1214:
1357:
1681:
2957:
the second century A.D. but did not record places by Roman provinces—described them as being in (the local geographical unit of) Coele Syria (5.14.18). Furthermore, Philadelphia continued to describe itself on its coins and in inscriptions of the second and third centuries A.D. as being a city of Coele Syria; see above, Philadelphia, n. 9. As for the boundaries of the new province, the northern frontier extended to a little beyond the north of Bostra and east; the western border ran somewhat east of the Jordan River valley and the Dead Sea but west of the city of Madaba (see M. Sartre,
857:
1501:
1564:
1449:
1580:
1318:
1743:
1338:
522:
1752:
2427:
in Late Bronze Age texts as the centre of a region called Aba/Apa/Apina/Upi/Upu . From
Tuthmosis' conquest onwards, for the remainder of the Late Bronze Age, this region remained under Egyptian sovereignty, though for a short time after the battle of Qadesh, fought in 1274 by the pharaoh Ramesses 11 against the Hittite king Muwatalli II, it came under Hittite control. After the Hittite withdrawal, Damascus and its surrounding region marked part of Egypt's northern frontier with the Hittites.
1256:
1244:
1232:
1602:
1715:
1492:
1033:. The city was noted in Egyptian documents of the 14th century BCE, and was situated on the trade routes where caravans brought spices from India and the Far East across the eastern desert while other caravans brought myrrh and frankincense from the south. The region of Hauran then called "Auranitis" came under the control of the Nabataean kingdom. And the city of Bosra then called "Bostra" became the northern capital of the kingdom while its southern capital was
1293:
1202:
1412:
1638:
1724:
1620:
1690:
511:
1672:
1483:
1647:
1302:
1284:
1699:
904:
361:
877:
1458:
1467:
1424:
341:
1539:
1530:
1223:
1656:
624:
1555:
1433:
1521:
1611:
2926:
however, does not recognize
Idumaea, merging it in Iudaea, and definitely distinguishes Peraea from Judaea. Had Ptolemy derived his divisions from an official source, he would probably have followed this scheme, and in particular would have used the official term Peraea instead of the periphrasis 'across the Jordan'.
2426:
Damascus' history extends well back before the
Aramaean occupation. It is first attested as one of the cities and kingdoms which fought against and were defeated by the pharaoh Tuthmosis III at the battle of Megiddo during Tuthmosis' first Asiatic campaign in 1479 (ANET 234-8). Henceforth, it appears
2925:
Ptolemy's divisions of
Palestine (v. xv) appear to follow popular lines. They are Galilee, Samaria, Judaea (with a subdivision 'across the Jordan'), and Idumaea. These divisions were also for the most part, as Josephus' survey of Palestine (Bell., III. iii. 1-5, §§ 35-57) shows, official. Josephus,
601:
There are various traditions behind the Books of
Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, and 1 Chronicles' assignment of tribal territories and towns to Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. Some of these traditions provide only an idealized picture of Israelite possessions east of the Jordan;
2956:
The problem of indicating precise ancient boundaries in
Transjordan is difficult and complex and varies according to the time period under discussion. After the creation of the Roman province of Arabia in 106 A.D. Gerasa and Philadelphia were included in it. Nonetheless, Ptolemy—who was writing in
592:
by the Jordan River. This causes the "whole congregation of the
Israelites" to prepare for war. They first sent a delegation to the Transjordanians, accusing them of making God angry and suggesting their land may be unclean. In response to this, the Transjordanians said that the altar is not for
2888:
provided a great compendium of knowledge in terms of the placements of cities and lands in the ancient world, information that would form the basis of medieval cartography, resulting in a standard
Ptolemaic map of Asia, including Palestine. The information about Judaea appears in Book 5, where
1356:
2689:
Miscellanea
Curiosa: Containing a Collection of Some of the Principal Phænomena in Nature, Accounted for by the Greatest Philosophers of this Age: Being the Most Valuable Discourses, Read and Delivered to the Royal Society, for the Advancement of Physical and Mathematical Knowledge. As Also a
593:
offerings, but is only a "witness". The western tribes were satisfied and return home. Assis argues that the unusual dimensions of the altar suggest that it "was not meant for sacrificial use", but was, in fact, "meant to attract the attention of the other tribes" and provoke a reaction.
