1365:, "Generally written Limburgish") was developed and proposed, but found too little support. Today the so-called "Veldeke-spelling" which was first applied in the 1940s is most of the time used to write in a specific Limburgish dialect. In 2000 the parliament of the province of Dutch Limburg enacted a measure establishing the Limburgish Language Council (Raod veur 't Limburgs), a committee which advises the Parliament of Dutch Limburg on measures in relation to Limburgish. In 2003 the Limburgish Language Council adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish. On the basis of this standard orthography the Limburgish Academy Foundation (
4260:
1756:. As usual inside dialect continua, neighboring languages have a maximum of similarities, and speakers being used to the rather small individual lingual differences in their immediate neighborhood perceive them as close, and familiar, while more distant ones become gradually harder to understand with distance. That ends, in the Dutch–German continuum at least, most often with incomprehensible dialects. Isoglosses are so dense in this area that practically every village or town has its own distinct dialect of Limburgish. Large cities such as
4275:
8126:
5055:
2266:
596:
84:
145:
1385:. It is especially in the Dutch province of Limburg that Limburgish is used not only in everyday speech, but also often in more formal situations and on the local and regional radio. According to a study by Geert Driessen, in 2011 Limburgish was spoken by 54 percent of the adults and 31 percent of the children. Limburgish has no real written tradition, except for its early beginnings.
1419:
43:
1405:
50% to 90% of the population speak a local or regional form of
Limburgish, which seems to be a clear overestimation. Moreover, research into some specific variants seems to indicate a gradual process of development towards the national standardised Dutch, especially amongst younger generations. In Belgium, the Limburgish dialects are more endangered than in the Netherlands.
4760:
4768:
1130:
4776:
884:
1309:, part of High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the latter stance defines a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. It is nevertheless most common in linguistics to consider Limburgish as Low Franconian.
4810:
with a push tone is the plural form, "days" (in addition, can also be articulated in a neutral tone as a third possibility. In this case, it means "bye-bye" ). In the preceding example, the difference is grammatical, but not lexical. An example of a lexical difference caused only by tone is the word
1404:
To what degree
Limburgish actually is spoken in Germany today remains a matter of debate. Not depending on the city in these parts of Germany, less than 50% of the population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish. Depending on the city in these parts of Belgium, according to A, Schuck (2001)
2350:
Rhine) are unambiguously Low
Franconian. As discussed above, Limburgish straddles the borderline between "Low Franconian" and "Middle Franconian" varieties. These Southern Meuse-Rhenish dialects are more-or-less mutually intelligible with the Ripuarian dialects, but have not been influenced by the
2349:
The Meuse-Rhenish dialects can be divided into
Northern and Southern varieties. Hence, Limburgish is Southern Meuse-Rhenish as spoken in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Lower Rhine. The Northern Meuse-Rhenish dialects as spoken in the Netherlands and in Germany (a little eastward along the
4938:
Other research has indicated that the push tone has a steeper fall in the eastern dialects of
Limburgish (e.g. those of Venlo, Roermond and Maasbracht) than it has in western dialects. In addition, both the phonetic realisation and the syllable-based distribution of the contrasts between push and
1500:
On the other hand, Limburgish is not recognised by the German and
Belgian national governments as an official language. An attempt at recognition, made after Limburgish had been recognised in the Netherlands, failed in the Belgian parliament due to Flemish opposition. Because in Belgium political
1207:
itself is specific to the
Netherlands and Belgium, where it used by linguists and speakers alike and is strongly connected to the cultural and regional identity of the inhabitants of both Belgian and Dutch Limburg. This regional identity is notably absent from the speakers of closely related Low
1496:
language authority which asserted that it had not been asked for advice, opposed the recognition. From the
Limburgish side it has been argued that the arguments put forth against the recognition of Limburgish were not based on linguistic considerations, but rather a concern for maintaining the
1768:
have several local dialect varieties. The named cities have in common, that they are large enough to in part extend outside the area of the dialect group. Thus each has one or more quarters outside, having vernacular languages belonging to adjacent groups, such as
Kleverlandish or Ripuarian.
1270:
From the end of the 20th century on, Limburgish has developed a sense of autonomy from the traditional Dutch-German dipole as
Limburgish linguists and functionaries consider it explicitly distinct from Dutch and German, as affirmed by the Covenant of the Limburgish language which politically
1033:
Since Limburgish is still the mother tongue of many inhabitants in the aforementioned region, Limburgish grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation can have a significant impact on the way locals speak Dutch in public life. Limburgish shares vocabulary and grammatical characteristics with both
1332:
Currently Limburgish – although being essentially a variety of Low Franconian – still has a considerable distance from Standard Dutch with regards to phonology, morphology and lexicon. Standard Dutch, which developed mostly from West Low Franconian dialects such as
2519:
Limburgish has many varieties hence there isn't a standard written form. However the Limburgish Language Council has adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish since 2003 and it is used in its websites as well as dictionaries. This is the form presented below.
2378:) is the term used by dialectologists in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands to describe the dialect group that encompasses the Limburgish varieties of Belgian and Dutch Limburg, and also the closely related dialects in adjacent areas in Belgium (e.g.
1501:
power is divided according to linguistic lines, recognizing Limburgish as an official language would have had considerable constitutional implications and undermine the small majority Flemish speakers hold over Walloon speakers in the Belgian State.
888:
892:
890:
886:
885:
891:
4196:, the vowel inventory of the dialect of Weert is perhaps the richest in the world. It has 28 vowels, among which there are 12 long monophthongs (three of which surface as centering diphthongs), 10 short monophthongs and 6 diphthongs.
1021:
and some grammatical and pronunciation tendencies derived from Limburgish. This "Limburgish Dutch" is confusingly also often referred to simply as "Limburgish", although in Belgium such intermediate languages tend to be called
889:
1312:
The traditional terminology can be confusing as the differences between the historical groupings Old West Franconian and Old East Franconian (which mainly concern certain vowel variations and the presence of
1094:. In the area around the old Duchy of Limburg the main language today is French, but there is also a particular cluster of Limburgish (or Limburgish-like, depending on definitions) dialects. The use of
1389:
wrote in a Middle Limburgish dialect. Especially in the Netherlands, the cultural meaning of the language is also important. Many song texts are written in a Limburgish dialect, for example during
2117:
is used by Jo Daan for the entire province north of the Uerdingen line, whereas other linguists use it only for the part that has tonality, the language north of this region then being considered
8466:
4873:
Historically, pitch accent in Limburgish and Central Franconian developed independently from accent systems in other Indo-European languages. While contrastive accent can be reconstructed for
4783:
The pitch accent means having two different accents used in stressed syllables. The difference between these two accents is used for differentiating both various grammatical forms of a single
2163:) also have many Limburgish characteristics. An important difference between these dialects and the adjacent ones in the Dutch province of Limburg is, however, that the second-person pronoun
5324:
Plural and diminutive nouns based on Umlaut start to prevail east towards Germany. However, towards the west, the phonemic distinction between dragging and pushing tone will stop just before
5368:
in their masculine and feminine singular forms and always in plural, but no ending in their neuter singular form. When combined with a masculine noun in singular adjectives may also end on
1244:
The classification of Limburgish is contended by different national traditions. Within the context of historical linguistics, Limburgish is regarded as one of the five main dialects of
945:
1345:) for the Limburgish varieties spoken in the Netherlands and Belgium. The speakers of Limburgish or South Low Franconian dialects in Germany use Standard German as their Dachsprache.
8317:
870:
6709:
Niederländische Philologie, FU Berlin: Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands: Een inleiding tot de taalkunde van het Nederlands; Diversiteit van het Middelnederlands, 2022
6766:"talig-erfgoedbeleid | Rob Belemans Van Hilepani tot Hasselt → Charters, conventies, taalpolitiek en immaterieel erfgoed, Faro. Tijdschrift over Cultureel Erfgoed. Jaargang 2"
7128:
1478:
1158:
6580:
1157:
refers to the varieties spoken in Dutch and Belgian Limburg. It is likewise legally defined through the Dutch recognition of Limburgish as a regional language under the
6815:
5130:
De noordewind en de zon hadde en drökke discussie euver de vraog wee vaan hunen twieje de sterkste waor, toen zjuus iemand veurbij kaom dee nen dikke, werme jas aonhad.
1321:
in Low Franconian, which did not occur until the advent of the Middle Dutch period. The period of High German influence lasted until the 13th century, after which the
4897:
of a following consonant, and became phonemic with sound changes that must have occurred after 1100 CE such as lengthening of short vowels in open syllables, loss of
887:
10778:
8459:
8114:
5111:
De naorderwèndj en de zon weuren an disketaere ever wieë von hin twae het sterrekste weur, toên koem ter dzjuus eejmand verbae diê nen dikke, werme jas àànhaa.
8803:
1248:, although this is not considered to be a homogeneous language, but a retrofit definition based on the region where Dutch is currently an official language.
606:
8452:
8310:
1121:(Dutch: "countryside") and can in effect sometimes mean simply "slang" in the sense of any very informal, rustic or locally unique words or expressions.
863:
1302:
being absorbed by these varieties. It is the adoption of these phonological traits that resulted in Limburgish being classified as East Low Franconian.
10793:
7619:
Boersma, Paul (2017). "The history of the Franconian tone contrast". In Wolfgang Kehrein; Björn Köhnlein; Paul Boersma; Marc van Oostendorp (eds.).
1445:
1429:
1317:) is different from the modern modern dialectal dichotomy between Western and Eastern Low Franconian, which is based on the presence or absence of
6963:
6927:
De Taalpolitiek van koning Willem i in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, 1814-1830, de genesis der taalbesluiten en hun toepassing, door A. de Jonghe ...
8071:
6715:
6710:
10758:
8303:
7801:
7668:
7641:
7481:
7187:
6908:
6630:
5475:(Maastrichtian: "That man is crazy"). Except for neuter adjectives which sometimes get -t: "'t Eint of 't angert", though this is dying out.
4375:
856:
1259:, especially among German dialectologists. Belgian/Dutch linguistics considers it in the context of Limburgian-Ripuarian, together with the
9340:
8092:
7780:
6187:, a medieval writer from the region, is referred to as both one of the earlier writers in German and one of the earliest writers in Dutch.
2346:
language domination. At the dialectal level however, mutual understanding is still possible far beyond both sides of the national borders.
1117:", which are derived from dialects spoken in the more mountainous southerly regions. The word "plat" is therefore associated both with the
7000:
4030:
7093:
8084:
with dictionaries Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish and a history of the Limburgish language
7821:
Syntaktische Besonderheiten im Aachener Dreilãndereck. Eine Übersicht begleitet von einer Analyse aus politisch-gesellschaftlicher Sicht
7448:
4065:
3936:
5039:
In some parts of Limburg, the tonal plural is being replaced with the Dutch forms among the younger generation, so that the plural for
2334:. The northwestern part of this triangle came under the influence of the Dutch standard language, especially since the founding of the
8107:
7124:
4922:, the dragging tone itself is bitonal, while it has also been proved that this is not the case in the adjacent Limburgish dialects of
4396:
4074:
2295:
river. Modern linguists, both in the Netherlands and in Germany, now often combine these distinct varieties with the Cleves dialects (
1079:
10773:
7251:
6380:
6355:
6323:
6268:
4251:, "street"). This is not the case, however, in the dialects of for example Venlo, Weert, Maastricht, Echt, Montfort and Posterholt.
2335:
246:
228:
126:
70:
6671:
Cor Hoppenbrouwers: De indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen dialecten van 156 steden en dorpen geklasseerd volgens de FFM, 2001.
5364:
According to their declension, Limburgish adjectives can be grouped into two classes. Adjectives of the first class get the ending
6589:
4866:
or many languages of Africa and Central America, although such "classical" tone languages make much more use of tone distinctions
8796:
4206:
3984:
3943:
3837:
2253:
starts a little south of the area between the villages of 's-Gravenvoeren and Sint-Martens-Voeren in the Belgian municipality of
2136:
isogloss, also known as the "mich-kwartier". This makes this Limburgish isogloss the northernmost of all. Venlo lies between the
7889:
6949:
6167:
Historically, the vocabulary of the varieties of Limburgish spoken within current Belgian territory has been more influenced by
9725:
7072:
4607:
4537:
4438:
4382:
3929:
3665:
3555:
3451:
3368:
3264:
3122:
2998:
2762:
1433:
619:
93:
10788:
7271:
6822:
4567:
2148:. All dialects in the Dutch province of Limburg spoken north of the tonality border are Kleverlandish in linguistic respect.
