479:. However, genetic analysis has revealed that all East African Highland bananas are genetically uniform, having most likely originated from a single ancestral clone (introduced to Africa within the past 2000 years) that underwent population expansion by vegetative propagation. The triploid East African Highland banana gene pool arose from a single hybridization event, which generated a genetic bottleneck during the foundation of the crop genepool. Triploid East African Highland bananas are sterile, and have been asexually vegetatively propagated for generations by successive generations of farmers since their introduction to Africa. This has likely led to the emergence of the genetically near-isogenic somatic mutants (i.e. today's East African Highland banana varieties) that have been selected by farmers and environments across East Africa.
103:
520:
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40:
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Kitavi, Mercy; Downing, Tim; Lorenzen, Jim; Karamura, Deborah; Onyango, Margaret; Nyine, Moses; Ferguson, Morag; Spillane, Charles (2016-01-08). "The triploid East
African Highland Banana (EAHB) genepool is genetically uniform arising from a single ancestral clone that underwent population expansion
466:
during the first to sixth centuries AD, probably via trade. They are genetically distinct from the other AAA cultivars, having evolved locally in the
African Great Lakes region for over a millennium. They are found nowhere else in the world, and the African Great Lakes has been called the secondary
887:
Raschke, V., Oltersdorf, U., Elmadfa, I., Wahlqvist, M.L., Cheema, B.S.B. and Kouris-Blazos, A. 2007. Content of a novel online collection of traditional east
African food habits (1930s – 1960s): data collected by the Max-Planck-Nutrition Research Unit, Bumbuli, Tanzania. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr.
441:
Nfuuka clones are characterized by inflated, rounded, or almost rectangular fruits with intermediate-shaped tips. The bunch shape is mainly rectangular. Other characteristics are the same as the other clone sets. It is the most diverse of the five clone sets, a probable result of its tendency to
1116:
Kitavi M, Downing T, Lorenzen J, Karamura D, Onyango M, Nyine M, Ferguson M, Spillane C. The triploid East
African Highland Banana (EAHB) genepool is genetically uniform arising from a single ancestral clone that underwent population expansion by vegetative propagation. Theoretical and applied
495:
annual consumption of bananas in Uganda is the highest in the world at 0.70 kg (1.5 lb) daily per person. Including Rwanda and
Burundi, consumption is about 250 to 400 kg (550 to 880 lb) per person annually (about three to 11 bananas each day). Uganda is the second-largest
1130:
Robert
Kalyebara; Jackson M. Nkuba; Mgenzi Said Ramadhan Byabachwezi; Enoch Mutebi Kikulwe; Svetlana Edmeades (2003). "Overview of the Banana Economy in the Lake Victoria Regions of Uganda and Tanzania". In Melinda Smale; Wilberforce K. Tushemereirwe (eds.).
202:. The fruit is harvested green, carefully peeled, and then cooked and often mashed or pounded into a meal. In Uganda and Rwanda, the fruit is steam-cooked, and the mashed meal is considered a national dish in both countries.
554:
is steamed for a couple of hours; water is poured into the bottom of the cooking pot multiple times. The stalks in the bottom of the pot keep the leaf-wrapped fruits above the level of the hot water. While uncooked, the
353:
East
African Highland bananas are a subgroup that refers to about 200 individual banana cultivars (or clones). They can be subdivided into five distinct groups of clones known as clone sets:
1370:
281:
are ovate to lanceolate in shape with outer surfaces that are purple to brown and inner surfaces which are red fading to yellow towards the base. The male flowers have cream colored
259:
In Uganda, East
African Highland bananas are easily distinguishable from other banana cultivars by the numerous black (or more rarely brown or bronze) blotches on their
263:, giving them the appearance of polished metal. The outermost sheath of their pseudostems is a medium green, superimposed over the pink to purple underlying sheaths.
960:
1406:
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is then mashed while still wrapped in the leaves or bags and often served on a fresh banana leaf. It is typically eaten with a sauce made of vegetables, ground
2296:
467:
center of banana diversity because of this (with
Southeast Asia being the first). East African Highland bananas are considered to be especially diverse in
1836:
873:
842:
296:
The fruits are recurved and can vary in length. They are inflated with blunt tips. The pulp is white in unripe fruits and cream-colored in ripe fruits.
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266:
Their leaves are also darker green and dull, a difference more apparent when comparing them side by side with other banana cultivars from a distance.
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producer of bananas in the world. It is, however, one of the smallest exporters, with the crops being used mostly for domestic consumption.
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487:
East
African Highland bananas are one of the most important staple food crops in the African Great Lakes region, particularly for Uganda,
426:
clones are characterized by slender fruits with bottle-necked tips. Other characteristics are the same as the preceding three clone sets.
