493:
977:
activity of pro-German organisations and the Allied support for the participation of those who were born in the plebiscite area but did not live there any longer were supposed to further the vote toward
Germany. In the end, the weight of the evidently substantial number of pro-German emigration voters can be ignored in the light of the 96% pro-German overall total. Anyway, the plebiscite resulted in a vast majority for East Prussia. Only a small part of the territory affected by the plebiscite was awarded to Poland, and most remained in Germany.
501:
302:
31:
770:
autumn of 1914 and were then financially adopted by large German cities. Rennie, the
British commissioner in Allenstein, reported on 11 March 1920, that "in those parts which touch the Polish frontier a vigorous German propaganda is in progress" and that "the Commission is doing all it can to prevent German officials in the district from taking part in national propaganda in connection with the Plebiscite. Ordinances and instructions in this sense have been issued".
680:
900:
590:
862:
841:(Posen). Rennie described Lewandowski as having "little experience of official life" and that Lewandowski had begun to send complaints to the Commission immediately after his arrival in which he declared that the district's entire Polish population had been terrorised for years and so was unable to express their sentiments. Rennie reported an incident as Lewandowski repeatedly hoisted the
1585:(Ostróda), situated directly at the border, a majority voted for Poland. The villages became a part of Poland after the plebiscite. Other Polish-majority villages were scarce but would have been more numerous if they had not been surrounded by Mazurian German disposed villages, making a geographical connection with Poland improbable and so a vote for Poland would not be useful.
249:
478:, who had been in the service of the Interior Ministry before he was on the Inner Colonisation Committee. The local police forces were placed under the control of two British officers: Lieutenant-Colonel Bennet and Major David Deevis. Bennet reported that he regarded them as "well-disciplined and reliable". There was also a battalion from the
988:
would vote for Poland. Therefore, it is also reported that the Polish delegation planned to bring Polish émigrés not only from other parts of
Germany but also from America to the plebiscite area to strengthen their position, but those plans were not executed the Polish delegation claimed that it was
976:
is said to have masked the pro-German choice under the provincial name of East
Prussia. However, the weight of that argument can not have been strong because East Prussia was just a German province, not a sovereign party, as an alternative for the German state, and the voters were aware of that. The
947:
According to Jerzy
Minakowski, pro-Polish activists decided to boycott the preparations for electoral commissions before the plebiscite to protest the unequal treatment of the Polish and German side and pro-German terror, which allowed German officials to falsify lists with eligible voters by adding
649:
On 10 March 1920 Beaumont wrote of numerous continuing difficulties being made by Polish officials and stressed the "ill-will between Polish and German nationalities and the irritation due to Polish intolerance towards the German inhabitants in the
Corridor (now under their rule), far worse than any
433:
According to Jerzy
Minakowski, the area of the plebiscite had 720,000 people, who were German citizens, and 440,000 of them were considered Polish by him by their Mazurian dialect of Polish. The official Prussian census of 1910 showed 245,000 Polish- and Mazurian-speakers and 289,000 German-speakers
980:
Poland's supposed disadvantage by the
Versailles Treaty stipulation was that it enabled those to return to vote if they were born in the plebiscite areas but no longer living there. Most of them were supposed to have been influenced by German national sentiments. For that reason, German nationalist
1011:
According to several Polish sources, the
Germans engaged in a massive persecution of Polish activists and their Masurian supporters and went as far as engaging in regular hunts and murder to influence the vote. The organisation of the plebiscite was also influenced by Britain, which then supported
951:
During the plebiscite, Germans transported pro-German voters to numerous locations, which allowed them to cast multiple votes. In
Allenstein (Olsztyn), cards with pro-Polish votes were simply taken away by a German official who declared that they were "invalid" and presented voters with pro-German
857:
Beaumont reported from Marienwerder at the end of March that "no change has been made in the methods of Polish propaganda. Occasional meetings are held, but they are attended only by Poles in small numbers". He continued to note that "acts and articles violently abusive of everything German in the
641:
on 5 March 1920 that the Plebiscite Commissions at Allenstein and Marienwerder "felt that they were isolated both from Poland and from Germany" and that the Polish authorities were holding up supplies of coal and petrol to those districts. Rumbold had a meeting with the Polish Minister for Foreign
769:
Those were no new standpoints but had been the prevailing common sense in Mazurian public mind for decades. The German nationalist feelings were recently strengthened even more by the massive rebuilding programme of the devastated towns, which had been destroyed during the Russian invasion in the
878:
Masurians who supported voting for Poland were singled out and subjected to terror and repressions. Names of Masurians supporting the Polish side were published in pro-German newspapers, and their photographs were presented in shops of pro-German owners. Later, regular hunts were organised after
519:
The Commission had general powers of administration and was particularly "charged with the duty of arranging for the vote and of taking such measures as it may deem necessary to ensure its freedom, fairness, and secrecy. The Commission will have all necessary authority to decide any questions to
874:
a native Masurian member of the Polish delegation to Versailles, who supported voting for Poland. His death described as "bestial murder" after he had been beaten to death by pro-German militias armed with crowbars, metal rods, and shovels. His ribs were punctured by shovel, and he was taken to
611:
On the eve of the plebiscite, Beaumont reported Poles strictly guarding the new frontier between East Prussia and Poland to prevent people from passing to East Prussia without vexatious formalities. They held up trains for hours and constantly interrupted or even completely suppressed postal,
845:
at the consular office, which caused popular protests. Rennie "pointed out to Dr. Lewandowski that he ought to realise that his position here was a delicate one... and I added it was highly desirable that his office should not be situated in a building with the Bureau of Polish propaganda."