2111:
dialects and are closer to Standard Dutch than the more southern language varieties (see e.g. Hoppenbrouwers 2001). The term
166:
6623:
Handbook of Literacy in Diglossia and in Dialectal Contexts: Psycholinguistic, Neurolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives
6536:
10763:
10753:
10619:
8100:
4544:
3991:
3890:
2197:
area, and stretches further Northeast. Belgian linguists use a more refined classification. Dutch linguists use the term
7551:
2279:
Limburgish is spoken in a considerable part of the German Lower Rhine area. This area extends from the border regions of
209:
10748:
10649:
9819:
9781:
9766:
9093:
8765:
8737:
8326:
8248:
4574:
4553:
4417:
4238:
3977:
1342:
844:
663:
4192:
Overall, Limburgish dialects tend to have more consonants than Dutch. They also tend to have more vowels. According to
181:
10629:
10489:
9839:
9798:
9788:
8789:
8258:
8235:
6611:
Frans Debrabandere: Limburgs etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van woorden uit beide Limburgen, Davidsfonds, 2011.
5033:("a yellow pear", with push tone). This tonal shift also occurs when the adjective gets an inflectional ending, as in
4588:
4507:
4424:
4345:
4137:
3961:
2351:
1318:
1299:
1294:, the dialects which would result in Limburgish were influenced by the High German dialects spoken around the city of
493:
162:
56:
1113:
refers simply to the fact that the language is spoken in the low plains country, as opposed to the use of "High" in "
1009:
spoken in the Belgian and Dutch provinces of Limburg. Within the modern communities of these provinces, intermediate
1005:
Although frequently misunderstood as such, Limburgish as a linguistic term does not refer to the regional variety of
10803:
10798:
9005:
8552:
8346:
5372:, under the same phonological conditions which apply to articles. To this class belong most adjectives ending on a
5091:
4621:
4041:
3823:
1083:
4259:
188:
10768:
10346:
7916:
Gussenhoven, C.; van der Vliet, P. (1999). "The phonology of tone and intonation in the Dutch dialect of Venlo".
4867:
4628:
4514:
4449:
4410:
4352:
4107:
3952:
3844:
1325:
extended its power, which resulted in a marked Brabantian influence, first among the western (i.e. spoken up to
1279:
413:
10783:
10624:
10578:
10573:
10497:
10107:
10091:
9970:
9829:
4523:
4361:
4274:
4162:
3830:
957:
629:
580:
31:
10405:
6031:
is added under the same phonological conditions which apply to articles and adjectives. Deletion of the final
1191:
In more recent linguistic publications, some linguists further narrow this traditional definition by defining
586:
7620:
7120:
6647:
4979:
means the same here. This difference has been examined in particular by Ben Hermans and Marc van Oostendorp.
517:
487:– Statutory provincial language in Limburg Province (1996, Ratification Act, ECRML, No. 136), effective 1997.
10563:
10507:
10502:
10422:
10095:
10045:
9803:
9345:
9163:
8847:
8835:
8770:
7302:
7241:
R. Belemans; J. Kruijsen; J. Van Keymeulen. DBNL (Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren) (ed.).
4827:
4007:
3876:
3851:
1484:
However, some linguists have argued that this recognition was highly politically motivated and done more on
1437:
1165:
1141:
can refer to all varieties spoken within either the Belgian or Dutch province of Limburg, the South-East of
535:
408:
398:
195:
155:
4763:
Extent (orange) of the region where a pitch accent was historically used in The Benelux, France and Germany
10568:
10050:
10016:
9634:
9450:
9310:
9150:
9045:
8500:
7250:
R. Belemans; J. Kruijsen; J. Van Keymeulen. ReWo (Permanent Overlegorgaan Regionale Woordenboeken) (ed.).
4742:
4735:
4731:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4653:
4647:
4181:
4174:
4170:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4131:
4090:
4000:
3897:
3735:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
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2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2770:
1369:) is creating Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish dictionaries.
999:
772:
336:
97:
4819:, which is articulated with a dragging tone and means "at". This contrastive pitch accent also occurs in
2301:). This superordinating group of Low Franconian varieties (between the rivers Meuse and Rhine) is called
10726:
10690:
9958:
9951:
9903:
9673:
9644:
9613:
9576:
9501:
9350:
9258:
9171:
9032:
8994:
8747:
8716:
8675:
8599:
8351:
8243:
7242:
6765:
4017:
3883:
3777:
3770:
2242:
2096:
1921:
1354:
1212:. In German linguistic discourse too, the term is uncommon with German linguists instead tending to use
1196:
1114:
1091:
991:
728:
348:
307:
10191:
9066:
6971:
1837:
177:
6160:
due to a heavy influence from the two. However, some of the basic vocabulary is rooted in neighboring
2001:
1969:
1953:
1877:
1869:
1823:
1799:
782:
10695:
10675:
10644:
10517:
10377:
10351:
10252:
10123:
9941:
9533:
9360:
9322:
9317:
9191:
9138:
8896:
8760:
8732:
8647:
8402:
8276:
8266:
8130:
6201:
6196:
4236:
4204:
4135:
4119:
4117:
4105:
3904:
3786:
2022:
1853:
1775:
1489:
1283:
1264:
1030:("in-between language"), no matter the exact dialect/language with which standard Dutch is combined.
703:
7350:
6940:
H.K.J. Cowan: Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde. Jaargang 71, Leiden, 1953, pp. 181.
6171:
than that of the Limburgish dialects spoken on Dutch and German soil, as appears form words such as
1985:
1937:
10634:
10181:
10026:
9870:
9824:
9758:
9511:
9273:
9158:
9071:
8869:
8742:
8661:
8570:
8544:
8433:
8392:
8382:
8210:
8182:
6184:
5466:
4874:
4835:
3916:
3810:
1386:
1306:
907:
839:
816:
713:
708:
324:
10808:
10680:
10532:
10522:
10477:
10239:
10166:
10063:
9908:
9883:
9878:
9771:
9599:
9484:
9305:
9083:
9078:
9057:
9018:
8822:
8812:
8631:
8612:
8493:
8407:
8172:
8164:
8023:
8007:
7991:
7933:
7877:
7521:
7203:
4940:
4882:
4859:
4847:
4820:
4754:
3793:
3730:
2339:
2108:
1885:
1314:
1260:
1043:
809:
804:
799:
691:
403:
10604:
6872:
2238:
1757:
1149:
as well as in combination with the adjacent Rhineland region in a Limburgian-Ripuarian context.
1042:, but has some unique features as well. Many dialects of Limburgish (and of the closely related
9523:
7008:
10654:
10453:
10369:
10362:
10317:
10261:
10021:
10011:
9994:
9989:
9893:
9776:
9655:
9455:
9416:
9396:
9234:
9126:
9108:
8960:
8507:
8387:
8202:
8047:
7812:
7797:
7776:
7664:
7658:
7637:
7477:
7183:
7104:
6904:
6626:
6047:
no longer occurs in the dialect of Venlo and is also disappearing in the dialect of Roermond.
4894:
4815:
which is articulated with a push tone and means "bee", which forms a tonal minimal pair with
4389:
4056:
4023:
3970:
3869:
3757:
3742:
2383:
2129:
1907:
1899:
1753:
1599:
1466:
1358:
1208:
Franconian dialects in adjacent parts of Germany, who do not refer to their local dialects as
1146:
1087:
995:
987:
777:
447:
351:
319:
7455:
6846:
10609:
10400:
10334:
10290:
10285:
10234:
10226:
10031:
9999:
9946:
9935:
9848:
9720:
9715:
9557:
9496:
9286:
9268:
9103:
8864:
8856:
8668:
8638:
8591:
8577:
8417:
8225:
7958:
7925:
7869:
7629:
7513:
7326:
6518:
6363:
6335:
6291:
6233:
4960:
4863:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4185:
3752:
3725:
1485:
1334:
1322:
1291:
1231:
1071:
1018:
792:
723:
696:
7094:"Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011"
6716:"Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands :: Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin"
6697:
Marijke van der Wal en Cor van Bree, Geschiedenis van het Nederlands, Houten, 2008, p. 109.
10639:
10432:
10339:
10322:
10307:
10302:
10295:
10004:
9913:
9898:
9853:
9705:
9668:
9660:
9639:
9626:
9606:
9592:
9355:
9332:
9263:
9253:
9245:
9025:
8682:
8605:
8584:
8557:
8412:
8397:
8220:
8215:
8154:
7140:
6168:
6157:
5233:
4531:
4486:
4369:
4324:
4193:
3764:
3747:
2532:
2387:
1142:
1035:
970:
962:
949:
733:
390:
62:
10599:
8066:
7813:
Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011
7255:
4093:
may not show up in the Hasselt dialect, but is common in other Limburgish dialects, e.g.
2234:
6739:
202:
10720:
10614:
10594:
10546:
10438:
10312:
9982:
9749:
9688:
9467:
9424:
9381:
9298:
9293:
9182:
9132:
8983:
8934:
8889:
8882:
8696:
8689:
8563:
8487:
8372:
8340:
8149:
8144:
7854:
6161:
6153:
4943:-bound in the eastern dialects only. This has been examined especially by Jörg Peters.
4878:
4855:
4561:
4404:
3805:
3712:
The sound inventory below is based on the variety of West-Limburgs spoken in Montfort.
2327:
2315:
2186:
2092:
2018:
1398:
1235:
1177:
1173:
1039:
1014:
1006:
939:
931:
757:
718:
668:
654:
457:
418:
365:
7022:
6485:
6484:
Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020).
5054:
4834:
to distinguish the meaning of words that are otherwise phonetically identical include
2140:
isogloss and the Uerdingen line, so the Venlo dialect is the only one with both forms
568:
10742:
10685:
10670:
10512:
10268:
10219:
10036:
9975:
9888:
9834:
9793:
9731:
9678:
9562:
9489:
8919:
8706:
8523:
8039:
7896:
7881:
7525:
6460:
4493:
4473:
4331:
4311:
3922:
3816:
2391:
2302:
2274:
2152:
2118:
2102:
1929:
1765:
1378:
1256:
787:
8444:
7937:
7578:
7078:
5021:
The difference between push tone and dragging tone may also purely mark grammatical
10539:
9963:
9927:
9860:
9683:
9506:
9479:
9462:
9406:
9365:
8947:
8926:
8530:
8516:
8284:
8187:
8177:
6686:
Sprache und Raum: Ein internationales Handbuch der Sprachvariation. Band 4: Deutsch
6682:
Historisches Westdeutsch/Rheinisch (Moselfränkisch, Ripuarisch, Südniederfränkisch)
4902:
4890:
4886:
4831:
4806:
with a dragging tone means "day" in Limburgish, while in many Limburgish dialects
4788:
4682:
3860:
1245:
1181:
1047:
762:
753:
464:
361:
108:
10186:
7279:
6791:
4951:
Moreover, in some dialects such as that of Sittard and Maastricht, especially the
4794:
With specific regards to Limburgish, these two accents are traditionally known as
2265:
7791:
6925:
6898:
6544:
10446:
10356:
10329:
10201:
10147:
10055:
9737:
9698:
9281:
8976:
8940:
8875:
8654:
7374:
5178:
is used before all masculine words. In most dialects, the indefinite article is
4918:
It has been proven by speech analysis that in the Belgian Limburgish dialect of
4633:
4612:
4593:
4579:
4501:
4468:
4339:
4306:
4263:
2343:
1961:
1474:
1287:
1252:
1239:
1075:
595:
484:
302:
144:
8295:
7691:
5202:
for neuter nouns. Without stress, these forms are most of the time realized as
1184:. His definition for Southern Low Franconian is basically by the unit word for
17:
10196:
10176:
9211:
8912:
8711:
8625:
8356:
7963:
7946:
7929:
7873:
7633:
7560:
7553:
Book Reviews: Prosody: Theory and Experiment. Studies presented to Gosta Bruce
7517:
6561:
6417:
6412:
5150:
Limburgish has three grammatical genders. In some of the Limburgish dialects,
5025:
without there being any difference in meaning, as in the dialect of Borgloon:
5022:
4970:
4956:
4601:
4478:
4432:
4316:
2673:
2330:
dialects, including areas in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Northern
2210:
2182:
1394:
1106:
1025:
8051:
6792:"In de schaduw van de keizer: Hendrik van Veldeke en zijn tijd (1130-1230) /"
4707:
as . In many dialects such as that of Maastricht and Sittard, the long vowel
2095:, i.e. from just south of Venlo upward to the North in the Dutch province of
1282:, a language which had been spoken in the Low Countries on both sides of the
10382:
10245:
10130:
9693:
9474:
9429:
9401:
9227:
8537:
6490:
4952:
4759:
4278:
4200:
2331:
2288:
2160:
2009:
1791:
1338:
1275:
1010:
767:
673:
561:
545:
527:
509:
10206:
8044:'r-atics: Sociolinguistic, phonetic and phonological characteristics of /r/
7498:
2151:
The dialects spoken in the most southeastern part of the Dutch province of
267:
Limburgan, Limburgian, Limburgic, East Low Franconian, South Low Franconian
6952:, Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin. neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de.
6183:("shrimp"). The language has similarities with both German and Dutch, and
1353:
Limburgish is far from being homogeneous. In other words, it has numerous
1062:(and variants of it) derives only indirectly from the now Belgian town of
552:
10171:
9519:
6434:
5229:
4923:
4919:
2230:
2190:
1993:
1977:
1945:
1845:
1815:
1679:
1390:
1063:
926:
915:
897:
637:
625:
291:
6871:
Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (2019-11-27).
