits practical propagation distances to a few kilometers.
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of the scene. The brain's visual system processes the multitude of reflected frequencies into different shades and hues, and through this insufficiently understood psychophysical phenomenon, most people perceive a bowl of fruit.
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transitions are also said to produce X-rays, even though their energy may exceed 6 megaelectronvolts (0.96 pJ), whereas there are many (77 known to be less than 10 keV (1.6 fJ)) low-energy nuclear transitions
2802:. Due to skin cancer caused by UV, the sunscreen industry was invented to combat UV damage. Mid UV wavelengths are called UVB and UVB lights such as germicidal lamps are used to kill germs and also to sterilize water.
1956:
kinds" of electromagnetic radiation form a quantitatively continuous spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths, the spectrum remains divided for practical reasons arising from these qualitative interaction differences.
284:. Two of these equations predicted the possibility and behavior of waves in the field. Analyzing the speed of these theoretical waves, Maxwell realized that they must travel at a speed that was about the known
461:, whereas wavelengths on the opposite end of the spectrum can be indefinitely long. Photon energy is directly proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma ray photons have the highest energy (around a billion
200:
favouring a wave description and Newton favouring a particle description. Huygens in particular had a well developed theory from which he was able to derive the laws of reflection and refraction. Around 1801,
795:, very high energy EMR (in the > 10 MeV region)—which is of higher energy than any nuclear gamma ray—is not called X-ray or gamma ray, but instead by the generic term of "high-energy photons".
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in the air. Most of the UV in the mid-range of energy is blocked by the ozone layer, which absorbs strongly in the important 200–315 nm range, the lower energy part of which is too long for ordinary
475:
188:. Starting in 1666, Newton showed that these colours were intrinsic to light and could be recombined into white light. A debate arose over whether light had a wave nature or a particle nature with
779:
The convention that EM radiation that is known to come from the nucleus is always called "gamma ray" radiation is the only convention that is universally respected, however. Many astronomical
288:. This startling coincidence in value led Maxwell to make the inference that light itself is a type of electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's equations predicted an infinite range of frequencies of
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transmits light that, although not necessarily in the visible part of the spectrum (it is usually infrared), can carry information. The modulation is similar to that used with radio waves.
346:" and found that they were able to travel through parts of the human body but were reflected or stopped by denser matter such as bones. Before long, many uses were found for this
82:. The electromagnetic waves in each of these bands have different characteristics, such as how they are produced, how they interact with matter, and their practical applications.
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in 1905, but never accepted by Planck and many other contemporaries. The modern position of science is that electromagnetic radiation has both a wave and a particle nature, the
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of 1000 g/cm), equivalent to 10 meters thickness of water. This is an amount sufficient to block almost all astronomical X-rays (and also astronomical gamma rays—see below).
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reach the surface. The higher energy (shortest wavelength) ranges of UV (called "vacuum UV") are absorbed by nitrogen and, at longer wavelengths, by simple diatomic
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Energetic ejection of core electrons in heavy elements, Compton scattering (for all atomic numbers), excitation of atomic nuclei, including dissociation of nuclei
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If radiation having a frequency in the visible region of the EM spectrum reflects off an object, say, a bowl of fruit, and then strikes the eyes, this results in
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shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow whilst
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Plot of Earth's atmospheric opacity to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. This is the surface-to-space opacity, the atmosphere is transparent to
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atoms, causing chemical reactions. Longer-wavelength radiation such as visible light is nonionizing; the photons do not have sufficient energy to ionize atoms.
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part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz to 400 THz (1 mm – 750 nm). It can be divided into three parts:
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which are absorbed mainly at surfaces, microwaves can penetrate into materials and deposit their energy below the surface. This effect is used to heat food in
295:
Maxwell's predicted waves included waves at very low frequencies compared to infrared, which in theory might be created by oscillating charges in an ordinary
776:), and, despite being one million-fold less energetic than some muonic X-rays, the emitted photons are still called gamma rays due to their nuclear origin.
601:, their wavelength is decreased. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, whatever medium they are traveling through, are usually quoted in terms of the
54:. The spectrum is divided into separate bands, with different names for the electromagnetic waves within each band. From low to high frequency these are:
457:(~1 kHz). Wavelength is inversely proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma rays have very short wavelengths that are fractions of the size of
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2834:, which, like the upper ranges of UV are also ionizing. However, due to their higher energies, X-rays can also interact with matter by means of the
735:
There are no precisely defined boundaries between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum; rather they fade into each other like the bands in a
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the red of the spectrum in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his surprise, he found that this region had the highest temperature of all.
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does not cause sunburn and does less biological damage. However, it is not harmless and does create oxygen radicals, mutations and skin damage.
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2338:) which are used to carry lower-frequency radio waves to antennas have excessive power losses at microwave frequencies, and metal pipes called
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to put it into the microwave region of the spectrum for observers moving slowly (compared to the speed of light) with respect to the cosmos.
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transitions, putting them in the ultraviolet (UV) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Now this radiation has undergone enough cosmological
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of a certain type. Attempting to prove
Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886, the physicist
381:(who had named them gamma rays in 1903 when he realized that they were fundamentally different from charged alpha and beta particles) and
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Gamma rays, at the high-frequency end of the spectrum, have the highest photon energies and the shortest wavelengths—much smaller than an
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and the X-ray range. The UV wavelength spectrum ranges from 399 nm to 10 nm and is divided into 3 sections: UVA, UVB, and UVC.