3052:
608:, where Poles admittedly numbered 15,500 out of a population of 36,500 (42%), they had Polish sympathies since they were Catholics. In the other districts, with the exception of Allenstein, Poles depicting themselves as Mazurians were Lutherans and German in a national conviction.
939:(the alternatives for the voters were not Poland or Germany but Poland or East Prussia, the latter of which was not a sovereign nation). All inhabitants of the plebiscite areas older than 20 or those who were born in the area before 1 January 1905 were entitled to return to vote.
520:
which the execution of these provisions may give rise. The Commission will make such arrangements as may be necessary for assistance in the exercise of its functions by officials chosen by itself from the local population. Its decisions will be taken by a majority".
2343:
The many faces of Clio: cross-cultural approaches to historiography, essays in honor of Georg G. Iggers, Edward Wang, Franz L. Fillafer "Border regions, hybridity and national identity – the cases of Alsace and Masuria" Stefan Berger, p. 378, Berghahn Books,
551:
In April 1920, during a Polish theatrical performance in Deuthen (Dajtki), near Allenstein, Poles were attacked by pro-German activists. As demanded by the Allied Commission, the German police escorted Polish actors, but they then ignored the attackers. In
2015:
The many faces of Clio: cross-cultural approaches to historiography, essays in honor of Georg G. Iggers, Edward Wang, Franz L. Fillafer "Border regions,hybridity and national identity-the cases of Alsace and Masuria" Stefan Berger, p. 375, Berghahn Books,
442:
The Allied forces had to intervene here in 1919 to release imprisoned Masurians, who had tried to reach the Paris Conference. The president and British commissioner of the Inter-Allied Administrative and Plebiscite Commission for Allenstein was
869:
The Germans tried to sway the voters in the area before the plebiscite by using violence, with Polish organisations and activists being harassed by pro-German militias. Actions included murder, the most notable example being the killing of
2462:
Bard ziemi mazurskiej Jerzy Oleksiński Nasza Księgarnia,"Niemieccy lekarze ze szpitala w Olsztynie nie udzielili mu natychmiastowej i odpowiedniej pomocy. Postąpili w myśl nieludzkiej zasady, że „umierającemu nie należy przerywać konania"
120:
The plebiscite reported that most voters had selected East Prussia over Poland (over 97% in the Allenstein Plebiscite Area and 92% in the Marienwerder Plebiscite Area). As a result, most of the territories in question remained in the
886:
At least 3,000 Warmian and Masurian activists engaged for Poland had to flee the region out of fear for their lives. The German police engaged in active surveillance of the Polish minority and attacks against pro-Polish activists.
853:
reported a decision of the Allied Council of Ambassadors in Paris to make representations to the Polish government regarding the violations of the frontiers of the Marienwerder Plebiscite Area towards Germans by Polish soldiers.
548:, Major Oldenburg, after a Polish banner at the local consulate of Poland was defaced. The Poles expressed gratitude for Allied protection of Polish rights and underlined their desire for peaceful co-existence with the Germans.
668:(first secretary at the legation at Warsaw) that the Poles questioned the impartiality of the Inter-Allied Commissions and indicated that the Polish government might refuse to recognise the results of the plebiscites.