6646:
Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (2020-07-14).
2124:
The north border of the Limburgish tonality zone lies a little north of
10212:
9808:
9710:
8476:
8192:
8125:
5348:
after a dental consonant. For some nouns an umlaut is also used and in
4927:
4712:
2338:
in 1815. At the same time, the southeastern portion became part of the
2284:
2226:
2222:
1861:
1807:
1783:
1761:
1382:
1305:
In the past, all Limburgish varieties were therefore sometimes seen as
1295:
1195:
as the dialects between the Uerdingen and Benrath isoglosses marked by
633:
369:
330:
313:
7423:
6522:
4767:
9515:
8781:
8377:
8040:"The phonology of postvocalic /r/ in Brabant Dutch and Limburg Dutch"
5325:
4784:
4696:
4149:, especially in coda position. It is rare in the Montfortian dialect.
2414:; Uerdingen, Düsseldorf, Solingen, Remscheid, Mönchengladbach, Eupen)
2280:
2254:
2206:
2194:
1667:
1531:
1271:
decouples Limburgish from Dutch in the eyes of the Dutch government.
821:
603:
6506:
6152:
Most of the modern Limburgish vocabulary is very similar to that of
4738:
in most native words. They are retained in French loanwords such as
1129:
7868:(2). University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166.
5320:(my home - your home - his home / her home - our home - their home)
4901:
in final syllables, devoicing of consonants in final position, and
4775:
1267:
is claimed by the tradition of both Dutch and German dialectology.
27:
South/Eastern branch of Low Franconian spoken in and around Limburg
9433:
8076:
7424:"Toetsebord- Limburgse taal & Limburgs dialect | Limburgs.org"
6582:
The representation of the 'tonal' accents of Limburg and Ripuarian
4898:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4730:
In about 50 Belgian Limburgish dialects, the rounded front vowels
4273:
4258:
2395:
2379:
2323:
2319:
2292:
2264:
2225:
in the area east of the Uerdingen line, for example in and around
2156:
2125:
1477:. As such, it receives moderate protection under chapter 2 of the
1128:
882:
7660:
Tones and Tunes: Typological studies in word and sentence prosody
6873:"Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal"
2025:
properties, such as tonal accents, the pronoun "I" translates as
5416:. The other declension class includes most adjectives ending on
2091:) is the Dutch term for a group of dialects spoken north of the
1377:
Limburgish is spoken by approximately 1.6 million people in the
1329:) Limburgish dialects and then also among the eastern variants.
1326:
1251:
German and French dialectology considers Limburgish part of the
10475:
10089:
8833:
8785:
8448:
8299:
8096:
8087:
6705:
6703:
6648:"Erkende talen in Nederland - Erkende talen - Rijksoverheid.nl"
1078:. More directly it is derived from the more modern name of the
7398:
6621:
Saiegh-Haddad, Elinor; Laks, Lior; McBride, Catherine (2022).
6315:
5049:
4199:
In most of the Limburgish dialects spoken to the southeast of
1752:
The Limburgish group belongs to the Continental West Germanic
1465:
In March 1997 the Dutch government recognised Limburgish as a
1412:
138:
104:
77:
36:
8082:
Limburgish Academy Foundation (Stiechting Limbörgse Academie)
7974:
Dieksjneèèr van 't (H)essels. Nederlands-Hasselts Woordenboek
6903:(in Dutch). Vereniging voor Limburgse Dialect- en Naamkunde.
5275:
For some nouns, there exists a separate conjugation as well:
4719:("after", "to, towards"). The Standard Dutch equivalents are
1361:. Between 1995 and 1999, a uniform standard form called AGL (
1070:
in Limburgish, IPA: /ˈlæːbuʁ/), which was the capital of the
6309:
6251:
4211:
appears at the beginning of words in the consonant clusters
2205:) for the form of Limburgish spoken in an area from Belgian
1514:
Subdialects of Limburgish in Dutch and Belgian Limburg are:
6344:
6341:
2049:, all like Ripuarian. Contrasting, "time" is translated as
8081:
7047:
6816:"Wij spreken Limburgs maar de Taalunie wil dat niet weten"
6260:
6055:
The most common demonstrative pronouns in Limburgish are:
5456:
preceded by a vowel; these adjectives only get the ending
5398:
preceded by another consonant or with one of the suffixes
4104:
Other Limburgish dialects also have the following sounds:
636:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6369:
6366:
6338:
6312:
6297:
6257:
6254:
6242:
4963:
when they have a push tone. So in the dialect of Sittard
4160:, occurring in a front-vowel environment. This is termed
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2401:
Goossens (1965) distinguished the following subdialects:
7608:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–88.
7252:"Gebiedsindeling van de zuidelijk-Nederlandse dialecten"
7243:"Gebiedsindeling van de zuidelijk-Nederlandse dialecten"
7313:, Ludwig Röhrscheid Verlag, Bonn, 1965, p. 79-94, esp.
7180:
Demographic and Socioeconomic Basis of Ethnolinguistics
5117:
Phonetic transcription (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)
5090:
The sample texts are readings of the first sentence of
5066:
4173:. In some dialects, it may be the usual realization of
2386:) and Germany (stretching from the Dutch border to the
2193:, the eastern half of Belgian Limburg, and the Belgian
7311:
Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. Jahrgang 30 1965
7231:
Gebiedsindeling van de zuidelijk-Nederlandse dialecten
2448:
West Limburgish - Central Limburgish transitional area
7074:
MAATSCHAPPELIJKE PRESENTIE EN STATUS VAN HET LIMBURGS
6381:
6372:
6356:
6347:
6324:
6269:
5124:
Orthographic version (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)
8046:. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 113–122.
8029:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
8013:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
7997:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
7692:"Synchrone beperkingen op de Sittardse diftongering"
6966:[The rainbow colors of Limburgish language]
6306:
6294:
6248:
6239:
4203:—for example those of Roermond, Sittard and Heerlen—
2490:
South Brabantian - West Limburgish transitional area
2443:
westlimburgisch-zentrallimburgisches Übergangsgebiet
1098:
is first attested at the close of the 19th century.
10663:
10587:
10556:
10488:
10420:
10278:
10159:
10115:
10106:
9926:
9869:
9757:
9748:
9653:
9625:
9584:
9575:
9550:
9532:
9443:
9415:
9389:
9380:
9331:
9244:
9219:
9210:
9149:
9044:
8993:
8968:
8959:
8855:
8846:
8725:
8426:
8365:
8333:
8275:
8257:
8234:
8201:
8163:
8137:
8042:. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).
6303:
6300:
6245:
6236:
5265:(shoe – shoes): note this can also be 'sjoon' with
2213:in the Netherlands to the German border. For them,
2099:. These dialects share many features with both the
1479:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
1159:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
579:
559:
543:
525:
507:
502:
492:
475:
470:
454:
440:
387:
375:
357:
344:
298:
286:
261:
169:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7472:Ladefoged, Peter; Ferrari Disner, Sandra (2012) .
1203:Regardless of the exact definition used, the term
381:1.3 million in Netherlands and Belgium (2001)
7951:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
7862:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
7506:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6511:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde
5098:Phonetic transcription (Hasselt, West Limburgish)
7741:
7160:
5470:
5457:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5373:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5246:
5240:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5151:
5128:
5109:
4974:
4964:
4823:dialects spoken to the southeast of Limburgish.
4282:
4267:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
1263:varieties. The early medieval Limburgish writer
1101:People from Limburg usually call their language
920:
278:
272:
8738:Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB
8077:Limburgish Wiktionary – De Limburgse Wiktionair
5105:Orthographic version (Hasselt, West Limburgish)
30:"Limburgs" redirects here. For other uses, see
7753:
7717:
7537:
7476:(3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 178.
6987:
5156:is used before masculine words beginning with
2485:südbrabantisch-westlimburgisches Übergangsbiet
602:Limburgish is classified as Vulnerable by the
8797:
8460:
8311:
8108:
7497:Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998),
5469:, Limburgish adjectives never get an ending:
5029:("yellow", with dragging tone) as opposed to
2412:East Limburgish - Ripuarian transitional area
1488:than purely linguistic grounds. In 1999, the
1013:are also very common, which combine standard
864:
8:
7579:"Taalvariatie in Nederland: Limburgse tonen"
7229:R. Belemans, J. Kruijsen, J. Van Keymeulen,
7182:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 313.
6950:Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands
4691:is realized as before alveolar consonants.
4656:are realised as before alveolar consonants.
2503:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2461:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2364:
2306:
2296:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1217:
7848:(in Dutch). Leuven: de Vlaamsche Drukkerij.
7449:"Spelling 2003 voor de Limburgse dialecten"
7327:"veelgestelde vragen - Limburgse Dialecten"
5172:or with a vowel and in many other dialects
4695:can be realized as or . In the dialect of
2407:ostlimburgisch-ribuarisches Übergangsgebiet
2372:
2233:. It includes areas in Dutch Limburg (like
2112:
2100:
2085:
2077:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1673:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1614:
1605:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1567:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1525:
1518:
1255:. Sometimes it is also called a variety of
1023:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
10485:
10472:
10112:
10103:
10086:
9754:
9581:
9386:
9216:
8965:
8852:
8843:
8830:
8804:
8790:
8782:
8467:
8453:
8445:
8318:
8304:
8296:
8115:
8101:
8093:
6507:"Limburgismen in het handschrift-Borgloon"
6461:"Atlas of the world's languages in danger"
6459:Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre.
4969:means "to choose" while in the dialect of
871:
857:
645:
594:
258:
107:. Please do not remove this message until
7962:
7853:Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999).
7657:Riad, Tomas; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007).
4905:of vowels that had been distinct before.
2354:except in isolated words (R. Hahn 2001).
2221:) is the variety of Limburgish spoken in
1222:) to refer to the same dialect grouping.
247:Learn how and when to remove this message
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
8088:Veldeke Genk (in Genk dialect and Dutch)
7237:, jaargang 50, nummer 1, 1998, p. 25ff.
6057:
5755:
5487:
4715:is most of the time realized as , as in
4459:
4297:
3719:
3620:
3486:
3412:
3320:
3204:
3041:
2956:
2527:
1432:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
1278:, which had evolved itself from earlier
607:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
103:Relevant discussion may be found on the
8072:Map of dialects spoken in Dutch Limburg
7307:Die Gliederung des Südniederfränkischen
7218:Taal in stad en land: Belgisch-Limburgs
6964:"De regenboogkleuren van Limburgs taal"
6398:
6213:
998:, and neighbouring regions of Germany (
829:
743:
681:
653:
630:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
8033:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 233–249
8017:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 263–271
8001:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 251–262
7835:Volkssprache im Aachener Dreiländereck
7729:
7628:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 27–97.
6223:
6221:
6219:
6217:
2480:; Veldeke, Hasselt, St.-Truiden, Loon)
2426:; Panningen, Krefeld, Dülken, Sittard)
2171:, as in "purely" Brabantian dialects.
1341:, serves as the standard language (or
498:Veldeke Limburg, Raod veur 't Limburgs
7790:Belemans, Rob; Keulen, Ronny (2004).
7577:Marc van Oostendorp (November 2004),
7173:
7171:
7169:
6847:"Wij spreken Limburgs - Petitie24.nl"
6408:
6406:
6404:
6402:
5035:nen gieëlen appel ("a yellow apple").
4881:. Its reemergence in Limburgish (and
1381:and by many hundreds of thousands in
1133:Limburgish, using several definitions
969:
956:
938:
925:
914:
649:This article is a part of a series on
290:
7:
7375:"Limburgse Spelling - Spelling 2003"
7141:"Lowlands-L Anniversary Celebration"
5336:The diminutive suffix is most often
4973:no diphthongization takes place, so
4681:only occurs in French loanwords and
4650:only occurs in unstressed syllables.
1086:, which has been split today into a
167:adding citations to reliable sources
9366:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
6897:Wijngaard, H. H. A. van de (1996).
6740:"Littérature en langues régionales"
6562:"De Grammatica - Mestreechter Taol"
6539:[Short Limburgish Grammar]
6011:In the masculine singular forms of
4281:of the Maastrichtian dialect, from
4266:of the Maastrichtian dialect, from
2245:) and Dutch Brabant. The border of
10725:Languages between parentheses are
7844:Grootaers, L.; Grauls, J. (1930).
7690:Ben Hermans; Marc van Oostendorp.
5462:in their masculine singular form.
5010:Verbs distinguish mood with tone:
4669:occur, as well as combinations of
2073:, all typical for Low Franconian.
896:A Limburgish speaker, recorded in
25:
7976:(in Dutch). Hasselt: de Langeman.
7846:Klankleer van het Hasselt dialect
6720:neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de
4802:("dragging tone"). For example,
4632:
4627:
4620:
4611:
4606:
4592:
4587:
4578:
4573:
4566:
4552:
4543:
4536:
4522:
4513:
4506:
4448:
4437:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4360:
4351:
4344:
4073:
4064:
4040:
4029:
4006:
3999:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3859:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3792:
3785:
3776:
3769:
2336:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1497:dominance of the Dutch language.