2973:, 90-109). Gadara in Peraea is identified today with es-Salt near Tell Jadur, a place that is near the western boundary of the province of Arabia. And this region could have been described by Stephanos as being located "between Coele Syria and Arabia."
487:
emerged as the dominant tribe amongst the Ahlamu; with the destruction of the
Hittites and the decline of Assyria in the late 11th century BCE, they gained control over much of Syria and Transjordan. The regions they inhabited became known as
1132:
was a trade route of vital importance to the ancient Near East. It began in Egypt and stretched across the Sinai Peninsula to Aqaba. From there it turned northward across Transjordan, leading to Damascus and the Euphrates River. During the
573:'s land, which lay south of the Zarqa. Since Og's territory was not on the route to Canaan, it was "more naturally part of the Promised Land", and so the Manassites' status is less problematic than that of the Reubenites or Gadites.
1164:
comprised a network of major ancient land and sea trading routes linking the Mediterranean world with Eastern and Southern sources of incense, spices and other luxury goods, stretching from Mediterranean ports across the
1078:
or simply Arabia, was a frontier province of the Roman Empire beginning in the 2nd century. It consisted of the former Nabataean kingdom in the southern Levant, Sinai Peninsula, and northwestern Arabian peninsula.
2690:
Collection of Curious Travels, Voyages, Antiquities, and Natural Histories of Countries; Presented to the Same Society. To which is Added, A Discourse of the Influence of the Sun and Moon on Human Bodies, &c
2764:
2760:
2815:
1337:
116:. In 1946, the emirate achieved independence from the British and in 1949 the country changed its name to the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan", after the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank following the
2893:
are mentioned as well as the main cities. In the region east of the Jordan, there are sites that are not all easy to determine: Cosmas, Libias, Callirhoe, Gazorus, Epicaeros (Ptolemy, Geogr. 5: 15: 6).
2699:
Decapolis was so called from its ten Cities enumerated by Pliny (lib. 5. 18.) And with them he reckons up among others, the Tetrarchy of Abila in the same Decapolis : Which demonstrates the
2660:
was the source of this dispute. He claimed that since David was descended from someone who was not allowed to marry into the community, his male ancestors were no longer part of the tribe of
651:
There is some ambiguity about the status of the Transjordan in the mind of the biblical writers. Horst Seebass argues that in Numbers "one finds awareness of Transjordan as being holy to
704:). Whereas the former have the right ethnicity, but wrong geographical location, the latter have the wrong ethnicity, but are "within the boundary of the 'pure' geographical location."
376:
were Semitic-speaking cattle nomads in the Levant from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. In a 15th-century BCE list of enemies inscribed on column bases at the temple of
1317:
818:'s claim to royalty was disputed on account of his descent from Ruth, the Moabite. King David spent time in the Transjordan after he had fled from the rebellion of his son
1780:
756:, king of the Moabites against Israel. Attacks by the Ammonites on Israelite communities east of the Jordan were the impetus behind the unification of the tribes under
1255:
1500:
2664:(which was the tribe the King had to belong to). As a result, he could neither be the king, nor could he marry any Jewish woman (since he descended from a
1563:
2595:
1201:
1213:
2456:
3043:
988:—means "old age" in Ancient Greek). It was a city of the Decapolis, and is one of the most important and best preserved Ancient Roman cities in the
150:– literally, "on this side of the Jordan". Both terms reflect the biblical perspective, as different regions were seen when looked at from the
1723:
3028:
2949:
2918:
2877:
2480:
2419:
2392:
1773:
1347:
740:
and Moabites as the "children of Lot". Throughout the Bible, the Ammonites and Israelites are portrayed as mutual antagonists. During the
1836:
335:
2986:
2203:
2814:
describes the Peraea by a periphrasis as the eastern side of Jordan which may imply that the name was no longer in vogue. (Image of
2471:
2317:
The Septuagint Version of the Old Testament, with an English translation; and with various readings and critical notes. Gr. & Eng
934:. Ptolemy does not use the term "Transjordan", but rather the periphrasis "across the Jordan". And he enumerates the cities; Cosmas,
602:
others are no more than vague generalizations. Num 21.21–35, for example, says only that the land the people occupied extended from
1680:
459:. However, the empire's control was sporadic, and not strong enough to prevent frequent local rebellions and inter-city conflict.