627:
was barred by sentries, in French uniforms, "who refuse to understand any language but Polish". As a result, Beaumont wrote that area to have been "cut off from its shopping centre and chief port almost completely".
890:
It may be concluded that propaganda and manipulation caused the German side to be put in favour in many respects above the Polish one, but it must also be disputed if that was influential for the final result.
585:
on guard that afterwards marched past at the double. The commission had about 1,400 uniformed German police under its authority. Beaumont was accused by Poles of having a cold and ironic attitude toward them.
972:). The pro-German side was able to organise a very successful propaganda campaign by building on the long campaign of Germanisation; notably the plebiscite asking the electorate to vote for Poland or
956:. Pro-Polish voting cards were often hidden or taken away, and Polish controllers were removed from polling stations. A large number of Poles feared reprisals and did not turn out for the plebiscite.
426:). The northern boundary of the Oletzko District to its junction with the old frontier of East Prussia." Thus, the Allenstein precinct comprised all the Allenstein Region plus the Oletzko District (
631:
After the plebiscite, the bridge was removed. To Beaumont it would be "desirable to convey a hint to the Warsaw Government that their present policy is scarcely calculated to gain them votes".
579:
were confined as the Marienwerder Plebiscite Area. The commission for the plebiscite area reached Marienwerder (Kwidzyn) on 17 February 1920. Upon its arrival, it found an Italian battalion of
331:
had previously left the plebiscite areas. The civil and municipal administration was continued by the existing German authorities, which were responsible to the Commissions for their duration.
560:
newspaper called on its readers to remain calm and to cease pogroms against Poles and pointing out that they could lead to postponing the plebiscite, which would go against German interests.
563:
Italian forces were sent to Lötzen (Giżycko), according to Jerzy Minakowski, to protect the Poles after a pogrom had occurred on 17 April. In May, several attacks on Poles were reported in
3265:
650:
former German intolerance of the Poles, are growing to such an extent that it is impossible to believe the present settlement (borders) can have any chance of being permanent...".
981:
societies and political parties wanted to assist them by facilitating their travel to the plebiscite area. Approximately 152,000 such individuals participated in the plebiscite.
1997:(pdf, 623 KB). Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej GUS, Annual (Main Statistical Office of the Republic of Poland) (1920/1922, part II). Retrieved on 2008-01-23.
931:
The plebiscites asked voters whether they wanted their homeland to remain in East Prussia or to become a part of it, as to the Marienwerder Plebiscite Area, which was part of
523:
The commission was welcomed by the Poles in the region, who hoped that its presence would improve their situation, but petitions were made to remove German officials and the
2647:
Rocznik olsztyński: Tom 10 Muzeum Warmii i Mazur w Olsztynie – 1972 – Jeśli chodzi o stanowisko Anglików, to na Powiślu i Mazurach popierali oni wraz z Włochami Niemców,
2481:
Problemy narodowościowe w Kościele ewangelickim na Mazurach w latach 1918–1945, p. 43 Ryszard Otello, Ośrodek Badań Naukowych im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie, 2003
1015:
According to Jerzy Minakowski, terror and their unequal status made Poles boycott the preparations for the plebiscite, which allowed the Germans to add ineligible voters.
1018:
After the plebiscite in Masuria, attacks on Poles were commenced by pro-German mobs. In particular, Polish priests and politicians were charged, even in their homes.
321:) were placed under the authority of two Inter-Allied Commissions of five members, who were appointed by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers representing the
904:
638:
3118:
2656:
Nowe ksia̜żki: miesie̜cznik krytyki literackiej i naukowej, Tom 857, Wydanie 860, Tom 862, Wydanie 860 Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)Wiedza Powszechna,p. 71, 1990
2499:
Historia Polski: 1914–1993 Wojciech Roszkowski Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 1994:"Podobnie jak na Śląsku, bojówki niemieckie szerzyły wśród ludności polskiej terror".
646:, who declared that he was disappointed with his people's behaviour and "spoke strongly about the tactlessness and rigidity of the Polish Military authorities".