1409:Linguistic versus societal status
1176:varieties positioned between the
52:This article has multiple issues.
10794:Culture of Limburg (Netherlands)
8124:
6900:Een eeuw Limburgse dialectologie
6625:. Springer Nature. p. 220.
6362:
6334:
6290:
6232:
5825:Third person singular masculine
5586:Third person singular masculine
5228:For some nouns, Limburgish uses
5053:
4885:) was phonetically triggered by
4858:. This feature is comparable to
4830:pitch accent languages that use
4235:. The same sound is realized as
2326:area, building a large group of
1417:
1172:is defined as consisting of the
1168:, Münster, Westphalia, Germany,
143:
82:
41:
8022:van der Wijngaard, Ton (1999),
7796:(in Dutch). Lannoo Uitgeverij.
7775:. Stichting Mofers Waordebook.
7550:Shih, Chilin; Sproat, Richard,
7206:(in Dutch). taalunieversum.org.
6877:zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl
6537:"Beknopte Limburgse Grammatica"
5875:Third person singular feminine
5611:Third person singular feminine
2450:; around and southern of Genk)
2041:, the word "but" most often as
1164:According to Flemish professor
154:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
10729:of the language on their left.
8067:On Limburgish Tones (in Dutch)
7742:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
7161:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
5850:Third person singular neutral
5642:Third person singular neutral
5581:(especially in Maastrichtian)
4982:Other examples include plural
1401:in Sevenums, a local dialect.
292:[ˈlɪm˦bʏʀ(ə)xs,ˈlɛm˦-]
1:
10779:Subject–object–verb languages
10620:Germanic substrate hypothesis
8733:Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS
8038:van Oostendorp, Marc (2001).
4771:Tone contour in dragging tone
4283:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999
4268:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999
1397:writes most of his texts for
1367:Stiechting Limbörgse Academie
1080:Province of Limburg (1815–39)
10759:Languages of the Netherlands
10650:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
9341:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
8766:Languages of the Netherlands
8743:Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT
8327:Languages of the Netherlands
8249:French Belgian Sign Language
7831:Karolingisch-Fränkisch. Die
7754:Belemans & Keulen (2004)
7718:Belemans & Keulen (2004)
7622:Segmental Structure and Tone
7538:Belemans & Keulen (2004)
7499:"The Dutch dialect of Weert"
7351:"Home - Limburgse Dialecten"
7216:Rob Belemans, Ronny Keulen,
7204:"Erkenning van het Limburgs"
6821:. 2023-01-07. Archived from
5606:in the dialect of Roermond)
4877:, it was completely lost in
831:East Low Franconian dialects
745:West Low Franconian dialects
664:Languages of the Netherlands
10630:High German consonant shift
7855:"The dialect of Maastricht"
6790:Janssens, Jozef D. (2007).
2352:High German consonant shift
2181:) includes the area around
1772:A few sample dialects are:
109:conditions to do so are met
10825:
9168:Westlauwers–Terschellings
8821:According to contemporary
8475:Languages and dialects of
7254:(in Dutch). Archived from
7007:(in Dutch). Archived from
6988:Belemans & Keulen 2004
6970:(in Dutch). Archived from
6543:(in Dutch). Archived from
6129:(Venlo, Roermond, Weert),
5092:The North Wind and the Sun
4854:(only some speakers), and
4752:
2760:
2671:
2530:
2272:
1505:Subdivisions of Limburgish
1444:Such statements should be
1363:Algemein Gesjreve Limburgs
1274:Limburgish developed from
1229:
1226:Classification and history
1084:Kingdom of the Netherlands
29:
10712:
10484:
10471:
10393:
10347:Southern Schleswig Danish
10102:
10085:
8842:
8829:
8819:
8756:
8483:
7964:10.1017/S0025100306002428
7930:10.1017/S0022226798007324
7874:10.1017/S0025100300006526
7634:10.1515/9783110341263-003
7518:10.1017/S0025100300006307
7355:www.limburgsedialecten.nl
7331:www.limburgsedialecten.nl
7178:Siegel, Jacob S. (2018).
5742:
5737:
5724:
5706:
5675:
5649:
5644:
5626:
5613:
5598:
5588:
5572:
5559:
5544:
5534:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5352:for 'little brother' and
5129:
5110:
4939:dragging tone seem to be
4909:Particular local features
4862:systems as found e.g. in
4779:Tone contour in push tone
4477:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4387:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4180:In most modern dialects,
4145:is a common allophone of
4016:
3915:
3804:
3763:
3722:
2438:; Maastricht, Vroenhoven)
616:
593:
383:unknown number in Germany
271:
266:
10774:Low Franconian languages
10625:West Germanic gemination
10579:Ancient Belgian language
10574:Germanic parent language
10518:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
9640:Austrian Standard German
8748:Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT
7947:"The dialect of Hasselt"
7837:. Groningen: RUG Repro
7823:. Groningen: RUG Repro
7810:Driessen, Geert (2012):
7379:www.limburgsespelling.nl
2291:, stretching out to the
2167:is here used instead of
1926:of northern and central
1718:Southern East Limburgish
1706:Northern East Limburgish
1701:Noordelijk Oost-Limburgs
8771:Languages of Luxembourg
7990:Bakkes, Pierre (1999),
7771:Bakkes, Pierre (2007).
7604:Harbert, Wayne (2007).
7092:Geert Driessen (2012).
7027:Jean Robert Opgenort.nl
6930:(in Dutch). Steenlandt.
6688:, Berlin, 2019, p. 528.
6566:www.mestreechtertaol.nl
6423:(subscription required)
6175:("cigarette-lighter"),
6035:in the neuter forms of
5800:Second person singular
5557:Second person singular
5340:, as in Brabantian, or
5190:for feminine nouns and
4152:and are allophones of
2318:belong to this greater
1713:Zuidelijk Oost-Limburgs
1298:, resulting in certain
1276:Old East Low Franconian
1214:Southern Low Franconian
916:[ˈlɪm˦bʏʀ(ə)xs]
10686:Preterite-present verb
10569:Proto-Germanic grammar
10523:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
9635:German Standard German
9311:East Frisian Low Saxon
8031:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
8015:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
8006:Janssens, Guy (1999),
7999:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
7918:Journal of Linguistics
7606:The Germanic Languages
6924:Jonghe, A. de (1943).
6764:Rob Belemans at DBNL.
6680:Jürgen Erich Schmidt:
6051:Demonstrative pronouns
5775:First person singular
5527:First person singular
5471:
5458:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5374:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5247:
5241:
5236:) to form the plural:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5152:
4975:
4965:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4286:
4271:
4166:in Dutch dialectology.
4142:in Belgian Limburgish.
2948:Limburgish orthography
2504:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2462:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2388:Bergisches Land Region
2373:
2365:
2362:South Low Franconian (
2307:
2297:
2270:
2113:
2101:
2086:
2078:
2068:
2060:
2057:, "to have" mostly as
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1740:
1735:Noord-Gelders Limburgs
1734:
1726:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1674:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1615:
1606:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1568:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1526:
1519:
1357:instead of one single
1218:
1134:
1024:
1000:North Rhine-Westphalia
966:
953:
940:[ˈlɪmbʏr(ə)xs]
935:
921:
911:
900:
618:This article contains
337:North Rhine-Westphalia
279:
273:
10789:Verb-second languages
10691:Grammatischer Wechsel
9674:Namibian Black German
9645:Swiss Standard German
9614:Early New High German
9172:Mainland West Frisian
9033:Harlingerland Frisian
8244:Flemish Sign Language
7972:Staelens, X. (1989).
7945:Peters, Jörg (2006).
7663:. Walter de Gruyter.
7474:Vowels and Consonants
5940:Second person plural
5688:Second person plural
5184:for masculine nouns,
5006:"hole next to a road"
4778:
4770:
4762:
4753:Further information:
4736:/i,iː,ɪ,eː,ɛ~æ,ɛː,ɛi/
4277:
4262:
2342:, and was subject to
2268:
2021:properties with some
1727:Zuid-Gelders Limburgs
1230:Further information:
1166:linguist Jan Goossens
1132:
986:, is a West Germanic
895:
349:Limburg (Netherlands)
10764:Languages of Germany
10754:Languages of Belgium
10696:Indo-European ablaut
10676:Germanic strong verb
10645:Germanic spirant law
9782:Southeast Limburgish
9278:Gelders-Overijssels
8907:Irish Middle English
8897:Early Modern English
8761:Languages of Belgium
8606:Standard High German
8267:German Sign Language
8131:Languages of Belgium
7829:Frins, Jean (2006):
7819:Frins, Jean (2005):
7119:. Alternative URLs:
7048:"Limbörgse Academie"
6652:www.rijksoverheid.nl
6202:Southeast Limburgish
6197:Limburgish Knowledge
5965:Third person plural
5900:First person plural
5722:Third person plural
5657:First person plural
5251:(brother – brothers)
4791:one from the other.
4703:is realized as and
2358:South Low Franconian
2314:Both Limburgish and
2155:(i.e. in and around
1490:Dutch Language Union
1446:clarified or removed
1319:High German features
1300:High German features
1280:Weser–Rhine Germanic
1265:Heinrich von Veldeke
1153:In everyday speech,
1145:, the North-East of
958:[ˈlɪmbʊʁɡɪʃ]
845:Southeast Limburgish
414:Weser–Rhine Germanic
163:improve this article
10749:Limburgish language
10664:Synchronic features
10635:Germanic a-mutation
10588:Diachronic features
9938:in the broad sense
9871:East Central German
9825:Lorraine Franconian
9799:Transylvanian Saxon
9759:West Central German
9534:East Low Franconian
9444:West Low Franconian
8434:Dutch Sign Language
7220:, 2004, p. 9 and 29
6185:Hendrik van Veldeke
5752:Possessive pronouns
5356:for 'little shoe'.
4875:Proto Indo-European
4732:/y,yː,ø,øː,œ,œː,œy/
4462:
4300:
4169:is an allophone of
2132:and just above the
2017:The group combines
1387:Hendrik van Veldeke
1315:Ingvaeonic features
1307:West Central German
1286:since at least the
971:[lɛ̃buʁʒwa]
477:Recognised minority
96:of this article is
10681:Germanic weak verb
10490:Language subgroups
9840:Pennsylvania Dutch
9789:Moselle Franconian
9767:Central Franconian
9600:Middle High German
9351:Central Pomeranian
9306:Northern Low Saxon
9019:Wangerooge Frisian
8813:Germanic languages
8632:Northern Low Saxon
8138:Official languages
7428:Limbörgse Academie
7405:(in Luxembourgish)
6465:unesdoc.unesco.org
6061:Singular masculine
5761:Singular masculine
5065:. You can help by
4883:Central Franconian
4821:Central Franconian
4798:("push tone") and
4789:minimal tone pairs
4781:
4773:
4765:
4755:Tone (linguistics)
4460:
4298:
4287:
4272:
3038:Monophthong vowels
2436:Central Limburgish
2431:Zentrallimburgisch
2374:Zuidnederfrankisch
2366:Südniederfränkisch
2340:Kingdom of Prussia
2271:
2179:Central Limburgish
1922:Düsseldorver Platt
1649:Centraal-Maaslands
1621:Central Limburgish
1510:Principal dialects
1373:Contemporary usage
1219:Südniederfränkisch
1135:
1109:speakers do. This
901:
692:Northern Low Saxon
683:Low Saxon dialects
10799:Limburg (Belgium)
10736:
10735:
10721:extinct languages
10708:
10707:
10704:
10703:
10655:Great Vowel Shift
10467:
10466:
10463:
10462:
10416:
10415:
10262:Greenlandic Norse
10081:
10080:
10077:
10076:
10073:
10072:
10012:Southern Bavarian
9995:Northern Bavarian
9971:Highest Alemannic
9922:
9921:
9656:standard variants
9571:
9570:
9417:Standard variants
9376:
9375:
9235:Middle Low German
9206:
9205:
9202:
9201:
9006:Saterland Frisian
8779:
8778:
8442:
8441:
8293:
8292:
7803:978-90-209-5855-3
7793:Belgisch-Limburgs
7773:Mofers Waordebook
7670:978-3-11-019057-1
7643:978-3-11-034126-3
7483:978-1-4443-3429-6
7461:on March 8, 2023.
7399:"Veldeke Limburg"
7189:978-3-319-61776-3
7081:on April 30, 2007
6910:978-2-87021-057-4
6632:978-3-030-80071-0
6517:: 298–332. 2007.
6421:(18th ed., 2015)
6145:
6144:
6064:Singular feminine
6009:
6008:
5764:Singular feminine
5749:
5748:
5484:Personal pronouns
5083:
5082:
5017:"May we conquer!"
4734:are unrounded to
4667:/iəøeɪæɪuɪɔɪaɪou/
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4496:
4489:
4456:
4455:
4334:
4327:
4087:
4086:
4059:
4026:
3973:
3925:
3872:
3819:
3705:
3704:
3619:
3618:
3485:
3484:
3411:
3410:
3319:
3318:
3201:Diphthongs vowels
3198:
3197:
3035:
3034:
2945:
2944:
2308:Rheinmaasländisch
2175:Centraal-Limburgs
2130:Horst aan de Maas
2014:, and many more.