1766:
584:
affirms Moses' decision and urges the men of the two-and-a-half tribes to help in the conquest, which they are willing to do. In
1411:
814:). The men had married women of the various nations without conversion, which made the children not Jewish. The legitimacy of
3023:
320:
202:
3033:
2170:
37:
This article is about the geographic region. For the British protectorate under Hashemite rule in the 20th century, see
1243:
1231:
1129:
3038:
2581:
1091:(Old French for "beyond the Jordan"), also called the Lordship of Montreal, otherwise Transjordan, was part of the
869:
312:
31:
1466:
117:
2643:. As a result, people from those nations were treated as complete gentiles and could convert without restriction.
1007:(87-62 BCE), when it encompassed parts of the territory of modern Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Israel.
856:
2234:
1448:
784:
505:
468:
444:
316:
2470:
MacDonald, Burton (2000). "Settlement of the Israelite Tribes East of the Jordan". In Matthews, Victor (ed.).
2237:, an area of land in the Southern Levant lying east of the Jordan River that is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible
1921:
780:
660:
549:
to ask if they could settle in the Transjordan. Moses is dubious, but the two tribes promise to join in the
1742:
2240:
2209:
1751:
1579:
1328:
865:
772:
761:
521:
489:
476:
282:
251:
193:
171:
95:
38:
696:
Lori Rowlett argues that in the Book of Joshua, the Transjordanian tribes function as the inverse of the
683:
2088:
823:
745:
717:
697:
679:
550:
427:
is traditionally identified as an area covering Sinai and Canaan south of Lebanon, with the regions of
811:
1095:
1041:'s military conquest of Syria, Judaea, and Transjordan. Control of the city was later transferred to
1030:
835:
526:
456:
113:
105:
2544:, "Tribes of Israel and Land Allotments/Borders," in Bill T. Arnold and H. G. M. Williamson (eds.),
2614:
2214:
2124:
2069:
1983:
1890:
1868:
1601:
1324:
981:
973:
969:
939:
776:
689:
Unlike the other tribal allotments in Joshua, the Transjordanian territory was not divided by lot.
676:
294:
263:
232:
217:
183:
83:
2694:
2609:
2343:
2333:
East of the Jordan: A Record of Travel and Observation in the Countries of Moab, Gilead and Bashan
1714:
542:
2824:
2773:
2352:
2276:
1832:
1628:
1069:
839:
733:
1292:
1491:
667:, on the other hand, asserts that "the Transjordanian tribes were not in the land of promise."
2945:
2939:
2914:
2906:
2873:
2867:
2528:
2415:
2409:
2388:
2382:
2312:
2294:
2115:
2105:
1637:
1588:
1507:
1000:
851:
843:
554:
514:
Assignment of Transjordan to the tribes; Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, per the
365:
308:
91:
2686:
Hodgson, James; Derham, William; Mead, Richard; M. de Fontenelle (Bernard Le Bovier) (1727).
2990:
2657:
2268:
2165:
1619:
1122:
1117:
1053:
1018:
732:
and Lot's younger and elder daughters, respectively, in the aftermath of the destruction of
656:
1689:
2839:
2788:
2541:
2484:
2367:
2337:
2182:
2151:
2146:
2136:
1846:
1042:
919:
713:
589:
538:
530:
273:
242:
162:
64:
56:
2672:
wrote the Book of Ruth in order to remind the people of the original law that women from
2384:
The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C.