1399:
840:
processing businesses and their support environment workshop, Manila, Philippines 10-13 Oct. 2005. INIBAP , accessed 2011 June 14 from:
819:
Karamura, D., Mgenzi, B., Karamura, E. and Sharrock, S. 2004. Exploiting indigenous knowledge for the management and maintenance of
749:
Tufariello, Maria; Mita, Giovanni; Bleve, Gianluca (2016-10-26), "Biotechnology can Improve a Traditional Product as Table Olives",
1225:
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clones are soft-textured and savory. They mature quickly, but their fruits are smaller and have lesser overall yields per bunch.
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more frequently. They bear heavy compacted bunches and are thus more often exploited commercially than other clone sets.
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1134:
An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and Innovation in the Lake Victoria Region of Uganda and Tanzania
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507:) is synonymous for the word "food" in Uganda. Also, a portion of the East African Highland bananas locally known as
2879:
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are not mashed. Until the early 1980s, this was the most common meal in Bukoba and would be eaten all year.
224:
The medium-sized green fruits, which are of a specific group of banana, the East African Highland bananas (
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are peeled using a knife, wrapped in the plant's leaves (or plastic bags), and set in a cooking pot (
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1004:
199:
102:
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1956:
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Lois Englberger; Ian Darnton-Hill; Terry Coyne; Maureen H. Fitzgerald; Geoffrey C. Marks (2003).
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Mgenzi, S.R.B., Mshaghuley, I.M., Staver, C. and Nkuba, J.M. 2005. A study on the analysis of
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diversity in the Great Lakes region of East Africa. African Crop Science Journal 12(1):75-83.
17:
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930:(119). Bioversity International & Food and Agriculture Organization: 1–6. Archived from
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648:
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2511:
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processing businesses and their support environment in Tanzania. A paper presented to the
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229:
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2003:
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1489:
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1161:"Carotenoid-rich bananas: A potential food source for alleviating vitamin A deficiency"
721:"Banana and plantain — an overview with emphasis on the Pacific island cultivars"
463:
346:
161:
64:
56:
1199:
630:. This method eliminates the need for preparing a separate sauce. In this recipe, the
221:
and other Great Lakes countries. They are also known as the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup.
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1579:
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1544:
1499:
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270:
248:
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1968:
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means 'beer', and clones belonging to this clone set are usually used for making
2171:
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1454:
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area of Kenya and Uganda, and in the West and Kilimanjaro regions of Tanzania.
1961:
1932:
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260:
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East African Highland bananas are so important as food crops, the local name
247:
Cooking bananas have long been and still are a common staple crop around the
1614:
206:
117:
1187:
1095:
890:
http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/Volume16/vol16.1/Finished/Raschke.pdf
1286:
719:
Randy C. Ploetz; Angela Kay Kepler; Jeff Daniells; Scot C. Nelson (2007).
2400:
2385:
1644:
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1574:
1005:"Scientific basis for Banana Cultivar Proportions on-farm in East Africa"
611:
547:
488:
443:
218:
192:
169:
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2125:
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1629:
1609:
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G. Nantale; E.K. Kakudidi; D.A. Karamura; E. Karamura; G. Soka (2008).
623:
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342:
181:
107:
50:
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Over 500 local names are known for cultivars from the EAHB subgroup.
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195:
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177:
157:
149:
141:
111:
83:
73:
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382:. Their pulp is bitter and astringent with sticky brown excretions.
2421:
917:"A classification of the clones of East African Highland bananas (
759:
518:
282:
278:
237:
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116:
101:
39:
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is white and fairly hard; cooking turns it soft and yellow. The
2425:
2278:
2224:
1856:
1818:
1388:
1140:. International Food Policy Research Institute. pp. 25–36
1224:
R. Birabwa; P.J.A. van Asten; I.N. Alou; G. Taulya (2010).
806:
Karamura, D. and Mgenzi, B. 2004. On-farm conservation of
595:
is commonly cooked as a combination of peeled bananas and
823:
biodiversity on-farm. African Crop Science Journal 12(1).
458:
East African Highland bananas were introduced early into
581:
are also used to make a popular breakfast dish called
546:) atop the banana stalks. The pot is then placed on a
974:(2). Bioversity International: 28–32. Archived from
961:"Genetic diversity of East African Highland bananas"
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1977:
1913:
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89:
79:
63:
49:
32:
959:A.K. Tugume; G.W. Lubega; P.R. Rubaihayo (2002).
1380:Musapedia, page on East African highland bananas
728:Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry
72:(AAA-EA) or the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup of the
915:Deborah Karamura; Barbara Pickersgill (1999).