1838:Jriefrother Platt
1754:dialect continuum
1616:Centraal-Limburgs
1539:Brabants-Limburgs
1467:regional language
1463:
1462:
988:regional language
893:
881:
880:
644:
643:
626:rendering support
622:phonetic symbols.
575:
494:Regulated by
352:Limburg (Belgium)
257:
256:
249:
239:
238:
231:
213:
137:
136:
129:
75:
16:(Redirected from
10816:
10769:Limburg (region)
10513:Elbe (Irminonic)
10486:
10473:
10401:Mainland Gutnish
10291:Swedish dialects
10253:Middle Icelandic
10227:Middle Norwegian
10116:Historical forms
10113:
10104:
10087:
10046:South Franconian
10032:Hutterite German
10000:Central Bavarian
9820:Rhine Franconian
9755:
9585:Historical forms
9582:
9497:Surinamese Dutch
9390:Historical forms
9387:
9220:Historical forms
9217:
8969:Historical forms
8966:
8853:
8844:
8831:
8806:
8799:
8792:
8783:
8699:
8692:
8685:
8678:
8671:
8664:
8657:
8650:
8641:
8634:
8615:
8608:
8594:
8587:
8580:
8573:
8566:
8547:
8540:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8469:
8462:
8455:
8446:
8320:
8313:
8306:
8297:
8129:
8128:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8094:
8055:
8034:
8028:
8018:
8012:
8002:
7996:
7977:
7968:
7966:
7941:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7901:
7895:. Archived from
7894:
7890:"Alternate text"
7885:
7859:
7849:
7840:
7826:
7816:. Nijmegen: ITS.
7807:
7786:
7782:978-90-9022294-3
7757:
7751:
7745:
7739:
7733:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7699:Vanoostendorp.nl
7696:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7627:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7586:Vanoostendorp.nl
7583:
7574:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7559:, archived from
7558:
7547:
7541:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7503:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7454:. Archived from
7453:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7371:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7323:
7317:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7284:
7278:. Archived from
7268:
7262:
7259:
7246:
7227:
7221:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7175:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7143:. Lowlands-l.net
7137:
7131:
7129:researchgate.net
7121:geertdriessen.nl
7118:
7116:
7115:
7109:
7103:. Archived from
7098:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7077:, archived from
7069:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7023:"Limburgse taal"
7019:
7013:
7012:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6969:
6959:
6953:
6947:
6941:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6851:www.petitie24.nl
6843:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6827:
6820:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6736:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6707:
6698:
6695:
6689:
6678:
6672:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6594:
6588:, archived from
6587:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6542:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6410:
6386:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6225:
6114:(Maastrichtian:
6058:
5931:(Maastrichtian:
5921:(Maastrichtian:
5911:(Maastrichtian:
5756:
5488:
5474:
5461:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5377:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5250:
5244:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5155:
5132:
5131:
5113:
5112:
5078:
5075:
5057:
5050:
4978:
4968:
4947:Diphthongization
4744:
4737:
4733:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4655:
4649:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4615:
4610:
4596:
4591:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4556:
4547:
4540:
4526:
4517:
4510:
4492:
4485:
4463:
4452:
4441:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4364:
4355:
4348:
4330:
4323:
4301:
4294:
4293:
4243:elsewhere (e.g.
4242:
4210:
4183:
4176:
4172:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4123:
4111:
4092:
4077:
4068:
4055:
4044:
4033:
4022:
4010:
4003:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3969:
3964:
3955:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3921:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3868:
3863:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3815:
3796:
3789:
3780:
3773:
3720:
3621:
3487:
3413:
3321:
3205:
3042:
2957:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2528:
2507:
2505:Westgeteländisch
2499:
2487:
2475:
2465:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2376:
2368:
2310:
2300:
2116:
2106:
2089:
2081:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2013:
2005:
2002:Remscheder Platt
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1970:Metmannsch Platt
1965:
1957:
1954:Wülfrother Platt
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1870:Föschelner Platt
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1824:Jlabbacher Platt
1819:
1811:
1803:
1800:Breyellsch Platt
1795:
1787:
1779:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1677:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1618:
1609:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1571:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1529:
1522:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1323:Duchy of Brabant
1292:High Middle Ages
1232:History of Dutch
1221:
1072:Duchy of Limburg
1029:
973:
960:
948:
942:
929:
927:[ˈlɛm˦-]
924:
918:
894:
873:
866:
859:
793:Surinamese Dutch
783:Indonesian Dutch
646:
610:
598:
589:
573:
571:
555:
548:
539:
538:
530:
521:
520:
512:
479:language in
460:
393:
294:
282:
276:
259:
252:
245:
234:
227:
223:
220:
214:
212:
171:
147:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
10824:
10823:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10784:Tonal languages
10739:
10738:
10737:
10732:
10700:
10659:
10640:Germanic umlaut
10605:Holtzmann's law
10583:
10552:
10480:
10459:
10412:
10389:
10323:South Jutlandic
10308:Danish dialects
10274:
10155:
10098:
10069:
10051:East Franconian
10005:Viennese German
9918:
9899:Silesian German
9865:
9854:Central Hessian
9744:
9669:Namibian German
9658:
9649:
9627:Standard German
9621:
9607:New High German
9593:Old High German
9567:
9546:
9528:
9439:
9411:
9372:
9356:East Pomeranian
9346:Brandenburgisch
9333:East Low German
9327:
9254:Dutch Low Saxon
9246:West Low German
9240:
9198:
9164:Schiermonnikoog
9145:
9040:
9026:Wursten Frisian
8989:
8955:
8838:
8825:
8815:
8810:
8780:
8775:
8752:
8721:
8695:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8646:
8637:
8630:
8611:
8604:
8590:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8562:
8543:
8536:
8529:
8522:
8515:
8506:
8499:
8492:
8479:
8473:
8443:
8438:
8422:
8361:
8329:
8324:
8294:
8289:
8271:
8253:
8230:
8197:
8159:
8133:
8123:
8121:
8063:
8058:
8037:
8026:
8021:
8010:
8005:
7994:
7989:
7985:
7983:Further reading
7980:
7971:
7944:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7892:
7888:
7857:
7852:
7843:
7838:
7824:
7804:
7789:
7783:
7770:
7766:
7761:
7760:
7752:
7748:
7740:
7736:
7728:
7724:
7716:
7712:
7703:
7701:
7694:
7689:
7688:
7684:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7656:
7655:
7651:
7644:
7625:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7590:
7588:
7581:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7548:
7544:
7536:
7532:
7501:
7496:
7495:
7491:
7484:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7458:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7433:
7431:
7430:(in Limburgish)
7422:
7421:
7417:
7408:
7406:
7403:Veldeke Limburg
7397:
7396:
7392:
7383:
7381:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7359:
7357:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7335:
7333:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7301:
7297:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7249:
7240:
7235:Taal en Tongval
7228:
7224:
7215:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7190:
7177:
7176:
7167:
7159:
7155:
7146:
7144:
7139:
7138:
7134:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7101:its-nijmegen.nl
7096:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7057:
7055:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7032:
7030:
7021:
7020:
7016:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6974:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6948:
6944:
6939:
6935:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6911:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6882:
6880:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6856:
6854:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6818:
6814:
6813:
6809:
6800:
6798:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6775:
6773:
6763:
6762:
6758:
6749:
6747:
6744:Objectif plumes
6738:
6737:
6733:
6724:
6722:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6701:
6696:
6692:
6679:
6675:
6670:
6666:
6657:
6655:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6633:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6606:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6547:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6469:
6467:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6443:
6441:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6411:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6385:, respectively.
6365:
6361:
6357:-ghee-ən
6337:
6333:
6326:
6293:
6289:
6270:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6215:
6210:
6193:
6158:Standard German
6150:
6067:Singular neuter
6053:
5767:Singular neuter
5754:
5486:
5481:
5472:Dee mins is gek
5465:When used as a
5362:
5334:
5271:(pushing tone).
5226:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5126:
5119:
5107:
5100:
5088:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5063:needs expansion
4959:vowels tend to
4949:
4936:
4916:
4911:
4870:to Limburgish.
4757:
4751:
4665:The diphthongs
4663:
4292:
4257:
4194:Peter Ladefoged
4134:is realized as
3809:
3737:
3718:
3710:
3203:
3040:
2955:
2950:
2674:Minuscule forms
2533:Majuscule forms
2526:
2517:
2497:Ostgeteländisch
2478:West Limburgish
2473:Westlimburgisch
2424:East Limburgish
2360:
2277:
2263:
2219:West Limburgish
2203:East Limburgish
1854:Viersener Platt
1831:Mönchengladbach
1776:Dremmener Platt
1758:Mönchengladbach
1750:
1694:East Limburgish
1574:West Limburgish
1512:
1507:
1486:sociolinguistic
1459:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1375:
1351:
1242:
1228:
1143:Flemish Brabant
1127:
1088:Belgian Limburg
1056:
996:Belgian Limburg
974:), also called
944:
883:
877:
624:Without proper
612:
611:
601:
585:
567:
551:
544:
534:
533:
526:
516:
515:
508:
488:
480:
478:
471:Official status
461:
456:
450:
443:
436:
394:
391:Language family
389:
382:
378:
377:Native speakers
368:
364:
253:
242:
241:
240:
235:
224:
218:
215:
172:
170:
160:
148:
133:
122:
116:
113:
102:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:East Limburgish
15:
12:
11:
5:
10822:
10820:
10812:
10811:
10806:
10804:Liège Province
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10741:
10740:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10723:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10706:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10699:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10667:
10665:
10661:
10660:
10658:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10591:
10589:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10564:Proto-Germanic
10560:
10558:
10554:
10553:
10551:
10550:
10543:
10536:
10528:
10527:
10526:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10505:
10500:
10494:
10492:
10482:
10481:
10476:
10469:
10468:
10465:
10464:
10461:
10460:
10458:
10457:
10450:
10443:
10439:Crimean Gothic
10428:
10426:
10418:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10410:
10409:
10408:
10403:
10394:
10391:
10390:
10388:
10387:
10386:
10385:
10375:
10374:
10373:
10366:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10343:
10342:
10337:
10327:
10326:
10325:
10315:
10313:Insular Danish
10310:
10300:
10299:
10298:
10296:Rinkebysvenska
10293:
10282:
10280:
10276:
10275:
10273:
10272:
10265:
10258:
10257:
10256:
10249:
10237:
10232:
10231:
10230:
10223:
10216:
10210:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10163:
10161:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10151:
10144:
10142:Old East Norse
10139:
10137:Old West Norse
10127:
10119:
10117:
10110:
10100:
10099:
10090:
10083:
10082:
10079:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10067:
10060:
10059:
10058:
10048:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10040:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10017:South Tyrolean
10009:
10008:
10007:
9997:
9987:
9986:
9985:
9980:
9979:
9978:
9968:
9967:
9966:
9959:High Alemannic
9956:
9955:
9954:
9949:
9932:
9930:
9924:
9923:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9875:
9873:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9863:
9858:
9857:
9856:
9846:
9845:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9837:
9827:
9817:
9816:
9815:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9801:
9796:
9786:
9785:
9784:
9779:
9763:
9761:
9752:
9750:Central German
9746:
9745:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9708:
9703:
9702:
9701:
9691:
9689:Barossa German
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9665:
9663:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9631:
9629:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9617:
9603:
9596:
9588:
9586:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9565:
9560:
9554:
9552:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9544:
9538:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9493:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9468:French Flemish
9460:
9459:
9458:
9447:
9445:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9437:
9427:
9421:
9419:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9393:
9391:
9384:
9382:Low Franconian
9378:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9369:
9368:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9337:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9314:
9313:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9290:
9289:
9284:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9250:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9238:
9231:
9223:
9221:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9194:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9183:Westereendersk
9177:
9166:
9161:
9155:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9129:
9124:
9123:
9122:
9117:
9114:
9106:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9088:
9087:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9075:
9074:
9069:
9061:
9050:
9048:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9029:
9022:
9010:
9009:
9008:
8999:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8987:
8984:Middle Frisian
8980:
8972:
8970:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8951:
8944:
8932:
8931:
8930:
8923:
8916:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8890:Modern English
8886:
8883:Middle English
8879:
8872:
8861:
8859:
8850:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8827:
8826:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8786:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8729:
8727:
8726:Sign languages
8723:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8700:
8693:
8686:
8679:
8672:
8665:
8658:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8623:
8618:
8617:
8616:
8609:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8588:
8581:
8574:
8567:
8564:Belgian French
8555:
8550:
8549:
8548:
8541:
8534:
8527:
8520:
8513:
8512:
8511:
8497:
8484:
8481:
8480:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8449:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8430:
8428:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8367:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8315:
8308:
8300:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8281:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8263:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8246:
8240:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8207:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8169:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8134:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8112:
8105:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8085:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8062:
8061:External links
8059:
8057:
8056:
8035:
8019:
8003:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7969:
7957:(1): 117–124.