628:
82:, known as Transjordan, was controlled by numerous powers throughout history. During the
2687:
1671:
806:
because many marriages with Ammonite (and Moabite) wives had taken place in the days of
510:
2661:
2557:
2510:
2229:
2120:
1646:
1154:
1075:
1057:
1046:
1045:
and his heirs until 106 CE, when Bosra was incorporated into the new Roman province of
768:
749:
729:
668:
636:
632:
597:
Per the settlement of the Israelite tribes east of the Jordan, Burton MacDonald notes;
561:
suggests that this is because Manasseh settled in the land that previously belonged to
515:
452:
428:
349:
223:
2809:
1482:
1301:
435:
to the north. As such, parts of Canaan and southwestern Syria became tributary to the
3017:
2573:
2438:
2280:
2224:
2028:
2024:
1857:
1511:
1379:
1182:
1161:
1088:
884:
690:
672:
644:
558:
475:
of Syria disappeared after being displaced or absorbed by a new wave of semi-nomadic
440:
381:
269:
87:
1283:
744:, the Israelites were prohibited by the Ammonites from passing through their lands (
623:
2454:
Elie Assis, "For it shall be a witness between us: a literary reading of Josh 22,"
2161:
1698:
1371:
1153:
Roma), under which name it served as a military and trade road along the fortified
1134:
1022:
753:
664:
640:
141:
68:
2259:
N. Orpett (2012). "The Archaeology of Land Law: Excavating Law in the West Bank".
1948:
1457:
876:
2331:
2515:
The Promise of the Land: The Inheritance of the Land of Canaan by the Israelites
1990:
1878:
1828:
1790:
1730:
1150:
1106:
1068:. And when Herod died in 4 BCE, the kingdom was divided among his sons into the
903:
671:
argues that in the Book of Joshua, the Jordan is portrayed as "a barrier to the
607:
566:
448:
360:
2676:
and Ammon were allowed to convert and marry into the Jewish people immediately.
2272:
1538:
1529:
1423:
1004:
996:
965:
961:
741:
603:
409:
189:
99:
2803:
999:' trading network was centered on strings of oases that they controlled. The
268:'beyond the Jordan', as the basis for Transjordan, which is also the
2593:
Lori Rowlett, "Inclusion, Exclusion and Marginality in the Book of Joshua,"
2040:
2010:
1655:
1387:
1112:
989:
977:
957:
915:
908:
803:
585:
493:
151:
146:
2443:
The Sense of Biblical Narrative II: Structural Analyses in the Hebrew Bible
1222:
340:
1758:
588:, the Transjordanian tribes returned and built a massive altar called the
364:
The historical Semitic region, defined by the pre-Islamic distribution of
2941:
The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa
2034:
2019:
2015:
1999:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1916:
1592:
1570:
1274:
1092:
943:
896:
807:
796:
701:
611:
577:
484:
472:
17:
1432:
1346:, 1948–1967. The East Bank is the portion east of the Jordan River, the
956:
was a prominent central community for the surrounding region during the
942:, Gazorus, Epicaeros—as being in this district—east of the Jordan, that
2715: ; yet it doth not appear that ever this other had the Title of a
2640:
2411:
The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
2093:
2058:
2052:
2046:
1972:
1936:
1904:
1883:
1734:
1554:
1473:
1391:
1061:
927:
861:
819:
788:
436:
424:
345:
238:
109:
2987:"Two human skulls dating back to Neolithic period unearthed in Jerash"
1520:
1185:
flourished between roughly the 7th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.
964:. Ancient Greek inscriptions from the city, and the literary works of
272:
usage. Whereas the term "East" as in "towards the sunrise" is used in
188:'beyond the Jordan towards the sunrise', is translated in the
136:
and means "across" or beyond, and so "Transjordan" refers to the land
2669:
2653:
2564:(ed. G. Strecker; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983) 66-68.
