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proposals that were in fact disguised attempts at land-grabbing. While minor encroachments continue even today, the East
Kolkata Wetlands still survive. Conservation Methods: 1. To demarcate the boundaries of the East Kolkata wetlands on the field. 2. To take measures or make an order to stop, undo and prevent any unauthorised development project in, or unauthorised use of, or unauthorised act on, the East Kolkata wetlands. 3. To make an order directing demolition or alteration of any hoarding, frame, post, kiosk, structure, neon-signed or sky-sign, erected or exhibited illegally for the purpose of advertisement on any land within the East Kolkata wetlands. 4. To make an order to prevent, prohibit or restrict any mining, quarrying, blasting, or other operations for the purpose of protecting or conserving the East Kolkata wetlands. 5. To take measures to abate pollution in the East Kolkata wetlands and conserve the flora, fauna and biodiversity in general. 6. To prepare action plans conforming to the resolutions taken and recommendations made, from time to time, under the Ramsar Convention and to update the land use maps of the East Kolkata wetlands. 7. To implement and monitor the activities specified in the action plans. 8. To promote research and disseminate findings of such research among the stakeholders; 9. To raise awareness about the utility of the wetlands in general and the East Kolkata wetlands in particular. 10. To promote basic conservation principles like sewage fed pisciculture and eco-tourism in the East Kolkata wetlands. 11. To enforce land use control in the substantially water body-oriented areas and other areas in the East Kolkata wetlands. 12. To detect changes of ecological character and in land use in the East Kolkata wetlands. 13. To establish network with other Ramsar Sites in India. 14. To conduct inquiry or scientific study within the scope of this project. 15. To constitute expert committee within the scope of this project. 16. To enter any land or premises, including to collect samples of air, water, soil and other biological resources, within the scope of this project. 17. To call for relevant records and documents and information from any department, organisation or local body within the scope of this project. 18. To do such act, or pass such order, which may be necessary and expedient for the purpose of conservation and management of the East Kolkata wetlands.
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arguing for the importance of the wetlands and why they should be left as they were. The order of
Justice Umesh Chandra Banerjee on this matter is considered a landmark judgment. Not only did it go into the definition of wetlands and a review of their status in countries such as Australia and the US, he also brought to bear his own research on their functional values and role in "maintaining micro-climatic conditions, absorbing pollution...habitat for aquatic flora fauna... providing a spill basin, and the fragility of the ecosystem." The outcome was that the proposal for the World Trade Centre was turned down in its original form and strict conditions were laid: "I do not find any justiciable reason to disagree with the opinion expressed by the environmentalists that wetland should be preserved and no interference or reclamation should be permitted."
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that needs to be explored and conserved. Soil samples collected from ECW shows the presence of various new strains of microbes which are not only ecologically important but also have commercial value (Ghosh, A., 2007). These include
Actinobacteria which are responsible for the degradation of nitrophenol, nitroaromatic compounds, pesticides and herbicides; Proteobacteria related to the bioremediation of heavy metals, degradation and recycling of woody tissues of plants, oil contaminated soil and toxic compounds and nitrogen fixation along with the cyanobacters; other bacteria playing important roles in metal accumulation, oil degradation, antimicrobial compound production, enzyme production etc. (Ghosh, A., 2007).
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Section 3(2) of the Act, 2006 has been amended and the composition of the EKWMA has been changed. The EKWMA is a thirteen (13) member body with the Chief
Secretary, Government of West Bengal, Secretaries of different Departments of State Govt. as well as four experts nominated by the State Govt. under the chairmanship of Minister-in-Charge, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal. The EKWMA is guided by the East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006, the East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2006, and the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017. This is probably only wetland which has state enacted laws as well as Central enacted laws applicable.
271:, Special Advisory (Agricultural Ecosystems), Commission on Ecosystem Management, IUCN, who reached this incredible but neglected part of the city when, while working as an engineer for the Government of West Bengal's Water & Sanitation Department, he was searching for an answer to the question: What exactly happens to the city sewage? These natural water bodies which were known just as fisheries provided the answer. Devised by local fishermen and farmers, these wetlands served, in effect, as the natural sewage treatment plant for the city. The East Kolkata Wetlands host the largest sewage fed aquaculture in the world.