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but for most of history it was not known that these phenomena were connected or were representatives of a more extensive principle. The
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2074:. At very high energies a single photon can create a shower of high-energy particles and antiparticles upon interaction with matter.
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Plot of atmospheric opacity for terrestrial to terrestrial transmission showing the molecules responsible for some of the resonances
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166:. Light was intensively studied from the beginning of the 17th century leading to the invention of important instruments like the
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558:{\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }},\quad {\text{or}}\quad f={\frac {E}{h}},\quad {\text{or}}\quad E={\frac {hc}{\lambda }},}
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292:, all traveling at the speed of light. This was the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
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Molecular electron excitation (including pigment molecules found in the human retina), plasma oscillations (in metals only)
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A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths
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At the middle range of UV, UV rays cannot ionize but can break chemical bonds, making molecules unusually reactive.
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The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes (regions, bands or types):
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This classification goes in the increasing order of wavelength, which is characteristic of the type of radiation.
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and below can be produced by and are important in the study of certain stellar nebulae and frequencies as high as
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3400:"Advanced weapon systems using lethal Short-pulse terahertz radiation from high-intensity-laser-produced plasmas"
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or other nuclear and subnuclear/particle process are always termed gamma rays, whereas X-rays are generated by
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787:) are known to be too energetic (in both intensity and wavelength) to be of nuclear origin. Quite often, in
636:. The behavior of EM radiation depends on its wavelength. When EM radiation interacts with single atoms and
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measured their wavelengths, and found that gamma rays were similar to X-rays, but with shorter wavelengths.
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when he identified a new type of radiation that he at first thought consisted of particles similar to known
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Uses of
Electromagnetic Waves | gcse-revision, physics, waves, uses-electromagnetic-waves | Revision World
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2138:. Earth's atmosphere is mainly transparent to radio waves, except for layers of charged particles in the
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408:. The contradictions arising from this position are still being debated by scientists and philosophers.
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311:, in the same manner as light. For example, Hertz was able to focus the waves using a lens made of tree
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must be placed outside the Earth's atmosphere to see astronomical X-rays, since the great depth of the
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Abdo, A. A.; Allen, B.; Berley, D.; Blaufuss, E.; Casanova, S.; Chen, C.; Coyne, D. G.; Delay, R. S.;
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The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays is partly based on sources: the photons generated from
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Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following three physical properties: the
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can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible wavelength range of 400
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recognized that light traveled in straight lines and studied some of its properties, including
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which is applied to an antenna. The oscillating electrons in the antenna generate oscillating
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The region of the spectrum where a particular observed electromagnetic radiation falls is
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2921:. The wavelength of gamma rays can be measured with high accuracy through the effects of
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demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not particles, and in 1914,
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The last portion of the electromagnetic spectrum was filled in with the discovery of
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Designing
Spacecraft and Mission Operations Plans to Meet Flight Crew Radiation Dose
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of foods and seeds for sterilization, and in medicine they are occasionally used in
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Radio waves are extremely widely used to transmit information across distances in
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emit X-rays, enabling studies of these phenomena. X-rays are also emitted by
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traveling through a transparent material responded to a magnetic field (see
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in the receiver. Radio waves are also used for navigation in systems like
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and indeed must do so to power the chemical mechanisms responsible for
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photon that has a wavelength of 21.12 cm. Also, frequencies of 30
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Radio waves, at the low-frequency end of the spectrum, have the lowest
1982:). An example would be the oscillatory travels of the electrons in an
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Generally, electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into
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3451:. NASA/MIT Workshop. See pages I-7 (atmosphere) and I-23 (for water).
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noticed a new type of radiation emitted during an experiment with an
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for the range of colours that white light could be split into with a
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319:. These new types of waves paved the way for inventions such as the
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324:
75:
2790:. UV rays in the middle range can irreparably damage the complex
811:. It was produced when matter and radiation decoupled, by the de-
4670:
4650:
4630:
4500:
4417:
4046:
3765:
3760:
2730:
The amount of penetration of UV relative to altitude in Earth's
2537:
2513:
2173:. In a radio communication system, a radio frequency current is
458:
27:
Range of frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
4050:
3537:
3033:"Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy"
2913:. More commonly, gamma rays are used for diagnostic imaging in
469:). These relations are illustrated by the following equations:
4746:
4640:
4405:
3785:
2791:
2663:
2633:
1429:
1351:
1273:
1103:
953:
446:
303:
built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called
104:. Gamma rays, X-rays, and extreme ultraviolet rays are called
3263:
Grupen, Claus; Cowan, G.; Eidelman, S. D.; Stroh, T. (2005).
2396:, from 30 THz to 120 THz (10–2.5 μm). Hot objects (
1459:
Sources Table shows the lower limits for the specified class
3608:
2431:
2386:
approximately 200 μm up to a few mm is often referred to as
1978:
Collective oscillation of charge carriers in bulk material (
256:). Light was first linked to electromagnetism in 1845, when
3205:
Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert; Sands, Matthew (1963).
2676:
is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A
465:), while radio wave photons have very low energy (around a
2760:. UV, X-rays, and gamma rays are thus collectively called
2213:
is strictly regulated by governments, coordinated by the
2011:
Molecular vibration, plasma oscillation (in metals only)
2896:, having no defined lower limit to their wavelength. In
3296:
Corrections to muonic X-rays and a possible proton halo
772:, the 7.6 eV (1.22 aJ) nuclear transition of
213:
thus conclusively demonstrating that light was a wave.
3500:– Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz (from
2390:, reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 μm.