2526:
Horst Seebass, "Holy Land in the Old Testament: Numbers and Joshua,"
2219:
1395:
1383:
1343:
1207:
New Kingdom at its maximum territorial extent in the 15th century BCE
1174:
1166:
1142:
1038:
1026:
1014:
953:
935:
892:
880:
847:
792:
581:
480:
417:
368:(very roughly coinciding; culturally, politically, and historically).
331:
158:
79:
72:
2707:
to be the same Place. And tho'it cannot be denied, but that some of
2560:, "The Extent of the Promised Land – the Status of Transjordan," in
795:
as having borne a child. She was the mother of Solomon's successor,
1610:
86:, the region of Transjordan was included under the jurisdiction of
2473:
EAST OF THE JORDAN: Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures
1899:
1375:
1363:
1262:
1178:
1170:
1065:
1034:
1010:
947:
902:
888:
875:
855:
815:
737:
721:
570:
546:
413:
377:
373:
359:
339:
133:
2635:
The identity of those particular tribes had been lost during the
2673:
2665:
1895:
1367:
1270:
1266:
757:
725:
652:
102:
1762:
686:, the Transjordan is an "integral part of the promised land."
432:
353:
2445:(JSOTSup. 39; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986) 116.
1181:
and beyond. The incense land trade from South Arabia to the
627:"The Children of Israel Crossing the Jordan", engraving by
562:
207:
693:
suggests that it is assigned by Moses rather than by God.
222:'beyond the Jordan', which was then translated to
2911:
The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, 2nd Edition
2944:. University of California Press. p. 284, n. 1.
2517:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 54.
287:
256:
176:
27:
Part of the Southern Levant east of the Jordan River
1003:reached its territorial zenith during the reign of
655:." He argues for this based on the presence of the
553:, so Moses grants them this region to live in. The
2506:
2504:
1362:Countries pictured are (clockwise from top right)
972:indicate that the city was founded as "Gerasa" by
802:The Ammonites presented a serious problem to the
545:) tells how the tribes of Reuben and Gad came to
2546:Dictionary of the Old Testament Historical Books
30:"East Bank" redirects here. For other uses, see
2381:Ryholt, K. S. B.; Bülow-Jacobsen, Adam (1997).
787:was an Ammonite. She was the only wife of King
599:
144:. The equivalent term for the west side is the
2711:ten Cities are not far distant from that near
384:, six groups of Shasu are noted; the Shasu of
1774:
1013:is located in a geographical area called the
8:
2913:. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 500.
525:"Reuben and Gad Ask for Land", engraving by
2319:. S. Bagster & Sons. 1870. p. 281.
918:is named from its ten cities enumerated by
447:. When Canaanite confederacies centered on
94:against Ottoman rule during the 1910s, the
2869:The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea
2261:International Journal of Legal Information
1825:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3
1781:
1767:
1759:
2805:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
2457:Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament
960:period and was also inhabited during the
860:Palestine & Coele-Syria according to
2872:. Oxford University Press. p. 238.
622:
520:
509:
2719:. Here it is to be observed, that what
2251:
1710:
1667:
1633:
1597:
1550:
1444:
1407:
1313:
1197:
2834:
2833:
2822:
2783:
2782:
2771:
2387:Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 131.
2362:
2361:
2350:
980:, for the purpose of settling retired
2938:Cohen, Getzel M. (3 September 2006).
2580:(JPS Torah Commentary; Philadelphia:
2481:American Schools of Oriental Research
2181:
2160:
2150:
2068:
2039:
1971:
1947:
7:
1056:of Judaea was a client state of the
167:בעבר הַיַּרְדֵּן מִזְרָח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ
2866:Taylor, Joan E. (30 January 2015).
659:there, and because land taken in a
336:History of ancient Israel and Judah
277:
246:
237:'beyond the Jordan' in the
166:
60:
2562:Das Land Israel in biblischer Zeit
643:is portrayed as "a barrier to the
479:peoples known collectively as the
71:, mostly contained in present-day
25:
1031:Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
1021:made it a fertile region for the
557:is not mentioned until verse 33.
