133:
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Lvov. Historical documents bearing the
Committee's signature indicate that in certain periods the committee was expanded to represent all the important communities in the kingdom, and then the number of representatives was close to thirty. At first, the committee met in Lublin, giving the city the status of a top-notch Jewish center. The conference, which lasted about two weeks, was held once a year during the winter, when the city's largest trade fair was coordinated. In a later period, the conference was held twice a year: a winter gathering in Lublin and a summer conference in the city of Yaroslav in Galicia.
347:(the 'Moshav') in the western fringes of the empire, where only Jews were allowed to live. The Moshav included most of the former territories of Poland and Lithuania, which were populated by concentrations of Jews. Limiting those boundaries led to the uprooting and deportation of Moscow and St. Petersburg Jews to the eastern border of the country, which was one of the main goals of the authorities. Later, the Jews of Kiev were also forbidden to live in their own city, even though Kiev itself was included in the "region of the Settlement."
259:
environments. The numerical increase was due to mass migration of
Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews from Central Europe to Eastern Europe beginning from the Middle Ages to the 16th century, as well as a high birth rate among these immigrants. Genetic evidence also indicates that Yiddish-speaking Eastern European Jews largely descended from Ashkenazi Jews who migrated from central Europe and subsequently experienced high birthrates and genetic isolation.
284:"It is possible that there is no country other than Poland, where freedom of religion and hatred of religion are found in equal measure. The Jews are allowed to preserve their religion with absolute freedom, and the rest of the civil rights have been assigned to them, and they have even their own courts. And in opposite to that, you find that religion hatred is so great there to the extent of that matter, the word 'Jew' is an abomination."
141:
36:
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culture in favor of
Ashkenazi culture. However, according to more recent research, mass migrations of Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews occurred to Eastern Europe from the west who increased due to high birth rates and absorbed and/or largely replaced the preceding non-Ashkenazi Jewish groups of Eastern Europe (the latter groups' numbers are estimated by demographer
263:
usually consisted of no more than ten Jews. In most of the urban localities in which they lived, the Jewish population comprised half the number of residents on average. It follows that in many towns, there was a Jewish majority. This reality has been intensified over the years, with the percentage of Jews in cities and towns increasing, and thus the "
303:
committees' role was to collect taxes from the Jewish communities and deliver them to the authorities. Later they took it upon themselves to represent the Jewish community to the foreign rulers of those countries. In addition, the committee had judicial authority over internal laws and
Halachot (from Hebrew: הלכות) within the Jewish communities.
166:) was established during the 20th century in the German Empire and in the western provinces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, aiming to distinguish the integrating Jews in Central Europe from those Jews who lived in the East. This feature deals with the second meaning of the concept of Eastern European Jewry—the Jewish groups that lived in Poland,
417:: "...we are not such horrible monsters after all. But we do not let anyone walk all over us, especially Eastern Jews, who, as it is well known, try and try again to do just that, because they think a straight line is crooked, here our position is probably in complete agreement with our Swiss people."
302:
The Jewish social structure in
Eastern Europe was built of communities and from the mid-16th century to 1764, central institutions, including communal ones, of self-leadership in Eastern Europe were running. The two main institutions were the Four-State Committee and the Lithuanian State Council. The
293:
The amount of Torah study among
Eastern European Jews at the beginning of their settlement was little. As a result, many halakhic (from Hebrew: הלכתיות) questions and problems were addressed to rabbis and Torah scholars in Germany and Bohemia which were close to them. From the 16th century, luxurious
275:
The Jews engaged in trade and various crafts, such as tailoring, weaving, leather processing and even agriculture. The economic activity of
Eastern European Jewry was different from that of Central and Western European Jews: in Eastern Europe, the Jews developed specializations in trade, leasing, and
389:
In 1867, the Jews of
Galicia were granted full equality of rights, and thus were the first among the Jews of Eastern Europe to be emancipated. The Zionist movement flourished in Galicia. During the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, before World War I the Jewish community flourished
262:
In the mid-18th century, two-thirds of the Jewish population of
Eastern Europe lived in cities or towns, and a third of it lived in villages - a unique phenomenon that hardly existed in Western Europe. In every village where Jews lived, there were only two Jewish families on average, and each family
253:
questioned the inclusion of all
Yiddish speaking Jews as Ashkenazim in descent, suggesting that upon the arrival of Ashkenazi Jews from Central Europe to Eastern Europe, from the Middle Ages to the 16th century, there were already a substantial number of Jews there who later abandoned their original
424:
escalated after the First World War, German Jews were divided with regard to how they felt about the Yiddish-speaking Eastern European Jews. Some German Jews, who were wrestling with the notion of their own German identity, became more accepting of a shared identity with Eastern Jewry. The Austrian