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promoters of court and police. Forcing them to settle. That is why out of 25000 encroachment in EKW, the NGO PUBLIC has targeted only few. These allegations are typical of the slander that successful and sincere NGOs are subjected to. The fact is that PUBLIC has been selective in targeting violators so that they are made examples for real estate sharks and their cronies - therefore Srisri
Ravishankar's so-called Temple of Knowledge, which was fined by the Calcutta High Court for "forum shopping", a phrase used by the Court for legal gamesmanship.
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fish ponds – and the 20,000 people that work in them – daily transform one-third of the city's sewage and most of its domestic refuse into a rich harvest of fish and fresh vegetables. For example, the
Mudially Fishermen's Cooperative Society is a collective of 300 families that lease 70 hectares into which wastewater from the city is released. Through a series of natural treatment processes – including the use of
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295:. This was obtained in 2002. Finally, in 2006, as a reflection of state and civil society partnership, the East Kolkata Wetlands (Management & Conservation) Act was passed - the first such case of a major environmental legislation being enacted by a state - as distinct from the central - government.
576:
____ (2001). Report of the committee to look into all aspects of the existing and permissible land uses in the East
Kolkata Wetland Area, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal. _____ (2004)Report of the committee for formulation of the guidelines for preparation of management plan of
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The East
Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006 represents an important landmark as it paved way for establishment of the East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority (EKWMA) for conservation and management of the EKW. The EKWMA is constituted under Section 3 of the Act, 2006. In 2017
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disposal. Originally built to house one million (10 lakh) people, Kolkata is now home to over 10 million (over 1 crore) people, with nearly one-third of them living in slums. But the 8,000-hectare East
Kolkata Wetlands Ramsar Site, a patchwork of tree-fringed canals, vegetable plots, rice paddies and
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____b (1945). 'Draionage (rural) of the area falling with the outer zone, which is to be investigated by the
Calcutta Drainage Committee, Appendix IX', Reports of the committee to inquire into the drainage condition of Calcutta and adjoining area, Drainage Enquiry Committee, Government of Bengal,
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____ (1997). 'Economic benefits of wetland vegetation for rural population in West Bengal India', in W. Giesen (ed), Wetland Biodiversity and Development, proceedings of workshop of the International Conference on Wetland and Development, held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 9–13 October 1995. Wetlands
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Many city promoters have silently accepted the dominance of Bonani Kakkar . Many promoters have told anonymously that they settle with them with consideration otherwise the NGO PUBLIC run by Kakkar will take them to court. The business model of this is weaponising environmental issues and threat to
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Sewell, R. B.(1934). A study of the fauna of the Salt Lake, Calcutta. Record of the Indian Museum. 36. Stewart. D. (1836). 'Report on the project of The Salt Lake Reclamation & Irrigation Company Limited', in Selection from the records of the Bengal Government, (containing papers from 1985 to
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Microbial Diversity is an integral part of biodiversity which includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and protists (Ghosh, A., 2007). East Kolkata Wetland shows an immense diversity of flora and fauna both at the macro and micro level. Microbial richness of a region is its unseen asset
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______ (1964). 'Reclamation of Salt Lakes - Dr. B. C. Roy's dream' in A. Home (ed.), The Calcutta Municipal Gazette: Official organ of the Corporation of Calcutta, Central Municipal Office, Calcutta, India, 81(6&7). CMW&SA (1996). Sustaining Calcutta, Present Status Report of the Urban
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In 1991 the West Bengal Government accepted an offer by a non-resident Indian to build a World Trade Centre and allotted 227 acres of wetlands for this purpose. As a result, the NGO People United for Better Living in Calcutta (PUBLIC) filed a public interest litigation in the Calcutta High Court
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NBSAP(2002). National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, West Bengal State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal and Ramkrishna Mission Narendrapur, West Bengal, India, executed by Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India,
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Ghosh,A.K. and Shreela Chakrabarti (1999).Human Interventions and Changing Status. Sci. Cult., 65:36 -38. Ghosh,A.K.(2004). Avian Diversity of East Calcutta Wetlands. Environ,9 (1):8 - 13. Ghosh, S. K., and Ghosh, D. (2003). Rehabilitating Biodiversity: A community-based initiatives in the East
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Over the years, these wetlands have faced continuing threats and encroachment. In many instances, the original petitioner, PUBLIC, has had to go to court (High Court, Supreme Court, the National Green Tribunal) to argue on the basis of the 1992 judgment and the later EKW Act to ward off project
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____ (2002) Wetland Ecosystem, West Bengal State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal and Ramkrishna Mission Narendrapur, West Bengal, India, executed by Ministry of Environment and Forest,
936:"East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority (EKWMA) | the East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006 represents an important landmark as it paved way for establishment of the East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority (EKWMA) for conservation and management of the EKW"
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especially in the Salt Lake and Rajarhat sectors. Nowadays, land encroachment and land alteration are the important aspect of threats for East Kolkata Wetland (EKW). Transformation from wetland to fishing pond, i.e., aquaculture field are become a potential threat to EKW (Ghosh et al. 2018).