334:
In accordance with Articles 94 to 97 of the Treaty of Versailles (section entitled "East Prussia"), the Marienwerder Plebiscite Area was formed of northeastern
2674:
Historical abstracts: Twentieth century abstracts, 1914–2000: Volume 37 American Bibliographical Center, p. 743 – 1986 On 9 March 1920, Germans attacked the
3260:
3255:
3071:
2526:
Plebiscyty na Warmii, Mazurach i Powiślu w 1920 roku: wybór źródeł, Piotr Stawecki, Wojciech Wrzesiński, Zygmunt Lietz, page 13,Ośrodek badań naukowych 1986
489:
According to Jerzy Minakowski, the small forces had proven themselves inadequate to protect pro-Polish voters in the precincts from pro-German repressions.
114:
858:
newly founded Polish newspaper appear to be the only (peaceful) methods adopted to persuade the inhabitants of the Plebiscite areas to vote for Poland".
1962:
Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: history, data, analysis. Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski. p. 166, 2003.
2113:
992:
According to Richard K. Debo, both the German and the Polish governments believed that the outcome of the plebiscite had been decided by the ongoing
305:
Upper map: language statistics according to the Prussian census of 1910, in the map Mazurian is comprehended in Polish, lower map: plebiscite results
3275:
3270:
3062:
3033:
530:
On 18 February 1919, the Allenstein-based commission decreed that the Polish language would gain equal rights to the German language in the region.
232:
2058:
2248:
Dzieło najżywsze z żywch: antologia reportażu o ziemiach zachodnich ; północnych z lat 1919–1939 Witold Nawrocki Wydawnictwo Poznańskie,
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hospital, where he died after he had been barely alive and bled from the neck and the head. After his burial, the grave of Linka was defiled.
2696:
2312:
1967:
1571:
1567:
790:
746:
exerted strong psychological pressure on Masurians to vote for Germany and threatened Polish forces with physical violence. They appealed to
527:
and demanded for the official welcoming committee of German officials to show the representatives of the Allies the plight of ethnic Poles.
479:
2076:
1986:
Results of a plebiscite in three Polish districts conducted between July 1920 and March 1921. Rocznik statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
919:
inside an oval whose border gave the full name of the plebiscite commission. Each overprint was applied to 14 denominations ranging from 5
2685:, as part of an anti-Polish campaign before the plebiscite on East Prussia that had been provided for by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
1990:
469:; and the Japanese commissioner was Marumo. The German government, under the Protocol's terms, was allowed to attach a delegate and sent
1915:
758:
religion and Poland's alleged economical backwardness. The pro-Germans presented the probability that all men would be drafted into the
325:. British and Italian troops, under the command of the Commissions, arrived on and soon after 12 February 1920 after the regular German
3047:
209:
3235:
3111:
3016:
Udział Oddziału II Sztabu Generalnego Ministerstwa Spraw Wojskowych w pracach plebiscytowych na Warmii, Mazurach i Powiślu w 1920 roku
2850:
850:
266:
3057:
556:(Biskupiec), a pogrom against Poles was organised, which prompted the creation of a special commission to find the perpetrators. The
2995:
2960:
2928:
2914:
2875:
2629:
Debo, Richard K. , "Survival and consolidation: the foreign policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1921", McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, p. 335.
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if they would vote for the annexation by Poland. A Soviet invasion was then being attempted in the alleged eastern parts of Poland.
288:
3139:
2665:
Gospodarka Polski międzywojennej, 1918–1939: Landau, Z., Tomaszewski, J. W dobie inflacji, 1918–1923, Książka i Wiedza, p. 24, 1967
1724:
359:
984:
However, debate went on whether it was a Polish or German condition at Versailles as it might have been expected that also many
3250:
2439:
Piotr Stawecki Warmiacy i Mazurzy – kawalerowie Krzyża i Medalu Niepodległosci Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie issue 2–3, p. 309
1656:
705:
665:
634:
460:
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3245:
2608:
1863:
2818:
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823:, had "entirely disrupted the railway, telegraphic and telephone system, and the greatest difficulty is being experienced".