350:
At the beginning of the 20th century, more than five million Jews lived in Czarist Russia, with 90% of them concentrated in the region of the Settlement and about three million Jews lived in the former borders of Poland. According to various estimates, Eastern European Jewry at the beginning of the
306:
The Council of Four Lands was the highest institution among the committees. The committee was composed out of seven rabbinic judges when the head of them was always a representative of the Lublin community. The other members of the committee were representatives of the cities of Poznan, Krakow and
258:
to have been small). In the mid-18th century, the number of Jews increased to about 750,000. During this period only one-third of East European Jews lived in areas with a predominantly Polish population. The rest of the Jews lived among other peoples, mainly in the Ukrainian and Russian-Lithuanian
280:
foreclosure of Jewish property, and the removal of financial debts of non-Jews to Jews, which were common in Western Europe, hardly existed in the East. Despite the privileges, there were also hatred expressions towards the Jews. This phenomenon was described by a Jewish sage named Shlomo Maimon:
339:(first in 1772, then in 1793, and finally in 1795) left the Aryan part of the Polish Jewry under the authority of the Russian Empire. The Russian government turned out to be less tolerant towards Jews, and more restrictions were imposed on Jews than the rest of the Polish people. In 1791 Czarina
279:
Until the mid-17th century with the 1648 Cossack riots on Jewish population, eastern European Jews lived in a relatively comfortable environment that enabled them to thrive. The Jews, for the most part, enjoyed extensive economic, personal and religious freedom. Thus, for example, deportations,
390:
in Galicia. A large number of books and poems were published there, many Torah sages were engaged in it and Zionism and Yiddish culture also emerged. At the beginning of the 20th century, the number of Jews in Galicia reached more than 800,000.
213:
lived in Eastern Europe. They were organized into large and small communities, living in big cities, such as Warsaw (with a population of about 300,000 Jews), as well as in small towns with populations of only tens or hundreds of Jews.
373:
intended to "acculturate" the Jews by establishing a network of schools for general studies. Some Jews supported this goal, but most of them opposed it. Further resistance arose when an attempt was made to settle the Jews on the land.
377:
The Jews in Galicia were known for their religious piety, and they fought hard against the Enlightenment and against attempts to "assimilate" them culturally. There was also a sharp confrontation between supporters of
242:
and held various other non-Ashkenazi traditions and customs. As early as the beginning of the 17th century, it was known that there were Jews living in cities of Lithuania who spoke "Russiany" (from Hebrew:
276:
crafts, which were hardly found in Western Europe. The Eastern European Jewry also had a great deal of involvement in economic matters that Jews in Central and Western Europe did not deal with at all.
132:
154:
has two meanings. Its first meaning refers to the current political spheres of the Eastern European countries and its second meaning refers to the Jewish communities in
223:
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144:
The Hebrew text: The yellow area covers the distribution of the Jews of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, their original places of residence and their immigration areas.
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The World History of the Jewish People. Vol. XI (11): The Dark Ages. Jews in Christian Europe 711-1096 [Second Series: Medieval Period. Vol. Two: The Dark Ages
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In the late 18th century, the Jews of Eastern Europe were divided into two major geographic regions: a settlement controlled by the
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267:" phenomenon was created - the "Jewish town", a large part of which was Jewish, and whose Jewish cultural character was prominent.
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443:" now extended to the identity of the German Jews, whom he described as being "more homeless than even his cousin in
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369:, the territory that was given to Austria in the partition of Poland. Towards the end of the 19th century, Emperor
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712:"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes"
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depicted the misfortunes of Eastern European Jewry in the aftermath of the First World War in his novel
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594:"Substructured population growth in the Ashkenazi Jews inferred with Approximate Bayesian Computation"
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study centers were established in Eastern Europe, where the Hassidic movement also began to develop.
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was estimated to be between 10,000 and 30,000. In parts of Eastern Europe, before the arrival of the
93:
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in the years between the First and Second World Wars was mostly directed towards the so-called
797:
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386:). Eventually Hasidism won and became the dominant movement among the Jews of Galicia.
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249:) and did not know the "Ashkenaz tongue", i.e. German-Yiddish. In 1966, the historian
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Polish Jews in typical clothing - 17th century (top), 18th century (bottom)
872:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2nd ed., 2004.