2270:, from about 10 centimeters to one millimeter, in the
5096:
904:
877:
850:
478:
3477:(from Australian Communications and Media Authority)
3475:
392:
discovered that light is absorbed only in discrete "
388:
The wave-particle debate was rekindled in 1901 when
5038:
4951:
4876:
4869:
4820:
4739:
4689:
4621:
4612:
4531:
4464:
4453:
4342:
4289:
4171:
4094:
4085:
4010:
3937:
3866:
3794:
3746:
3688:
3665:
3642:
3429:"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5"
2278:frequency bands. Microwave energy is produced with
4699:Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate
3379:"Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)"
2748:UV is the lowest energy range energetic enough to
2684:would appear just beyond the opposite violet end.
2045:Excitation and ejection of core atomic electrons,
1960:Electromagnetic radiation interaction with matter
910:
883:
856:
557:
3236:L'Annunziata, Michael; Baradei, Mohammad (2003).
605:, although this is not always explicitly stated.
115:Throughout most of the electromagnetic spectrum,
2113:, which consist of conductors such as metal rod
702:A visualization of the electromagnetic spectrum.
2436:sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light
679:have been detected from astrophysical sources.
437:. Frequencies observed in astronomy range from
93:, or more. They can be emitted and received by
3120:"Essential Radio Astronomy: Pulsar Properties"
2318:. Microwaves are the main wavelengths used in
4062:
3549:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
108:because their high photon energy is able to
8:
3528:Poster "Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum"
593:Whenever electromagnetic waves travel in a
5081:
4873:
4618:
4461:
4091:
4069:
4055:
4047:
3625:
3556:
3542:
3534:
2854:and are strongly emitted by some types of
2427:
1460:
829:
361:was studying the radioactive emissions of
3165:
2314:, and for industrial heating and medical
903:
876:
849:
719:Visible light (light that humans can see)
537:
525:
511:
499:
485:
477:
89:and the longest wavelengths—thousands of
4850:International Commission on Illumination
1958:
697:
686:
29:
5103:
3481:Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations
3012:
2221:to different users for different uses.
2142:which can reflect certain frequencies.
2000:Plasma oscillation, molecular rotation
4840:Color Association of the United States
3208:The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1
2892:in 1900. These are the most energetic
1461:
3522:Flash EM Spectrum Presentation / Tool
2215:International Telecommunication Union
7:
3124:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
3093:"Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776–1810)"
3054:"Herschel Discovers Infrared Light"
1462:Explanation of units and prefixes.
4704:Blue–green distinction in language
3239:Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis
2658:Above infrared in frequency comes
2194:, and locating distant objects in
2109:waves are emitted and received by
25:
3524:– Very complete and customizable.
2794:molecules in the cells producing
2687:Electromagnetic radiation with a
146:Humans have always been aware of
138:History of electrical engineering
130:History of electromagnetic theory
5118:
5106:
5080:
5071:
5070:
4861:International Colour Association
4444:
3058:Cool Cosmos Classroom activities
4856:International Colour Consortium
3498:U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart
3406:. March 6, 2005. Archived from
3311:. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
3211:. US: Addison-Wesley. pp.
2247:but opaque to space due to the
2243:radio transmissions within the
530:
524:
504:
498:
4921:List of Crayola crayon colours
4845:International Colour Authority
3354:"The Electromagnetic Spectrum"
3242:. Academic Press. p. 58.
3095:. The Florida State University
3031:Mehta, Akul (25 August 2011).
2206:, and for industrial heating.
1968:Main interactions with matter
449:gamma rays) down to the local
178:was the first to use the term
1:
3508:UK frequency allocation table
3447:Koontz, Steve (26 June 2012)
3118:Condon, J. J.; Ransom, S. M.
2786:, which is the main cause of
4724:Traditional colours of Japan
4501:Achromatic colours (Neutral)
4384:Multi-primary colour display
2756:from them, and thus causing
2177:with an information-bearing
342:. He called this radiation "
4158:Spectral power distribution
3657:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
2888:, which were discovered by
2072:particle-antiparticle pairs
809:cosmic microwave background
5162:
4584:Colour realism (art style)
4242:Evolution of colour vision
3652:Very-high-energy gamma ray
3516:Radiocommunications Agency
2877:
2866:is opaque to X-rays (with
2823:
2719:
2651:
2363:
2228:
2095:
2089:
1246:
936:
819:. These photons were from
127:
5066:
4901:List of colours (compact)
4719:Colour in Chinese culture
4442:
3571:
3358:The Physics Hypertextbook
3334:December 5, 2013, at the
3154:The Astrophysical Journal
2430:
2266:are radio waves of short
2202:. They are also used for
2188:Global Positioning System
2121:generates an alternating
2049:(for low atomic numbers)
1458:
1438:
1435:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1282:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1072:
1069:
1064:
965:
962:
959:
931:
928:
921:
832:
815:of hydrogen atoms to the
209:of a light beam with his
44:electromagnetic radiation
5141:Electromagnetic spectrum
4906:List of colours by shade
4369:Digital image processing
4102:Electromagnetic spectrum
3565:Electromagnetic spectrum
2911:radiation cancer therapy
2798:making it a very potent
2737:Next in frequency comes
2167:communication satellites
857:{\displaystyle \lambda }
693:electromagnetic spectrum
40:electromagnetic spectrum
4911:List of colour palettes
2884:After hard X-rays come
2388:Submillimetre astronomy
2324:satellite communication
2063:
1990:
1965:Region of the spectrum
802:-dependent (due to the
747:and the working of the
272:developed four partial
4134:Structural colouration
3613:
3518:'s duties, pdf format)
3514:, which inherited the
3502:Department of Commerce
2946:Electroencephalography
2734:
2437:
2260:
2252:
912:
885:
858:
703:
695:
559:
274:differential equations
124:History and discovery
35:
4916:List of colour spaces
4835:Color Marketing Group
4590:On Vision and Colours
4523:Tinctures in heraldry
4506:Polychromatic colours
4491:Complementary colours
4479:Monochromatic colours
3612:
3267:Astroparticle Physics
3091:Davidson, Michael W.