372:
1000:
itself and so many Poles in the region voted for Germany for fear that if the area joined Poland, it would soon fall under
367:
3215:
3169:
3104:
1868:
815:
Rennie reported to Curzon at the British Foreign Office on 18 February 1920, that the Poles, who had taken control of the
799:
492:
2250:
Odnosiło się wrażenie, iż zawzięty, zimny i ironiczny pan Beaumont nie jest wcale przyjacielem naszej sprawy na tej ziemi
1575:
1361:
455:
270:
259:
1883:
201:
3210:
3174:
2853:, London, 1960, vol. x, Chapter VIII, "The Plebiscites in Allenstein and Marienwerder January 21 – September 29, 1920"
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142:
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Mapa powiatów malborskiego i kwidzynskiego z naniesionymi przedstawieniami wyników plebiscytu sporządzona 11 VII 1920
3159:
3144:
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1873:
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2353:
Jan Chłosta Prawda o plebiscytach na Warmii, Mazurach i Powiślu, Siedlisko, Tom 5, 2008.nInstytut Zachodni, Poznań
794:
3280:
3225:
613:
113:
Prepared in early 1920, the plebiscite took place on 11 July 1920 and was conducted by German authorities under
3230:
3128:
1878:
1589:
701:
505:
2302:
1592:
177:
of 1525, as a Polish fief until 1660. Many inhabitants of that region had Polish roots and were influenced by
1125:
3240:
2380:
Między Królewcem, Warszawą, Berlinem a Londynem: Wojciech Wrzesiński, Wydawnictw Adam Marszałek p. 131, 2001
2110:
1690:
1021:
Results as published by Poland in 1920, however, giving also Polish place names as fixed in the late 1940s.
969:
539:
343:
3179:
1600:
1322:
1242:
500:
444:
301:
3164:
997:
936:
412:
1439:
716:
to protest the planned cession. Pro-German campaigners collected several regional associations under the
654:
3220:
1847:
1705:
1537:
1281:
879:
them. In the pursuit of Polish supporters, the local Poles were terrorized by pro-German militias. The "
713:
576:
434:
in the Allenstein Government Region and 23,000 and 136,000 in the Marienwerder Government Region.
397:
335:
122:
103:
3082:
3030:
Das Recht zur Selbstbestimmung oder der Kampf um staatliche Souveränität – Plebiszit in Ostpreußen 1920
2680:
1164:
827:
1400:
671:
Infiltration attempts of Polish irregulars into the Marienwerder area were checked by Italian troops.
598:
3191:
2727:
Kazimierz Jaroszyk, 1878–1941: o narodowy kształt Warmii i Mazur. Wydawnictwo Pojezierze, p. 89, 1986
1203:
1093:
993:
880:
653:
The Poles began to harden their position, and Rumbold reported to Curzon on 22 March 1920 that Count
618:
394:
107:
2055:
659:
510:
30:
2856:
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Szkice z dziejów Pomorza: Pomorze na progu dziejów najnowszych Gerard Labuda,Książka i Wiedza, 1961
2298:
1074:
725:
449:
390:
162:
95:
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1920 map showing German territory's changes, including marked area for the East Prussia plebiscite
2703:
1902:
1303:
747:
534:
427:
217:
158:
79:
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2073:
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A delegation of Masurians petitioned the Allies in March 1919 to join their region with Poland.
643:
1987:
865:
Monument to Bogumił Linka, pro-Polish activist murdered by German militia during the plebiscite
679:
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2924:
2910:
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2604:
2308:
1963:
965:
924:
322:
224:
2034:
Terminology used in the Treaty of Versailles, Article 88, annex, first and fourth paragraphs.
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1130:
964:
The plebiscite took place on 11 July 1920 when Poland appeared on the verge of defeat in the
389:. The treaty defined the Allenstein Plebiscite Area as "The western and northern boundary of
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953:
871:
475:
174:
150:
3005:
Religion versus Ethnicity: A Case Study of Nationalism or How Masuria Became a "Borderland"
2819:"Suchmaschine für direkte Demokratie: Marienwerder / Kwidzyn (Westpreussen), 11. Juli 1920"
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899:
832:
603:
2117:
2080:
2062:
1994:
1671:
816:
786:
759:
589:
471:
466:
382:
186:
126:
67:
51:
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Historia Warmii i Mazur: od pradziejów do 1945 roku, p. 251, Stanisław Achremczyk – 1992
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Najnowsza historia Polski 1914–1993 Andrzej Albert, Wojciech Roszkowski Puls, p. 95, 1994
1605:
1405:
1327:
1247:
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Plebiscyt 1920 r. w północno-wschodniej części Mazur (na przykładzie powiatu giżyckiego)
2774:"Suchmaschine für direkte Demokratie: Allenstein / Olsztyn (Ostpreussen), 11. Juli 1920"
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200:, harsh Germanisation measures were enacted in the region. The Polish delegation at the
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1008:
came closer to Warsaw every day and committed crimes against the civilian population.