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are on the rise and the wetlands are being slowly assimilated in the stream city. This unprecedented land development and urbanisation are creating concerns about the impact on the environment. Wetlands are under threat due to exponential expansion of real-estate projects in eastern Kolkata
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Following the order of the Calcutta High Court in 1992,to its credit, the State Government did not appeal but accepted the ruling. In fact, the Environment Secretary, Kalyan Biswas, applied for the East Calcutta Wetlands to be designated a "wetland of international importance" under the
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Ghosh, S./ K., and Mitra, A. (1997). Flora and Fauna of East Calcutta Wetlands, Project report of Creative Research Group, East Calcutta Wetlands and Waste Recycling (Primary data), Environmental Improvement Programme, Calcutta Metropolitan Water and Sanitation Authority.
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Costanza, R., d'Agre, R.,m Groot, R. de, Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limbujrg, K., Naeem, S.O., Neill, R. V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R. G., Sutton P., and Belt, M. van den (1997).'The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital', Nature, vol. 387.
260:. The wetlands cover 125 square kilometres and include salt marshes, and agricultural fields, sewage farms and settling ponds. The wetlands are also used to treat Kolkata's sewage, and the nutrients contained in the wastewater sustain fish farms and agriculture.
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Maiti, P and Banerjee, S. (1999). Heavy metal in wastewater ponds in and around Calcutta and their effect on Mammalian System contaminated through fish raised in wastewater improvement, Annual report (1998–1999), Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta.
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Sarkar, R. (2002). Valuing the ecosystem benefits of treatment of manmade wetlands using conventional economic indicators - a case study of the East Calcutta Wetlands, Occasional Papers no. 01/2002, Department of Business Management, University of Calcutta.
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Chakraborty, S. (1970). 'Some consideration on the evolution of physiography of Bengal', in A. B. Chatterjee, A. Gupta, and P. K. Mukhopadhyay (eds.), West Bengal, Geographical Institute, Presidency College, Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, Calcutta, India.
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Ghosh, S. K., and Ghosh D. (2003). Community based rehabilitation of wetlands in West Bengal, India, S. B. Ray et al. (ed.), Contemporary Studies in Natural Resource Management in India, Forest Studies Series, Inter-India Publication, New Delhi.
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The area is also home to large numbers of coconut and betel nut trees. Many varieties of vegetables are farmed here, including cauliflower, eggplant, pumpkin, sunflower and sacred basil. Tracts of land are dedicated to paddy cultivation as well.
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3. Ghosh, A., Maity, B., Chakrabarti, K., Chattopadhyay, D. (2007). Bacterial diversity of East Calcutta Wet land area: possible identification of potential bacterial population for different biotechnological uses. Microb Ecol. Oct;54(3):452-9.
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Ghosh, A., Maity, B., Chakrabarti, K., Chattopadhyay, D. (2007). Bacterial diversity of East Calcutta Wet land area: possible identification of potential bacterial population for different biotechnological uses. Microb Ecol. Oct;54(3):452-9.
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Instit;ute for Wetland Management and Ecological Design (1997). A study on the status of sewage of Calcutta as carrier of pollutants, nutrients and sediments, Report submitted to the West Bengal Pollution Control Board, Calcutta.
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DEC a (1945). 'History of the Gangetic Delta, Appendix 1 a', Report of the committee to inquire into the drainage conditions of Calcutta and adjoining area, Drainage Enquiry Committee, Government of Bengalk, Calcutta, India.
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1. Urban Wastewater: Livelihoods, Health and Environmental Impacts in India: The Case of the East Calcutta Wetlands by Gautam Gupta, Jadavpur University (see: www.iwmi.cgiar.org/ ... /Urban%20Wastewater%20WS_Kolkata.pdf ).