2729:
2716:Ultraviolet radiation
2435:
2334:. The copper cables (
2330:technologies such as
2258:
2238:
2219:allocates frequencies
2096:Further information:
913:
886:
859:
716:Ultraviolet radiation
701:
690:
560:
406:wave-particle duality
290:electromagnetic waves
282:electromagnetic field
268:). During the 1860s,
262:polarization of light
242:Hans Christian Ørsted
42:is the full range of
33:
4896:List of colours: N–Z
4891:List of colours: G–M
4886:List of colours: A–F
4808:Tint, shade and tone
4691:Cultural differences
3298:slac-pub-0335 (1967)
3271:. Springer. p.
3035:. Pharmaxchange.info
3008:Notes and references
2905:. They are used for
2417:infrared photography
2192:navigational beacons
2033:photoelectric effect
902:
875:
848:
655:. For example, many
476:
4943:List of web colours
4938:List of RAL colours
4344:Colour reproduction
4309:Lüscher colour test
4146:Colour of chemicals
3698:Extreme ultraviolet
3176:2007ApJ...658L..33A
2917:, an example being
2890:Paul Ulrich Villard
2864:atmosphere of Earth
2347:Terahertz radiation
2328:wireless networking
2322:, and are used for
2171:wireless networking
2147:radio communication
1961:
1951:Rationale for names
1930:femto-electronvolt
1924:Energy Per Photon
1903:Energy Per Photon
1882:Energy Per Photon
1867:micro-electronvolt
1861:Energy Per Photon
1846:milli-electronvolt
1840:Energy Per Photon
1826:Energy Per Photon
1805:Energy Per Photon
1463:
789:high-energy physics
725:Microwave radiation
455:interstellar medium
375:William Henry Bragg
278:Maxwell's equations
270:James Clerk Maxwell
240:began in 1820 when
211:two-slit experiment
4352:Colour photography
4304:Colour preferences
4247:Impossible colours
4237:Colour vision test
4232:Colour temperature
4210:Colour calibration
4139:Animal colouration
3703:Vacuum ultraviolet
3614:
3486:2008-12-09 at the
3377:Stimac, Tomislav.
2956:Ionizing radiation
2923:Compton scattering
2763:ionizing radiation
2758:chemical reactions
2752:atoms, separating
2735:
2438:
2403:fingerprint region
2366:Infrared radiation
2360:Infrared radiation
2336:transmission lines
2261:
2253:
2151:radio broadcasting
2081:Types of radiation
2047:Compton scattering
1980:plasma oscillation
1959:
1909:pico-electronvolt
1888:nano-electronvolt
1811:kilo-electronvolt
908:
881:
854:
722:Infrared radiation
704:
696:
555:
321:wireless telegraph
297:electrical circuit
198:Christiaan Huygens
106:ionizing radiation
36:
5125:Telecommunication
5094:
5093:
5034:
5033:
4816:
4815:
4740:Colour dimensions
4729:Human skin colour
4608:
4607:
4598:Theory of Colours
4496:Analogous colours
4440:
4439:
4374:Colour management
4291:Colour psychology
4173:Colour perception
4044:
4043:
3748:Visible (optical)
3410:on 6 January 2010
3282:978-3-540-25312-9
3249:978-0-12-436603-9
3222:978-0-201-02116-5
2701:visual perception
2650:
2649:
2078:
2077:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
911:{\displaystyle E}
884:{\displaystyle f}
783:sources (such as
603:vacuum wavelength
550:
528:
519:
502:
493:
467:femtoelectronvolt
379:Ernest Rutherford
260:noticed that the
246:electric currents
142:History of optics
16:(Redirected from
5153:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5110:
5102:
5084:
5083:
5074:
5073:
4874:
4619:
4551:Secondary colour
4462:
4448:
4324:National colours
4319:Political colour
4299:Colour symbolism
4257:Opponent process
4215:Colour constancy
4193:Colour blindness
4124:Spectral colours
4092:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4048:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3349:
3343:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3270:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3169:
3167:astro-ph/0611691
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3126:. Archived from
3115:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3060:. Archived from
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3028:
2986:Spectral imaging
2915:nuclear medicine
2860:X-ray telescopes
2743:visible spectrum
2654:Visible spectrum
2630:
2606:
2582:
2558:
2534:
2510:
2486:
2428:
2419:and videography.