7942:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7850:
7841:
7827:
7817:
7808:
7802:
7787:
7781:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7746:
7744:, p. 165.
7734:
7732:, p. 123.
7722:
7710:
7682:
7669:
7649:
7642:
7611:
7596:
7569:
7542:
7530:
7489:
7482:
7464:
7440:
7415:
7390:
7366:
7342:
7318:
7295:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7258:on 2019-02-13.
7247:
7222:
7209:
7195:
7188:
7165:
7153:
7132:
7084:
7064:
7039:
7014:
7011:on 2004-11-21.
6992:
6980:
6977:on 2006-12-31.
6962:Maes, Ulrich.
6954:
6942:
6933:
6916:
6909:
6889:
6863:
6838:
6807:
6782:
6756:
6731:
6699:
6690:
6673:
6664:
6638:
6631:
6613:
6604:
6579:Hermans, Ben,
6571:
6553:
6550:on 2021-02-24.
6528:
6498:
6476:
6451:
6439:Ethnologue.com
6426:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6230:is pronounced
6212:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6192:
6189:
6179:("truck") and
6162:Central German
6156:or to that of
6154:Standard Dutch
6149:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6134:
6124:
6119:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6085:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6052:
6049:
6007:
6006:
5996:
5986:
5976:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5926:
5916:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5710:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5361:
5358:
5333:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5273:
5272:
5252:
5225:
5222:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5060:
5058:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5008:
5007:
5004:
4997:
4996:
4990:
4948:
4945:
4935:
4932:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4879:Proto-Germanic
4856:Serbo-Croatian
4750:
4747:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4585:
4583:
4571:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4291:
4288:
4256:
4253:
4190:
4189:
4178:
4167:
4150:
4143:
4129:
4102:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4071:
4069:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2928:
2923:
2914:
2909:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2796:
2791:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:(Genk, Bilzen)
2463:Bilzerländisch
2459:
2455:Tongerländisch
2439:
2427:
2419:Ostlimburgisch
2415:
2384:Liège Province
2359:
2356:
2328:Low Franconian
2298:Kleverländisch
2273:Main article:
2262:
2259:
2114:Noord-Limburgs
2093:Uerdingen line
2079:Noord-Limburgs
2019:Low Franconian
1986:Solinger Platt
1938:Rotinger Platt
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1731:
1730:(around Venlo)
1723:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1591:
1584:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1546:Noorderkempens
1535:
1523:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1461:
1460:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1374:
1371:
1350:
1347:
1236:Low Franconian
1227:
1224:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1174:Low Franconian
1162:
1126:
1123:
1055:
1052:
879:
878:
876:
875:
868:
861:
853:
850:
849:
848:
847:
842:
834:
833:
827:
826:
825:
824:
819:
814:
813:
812:
807:
797:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
770:
765:
760:
758:French Flemish
748:
747:
741:
740:
739:
738:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
701:
700:
699:
686:
685:
679:
678:
677:
676:
671:
669:Dutch dialects
666:
658:
657:
651:
650:
642:
641:
628:, you may see
614:
613:
600:
599:
591:
590:
583:
577:
576:
565:
557:
556:
549:
541:
540:
531:
523:
522:
513:
505:
504:
503:Language codes
500:
499:
496:
490:
489:
483:
481:
476:
473:
472:
468:
467:
462:
458:Writing system
455:
452:
451:
446:
444:
441:
438:
437:
435:
434:
433:
432:
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
419:Low Franconian
397:
395:
388:
385:
384:
379:
376:
373:
372:
359:
355:
354:
346:
342:
341:
340:
339:
328:
327:
322:
311:
310:
300:
299:Native to
296:
295:
288:
284:
283:
269:
268:
264:
263:
255:
254:
237:
236:
151:
149:
142:
135:
134:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10821:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10728:
10724:
10722:
10718:
10715:
10714:
10711:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10671:Germanic verb
10669:
10668:
10666:
10662:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10610:Sievers's law
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10592:
10590:
10586:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10561:
10559:
10557:Reconstructed
10555:
10549:
10548:
10544:
10542:
10541:
10537:
10535:
10534:
10530:
10529:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10510:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10474:
10470:
10456:
10455:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10444:
10441:
10440:
10435:
10434:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10425:
10424:
10419:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10392:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10379:
10376:
10372:
10371:
10370:Middle Danish
10367:
10365:
10364:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10332:
10331:
10328:
10324:
10321:
10320:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10305:
10304:
10301:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10288:
10287:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10277:
10271:
10270:
10266:
10264:
10263:
10259:
10255:
10254:
10250:
10248:
10247:
10246:Old Icelandic
10243:
10242:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10229:
10228:
10224:
10222:
10221:
10220:Old Norwegian
10217:
10214:
10211:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10169:
10168:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10158:
10150:
10149:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10133:
10132:
10128:
10126:
10125:
10121:
10120:
10118:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10088:
10084:
10066:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10054:
10053:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10038:
10037:Gottscheerish
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10014:
10013:
10010:
10006:
10003:
10002:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9991:
9988:
9984:
9981:
9977:
9976:Walser German
9974:
9973:
9972:
9969:
9965:
9962:
9961:
9960:
9957:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9944:
9943:
9942:Low Alemannic
9940:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9925:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9904:High Prussian
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9889:Erzgebirgisch
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9872:
9868:
9862:
9859:
9855:
9852:
9851:
9850:
9847:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9822:
9821:
9818:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9794:Luxembourgish
9792:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9770:
9769:
9768:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9747:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9733:
9732:Klezmer-loshn
9729:
9727:
9726:Scots Yiddish
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9624:
9616:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9608:
9604:
9602:
9601:
9597:
9595:
9594:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9574:
9564:
9563:Meuse-Rhenish
9561:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9553:
9549:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9491:
9490:Kleverlandish
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9469:
9466:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9452:
9451:Central Dutch
9449:
9448:
9446:
9442:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9418:
9414:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9379:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9259:Stellingwarfs
9257:
9256:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9247:
9243:
9237:
9236:
9232:
9230:
9229:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9209:
9193:
9190:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9179:Wood Frisian
9178:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9134:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9121:
9118:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9097:
9096:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9059:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9046:North Frisian
9043:
9035:
9034:
9030:
9028:
9027:
9023:
9021:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8996:
8992:
8986:
8985:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8958:
8950:
8949:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8938:
8937:
8936:
8933:
8929:
8928:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8917:
8915:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8894:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8860:
8858:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8848:Anglo-Frisian
8845:
8841:
8837:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8818:
8814:
8807:
8802:
8800:
8795:
8793:
8788:
8787:
8784:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8755:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8724:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8707:Luxembourgish
8705:
8698:
8694:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8680:
8677:
8676:Stellingwarfs
8673:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8659:
8656:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8645:
8640:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8614:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8602:
8601:
8598:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8582:
8579:
8575:
8572:
8568:
8565:
8561:
8560:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8546:
8542:
8539:
8535:
8532:
8528:
8525:
8524:Kleverlandish
8521:
8518:
8514:
8509:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8501:Central Dutch
8498:
8495:
8491:
8490:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8478:
8470:
8465:
8463:
8458:
8456:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8427:Sign language
8425:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8321:
8316:
8314:
8309:
8307:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8233:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8204:
8200:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8127:
8118:
8113:
8111:
8106:
8104:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8089:
8086:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8060:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8036:
8032:
8025:
8020:
8016:
8009:
8004:
8000:
7993:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7902:on 2011-06-12
7898:
7891:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7856:
7851:
7847:
7842:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7795:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7774:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7756:, p. 33.
7755:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7738:
7735:
7731:
7730:Peters (2006)
7726:
7723:
7720:, p. 51.
7719:
7714:
7711:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7683:
7672:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7653:
7650:
7645:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7624:
7623:
7615:
7612:
7607:
7600:
7597:
7587:
7580:
7573:
7570:
7566:on 2004-07-31
7562:
7555:
7554:
7546:
7543:
7540:, p. 34.
7539:
7534:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7500:
7493:
7490:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7468:
7465:
7457:
7450:
7444:
7441:
7429:
7425:
7419:
7416:
7404:
7400:
7394:
7391:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7367:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7299:
7296:
7285:on 2017-08-24
7281:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7264:
7257:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7210:
7205:
7199:
7196:
7191:
7185:
7181:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7157:
7154:
7142:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7110:on 2012-10-28
7106:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7085:
7080:
7076:
7075:
7068:
7065:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7028:
7024:
7018:
7015:
7010:
7006:
7005:D66limburg.nl
7002:
6996:
6993:
6990:, p. 21.
6989:
6984:
6981:
6973:
6965:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6946:
6943:
6937:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6920:
6917:
6912:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6893:
6890:
6878:
6874:
6867:
6864:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6839:
6828:on 2023-01-07
6824:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6783:
6771:
6767:
6760:
6757:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6721:
6717:
6712:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6677:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6653:
6649:
6642:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6624:
6617:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6595:on 2012-03-02
6591:
6584:
6583:
6575:
6572:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6554:
6546:
6538:
6532:
6529:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6494:
6492:
6487:
6480:
6477:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6452:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6384:
6383:
6377:
6359:
6358:
6352:
6331:
6330:
6320:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6265:
6229:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6147:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6004:
6001:(easterly) /
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:(easterly) /
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:(easterly) /
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:(easterly) /
5970:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5489:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5068:
5064:
5061:This section
5059:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5031:en gieël peer
5028:
5024:
5016:
5014:"We conquer!"