241:. However, some authors give the
2969:61 236-42; and especially id..
2905:Jones, A. H. M. (30 June 2004).
2548:(Downers Grove: IVP, 2005), 970.
2301:. Trowitzsch. 1892. p. 155.
1750:
1741:
1722:
1713:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1578:
1569:Transjordan Kingdoms during the
1562:
1553:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1431:
1422:
1410:
1355:
1336:
1316:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1200:
1173:through Northeastern Africa and
500:The Transjordanian Hebrew tribes
178:bʿēḇer hayyardēn mizrāḥ haššemeš
3044:Geography of Palestine (region)
2985:Dana Al Emam (15 August 2015).
2408:Bryce, Trevor (15 March 2012).
1417:Levantine trade routes 1300 BCE
791:to be mentioned by name in the
736:. The Bible refers to both the
569:, while Reuben and Gad settled
423:The Egyptian geographical term
2336:. C. Scribner's sons. p.
1083:Crusader period: Oultrejordain
455:came under the control of the
299:'East of the Jordan'.
1:
2483:. p. 149. Archived from
1350:is the part west of the river
1325:British Mandate for Palestine
3029:Geography of the Middle East
1547:Transjordan Kingdoms 830 BCE
708:Other Transjordanian nations
208:
2639:caused by the conquests of
2414:. OUP Oxford. p. 175.
2204:The East Bank of the Jordan
1137:period the road was called
288:
257:
177:
98:was established in 1921 by
3060:
1060:from 37 BCE, and included
1017:plateau. The soil of this
922:(23–79). What Pliny calls
870:Palestine Exploration Fund
833:
752:, the Ammonites work with
503:
344:Egyptian provinces of the
329:
313:History of the Middle East
306:
197:
36:
32:East Bank (disambiguation)
29:
2273:10.1017/S0731126500011410
2178:
2157:
2145:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2114:
2104:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2044:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2009:
1981:
1964:
1935:
1920:
1915:
1894:
1889:
1877:
1867:
1855:
1845:
1827:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1089:Lordship of Oultrejordain
408:. Some scholars link the
2235:Transjordan in the Bible
1806:Northwestern Mesopotamia
1261:Transjordan Kingdoms of
1076:Provincia Arabia Petraea
899:in the first century CE.
506:Transjordan in the Bible
469:Late Bronze Age collapse
445:Late Bronze Age collapse
317:Prehistory of the Levant
53:Transjordanian Highlands
2961:, 17-75; Bowersock, ZPE
2802:Smith, William (1873).
2330:Merrill, Selah (1881).
1145:rebuilt and renamed it
2668:convert). The Prophet
2241:Transjordan memorandum
2210:Emirate of Transjordan
1966:Middle Hittite Kingdom
1329:Emirate of Transjordan
930:(c. 100–c. 170) calls
911:
900:
873:
866:Claude Reignier Conder
648:
616:
610:, the boundary of the
534:
518:
369:
357:
227:
96:Emirate of Transjordan
63:), is the part of the
39:Emirate of Transjordan
2907:"Appendix 2. Ptolemy"
2891:pars Asphatitem lacum
2808:. J. Murray. p.
2637:mixing of the nations
2089:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1922:Old Babylonian Empire
1837:Early Dynastic period
906:
879:
859:
626:
524:
513:
477:West Semitic-speaking
412:and the worship of a
363:
343:
321:History of the Levant
309:The Ancient Near East
118:1948 Arab–Israeli War
90:provinces. After the
3024:Transjordan (region)
2759:, &c. (Image of
1816:Southern Mesopotamia
1811:Northern Mesopotamia
1474:Hanigalbat (Mitanni)
1096:Kingdom of Jerusalem
836:History of Palestine
551:conquest of the land
527:Arthur Boyd Houghton
457:New Kingdom of Egypt
138:on the other side of
114:British protectorate
3034:Geography of Jordan
2615:Jewish Encyclopedia
2215:Geography of Jordan
2070:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1984:Bronze Age Collapse
1917:Old Hittite Kingdom
1891:Old Assyrian period
1869:Third Dynasty of Ur
1729:Network of primary
1394:. In the center is
974:Alexander the Great
970:Etymologicum Magnum
840:Palestine § History
777:Books of Chronicles
635:argues that in the
463:Bronze Age collapse
404:, and the Shasu of
212:péran toú Iordánou,
198:πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου,
84:early modern period
2751:, formerly call'd
2743:, is that Part of
1926:Southern Akkadians
1833:Jemdet Nasr period
1629:Hellenistic period
1331:is shown in brown.