2290:devices such as
2286:tubes, and with
2149:systems such as
2123:electric current
1962:
1939:
1937:
1918:
1916:
1897:
1895:
1876:
1874:
1855:
1853:
1820:
1818:
1785:
1783:
1764:
1762:
1743:
1741:
1722:
1720:
1701:
1699:
1680:
1678:
1659:
1657:
1638:
1636:
1603:
1601:
1582:
1580:
1561:
1559:
1540:
1538:
1519:
1517:
1498:
1496:
1464:
1051:Visible spectrum
1030:Near ultraviolet
917:
915:
914:
909:
890:
888:
887:
882:
863:
861:
860:
855:
830:
785:gamma ray bursts
678:
676:
564:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
538:
529:
526:
520:
512:
503:
500:
494:
486:
451:plasma frequency
444:
442:
309:dielectric media
244:discovered that
238:electromagnetism
218:William Herschel
134:History of radio
21:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5119:
5117:
5105:
5097:
5095:
5090:
5062:
5030:
4947:
4865:
4822:
4812:
4735:
4714:Blue in culture
4710:Colour history
4685:
4604:
4578:Colour analysis
4573:Colour triangle
4527:
4484:black-and-white
4456:
4449:
4436:
4379:Colour printing
4338:
4285:
4167:
4081:
4075:
4045:
4040:
4006:
3933:
3908:
3894:
3862:
3790:
3742:
3684:
3661:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3567:
3562:
3492:Industry Canada
3488:Wayback Machine
3471:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3336:Wayback Machine
3327:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3067:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3014:
3010:
3005:
2951:Infrared window
2931:
2882:
2876:
2828:
2822:
2724:
2718:
2656:
2637:
2628:
2613:
2604:
2589:
2580:
2565:
2556:
2541:
2532:
2517:
2508:
2493:
2484:
2473:
2462:
2451:
2426:
2368:
2362:
2312:microwave ovens
2300:polar molecules
2233:
2227:
2209:The use of the
2131:magnetic fields
2104:
2098:Radio frequency
2094:
2088:
2083:
1953:
1935:
1933:
1914:
1912:
1893:
1891:
1872:
1870:
1851:
1849:
1835:1 electronvolt
1816:
1814:
1781:
1779:
1760:
1758:
1739:
1737:
1718:
1716:
1697:
1695:
1676:
1674:
1655:
1653:
1634:
1632:
1599:
1597:
1578:
1576:
1557:
1555:
1536:
1534:
1515:
1513:
1494:
1492:
1441:
1415:
1386:
1363:
1337:
1308:
1285:
1259:
1249:
1223:
1197:
1168:
1158:
1032:
1007:
924:
900:
899:
898:
895:
873:
872:
871:
868:
846:
845:
844:
841:
800:reference frame
791:and in medical
713:X-ray radiation
710:Gamma radiation
685:
674:
672:
587:Planck constant
539:
474:
473:
453:of the ionized
440:
438:
414:
402:Albert Einstein
338:subjected to a
332:Wilhelm Röntgen
258:Michael Faraday
250:magnetic fields
144:
126:
46:, organized by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5159:
5157:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5115:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5078:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4764:Pastel colours
4756:
4755:
4754:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4594:
4593:(Schopenhauer)
4586:
4581:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4546:Primary colour
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4470:
4468:
4459:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4432:Colour mapping
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4357:Colour balance
4348:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:Kruithof curve
4311:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4186:Sonochromatism
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4098:
4096:
4095:Colour physics
4089:
4087:Colour science
4083:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3828:
3823:
3800:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3505:
3495:
3478:
3470:
3469:External links
3467:
3465:
3464:
3453:
3440:
3420:
3391:
3369:
3352:Elert, Glenn.
3344:
3342:lecture slides
3329:What is Light?
3321:
3300:
3288:
3281:
3255:
3248:
3228:
3221:
3197:
3184:10.1086/513696
3160:(1): L33–L36.
3140:
3110:
3083:
3045:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:Radiant energy
2968:
2963:
2961:Optical window
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2878:Main article:
2875:
2872:
2852:stellar corona
2836:Compton effect
2830:After UV come
2824:Main article:
2821:
2818:
2796:thymine dimers
2720:Main article:
2717:
2714:
2652:Main article:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2468:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2406:
2391:
2364:Main article:
2361:
2358:
2229:Main article:
2226:
2223:
2211:radio spectrum
2204:remote control
2159:two way radios
2136:radio receiver
2102:Radio spectrum
2090:Main article:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:electronvolts
1931:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1919:electronvolts
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1898:electronvolts
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1877:electronvolts
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1856:electronvolts
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1821:electronvolts
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1167:Extremely high
1164:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1003:
999:
998:
992:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
950:
944:
938:
935:
930:
927:
919:
918:
907:
891:
880:
864:
853:
837:
834:
745:photosynthesis
741:chemical bonds
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
684:
681:
591:
590:
580:
577:speed of light
566:
565:
554:
549:
545:
542:
536:
533:
523:
518:
515:
510:
507:
497:
492:
489:
484:
481:
463:electron volts
413:
410:
396:", now called
383:Edward Andrade
371:beta particles
336:evacuated tube
301:Heinrich Hertz
286:speed of light
266:Faraday effect
190:René Descartes
156:ancient Greeks
125:
122:
102:atomic nucleus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5158:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5087:
5079:
5077:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:organisations
4819:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:Colourfulness
4757:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:Colour mixing
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4533:Colour theory
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:Light-on-dark
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4466:Colour scheme
4463:
4460:
4458:
4452:
4447:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4334:Chromotherapy
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4274:Tetrachromacy
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:Achromatopsia
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:Chromesthesia
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3530:(992 kB)
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3150:Dingus, B. L.