932:
417:
213:
178:
146:
17:
2074:
A map of counties of Marienburg and Marienwerder with marked results of the plebiscite
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861:
3204:
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National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the Eastern Border, 1918–1922
1444:
809:
763:
712:, had travelled to Versailles to hand over a collection of 144,447 signatures to the
205:
197:
138:
137:
The area concerned had changed hands at various times over the centuries between the
39:
1851:
1846:
The West Prussian plebiscite area remained with Germany and became part of the new
1542:
1286:
1001:
973:
849:
Undercover and illicit activities also started as early as 11 March 1920, when the
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709:
402:
228:
170:
99:
91:
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A Revision of the Treaty: Being a Sequel to The Economic Consequences of the Peace
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but that Poles now had the opportunity to liberate themselves from Prussian rule.
423:
2822:
2777:
2697:"Baza artykułów dotyczących plebiscytu na Warmii, Mazurach i Powiślu w 1920 roku"
1610:
was the reason that it was transferred to Poland without plebiscite, and renamed
1559:" (Treue = "loyalty") in 1928, with the district following this example in 1933.
3072:
Małe ząbkowane – czyli rzecz o kwidzynskich znaczkach plebiscytowych i nie tylko
3009:
Borderland Identities: Territory and Belonging in Central, North and East Europe
2899:
1756:
1548:
842:
581:
351:
2702:(in Polish). Wojciech Kętrzyński Institute, Olsztyn. p. 15. Archived from
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Kiermasy na Warmii i inne pisma wybrane Walenty Barczewski,page 14 Pojezierze.
1454:
1376:
1179:
820:
697:
564:
327:
75:
1208:
1563:
1547:, with 2 votes for Poland compared to 28,625 for Germany, the district town
1415:
985:
908:
805:
593:
Map of the eastern parts of Prussia, showing the percentage of ethnic Poles.
553:
190:
838:
826:
Rennie reported on 11 March 1920 the arrival of the Polish Consul-General,
808:
of Warmia (Ermland) and Masuria that they were victims of a long period of
212:
until 1772. Despite their protests (supported by the French), US President
720:(East German Homeland Service), which collected over 220,000 members. The
208:, made a number of demands in relation to areas that had been part of the
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Butler, Rohan, MA., Bury, J.P.T., MA., & Lambert M.E., MA., editors,
1552:
1337:
1005:
755:
2448:
1012:
Germany out of fear of an increased power for France in postwar Europe.
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1664:
1536:
To honour the exceptionally high percentage of pro-German votes in the
1257:
1101:
1067:
920:
751:
567:(Ostróda) and included attacks on coworkers of the Masurian Committee.
378:
347:
339:
166:
87:
533:
The commission eventually had to remove both the mayor of Allenstein,
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1596:
1296:
504:
Handover of the plebiscite area by the Allied commission, Allenstein
408:
182:
154:
83:
35:
1218:
781:
The Poles established an unofficial Masurian Plebiscite Committee (
1764:
898:
624:
491:
386:
355:
29:
1732:
1140:
911:
German stamps and sold from 3 April. One kind of overprint read
483:
363:
3100:
1624:
The results for the precincts of Marienwerder / Kwidzyn were:
242:
90:(Mazury, Masuren) and Powiśle, which had been in parts of the
2798:
Adrian Room, Place-name Changes Since 1900: A World Gazetteer
2638:
Zarys dzíejów Polski Jerzy Topolski Interpress, p. 204, 1986
948:
names of dead people or people who were ineligible to vote.
2891:, Peter Young, MA., editor, BPC Publishing Ltd., UK., 1971.
1533:
Registered voters: 425,305, valid: 371,189, turnout: 87.3%
1029:
The results for Olsztyn / Allenstein Plebiscite Area were:
883:" wrote, "Unspeakable terror lasted till the last days ".
216:
and the other Allies agreed that plebiscites according to
1843:
Registered voters: 125,090 valid: 104,941 turnout: 84%
785:) on 6 June 1919 that was chaired by a Polish citizen
612:
telegraphic and telephonic communication service. The
2307:. London, New York: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 78.
664:, an official of the Polish Foreign Office, had told
269:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
2676:
Polish consulate in the city of Allenstein (Olsztyn)
952:
cards. Voters were observed by the German police in
235:
had already removed the German authorities in 1919.