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Clarke, W. (1865). 'Report of the project of The Salt Lake Reclamation & Irrigation Company Limited', in Selections from the Records of the Bengal Government (containing papers from 1865 to 1904), Calcutta, India.
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Trisal, C. L., and Zutshi, D. P. (1985). 'Ecology and Management of Wetland Ecosystems in India', Paper presented at the Regional Meeting of the National MAB Committee of Central and South Asian Countries, New Delhi.
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East Kolkata Wetland, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal. Department of Fisheries (1983). Report on study of heavy metal in sewage-fed fisheries, Department of Fisheries, Government of West Bengal.
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Ghosh, S. K. (2002). Reclamation and enhancement of biodiversity of the East Calcutta Wetlands, Project report prepared for British Council, Calcutta, implemented through WWF- India, West Bengal State Office.
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Kolkata is an example of how natural wetlands are sometimes being utilised in developing countries. Using the purification capacity of wetlands, the Indian city of Kolkata has pioneered a system of
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Larson, J.S. (1976). (ed.). Models for Assessment of Freshwater Wetlands, Water Resources Research Centre, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA. publication no. 32, completion report FY 76–5.
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____ (1983). Sewage treatment fisheries in East Calcutta Wetlands, mimeographed, (not available for checking), Reports to the Department of Fisheries, Government of West Bengal, Calcutta, India.
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Mukherjee, D.P., Kumar, B., and Saha, R.(2005) Performance of Sewage - Ponds in Treating Wastewater (unpublished report), Central Pollution Control Board, Eastern Regional Office, Kolkata.
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Ghosh, D., and Furedy, C. (1984). 'Resource Conserving Traditions and Waste Disposal: The Garbage Farms and Sewage-fed Fisheries of Calcutta', Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 7, No. 2-4.
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ISI (2001). Report on Environmental Conservation and Valuation of East Calcutta Wetlands 999–2000, World Bank aided 'India Environmental Capacity Building' Technical Assistance Project.
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CMG (1945). 'Some facts about Calcutta drainage', in A. Home (ed.), The Calcutta Municipal Gazette: Official organ of the corporation, Central Municipal Office, Calcutta, India, 42(7).
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Ghosh, D. (1978). Ecological Study of Some selected Urban and Semi-urban Centers of West Bengal and suggesting certain controls of the Ecosystem, Ph.D. thesis, University of Calcutta.
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Government of India, technical implementation by Kalpavrissh and administrative co-ordination by Biotech Consortium, India Ltd., funded by Global Environmental Facility through UNDP.
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____(2001). 'Empowering the Ecologically Handicapped; in V. G. Martin and M. A. Parthasarathy (eds.), Wilderness and Humanity: the Global Issues, Flcrum Publishing, Golden, Colorado.
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Deb, S. C., and Santra, S. C. (1996). 'Bio-accumulation of metals in sewage fed aquatic system - a case study from Calcutta (India)', International Journal of Environmental Studies.
417:. Over 40 species of birds can be spotted at the wetlands. The process of urbanisation however, is leading to the disappearance of many bird species from the area. (Ghosh,A,K, 2004)
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DOE (1999). Development and Management of the Calcutta canal systems and wetlands, Report of the committee constituted by the Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal.
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Irrigation and Waterways Directorate (1959). Final Report of the West Bengal Flood Enquiry committee, Government of West Bengal, Irrigation and Waterways Department, Calcutta.
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David, A. (1959). 'Effect of Calcutta sewage upon the fisheries of the Kulti estuary and connected cultivable fisheries', Journal of Asiatic Society (Bengal), vol. 1, No. 4.
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____ (1997). Base line document for management action plan, East Calcutta Wetlands and Waste Recycling Region, Calcutta Metropolitan Water and Sanitation Authority, Kolkata.
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Barbier, E.B., Acreman, M., and Knowler, D. (1997). Economic valuation of wetlands - A guide for policy makers and planners, Ramsar Copnvention Bureau, Gland, Switzerland.
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Several kinds of water hyacinths grow across these wetlands. Local farmers and fisher folk use water hyacinth to create a buffer between land and water to minimise erosion.
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______(1992). 'Developing Waterlogged Areas for Urban Fishery and Waterfront Recreation Project', AMBIO, Journal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, vol. 21, No. 2.