1249:Near East 1000 BCE
1237:Near East 1300 BCE
1139:Via Regia (Orient)
1070:Herodian Tetrarchy
912:
901:
874:
767:According to both
734:Sodom and Gomorrah
649:
535:
519:
370:
358:
3039:Regions of Jordan
2951:978-0-520-93102-2
2920:978-1-59244-748-0
2879:978-0-19-870974-9
2856:, Book 5, Ch.15:6
2832:External link in
2781:External link in
2693:. W. B. pp.
2529:Vetus Testamentum
2421:978-0-19-150502-7
2394:978-87-7289-421-8
2360:External link in
2193:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2116:Macedonian Empire
2106:Achaemenid Empire
1979:c. 1200–1150 BCE
1962:c. 1400–1200 BCE
1933:c. 1600–1400 BCE
1913:c. 1800–1600 BCE
1875:c. 2000–1800 BCE
1865:c. 2100–2000 BCE
1853:c. 2200–2100 BCE
1843:c. 2350–2200 BCE
1822:c. 3500–2350 BCE
1508:Ancient Near East
1001:Nabataean kingdom
852:History of Israel
844:History of Jordan
555:Tribe of Manasseh
483:. Over time, the
366:Semitic languages
298:
286:
267:
255:
236:
221:
211:
206:
187:
175:
92:Great Arab Revolt
16:(Redirected from
3051:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2991:The Jordan Times
2982:
2976:
2975:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2818:at Google Books)
2799:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2767:at Google Books)
2735: ; and the
2683:
2677:
2658:Doeg the Edomite
2656:points out that
2650:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2606:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2571:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2256:
2166:Byzantine Empire
2041:Middle Babylonia
2007:c. 1150–911 BCE
1800:
1799:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1745:
1733:in the reign of
1726:
1717:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1582:
1566:
1557:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1435:
1426:
1414:
1359:
1340:
1320:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1204:
1147:Via Traiana Nova
1123:Petra Roman Road
1118:Via Traiana Nova
1054:Herodian kingdom
1025:of domesticated
1019:volcanic plateau
984:soldiers (γῆρας—
887:), Trachonitis (
848:Jordan § History
830:Classical period
762:1 Samuel 11:1–15
746:Deuteronomy 23:4
663:is always holy.
657:Cities of Refuge
420:with the Shasu.
356:regions 1300 BCE
293:
291:
281:
279:
262:
260:
250:
248:
231:
216:
214:
209:
201:
199:
182:
180:
170:
168:
62:
21:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2965:, 37-39; id.,
2964:
2952:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2921:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2880:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2831:
2821:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2780:
2770:
2701:Abila Decapolis
2685:
2684:
2680:
2652:The Babylonian
2651:
2647:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2592:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2556:
2552:
2542:Richard S. Hess
2540:
2536:
2525:
2521:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2453:
2449:
2437:
2433:
2422:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2359:
2349:
2346:at Google Books
2329:
2328:
2324:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:Sassanid Empire
2152:Parthian Empire
2147:Seleucid Empire
2137:Seleucid Empire
2056:
2050:
2027:
2018:
1847:Akkadian Empire
1793:
1787:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1727:
1718:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1593:Diadochi period
1583:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1441:Egyptian Empire
1436:
1427:
1418:
1415:
1399:
1390:Territory, and
1386:, the occupied
1360:
1351:
1341:
1332:
1321:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1259:
1250:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1191:
1104:
1085:
1043:Herod the Great
976:or his general
920:Pliny the Elder
854:
832:
710:
621:
594:
539:Book of Numbers
508:
502:
465:
400:, the Shasu of
396:, the Shasu of
392:, the Shasu of
388:, the Shasu of
338:
328:
326:Egyptian period
323:
305:
289:Sharq al ʾUrdun
258:ʿēḇer hayyardēn
126:
65:Southern Levant
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3008:External links
3006:
3004:
3003:
2977:
2962:
2950:
2930:
2919:
2897:
2878:
2858:
2845:
2794:
2678:
2645:
2628:
2601:
2586:
2566:
2558:Moshe Weinfeld
2550:
2534:
2532:56 (2006) 104.