3144:
3141:
3130:on 2011-05-04
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3064:on 2012-02-25
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:radioisotopes
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2868:areal density
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:neutron stars
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2710:Optical fiber
2705:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:visual system
2670:
2665:
2661:
2660:visible light
2655:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2471:Photon energy
2469:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2424:Visible light
2423:
2418:
2414:
2413:image sensors
2410:
2409:Near-infrared
2407:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:terahertz gap
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:visible light
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:IMPATT diodes
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:radiolocation
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:mobile phones
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:electronvolt
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:Abbreviation
1469:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:Extremely low
1434:
1431:
1420:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1356:
1353:
1342:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1301:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1116:
1113:Mid infrared
1108:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
977:
973:
970:
969:
958:
955:
951:
949:
945:
943:
939:
934:
926:
920:
905:
897:
892:
878:
870:
865:
851:
843:
838:
835:
831:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
804:Doppler shift
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
766:
761:
757:
756:nuclear decay
752:
750:
749:visual system
746:
742:
738:
733:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
708:
707:
700:
694:
689:
682:
680:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
645:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:visible light
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
588:
584:
581:
578:
574:
571:
570:
569:
552:
547:
543:
540:
534:
531:
521:
516:
513:
508:
505:
495:
490:
487:
482:
479:
472:
471:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
436:
433:
432:photon energy
429:
426:
422:
419:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:Oersted's law
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:The study of
234:
232:
228:
227:Johann Ritter
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
205:measured the
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:visible light
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
121:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
87:photon energy
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:visible light
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
4933:Colour chart
4796:Fluorescence
4752:Dichromatism
4614:Colour terms
4596:
4588:
4568:Colour wheel
4563:Colour solid
4558:Chromaticity
4427:Colour space
4396:Colour model
4329:Chromophobia
4278:
4101:
3616:
3564:
3456:
3443:
3432:. Retrieved
3423:
3412:. Retrieved
3408:the original
3403:
3394:
3383:. Retrieved
3372:
3361:. Retrieved
3357:
3347:
3324:
3313:. Retrieved
3309:"Gamma-Rays"
3303:
3291:
3266:
3258:
3238:
3231:
3207:
3200:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3132:. Retrieved
3128:the original
3113:
3104:
3097:. Retrieved
3086:
3076:
3073:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:the original
3057:
3048:
3037:. Retrieved
2991:Spectroscopy
2981:Radio window
2883:
2829:
2804:
2774:
2769:fluorescence
2767:
2761:
2747:
2736:
2706:
2698:
2691:between 380
2686:
2657:
2632:
2608:
2584:
2560:
2536:
2512:
2489:
2408:
2402:
2394:Mid-infrared
2393:
2379:Far-infrared
2378:
2369:
2351:
2345:
2262:
2217:(ITU) which
2208:
2184:demodulation
2144:
2105:
2070:Creation of
2064:High-energy
1994:through far
1954:
1476:
1448:100 Mm
1370:100 km
1347:30 kHz
1269:30 MHz
1181:30 GHz
1133:Far infrared
1055:700 nm
1035:400 nm
1012:121 nm
985:Soft X-rays
821:Lyman series
817:ground state
797:
793:radiotherapy
778:
774:thorium-229m
769:
753:
734:
731:
705:
692:
653:astrophysics
644:Spectroscopy
642:
607:
602:
592:
582:
572:
567:
434:
420:
415:
387:
359:Paul Villard
352:
340:high voltage
329:
294:
235:
215:
203:Thomas Young
194:Robert Hooke
179:
176:Isaac Newton
152:radiant heat
145:
117:spectroscopy
114:
99:
84:
39:
37:
5113:Electronics
4791:Iridescence
4623:Basic terms
4518:Web colours
4474:Colour tool
4413:subtractive
4362:Colour cast
4267:Unique hues
4225:Colour code
4220:Colour task
4163:Colorimetry
4129:Chromophore
4031:Medium wave
3708:Lyman-alpha
3690:Ultraviolet
3629:wavelengths
3622:frequencies
3586:Ultraviolet
3404:India Daily
2966:Ozone layer
2907:irradiation
2858:. However,
2848:black holes
2840:radiography
2788:skin cancer
2739:ultraviolet
2722:Ultraviolet
2682:ultraviolet
2401:called the
2288:solid state
2245:troposphere
2119:transmitter
2092:Radio waves
2086:Radio waves
2027:Ultraviolet
1644:Wavelength
1623:Wavelength
1609:Wavelength
1588:Wavelength
1573:centimeter
1567:Wavelength
1552:millimeter
1546:Wavelength
1531:micrometer
1525:Wavelength
1504:Wavelength
1483:Wavelength
1425:30 Hz
1422:10 Mm
1373:3 kHz
1344:10 km
1295:3 MHz
1210:3 GHz
1008:ultraviolet
988:10 nm
765:muonic atom
728:Radio waves
626:ultraviolet
357:. In 1900,
348:radiography
305:radio waves
233:radiation.