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are significant in and around East Calcutta Wetlands. Approximately 20 mammals are reported from this region. Snakes found in the East Calcutta Wetland include the
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technical implementation by Kalpavriksh and administrative co-ordination by Biotech Consortium, India Ltd., funded by Global Environmental Facility through UNDP.
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Holling, C. S., Schindler, D.W., Walker, B.W., and Roughgarden, J.(1955). 'Biodiversity in the functioning of the ecosystem, an ecological synthesis', in Parings
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Ghosh, S. K., and Santra, S.C. (1996). 'Domestic and Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Some Common Tropical Aquatic Macrophytes', Indian Biologist. vol 28 (1).
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Ghosh,A.K and Chakrabarty, Satyesh(1997). Management of East Calcutta Wetlands and Canal Systems. A Report, CEMSAP,Dept.Environment Govt. West Bengal, 1–188.
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Good R.E., Whigham, D. F., and Simpson, R.L.(1978). (eds.) Freshwater Wetlands, Ecological Processes and Management Potential, Academic Press, New York.
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Ghosh, S., Dinda, S., Chatterjee, N. D., & Das, K. (2018). Analyzing risk factors for shrinkage and transformation of East Kolkata Wetland, India.
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Schuyt, K., and Brander, L. (2004). 'The Economic Values of World's Wetlands', Living Waters, Conserving the source of life, WWF, Gland/Amsterdam.
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Deb, S. C., Das, K. K., and Santra, S. C. (1996). 'Studies on the productivity of sewage-fed ecosystem', Journal of Environmental Protection, 12.
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2. S.Ray Choudhury, A. R. Thakur. Microbial Genetic Resource Mapping of East Kolkata Wetland. Current Science, Vol. 91, No. 2, 2006 25 July.
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and other plants for absorbing oil, grease and heavy metals – the Cooperative has turned the area into a thriving fish farm and nature park.
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Ghosh,A.K(.1990 ). Biological Resources of East Calcutta Wetlands. Indian J Landscape System and Ecological Studies,13 (1):10 - 23
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It's not widely known that Wetlands Day originated in Kolkata on June 16, 1990, seven years prior to the establishment of
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Sewage fed aquaculture based artificial wetland, like East Kolkata Wetland (EKW), is a robust example of potential
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There are about 100 plant species, which have been recorded in and around the East Calcutta Wetlands, including
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and spin-off. EKW can sequester ~1.9 Mg C/ha/year, mitigating at least ~118 Gg atmospheric CO
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472:/year. Plus, carbon uptake by harvested fish crop corresponds to ~61 Gg CO
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Numerous species of fish are farmed in the sewage-fed ponds called
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Bird species of East Kolkata Weltands - A photographic collection
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Complex of natural and human-made wetlands lying east of Kolkata
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834:"Celebrating Wetlands Day on June 16 – Scope Kolkata"
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CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
968:
East Calcutta Wetlands (World Wildlife Fund, India)
741:1964), Government of West Bengal, Calcutta, India.
202:
194:
186:
177:
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978:Facebook Group dedicated to East Kolkata Wetlands
476:/year - rewarding US$ 3.6/kg blue C harvested.
1026:
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355:in the East Kolkata wetlands. These include
1541:Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary
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1019:
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973:East Kolkata Wetlands (New Agriculturist)
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
405:Common bronzeback or Daudin's bronzeback
1536:Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve
997:, National Biodiversity Authority, 2005
775:
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881:All India Reporter 1993 Calcutta 215
282:Protecting the East Kolkata Wetlands
96:adding citations to reliable sources
278:by the Ramsar Secretariat in 1997.
1576:Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary
1571:Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex
14:
1561:Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest
460:Role in climate change mitigation
36:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
1480:Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve
952:
72:
23:
902:Wetlands Ecology and Management
480:Conservation and Management Act
363:. The area is also home to the
83:needs additional citations for
1:
1556:Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary
1546:Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary
1256:Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
1168:Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
658:Spatial Information Research
653:International Kuala Lumpur.
1647:Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary
1586:Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary
1793:
1531:Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary
914:10.1007/s11273-019-09661-8
248:lying east of the city of
1596:Vembannur Wetland Complex
1485:Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary
1465:Beas Conservation Reserve
791:Sites Information Service
210:
1642:Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
858:Nagrika (7 April 2024).
784:"East Calcutta Wetlands"
314:Sagittaria montividensis
49:may contain suggestions.