2519:
2511:Moshe Weinfeld
2500:
2462:
2460:18 (2004) 216.
2447:
2431:
2420:
2400:
2393:
2373:
2322:
2304:
2286:
2267:(3): 344–391.
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:Perea (region)
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2159:
2158:63 BCE–224 CE
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2121:Ancient Greeks
2113:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2086:
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2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:Middle Assyria
1970:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1919:
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1635:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1589:Persian period
1585:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1536:
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1342:
1335:
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1311:
1307:
1306:
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1297:
1290:
1288:
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1279:
1260:
1253:
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1248:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1155:Limes Arabicus
1130:King's Highway
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1103:
1100:
1084:
1081:
1058:Roman Republic
1047:Arabia Petraea
946:et al. called
907:Cities of the
891:), Auranitis (
883:, Gaulanitis (
831:
828:
824:2 Samuel 17–19
812:Nehemiah 13:23
769:Books of Kings
750:Book of Judges
709:
706:
700:(mentioned in
669:Moshe Weinfeld
637:Book of Joshua
633:Moshe Weinfeld
620:
617:
516:Book of Joshua
504:Main article:
501:
498:
464:
461:
327:
324:
304:
301:
228:trans Iordanen
125:
122:
88:Ottoman Syrian
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3056:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3007:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:Abila Lysaniæ
2702:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2599:55 (1992) 17.
2598:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:Jacob Milgrom
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2490:on 2014-06-01
2486:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:David Jobling
2435:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2313:"Joshua 1:15"
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2295:"Joshua 1:15"
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Oultrejordain
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:Amarna Period
1509:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:Gulf of Aqaba
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1183:Mediterranean
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:Incense Route
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1097:
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1090:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
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951:
949:
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941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
905:
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890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
867:
863:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:were born to
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:According to
707:
705:
703:
699:
694:
692:
691:Jacob Milgrom
687:
685:
681:
678:
674:
673:promised land
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
646:
645:promised land
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
618:
615:
613:
609:
605:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
565:north of the
564:
560:
559:David Jobling
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
528:
523:
517:
512:
507:
499:
497:
495:
492:(Aramea) and
491:
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2125:Macedonians
2020:city-states
2016:Neo-Hittite
1991:Sea Peoples
1907:city-states
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1273:during the
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990:Near East
978:Perdiccas
958:Neolithic
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909:Decapolis
804:Pharisees
738:Ammonites
586:Joshua 22
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380:built by
283:romanized
252:romanized
247:עבר הירדן
210:translit.
203:romanized
172:romanized
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147:Cisjordan
112:became a
100:Hashemite
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18:East Bank
2610:"Naamah"
2197:See also
2035:Arameans
2029:Damascus
2000:Arameans
1954:Kassites
1942:Hurrians
1571:Iron Age
1275:Iron Age
1093:Crusader
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897:Batanaea
864:(map by
808:Nehemiah
797:Rehoboam
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702:Joshua 9
661:holy war
612:Amorites
578:Joshua 1
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473:Amorites
437:pharaohs
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2666:Moabite
2641:Assyria
2578:Numbers
1937:Mitanni
1905:Amorite
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1735:Hadrian
1573:830 BCE
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