231:ultraviolet
220:discovered
72:ultraviolet
56:radio waves
18:EM spectrum
5135:Categories
4953:Shades of:
4786:Brightness
4457:philosophy
4262:Afterimage
4252:Metamerism
4203:Dichromacy
4012:Wavelength
3868:Microwaves
3680:Hard X-ray
3675:Soft X-ray
3644:Gamma rays
3576:Gamma rays
3434:2009-11-12
3414:2010-09-27
3385:2022-01-21
3363:2022-01-21
3315:2010-10-16
3134:2008-01-05
3039:2011-11-08
2941:Cosmic ray
2886:gamma rays
2880:Gamma rays
2874:Gamma rays
2689:wavelength
2672:the human
2646:1.65–1.98
2622:1.98–2.10
2598:2.10–2.19
2574:2.19–2.48
2550:2.48–2.56
2526:2.56–2.75
2502:2.75–3.26
2449:Wavelength
2398:black-body
2340:waveguides
2268:wavelength
2264:Microwaves
2249:ionosphere
2231:Microwaves
2225:Microwaves
2190:(GPS) and
2155:television
2140:ionosphere
2115:resonators
2066:gamma rays
2055:Gamma rays
1791:Frequency
1776:kiloHertz
1770:Frequency
1755:megaHertz
1749:Frequency
1734:gigaHertz
1728:Frequency
1713:teraHertz
1707:Frequency
1692:petaHertz
1686:Frequency
1665:Frequency
1650:megameter
1629:kilometer
1594:decimeter
1510:nanometer
1489:picometer
1451:3 Hz
1222:Ultra high
1196:Super high
933:Gamma rays
894:Energy per
813:excitation
760:electronic
677:10 Hz
665:radio wave
634:gamma rays
610:radio wave
443:10 Hz
425:wavelength
390:Max Planck
355:gamma rays
317:microwaves
280:) for the
207:wavelength
172:microscope
164:refraction
160:reflection
128:See also:
91:kilometers
80:gamma rays
60:microwaves
52:wavelength
4803:Grayscale
4776:Lightness
4771:Luminance
4580:(fashion)
4280:The dress
4026:Shortwave
4021:Microwave
3601:Microwave
2976:Radiation
2919:PET scans
2898:astronomy
2754:electrons
2669:human eye
2460:Frequency
2316:diathermy
2284:magnetron
2175:modulated
1992:Microwave
1671:exaHertz
1454:12.4 feV
1442:frequency
1416:frequency
1414:Super low
1405:1.24 peV
1387:frequency
1385:Ultra low
1376:12.4 peV
1364:frequency
1338:frequency
1327:1.24 neV
1309:frequency
1298:12.4 neV
1286:frequency
1260:frequency
1258:Very high
1242:1.24 μeV
1224:frequency
1213:12.4 μeV
1198:frequency
1169:frequency
1151:1.24 meV
1124:12.4 meV
966:12.4 keV
925:radiation
852:λ
825:red shift
781:gamma ray
638:molecules
614:microwave
579:in vacuum
548:λ
491:λ
418:frequency
330:In 1895,
216:In 1800,
168:telescope
48:frequency
5076:Category
5058:Lighting
4781:Darkness
4601:(Goethe)
4401:additive
4389:Quattron
4036:Longwave
3796:Infrared
3596:Infrared
3484:Archived
3381:. vlf.it
3340:UC Davis
3332:Archived
3192:17886934
2936:Bandplan
2929:See also
2813:dioxygen
2643:400–480
2640:625–750
2619:480–510
2616:590–625
2595:510–530
2592:565–590
2571:530–600
2568:500–565
2547:600–620
2544:485–500
2523:620–670
2520:450–485
2499:670–790
2496:380–450
2372:infrared
2304:infrared
2280:klystron
2241:longwave
2127:electric
2111:antennas
2007:infrared
1996:infrared
1800:1 Hertz
1618:1 meter
1362:Very low
1099:30 THz
1091:1.24 eV
1075:infrared
1066:Infrared
1058:480 THz
1038:750 THz
1018:10.2 eV
923:Ionizing
683:Regions
657:hydrogen
618:infrared
323:and the
248:produce
222:infrared
181:spectrum
95:antennas
64:infrared
5099:Portals
5040:Related
5001:Magenta
4926:history
4830:Pantone
4117:Visible
4112:Rainbow
3627:longer
3620:higher
3591:Visible
3172:Bibcode
3099:5 March
3068:4 March
2894:photons
2856:nebulae
2800:mutagen
2777:Sunburn
2678:rainbow
2383:phonons
2017:Visible
1984:antenna
1660:meters
1639:meters
1604:meters
1583:meters
1562:meters
1541:meters
1520:meters
1499:meters
1118:100 μm
1096:10 μm
1045:
1023:
1006:Extreme
991:30 PHz
960:100 pm
937:
836:
737:rainbow
585:is the
575:is the
568:where:
398:photons
5053:Qualia
5048:Vision
4996:Purple
4991:Violet
4971:Yellow
4966:Orange
4821:Colour
4661:Orange
4656:Purple
4646:Yellow
4455:Colour
4080:topics
4078:Colour
3929:L band
3924:S band
3919:C band
3914:X band
3900:K band
3886:Q band
3881:V band
3876:W band
3781:Orange
3776:Yellow
3756:Violet
3667:X-rays
3581:X-rays
3510:(from
3490:(from
3279:
3246:
3219:
3190:
3077:beyond
3001:W band
2996:V band
2832:X-rays
2826:X-rays