34:may need to be rewritten
1657:Samaspur Bird Sanctuary
1551:Karikili Bird Sanctuary
1163:Sultanpur National Park
220:East Kolkata Waterlands
107:"East Kolkata Wetlands"
1591:Vellode Bird Sanctuary
1581:Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary
1508:Keoladeo National Park
1427:Bhitarkanika Mangroves
451:Microbial Biodiversity
265:East Calcutta Wetlands
242:East Calcutta Wetlands
233:
228:Nalban, a part of the
221:
190:East Calcutta Wetlands
1772:Ramsar sites in India
1709:East Kolkata Wetlands
1042:Ramsar sites in India
890:AIR 1993 Calcutta 231
397:buff striped keelback
369:small Indian mongoose
240:(officially known as
238:East Kolkata Wetlands
227:
219:
1777:Constructed wetlands
1767:Geography of Kolkata
1662:Sandi Bird Sanctuary
1652:Saman Bird Sanctuary
1284:Vembanad-Kol Wetland
993:4 March 2016 at the
871:– via YouTube.
838:www.scopekolkata.org
432:Eichhornia crassipes
410:Dendrelaphis tristis
320:Cryptocoryne ciliata
92:improve this article
1739: /
1566:Pichavaram Mangrove
1358:Nandur Madhameshwar
812:"Dhrubajyoti Ghosh"
267:was coined by late
1667:Sarsai Nawar Jheel
389:smooth water snake
381:checkered keelback
377:small Indian civet
327:Acrostichum aureum
276:World Wetlands Day
234:
222:
203:Reference no.
1743:22.555°N 88.451°E
1722:
1721:
1714:Sundarban Wetland
1677:Upper Ganga River
1637:Haiderpur Wetland
1632:Bakhira Sanctuary
1437:Hirakud Reservoir
1279:Sasthamkotta Lake
1274:Ashtamudi Wetland
1224:Shallbugh Wetland
1206:Jammu and Kashmir
570:Calcutta, India.
442:Recently illegal
401:Amphiesma stolata
393:Enhydris enhydris
293:Ramsar Convention
269:Dhrubajyoti Ghosh
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148:December 2017
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1693:Asan Barrage
1513:Sambhar Lake
1447:Tampara Lake
1432:Chilika Lake
1422:Anshupa Lake
1404:Pala Wetland
1330:Sakhya Sagar
1325:Bhoj Wetland
1233:Mansar Lakes
1186:Chandra Taal
1058:Kolleru Lake
930:
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865:. Retrieved
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173:Designations
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90:Please help
85:verification
82:
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43:You can help
33:
1746: /
1701:West Bengal
1687:Uttarakhand
1672:Sur Sarovar
1386:Loktak Lake
1368:Thane Creek
1350:Maharashtra
1335:Sirpur Lake
1196:Renuka Lake
1094:Kanwar Lake
1076:Deepor Beel
466:carbon sink
438:Controversy
357:silver carp
254:West Bengal
55:August 2020
1761:Categories
1734:88°27′04″E
1731:22°33′18″N
1523:Tamil Nadu
1363:Lonar Lake
1238:Wular Lake
1135:Nalsarovar
1112:Nanda Lake
814:. LinkedIn
505:References
373:Palm civet
195:Designated
118:newspapers
1500:Rajasthan
1302:Tsomoriri
1248:Karnataka
1140:Thol Lake
1130:Khijadiya
922:108292654
818:28 August
444:landfills
263:The name
232:Wetlands.
47:talk page
1229:Surinsar
991:Archived
796:25 April
771:Specific
415:mongoose
250:Calcutta
246:wetlands
1606:Tripura
1396:Mizoram
1378:Manipur
1307:Tso Kar
1155:Haryana
1122:Gujarat
489:Sources
361:tilapia
132:scholar
1457:Punjab
1414:Odisha
1294:Ladakh
1266:Kerala
920:
867:20 May
789:Ramsar
753:et al.
672:et al.
427:sewage
403:) and
353:bheris
134:
127:
120:
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45:. The
1086:Bihar
1068:Assam
918:S2CID
843:2 May
347:Fauna
307:Flora
258:India
139:JSTOR
125:books
869:2024
845:2024
820:2018
798:2018
375:and
367:and
359:and
236:The
206:1208
111:news
1104:Goa
910:doi
395:),
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256:in
94:by
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