5013:
5012:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4868:when compared
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4832:tone contours
4829:
4828:Indo-European
4824:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4746:
4741:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4698:
4686:
4684:
4683:interjections
4660:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4299:Short vowels
4296:
4295:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4130:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2924:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2797:
2792:
2783:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2664:
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2659:
2657:
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2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2303:Meuse-Rhenish
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2275:Meuse-Rhenish
2269:Meuse-Rhenish
2267:
2261:Meuse-Rhenish
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:Oost-Limburgs
2248:
2247:West-Limburgs
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:West-Limburgs
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:Oost-Limburgs
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:North Brabant
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2119:Kleverlandish
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:Kleverlandish
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2083:(also called
2082:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2065:, "today" as
2064:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1689:Oost-Limburgs
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:Trichterlands
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1595:Beringerlands
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1569:West-Limburgs
1566:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:Zuiderkempens
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:This article
1424:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:Low Countries
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:standard form
1356:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:. During the
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:Meuse-Rhenish
1254:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:, similar as
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:Dutch Limburg
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
992:Dutch Limburg
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
941:
937:
933:
928:
923:
917:
913:
909:
905:
899:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
854:
852:
851:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
835:
832:
828:
823:
820:
818:
815:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
794:
791:
789:
788:Kleverlandish
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
773:Central Dutch
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
755:
752:
751:
750:
749:
746:
742:
735:
732:
730:
729:Stellingwarfs
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
705:
702:
698:
695:
694:
693:
690:
689:
688:
687:
684:
680:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
659:
656:
652:
648:
647:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
615:
608:
605:
597:
592:
588:
584:
582:
578:
570:
566:
564:
563:
558:
554:
550:
547:
542:
537:
532:
529:
524:
519:
514:
511:
506:
501:
497:
495:
491:
486:
482:
474:
469:
466:
463:
459:
453:
449:
445:
439:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
410:
409:West Germanic
407:
406:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:Indo-European
396:
392:
386:
380:
374:
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
353:
350:
347:
343:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
309:
306:
305:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:Pronunciation
285:
281:
275:
270:
265:
260:
251:
248:
233:
230:
222:
211:
208:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180: –
179:
175:
174:Find sources:
168:
164:
158:
157:
152:This article
150:
146:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
110:
106:
100:
99:
95:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
10716:
10600:Verner's law
10545:
10540:Gotho-Nordic
10538:
10531:
10452:
10445:
10437:
10431:
10421:
10406:Fårö Gutnish
10368:
10361:
10267:
10260:
10251:
10244:
10225:
10218:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10129:
10122:
10062:
9964:Swiss German
9928:Upper German
9861:Amana German
9835:Volga German
9804:Hunsrückisch
9730:
9684:Unserdeutsch
9679:Berlinerisch
9612:
9605:
9598:
9591:
9551:Cover groups
9541:
9507:Mohawk Dutch
9502:Jersey Dutch
9480:East Flemish
9463:West Flemish
9407:Middle Dutch
9361:Low Prussian
9233:
9226:
9192:Terschelling
9176:Clay Frisian
9151:West Frisian
9139:Wiedingharde
9131:
9119:
9079:Heligolandic
9056:
9031:
9024:
9017:
9012:
8995:East Frisian
8982:
8975:
8948:Middle Scots
8946:
8939:
8925:
8918:
8911:
8906:
8895:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8717:West Frisian
8620:
8531:West Flemish
8517:East Flemish
8366:Non-official
8352:West Frisian
8285:Sinte Romani
8188:West Flemish
8178:East Flemish
8043:
8030:
8024:"Maastricht"
8014:
7998:
7973:
7954:
7950:
7921:
7917:
7904:. Retrieved
7897:the original
7865:
7861:
7845:
7834:
7833:plattdůtsche
7830:
7820:
7811:
7792:
7772:
7749:
7737:
7725:
7713:
7702:. Retrieved
7698:
7685:
7674:. Retrieved
7659:
7652:
7621:
7614:
7605:
7599:
7589:, retrieved
7585:
7572:
7561:the original
7552:
7545:
7533:
7512:(1–2): 109,
7509:
7505:
7492:
7473:
7467:
7456:the original
7443:
7432:. Retrieved
7427:
7418:
7407:. Retrieved
7402:
7393:
7382:. Retrieved
7378:
7369:
7358:. Retrieved
7354:
7345:
7334:. Retrieved
7330:
7321:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7303:Jan Goossens
7298:
7287:. Retrieved
7280:the original
7275:
7266:
7256:the original
7234:
7230:
7225:
7217:
7212:
7198:
7179:
7156:
7145:. Retrieved
7135:
7112:. Retrieved
7105:the original
7100:
7087:
7079:the original
7073:
7067:
7056:. Retrieved
7052:limburgs.org
7051:
7042:
7031:. Retrieved
7029:. 2003-12-01
7026:
7017:
7009:the original
7004:
7001:"Streektaal"
6995:
6983:
6972:the original
6957:
6945:
6936:
6926:
6919:
6899:
6892:
6881:. Retrieved
6876:
6866:
6855:. Retrieved
6850:
6841:
6830:. Retrieved
6823:the original
6810:
6799:. Retrieved
6796:lib.ugent.be
6795:
6785:
6774:. Retrieved
6769:
6759:
6748:. Retrieved
6743:
6734:
6723:. Retrieved
6719:
6693:
6685:
6681:
6676:
6667:
6656:. Retrieved
6651:
6641:
6622:
6616:
6607:
6597:, retrieved
6590:the original
6581:
6574:
6565:
6556:
6545:the original
6531:
6514:
6510:
6501:
6489:
6479:
6468:. Retrieved
6464:
6454:
6442:. Retrieved
6438:
6435:"Limburgish"
6429:
6416:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6227:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6151:
6136:
6133:(Maastricht)
6130:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6073:Translation
6054:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5725:
5715:
5707:
5696:
5691:
5681:
5676:
5665:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5635:
5627:
5622:
5614:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5560:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5464:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5369:
5365:
5363:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5323:
5274:
5227:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5127:
5120:
5108:
5101:
5089:
5071:
5067:adding to it
5062:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5009:
4999:and lexical
4998:
4992:
4986:
4981:
4961:diphthongize
4950:
4937:
4934:Steeper fall
4917:
4891:vowel length
4887:vowel height
4872:
4825:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4782:
4739:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4687:
4664:
4461:Long vowels
4290:Monophthongs
4264:Monophthongs
4248:
4244:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4198:
4191:
4161:
4125:
4113:
4098:
4094:
3711:
3664:
3624:
3554:
3490:
3450:
3416:
3367:
3324:
3263:
3208:
3149:/æ ~ ə ~ eː/
3121:
3045:
2997:
2960:
2761:
2672:
2531:
2518:
2489:
2477:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2400:
2394:east of the
2371:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2313:
2278:
2250:
2246:
2218:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2016:
1882:in Krefeld,
1771:
1751:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1620:
1588:Demerkempens
1573:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1483:
1470:
1464:
1451:
1438:unverifiable
1430:weasel words
1427:
1403:
1376:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1331:
1311:
1304:
1273:
1269:
1250:
1246:Middle Dutch
1243:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:pitch accent
1192:
1185:
1182:Benrath line
1169:
1154:
1138:
1136:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1048:pitch accent
1032:
1004:
983:
979:
975:
967:Limbourgeois
903:
902:
830:
763:East Flemish
754:West Flemish
744:
682:
617:
581:Linguasphere
560:
423:
329:
312:
243:
225:
216:
206:
199:
192:
185:
178:"Limburgish"
173:
161:Please help
156:verification
153:
123:
114:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
10615:Kluge's law
10595:Grimm's law
10378:Dalecarlian
10357:Perkerdansk
10330:East Danish
10148:Old Gutnish
10124:Proto-Norse
10064:Langobardic
10056:Vogtlandian
9884:Upper Saxon
9738:Lachoudisch
9699:Lotegorisch
9577:High German
9323:Westphalian
9318:Eastphalian
9282:Achterhooks
9159:Hindeloopen
9094:Bökingharde
9063:Föhr–Amrum
8977:Old Frisian
8941:Early Scots
8876:Old English
8655:Achterhoeks
8648:Westphalian
8600:High German
8403:Minangkabau
8259:Germanosign
7839:(in German)
7825:(in German)
7276:Arielis.com
7245:(in Dutch).
7163:, p. .
6746:(in French)
6568:(in Dutch).
6486:"Limburgan"
6382:-gik
6141:that/those
6106:this/these
6005:(westerly)
5522:Maastricht
5332:Diminutives
4850:, Standard
4101:) "to say".
4018:Approximant
2515:Orthography
2344:High German
2316:Low Rhenish
2087:ik-Limburgs
1890:of central
1886:Krieewelsch
1828:of central
1741:Kleverlands
1675:Tongerlands
1663:Bilzerlands
1642:Maaskempens
1581:Dommellands
1520:Truierlands
1475:Netherlands
1440:information
1399:Rowwen Hèze
1343:Dachsprache
1288:4th century
1284:Roman limes
1253:Rhenish Fan
1240:Rhenish fan
1125:Terminology
1115:High German
1076:Middle Ages
1074:during the
954:Limburgisch
709:Achterhooks
704:Westphalian
632:instead of
485:Netherlands
303:Netherlands
10743:Categories
10447:Burgundian
10363:Old Danish
10352:Gøtudanskt
10335:Bornholmsk
10197:Vestlandsk
10177:Kebabnorsk
9914:Halcnovian
9879:Thuringian
9542:Limburgish
9512:Stadsfries
9485:Brabantian
9212:Low German
9058:Eiderstedt
8913:Fingallian
8712:Papiamento
8626:Low German
8621:Limburgish
8571:Champenois
8545:Stadsfries
8494:Brabantian
8393:Limburgish
8383:Indonesian
8357:Papiamento
8343:(national)
8277:Indo-Aryan
8236:Francosign
8211:Champenois
8183:Limburgish
8173:Brabantian
8008:"Tongeren"
7992:"Roermond"
7924:: 99–135.
7906:2009-07-12
7704:2017-08-23
7676:2012-06-25
7591:2017-08-23
7434:2021-11-28
7409:2021-11-28
7384:2021-11-28
7360:2021-11-28
7336:2021-11-28
7289:2017-08-23
7147:2012-06-25
7114:2013-08-26
7058:2013-08-26
7054:(in Dutch)
7033:2012-06-25
6883:2023-06-11
6879:(in Dutch)
6857:2023-06-11
6853:(in Dutch)
6832:2023-06-11
6801:2023-06-11
6776:2023-06-11
6772:(in Dutch)
6750:2023-06-11
6725:2023-06-11
6658:2023-06-11
6654:(in Dutch)
6599:2010-07-05
6523:1887/14150
6470:2022-07-11
6418:Ethnologue
6413:Limburgish
6393:References
6282:Limburgian
6276:, whereas
6273:-bur-ghish
6228:Limburgish
6164:dialects.
6148:Vocabulary
5995:(westerly)
5985:(westerly)
5975:(westerly)
5628:häör, häöm
5510:Maastricht
5360:Adjectives
5268:sjtoettoen
5230:simulfixes
5023:declension
4971:Maasbracht
4914:Bitonality
4836:Lithuanian
4800:sjleiptoen
4796:sjtoettoen
4661:Diphthongs
4279:Diphthongs
3716:Consonants
2500:(Beringen)
2458:(Tongeren)
2392:Düsseldorf
2239:Maria Hoop
2211:Maastricht
2183:Maastricht
2109:Brabantian
1930:Düsseldorf
1766:Düsseldorf
1628:Weertlands
1607:Lonerlands
1471:streektaal
1395:Jack Poels
1210:Limburgish
1205:Limburgish
1193:Limburgish
1170:Limburgish
1155:Limburgish
1139:Limburgish
1119:platteland
1107:Low German
1096:Limburgish
1060:Limburgish
1026:tussentaal
990:spoken in
980:Limburgian
908:Limburgish
904:Limburgish
840:Limburgish
817:Stadsfries
810:Brusselian
805:Antwerpian
800:Brabantian
442:Early form
424:Limburgish
262:Limburgish
189:newspapers
94:neutrality
57:improve it
10809:Rhineland
10727:varieties
10719:indicate
10533:Northwest
10478:Philology
10383:Elfdalian
10318:Jutlandic
10240:Icelandic
10215:(written)
10209:(written)
10187:Trøndersk
10167:Norwegian
10131:Old Norse
9952:Coloniero
9936:Alemannic
9909:Wymysorys
9777:Colognian
9772:Ripuarian
9694:Rotwelsch
9524:Midslands
9475:Zeelandic
9456:Hollandic
9430:Afrikaans
9402:Old Dutch
9228:Old Saxon
9127:Karrharde
9109:Goesharde
9090:Mainland
8823:philology
8613:Ripuarian
8538:Zeelandic
8508:Hollandic
8408:Ripuarian
8398:Low Saxon
8052:0777-3692
7882:145782045
7526:145635698
6491:Glottolog
6444:23 August
6286:Limburgic
6278:Limburgan
5516:Roermond
5504:Roermond
5467:predicate
5317:tehunnest
5299:tehurrest
5293:tezennest
4848:Norwegian
4711:in Dutch
4532:Close-mid
4487:Unrounded
4370:Close-mid
4325:Unrounded
4201:Panningen
4128:, teeth).
3923:voiceless
3917:Fricative
3817:voiceless
3811:Affricate
3708:Phonology
3401:/æw ~ ɛw/
3303:/ɒːw~ɔːw/
3300:/ɒːj~ɔːj/
3143:/ɒː ~ ɔː/
2332:Rhineland
2289:Heinsberg
2209:south of
2161:Maarheeze
2146:mich/dich
2138:meej/mich
2134:meej/mich
2023:Ripuarian
2010:Remscheid
1908:Uerdingen
1792:Heinsberg
1560:Getelands
1473:) in the
1454:June 2023
1428:contains
1355:varieties
1339:Brabantic
1261:Ripuarian
1216:(German:
1178:Uerdingen
1137:The term
1058:The name
1054:Etymology
1046:) have a
1044:Ripuarian
1017:with the
1011:idiolects
984:Limburgic
976:Limburgan
946:‹See Tfd›
778:Hollandic
768:Zeelandic
724:Sallaands
674:Afrikaans
587:52-ACB-al
574:Limburgan
562:Glottolog
546:ISO 639-3
528:ISO 639-2
510:ISO 639-1
358:Ethnicity
219:June 2023
117:June 2023
105:talk page
63:talk page
10454:Vandalic
10397:Gutnish
10202:Vikværsk
10182:Sognamål
10172:Bergensk
10022:Cimbrian
9990:Bavarian
9947:Alsatian
9894:Lusatian
9830:Palatine
9520:Amelands
9397:Frankish
9287:Sallaans
9269:Gronings
9120:Southern
9113:Northern
9104:Halligen
9053:Insular
8870:dialects
8669:Sallands
8639:Gronings
8388:Javanese
8373:Ambonese
8334:Official
8165:Germanic
7938:18527758
6191:See also
6181:crevette
6083:dizze(n)
6027:, final
5973:hunne(n)
5969:häöre(n)
5879:häöre(n)
5854:ziene(n)
5829:ziene(n)
5804:diene(n)
5779:miene(n)
5623:zie, zij
5615:zie, het
5479:Pronouns
5311:toerrest
5074:May 2008
5043:becomes
4995:"stones"
4924:Tongeren
4920:Borgloon
4713:cognates
4671:/uːɔːɑː/
4654:/øːœːuː/
4562:Open-mid
4405:Open-mid
4097:(Dutch:
3738:alveolar
3731:Alveolar
3380:/æə~eːə/
3128:/ɑ ~ aː/
3077:àè/èè/ei
2953:Digraphs
2524:Alphabet
2508:(Tienen)
2243:Montfort
2231:Tongeren
2191:Roermond
1994:Solingen
1978:Mettmann
1962:Wülfrath
1946:Ratingen
1900:Ödingsch
1878:Fischeln
1846:Grefrath
1816:Nettetal
1748:Expanded
1680:Tongeren
1600:Beringen
1530:(around
1494:de facto
1469:(Dutch:
1391:Carnival
1064:Limbourg
936:Limburgs
922:Lèmburgs
912:Limburgs
898:Slovakia
697:Gronings
638:Help:IPA
569:limb1263
448:Frankish
404:Germanic
366:Belgians
280:Lèmburgs
274:Limburgs
98:disputed
10717:Italics
10340:Scanian
10286:Swedish
10235:Faroese
10213:Nynorsk
10192:Valdris
10027:Mòcheno
9983:Swabian
9849:Hessian
9809:Hunsrik
9721:Western
9716:Eastern
9711:Yiddish
9661:creoles
9558:Bergish
9274:Drèents
9264:Tweants
9116:Central
9098:Mooring
8961:Frisian
8920:Kildare
8865:English
8683:Tweants
8662:Drèents
8592:Walloon
8578:Lorrain
8553:English
8477:Benelux
8418:Yiddish
8347:English
8226:Walloon
8216:Lorrain
8203:Romance
8193:Yiddish
7764:Sources
7315:Karte 2
6173:briquet
6079:deze(n)
5944:eure(n)
5904:ooze(n)
5770:Plural
5496:Object
5493:Subject
5354:sjeunke
5350:breurke
5305:tozzest
5287:turrest
5181:eine(n)
5136:Grammar
5086:Samples
5003:"grave"
4989:"stone"
4928:Hasselt
4895:voicing
4864:Chinese
4852:Slovene
4844:Swedish
4840:Latvian
4494:Rounded
4474:Central
4332:Rounded
4312:Central
4245:sjtraot
4057:lateral
4024:central
3806:Plosive
3758:Glottal
3743:Palatal
3594:/ɔu~au/
3194:/y~yː/
2961:Letters
2285:Viersen
2227:Hasselt
2223:Belgium
2187:Sittard
2097:Limburg
1915:Krefeld
1893:Krefeld
1862:Viersen
1808:Breyell
1784:Dremmen
1762:Krefeld
1527:Lommels
1383:Germany
1335:Flemish
1296:Cologne
1082:in the
1068:Laeboer
734:Tweants
714:Drèents
634:Unicode
572:
370:Germans
331:Germany
320:Limburg
314:Belgium
308:Limburg
203:scholar
32:Limburg
10433:Gothic
10303:Danish
10207:Bokmål
9706:Yenish
9516:Bildts
9299:Veluws
9294:Urkers
9133:Strand
8857:Anglic
8697:Veluws
8690:Urkers
8585:Picard
8558:French
8413:Romani
8378:Arabic
8221:Picard
8155:German
8150:French
8050:
7936:
7880:
7800:
7779:
7667:
7640:
7524:
7480:
7309:, in:
7233:, in:
7186:
6907:
6711:(link)
6684:. In:
6629:
6177:camion
6169:French
6112:dae(n)
6070:Plural
5602:(also
5519:Weert
5507:Weert
5326:Riemst
5234:umlaut
5232:(i.e.