531:, meat or groundnuts steamed in banana leaves.
2437:
2290:
1830:
1400:
1275:"Uganda prepares to plant transgenic bananas"
1174:(4). The United Nations University: 303–318.
603:, though offal or goat meat are also common.
8:
888:16(1):140-151 . Accessed 2011 June 14 from:
304:East African Highland bananas are triploid (
308:) cultivars. Their official designation is
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1015:(1). African Crop Science Society: 41–49.
998:
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38:
29:
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44:A bunch of East African Highland bananas
704:
1045:"Banana cultivar checklist on ProMusa"
872:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
865:
1039:
1037:
7:
1720:List of banana and plantain diseases
1363:The Congo Cookbook (African Recipes)
1117:genetics. 2016 Mar 1;129(3):547-61.
511:is used to produce juice and beer.
1273:Linda Nordling (October 1, 2010).
928:Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter
25:
1368:Photo of Green Bunches of Matooke
622:) are cooked with meat or smoked
374:clone set contains 14 cultivars.
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2522:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1798:
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1771:Taiwan Banana Research Institute
1751:Banana Research Station, Kannara
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1068:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
198:cultivars, originating from the
784:"Tanzania Statistical Abstract"
326:. Their paternal parent is the
1245:10.17660/actahortic.2010.879.9
523:Ugandan traditional meal with
491:, Kenya, Burundi, and Rwanda.
277:covered with coarse hair. The
1:
2890:Flora of East Tropical Africa
2885:Crops originating from Africa
1946:East African Highland bananas
730:. Traditional Tree Initiative
136:in Buganda (Central Uganda),
94:
33:East African Highland bananas
18:East African Highland bananas
2751:Ethnic and regional cuisines
1066:by vegetative propagation".
1009:African Crop Science Journal
205:Matoke bananas are a staple
186:East African Highland banana
1756:International Banana Museum
1308:"The king of all breakfast"
1168:Food and Nutrition Bulletin
90:Cultivar group members
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1746:Banana Framework Agreement
1180:10.1177/156482650302400401
228:AAA-EA), are known in the
2834:
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2220:
1883:
1852:
1784:
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1080:10.1007/s00122-015-2647-1
184:and by the cultivar name
37:
2821:List of African cuisines
2507:Central African Republic
1725:List of banana cultivars
751:Products from Olive Tree
567:, or some type of meat (
527:steamed and served with
128:, locally also known as
454:Origin and distribution
285:with yellow lobes. The
121:Matoke seller in Uganda
2826:List of African dishes
2405:Standard Fruit Company
1675:Banana equivalent dose
679:Banana cultivar groups
669:List of African dishes
532:
122:
114:
2672:São Tomé and Príncipe
2657:Republic of the Congo
1730:List of banana dishes
1416:Bananas and plantains
1287:10.1038/news.2010.509
1230:spp.) for Christmas?"
550:or wood fire and the
522:
341:) of the wild banana
120:
105:
2547:Eswatini (Swaziland)
2390:United Fruit Company
289:are pink, while the
2204:Kluai Lep Chang Kut
1869:, and their hybrid
1590:Minatamis na saging
483:Economic importance
200:African Great Lakes
1776:World Banana Forum
1373:2017-01-02 at the
1340:on 29 January 2015
981:on August 12, 2011
921:) found in Uganda"
654:Cuisine of Burundi
533:
503:(or more commonly
123:
115:
2880:Burundian cuisine
2870:Banana production
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2851:
2537:Equatorial Guinea
2460:National cuisines
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2306:Banana production
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2055:African plantains
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1695:Banana plantation
1254:on March 10, 2014
937:on March 20, 2012
770:978-953-51-2724-6
664:Cuisine of Uganda
659:Cuisine of Rwanda
325:
314:
188:, are a group of
106:Matoke market in
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16:(Redirected from
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2121:Bluggoe Subgroup
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1680:Banana, Kiribati
1670:Banana, DR Congo
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1470:Banana cream pie
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1336:. Archived from
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1239:(879): 113–122.
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1205:on July 26, 2011
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1198:. Archived from
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649:Cooking plantain
515:Food preparation
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168:in northwestern
140:in southwestern
42:
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2910:Rwandan cuisine
2905:Plantain dishes
2900:National dishes
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1909:
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1605:Nilagang saging
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1375:Wayback Machine
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1314:. April 1, 2012
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692:Musa balbisiana
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347:Musa acuminata
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2697:South Africa
2687:Sierra Leone
2667:Saint Helena
2487:Burkina Faso
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2012:Green French
2002:
1989:
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1969:Flhorban 920
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1858:
1715:Green banana
1685:Banana paper
1584:
1555:Flying Jacob
1530:Banoffee pie
1510:Banana split
1475:Banana flour
1455:Banana chips
1445:Banana bread
1342:. Retrieved
1338:the original
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1311:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1278:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1249:the original
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1200:the original
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1024:. Retrieved
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983:. Retrieved
976:the original
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932:the original
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857:. Retrieved
850:the original
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791:. Retrieved
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732:. Retrieved
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335:M. acuminata
334:
328:blood banana
320:
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293:are orange.