2820:X-rays
2808:oxygen
2750:ionize
2662:. The
2631:
2629:
2610:orange
2607:
2605:
2586:yellow
2583:
2581:
2559:
2557:
2535:
2533:
2511:
2509:
2490:violet
2487:
2485:
2444:Colour
2326:, and
2179:signal
2169:, and
2041:X-rays
1797:Hertz
1786:hertz
1765:hertz
1744:hertz
1723:hertz
1702:hertz
1681:hertz
1615:meter
1307:Medium
1292:100 m
1157:Micro-
1121:3 THz
1015:3 PHz
976:X-rays
963:3 EHz
896:photon
842:length
833:Class
659:atoms
630:X-rays
599:matter
595:medium
394:quanta
363:radium
344:x-rays
225:year,
140:, and
110:ionize
78:, and
76:X-rays
5146:Waves
5086:Index
5026:Black
5016:White
5011:Brown
4976:Green
4878:Lists
4870:Names
4852:(CIE)
4681:Brown
4676:White
4666:Black
4636:Green
4151:Water
4107:Light
4014:types
3939:Radio
3835:Bands
3808:Bands
3771:Green
3606:Radio
3512:Ofcom
3188:S2CID
3162:arXiv
2784:cells
2732:ozone
2562:green
2332:Wi-Fi
2320:radar
2200:radar
2107:Radio
2005:Near
1974:Radio
1477:Scale
1473:Name
1467:Unit
1266:10 m
1250:waves
1248:Radio
1159:waves
1145:300
1073:Near
974:Hard
869:uency
867:Freq-
840:Wave-
597:with
459:atoms
430:, or
412:Range
367:alpha
325:radio
313:resin
186:prism
5021:Gray
5006:Pink
4986:Blue
4981:Cyan
4671:Grey
4651:Pink
4631:Blue
4418:CMYK
3909:band
3895:band
3853:LWIR
3831:MWIR
3826:SWIR
3766:Cyan
3761:Blue
3277:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3217:ISBN
3101:2013
3070:2013
2846:and
2781:skin
2538:cyan
2514:blue
2415:for
2370:The
2306:and
2294:and
2292:Gunn
2282:and
2274:and
2198:and
2129:and
2100:and
1927:feV
1906:peV
1885:neV
1864:µeV
1843:meV
1808:keV
1773:KHz
1752:MHz
1731:GHz
1710:THz
1689:PHz
1668:EHz
1436:ELF
1428:124
1410:SLF
1399:300
1381:ULF
1358:VLF
1350:124
1321:300
1284:High
1272:124
1254:VHF
1236:300
1218:UHF
1192:SHF
1184:124
1163:EHF
1129:FIR
1110:MIR
1102:124
1085:300
1070:NIR
1026:NUV
1002:EUV
994:124
952:124
770:e.g.
691:The
661:emit
632:and
369:and
196:and
170:and
162:and
150:and
38:The
4961:Red
4747:Hue
4641:Red
4406:RGB
4002:ELF
3997:SLF
3992:ULF
3987:VLF
3967:VHF
3962:UHF
3957:SHF
3952:EHF
3947:THF
3858:FIR
3804:NIR
3786:Red
3738:UVA
3733:UVB
3728:UVC
3723:NUV
3718:MUV
3713:FUV
3273:109
3213:2–5
3180:doi
3158:658
2792:DNA
2664:Sun
2634:red
2465:THz
2276:EHF
2272:SHF
1829:eV
1794:Hz
1647:Mm
1626:km
1591:dm
1570:cm
1549:mm
1528:µm
1507:nm
1486:pm
1430:feV
1352:peV
1336:Low
1332:LF
1323:kHz
1303:MF
1280:HF
1274:neV
1238:MHz
1230:1
1186:μeV
1175:1
1147:GHz
1104:meV
1087:THz
982:SX
971:HX
954:keV
948:EHz
946:30
940:10
673:2.9
447:GeV
445:(1
439:2.4
50:or
5137::
3982:LF
3977:MF
3972:HF
3845:,
3841:,
3837::
3818:,
3814:,
3810::
3402:.
3356:.
3338:–
3275:.
3215:.
3186:.
3178:.
3170:.
3156:.
3122:.
3103:.
3072:.
3056:.
3015:^
2925:.
2693:nm
2478:)
2476:eV
2467:)
2456:)
2454:nm
2165:,
2161:,
2157:,
2153:,
2035:)
1986:.
1938:10
1917:10
1896:10
1875:10
1854:10
1819:10
1784:10
1763:10
1742:10
1721:10
1700:10
1679:10
1658:10
1637:10
1612:m
1602:10
1581:10
1560:10
1539:10
1518:10
1497:10
1401:Hz
1395:Mm
1393:1
1317:km
1315:1
1206:dm
1204:1
1177:cm
1141:mm
1139:1
1081:μm
1079:1
996:eV
942:pm
929:γ
751:.
669:Hz
663:a
648:nm
628:,
624:,
620:,
616:,
612:,
527:or
501:or
423:,
350:.
327:.
192:,
174:.
136:,
132:,
74:,
70:,
66:,
62:,
58:,
5101::
4070:e
4063:t
4056:v
3907:u
3905:K
3893:a
3891:K
3849:)
3847:N
3843:M
3839:L
3833:(
3822:)
3820:H
3816:K
3812:J
3806:(
3632:→
3618:←
3557:e
3550:t
3543:v
3504:)
3494:)
3437:.
3417:.
3388:.
3366:.
3318:.
3285:.
3252:.
3225:.
3194:.
3182::
3174::
3164::
3137:.
3042:.
2474:(
2463:(
2452:(
2251:.
1936:×
1934:1
1915:×
1913:1
1894:×
1892:1
1873:×
1871:1
1852:×
1850:1
1817:×
1815:1
1782:×
1780:1
1761:×
1759:1
1740:×
1738:1
1719:×
1717:1
1698:×
1696:1
1677:×
1675:1
1656:×
1654:1
1635:×
1633:1
1600:×
1598:1
1579:×
1577:1
1558:×
1556:1
1537:×
1535:1
1516:×
1514:1
1495:×
1493:1
1232:m
906:E
879:f
768:(
675:×
589:.
583:h
573:c
553:,
544:c
541:h
535:=
532:E
522:,
517:h
514:E
509:=
506:f
496:,
488:c
483:=
480:f
441:×
435:E
428:λ
421:f
276:(
252:(
20:)
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