5224:Plural
5146:Gender
4903:merger
4893:, and
4826:Other
4785:lexeme
4743:/dʒys/
4740:dzjuus
4697:Geleen
4255:Vowels
4249:straot
4186:uvular
4163:Soft G
4099:zeggen
3971:voiced
3870:voiced
3753:Uvular
3726:Labial
3625:Letter
3491:Letter
3417:Letter
3407:/ɛːw/
3325:Letter
3209:Letter
3191:/ʏ~yː/
3176:/u~uː/
3173:/ɔ~oː/
3167:/i~iː/
3164:/ɪ~iː/
3046:Letter
3028:/tʃ~c/
3007:/dʒ~ɟ/
2281:Cleves
2255:Voeren
2207:Voeren
2195:Voeren
2069:vandag
1764:, and
1668:Bilzen
1532:Lommel
1492:, the
1434:biased
1238:, and
1090:and a
1036:German
1019:accent
963:French
950:German
822:Bildts
719:Veluws
604:UNESCO
345:Region
205:
198:
191:
184:
176:
10547:South
10498:North
10108:North
10092:North
9434:Kaaps
9425:Dutch
9072:Amrum
9013:Weser
8935:Scots
8488:Dutch
8341:Dutch
8145:Dutch
8027:(PDF)
8011:(PDF)
7995:(PDF)
7934:S2CID
7900:(PDF)
7893:(PDF)
7878:S2CID
7858:(PDF)
7695:(PDF)
7626:(PDF)
7582:(PDF)
7564:(PDF)
7557:(PDF)
7522:S2CID
7502:(PDF)
7459:(PDF)
7452:(PDF)
7283:(PNG)
7272:"Map"
7108:(PDF)
7097:(PDF)
6975:(PDF)
6968:(PDF)
6826:(PDF)
6819:(PDF)
6593:(PDF)
6586:(PDF)
6548:(PDF)
6541:(PDF)
6208:Notes
5579:diech
5569:diech
5551:miech
5513:Venlo
5501:Venlo
5459:-e(n)
5413:-isch
5281:thoos
5262:sjeun
5256:sjoon
5248:breur
5242:broor
5205:ne(n)
5141:Nouns
5027:gieël
4993:steìn
4987:steĩn
4966:keize
4899:schwa
4502:Close
4469:Front
4340:Close
4307:Front
4285::159)
4270::159)
4241:]
4237:[
4209:]
4205:[
4140:]
4136:[
4122:]
4118:[
4110:]
4106:[
4095:zègke
3765:Nasal
3748:Velar
3736:Post-
3701:/wɛ/
3695:/yːw/
3692:/yːj/
3689:/yːə/
3686:/yːɛ/
3671:/yːə/
3615:/œw/
3591:/oːw/
3588:/oːj/
3585:/oːə/
3579:/uːw/
3576:/uːj/
3573:/uːə/
3570:/uːɛ/
3567:/uːɑ/
3481:/jɛ/
3466:/iːw/
3463:/iːj/
3460:/iːə/
3457:/iːɛ/
3404:/ɛːə/
3398:/øːw/
3395:/øːj/
3392:/øːə/
3377:/eːw/
3374:/eːj/
3338:ei/ij
3315:/ɑw/
3309:/œːw/
3306:/œːi/
3297:/ɒːə/
3288:/ɛːe/
3285:/ɛːə/
3282:/æːw/
3279:/æːj/
3276:/aːw/
3273:/aːj/
3270:/aːə/
2396:Rhine
2390:near
2380:Eupen
2324:Rhine
2320:Meuse
2293:Rhine
2157:Budel
2126:Arcen
2061:hebbe
2045:awwer
1788:near
1678:(cp.
1666:(cp.
1635:Horns
1598:(cp.
1147:Liège
1040:Dutch
1015:Dutch
1007:Dutch
982:, or
932:Dutch
655:Dutch
465:Latin
362:Dutch
325:Liège
210:JSTOR
196:books
10508:West
10503:East
10423:East
10279:East
10269:Norn
10160:West
10096:East
10094:and
9659:and
9654:Non-
9084:Sylt
9067:Föhr
9002:Ems
8927:Yola
8836:West
8048:ISSN
7798:ISBN
7777:ISBN
7665:ISBN
7638:ISBN
7478:ISBN
7184:ISBN
6905:ISBN
6770:DBNL
6627:ISBN
6446:2017
6360:and
6329:-gən
6325:lim-
6288:are
6284:and
6102:dees
6088:dees
6045:zien
6041:dien
6037:mien
6023:and
6021:zien
6017:dien
6013:mien
5999:häör
5989:häör
5979:häör
5894:häör
5889:häör
5884:häör
5869:zien
5859:zien
5844:zien
5834:zien
5819:dien
5809:dien
5794:mien
5784:mien
5739:häör
5730:zeuj
5716:uuch
5704:geer
5701:gae
5697:geer
5692:geej
5673:veer
5670:vae
5666:veer
5661:weej
5636:häör
5632:heur
5619:zeuj
5600:häöm
5595:heer
5574:dich
5565:dich
5546:mich
5541:iech
5410:and
5346:-sje
5214:and
5047:().
5045:dage
5041:daag
4976:keze
4957:high
4955:and
4941:mora
4926:and
4860:tone
4808:daàg
4804:daãg
4787:and
4749:Tone
4725:naar
4723:and
4709:/aː/
4705:/oː/
4701:/eː/
4693:/eɪ/
4689:/ou/
4679:/aɪ/
4602:Open
4479:Back
4433:Open
4317:Back
4231:and
4184:is
4156:and
4112:(lan
3698:/wɑ/
3683:/œw/
3680:/œj/
3677:/œy/
3674:/yɛ/
3659:wjè
3612:/œə/
3609:/œɑ/
3606:/ow/
3603:/oj/
3600:/oə/
3597:/oɑ/
3582:/ɔj/
3564:/ɔə/
3561:/ɔɑ/
3478:/ɪw/
3475:/ɪj/
3472:/ɪə/
3469:/iɛ/
3389:/øː/
3386:/æj/
3383:/ɛi/
3312:/ɑu/
3294:/aj/
3291:/aə/
3182:/oː/
3179:/uː/
3170:/iː/
3158:/øː/
3155:/ɛː/
3152:/eː/
3146:/œː/
3140:/æː/
3137:/aː/
3134:/aː/
3031:/ʒ/
3022:/kʷ/
2935:/iː/
2926:/ks/
2907:/yː/
2879:/kʷ/
2869:/oː/
2807:/eː/
2771:/aː/
2287:and
2249:and
2241:and
2229:and
2159:and
2144:and
2128:and
2107:and
2053:tied
2037:iech
1349:Form
1337:and
1327:Genk
1186:I/me
1180:and
1111:plat
1103:plat
1038:and
182:news
91:The
7959:doi
7926:doi
7870:doi
7630:doi
7514:doi
7125:PDF
6519:hdl
6515:123
6493:4.3
6415:at
6327:BUR
6310:ɜːr
6271:LIM
6252:ɜːr
6137:die
6131:dat
6127:det
6122:die
6116:dee
6097:dit
6092:dis
6025:oos
6003:hun
5993:hun
5983:hun
5959:eur
5954:eur
5949:eur
5933:eus
5929:oos
5913:eus
5909:oos
5864:zie
5839:zie
5814:die
5789:mie
5744:hun
5734:die
5726:zie
5712:uch
5708:óch
5651:het
5646:het
5604:dem
5590:hae
5561:doe
5536:ich
5452:or
5442:-ng
5407:-ig
5401:-eg
5394:or
5375:-ch
5370:-en
5342:-je
5338:-ke
5196:or
5187:ein
5175:der
5153:den
5069:.
4953:mid
4817:biẽ
4813:biè
4717:nao
4675:/j/
4648:/ə/
4634:ɑ̃ː
4613:æ̃ː
4594:ɔ̃ː
4580:œ̃ː
4182:/r/
4175:/h/
4171:/h/
4158:/ɣ/
4154:/x/
4147:/l/
4132:/w/
4124:(te
4116:);
4091:/ɡ/
3891:d͡ʒ
3838:t͡ʃ
3666:IPA
3653:uuw
3650:uuj
3647:uuë
3644:uuè
3556:IPA
3549:öw
3525:oow
3522:ooj
3519:ooë
3513:oew
3510:oej
3507:oeë
3504:oeè
3501:oea
3452:IPA
3445:jè
3439:i-j
3430:iew
3427:iej
3424:ieë
3421:ieè
3369:IPA
3362:èw
3353:euw
3350:euj
3347:euë
3332:eew
3329:eej
3265:IPA
3258:aw
3252:äöw
3249:äöj
3246:aow
3243:aoj
3240:aoë
3231:àèw
3228:àèë
3225:aew
3222:aej
3219:aaw
3216:aaj
3213:aaë
3188:/œ/
3185:/o/
3161:/ɛ/
3131:/a/
3123:IPA
3116:uu
3025:/ʃ/
3019:/ɲ/
3016:/ŋ/
3013:/ʎ/
3010:/ɡ/
3004:/ç/
2999:IPA
2992:zj
2940:/z/
2931:/j/
2921:/β/
2917:/w/
2912:/v/
2903:/ʏ/
2898:/t/
2893:/s/
2888:/r/
2884:/ʁ/
2874:/p/
2865:/ɔ/
2860:/n/
2855:/m/
2850:/l/
2845:/k/
2840:/j/
2835:/ɪ/
2831:/i/
2826:/ɦ/
2822:/h/
2817:/ʝ/
2812:/f/
2803:/ə/
2801:,
2799:/æ/
2794:/d/
2789:/s/
2785:/k/
2780:/b/
2775:/ɑ/
2763:IPA
2398:).
2382:in
2311:).
2235:Ool
2169:doe
2165:gij
2033:or
2029:ech
2006:of
1990:of
1974:of
1958:of
1942:of
1912:in
1904:of
1874:of
1858:of
1842:of
1812:in
1804:of
1780:of
1738:or
1436:or
1002:).
919:or
620:IPA
553:lim
536:lim
165:by
10745::
7955:36
7953:.
7949:.
7932:.
7922:35
7920:.
7876:.
7866:29
7864:.
7860:.
7697:.
7636:.
7584:,
7520:,
7510:28
7508:,
7504:,
7426:.
7401:.
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7353:.
7329:.
7305:,
7274:.
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7127:,
7099:.
7050:.
7025:.
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6875:.
6849:.
6794:.
6768:.
6742:.
6718:.
6702:^
6650:.
6564:.
6513:.
6509:.
6488:.
6463:.
6437:.
6401:^
6364:/-
6336:/-
6332:,
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