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236:and Western
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69:
55:
2702:South Sudan
2582:Ivory Coast
2350:Ivory Coast
2172:Thai banana
2021:Pink French
1957:Gros Michel
1938:Masak Hijau
1900:Lady Finger
1876:paradisiaca
1690:Banana peel
1515:Banana wine
1495:Banana leaf
1450:Banana cake
1440:Banana boat
1435:Banana beer
1344:19 February
1318:19 February
380:banana beer
321:Musa brieyi
261:pseudostems
255:Description
148:in western
2859:Categories
2682:Seychelles
2637:Mozambique
2622:Mauritania
2607:Madagascar
2502:Cape Verde
2403:(formerly
2388:(formerly
2379:by company
2313:by country
2100:Ney Poovan
2068:Rhino Horn
1933:Grand Nain
1804:Production
1700:Bananadine
1565:Ginanggang
1525:Bánh chuối
1460:Banana cue
1237:Acta Hort.
859:2011-06-14
793:2017-03-28
753:, InTech,
699:References
628:groundnuts
493:Per capita
406:Nakabululu
397:Nakabululu
331:subspecies
315:(AAA-EA).
2773:Ethiopian
2627:Mauritius
2355:Nicaragua
2231:Callimusa
2153:Benedetta
2116:Blue Java
2085:Kalamagol
2037:Prata-anã
1962:Red Dacca
1922:Cavendish
1615:Pinasugbo
1088:1432-2242
1021:1021-9730
435:clone set
417:clone set
399:clone set
391:clone set
389:Nakitembe
275:peduncles
207:food crop
138:ekitookye
74:AAA group
2895:Musaceae
2844:Category
2805:Zanzibar
2790:Maghrebi
2783:Sephardi
2742:Zimbabwe
2712:Tanzania
2552:Ethiopia
2527:Djibouti
2497:Cameroon
2482:Botswana
2401:Dole plc
2386:Chiquita
2340:Honduras
2330:Colombia
2256:Utin Iap
2229:section
2136:Pelipita
2048:Latundan
1905:Señorita
1794:Category
1645:Tostones
1600:Nagasari
1371:Archived
1334:"Katogo"
1292:July 12,
1258:July 12,
1209:July 12,
1188:14870618
1144:July 12,
1096:26743524
1026:June 16,
985:June 16,
968:Infomusa
941:June 16,
868:cite web
674:Plantain
638:See also
620:ebitooke
612:Tanzania
548:charcoal
489:Tanzania
424:Musakala
415:Musakala
319:include
317:Synonyms
300:Taxonomy
291:stigmata
219:Tanzania
193:triploid
170:Tanzania
166:ebitooke
154:kamatore
146:ekitooke
134:amatooke
2875:Bananas
2778:Mizrahi
2722:Tunisia
2692:Somalia
2677:Senegal
2652:Nigeria
2642:Namibia
2632:Morocco
2597:Liberia
2592:Lesotho
2542:Eritrea
2517:Comoros
2492:Burundi
2467:Algeria
2345:Iceland
2335:Ecuador
2188:Tiparot
2157:Cardava
2143:Pilipia
2140:Pelipia
2126:Bluggoe
2018:Nendran
1997:Popoulu
1994:Maqueño
1985:Iholena
1895:Lakatan
1766:ProMusa
1761:MusaNet
1630:Tacacho
1610:Nilupak
1595:Mofongo
1520:Banania
1196:6726153
1104:6144293
734:June 5,
624:catfish
597:peanuts
544:sufuria
540:Swahili
529:luwombo
505:matooke
473:Burundi
343:species
339:zebrina
324:De Wild
287:anthers
190:starchy
182:Burundi
174:igitoki
130:matooke
108:Kampala
51:Species
2768:Jewish
2763:Berber
2737:Zambia
2727:Uganda
2662:Rwanda
2612:Malawi
2572:Guinea
2562:Gambia
2472:Angola
2411:Fyffes
2365:Taiwan
2360:Panama
2325:Brazil
2320:Belize
2161:Dippig
2060:Others
2009:French
1705:BanLec
1585:Matoke
1580:Maruya
1550:Chifle
1540:Cayeye
1430:Alloco
1279:Nature
1194:
1186:
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