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162:. The phrase 'Eastern European Jews' or 'Jews of the East' (from German:
203:
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At the beginning of the 16th century, the number of Jews who lived in
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659:"The End of German-Jewish Life: Ostjuden as a Metaphor for All Jews"
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from Central Europe, some non-Ashkenazi Jews were present who spoke
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who were perceived as having a foreign dress and culture. In fact,
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The Eastern European Jews Prior to the Arrival of the Ashkenazim"
882:
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From the late 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century
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757:"Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora"
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were passed in 1935, Roth said that the archetype of the "
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The density of the Jewish settlement in the Moshav in 1905
710:
Hammer, MF; Redd, AJ; Wood, ET; et al. (June 2000).
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Another large Jewish community in Eastern Europe was
209:
At the beginning of the 20th century, over 6 million
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
202:(from Hebrew: Kibbutz- קיבוץ), many of whom spoke
883:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
716:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
576:Some Fundamentals of Jewish Demographic History
282:
850:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001.
790:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007.
517:The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
351:20th century constituted 80% of world Jewry.
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818:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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582:, Jerusalem, The Hebrew University, 2001.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
504:
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776:"Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour"
592:Gladstein AL, Hammer MF (March 2019).
551:Reconstructing Languages and Cultures
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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663:The University of Chicago Library
554:, Walter de Gruyter, 2011-06-24,
580:Papers in Jewish Demography 1997
548:Edgar C. Polomé, Werner Winter,
413:, the head of the Swiss federal
34:
903:Ethnic groups in Eastern Europe
862:The Face of East European Jewry
598:Molecular Biology and Evolution
45:needs additional citations for
472:History of the Jews in Ukraine
1:
755:Wade, Nicholas (9 May 2000).
467:History of the Jews in Russia
462:History of the Jews in Poland
409:were explicitly mentioned by
918:Society of Europe by country
399:Antisemitism in Switzerland
939:
898:Jews and Judaism in Europe
778:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
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343:established the region of
908:History of Eastern Europe
382:and those opposed to it (
337:three divisions of Poland
323:under the control of the
537:Rutgers University Press
325:Austria-Hungarian Empire
69:"Eastern European Jewry"
27:Bloc of Jewish diasporas
858:Das Ostjüdische Antlitz
635:In the Name of Humanity
422:antisemitism in Germany
218:Before the 18th century
838:Juden Auf Wanderschaft
729:10.1073/pnas.100115997
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271:Economics and commerce
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151:Eastern European Jewry
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637:. New York: Penguin.
633:Wallace, Max (2018).
611:10.1093/molbev/msz047
477:Council of Four Lands
359:Further information:
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200:collective settlement
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864:), with drawings by
539:, 1966. Pp. 302-303.
341:Yekaterina the Great
54:improve this article
685:"Who are the Jews?"
572:Sergio DellaPergola
256:Sergio DellaPergola
913:Religion in Europe
843:The Wandering Jews
800:on 28 October 2009
761:The New York Times
487:Pale of Settlement
432:The Wandering Jews
228:
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18:East European Jews
923:Culture of Europe
846:), translated by
814:cite encyclopedia
722:(12): 6769–6774.
644:978-1-5107-3497-5
560:978-3-11-086792-3
519:, May 29th, 2016.
411:Heinrich Rothmund
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834:Roth, Joseph
802:. Retrieved
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435:. After the
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415:Alien Police
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371:Franz Joseph
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110:January 2018
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52:Please help
47:verification
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804:27 December
701:November 8,
427:Joseph Roth
892:Categories
782:2013-07-19
766:10 October
529:Cecil Roth
493:References
251:Cecil Roth
186:, Russia,
80:newspapers
425:novelist
384:Misnagdim
180:Lithuania
856:(1920).
836:(1927).
748:10801975
683:(1993).
620:30840069
451:See also
407:Ostjuden
403:Ostjuden
380:Hasidism
319:, and a
164:Ostjuden
674:Sources
367:Galicia
355:Galicia
321:Galicia
204:Yiddish
196:Moldova
192:Hungary
188:Romania
184:Estonia
172:Belarus
168:Ukraine
94:scholar
793:Europe
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578:", in
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482:Shtetl
265:shtetl
246:רוסיתא
176:Latvia
160:Poland
156:Russia
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739:18733
695:(PDF)
688:(PDF)
101:JSTOR
87:books
820:link
806:2007
768:2012
744:PMID
703:2010
639:ISBN
616:PMID
556:ISBN
445:Łódź
335:The
211:Jews
158:and
73:news
734:PMC
724:doi
606:doi
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