465:; the Italian commissioner was Marquis Fracassi, a
837:, a 60-year-old former chemist who kept a shop in
42:showing the area of the East Prussian plebiscite.
2564:Cezary Bazydlo (www.jugendzeit-ostpreussen.de):
1864:Territorial changes of Germany after World War I
754:, disqualified Polish culture and warned of the
637:, the British minister in Warsaw, also wrote to
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2163:
2161:
2107:Annuaire statistique de la République Polonaise
1869:Territorial changes of Poland after World War I
3063:Map of interwar Poland; shows plebiscite areas
3058:Map of interwar Poland; shows plebiscite areas
903:5-Pfennig stamp. To advertise the plebiscite,
393:to its junction with the boundary between the
27:Referendum on whether to become part of Poland
3112:
2847:Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939
2390:
2388:
2386:
996:, which threatened the very existence of the
943:Accusations of falsification and manipulation
597:Beaumont said that with the exception of the
338:, based in Marienwerder in West Prussia, now
8:
683:The "German House", the headquarters of the
106:in accordance with Articles 94 to 97 of the
3032:in AHF Informationen Nr. 54 vom 20.09.2000
2109:1 (1920/22), vol 2, Warszawa 1923, p. 358.
2103:Rocznik statystyki Rzczypospolitej Polskiej
3119:
3105:
3097:
2326:
2324:
1626:
1031:
2980:, 4/2001, Giżycko 2001, pp. 149–157
2051:
2049:
362:(based in Rosenberg in West Prussia, now
289:Learn how and when to remove this message
2889:Plebiscites:Self Determination in Action
917:TRAITÉ / DE / VERSAILLES / ART. 94 et 95
860:
678:
588:
499:
300:
265:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2978:Masovia. Pismo poświęcone dziejom Mazur
2868:Masuren: Ostpreussens vergessener Süden
1894:
72:Plebiscyt na Warmii, Mazurach i Powiślu
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1620:Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
571:Marienwerder / Kwidzyn Plebiscite Area
377:(based in Marienburg in West Prussia,
64:Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle plebiscite
60:Allenstein and Marienwerder plebiscite
791:Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland
482:and an Italian regiment stationed at
342:, which encompassed the districts of
7:
3266:Germany–Poland relations (1918–1939)
2896:Die Ostgebiete des Deutschen Reiches
2600:National identity and Weimar Germany
2101:the census results are published in
1576:District of Osterode in East Prussia
496:1920 Allied visa to exit Allenstein.
438:Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area
3261:East Prussia in the interwar period
3256:Aftermath of World War I in Germany
2988:Ostpreussen: Geschichte und Mythos
2944:, 1933. I pp 99–141; II pp 48–107
2092:Minakowski..., p. 10, Olsztyn 2010
1025:Olsztyn/Allenstein Plebiscite Area
185:in 1910 classified them as ethnic
153:, Germany and Poland. The area of
25:
2332:Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos
1004:rule. During the plebiscite, the
913:PLÉBISCITE / OLSZTYN / ALLENSTEIN
735:, an author and publisher of the
3020:Komunikaty Mazursko – Warmińskie
2949:The British in Germany 1918–1930
1588:The strategic importance of the
247:
3276:Political repression in Germany
3271:1920 in international relations
3083:"Allenstein-Marienwerder"
2938:Plebiscites since the World War
2851:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
2304:The British in interwar Germany
1515:Voter turnout 87.3% (371,715)
793:. There was also an unofficial
2885:History of the First World War
1848:West Prussia Government Region
577:Marienwerder Government Region
454:; the French commissioner was
336:Marienwerder Government Region
210:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
3150:1920 East Prussian plebiscite
2909:, U of Nebraska Press, 1997,
1825:Voter turnout 84% (105,071)
804:. They tried to convince the
783:Mazurski Komitet Plebiscytowy
614:great bridge over the Vistula
368:of Marienburg in West Prussia
56:Volksabstimmung in Ostpreußen
3007:, in: Madeleine Hurd (ed.):
2921:An Outline History of Poland
2006:Mayer, vol. 8, pp. 3357–3358
1884:Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
1595:passing through the area of
795:Warmian Plebiscite Committee
687:, in Allenstein in July 1920
391:Allenstein Government Region
3022:, 4/2004, pp. 515–530.
2745:Jańsbork between 1945–1946.
428:Gumbinnen Government Region
407:(based in Marggrabowa, now
181:. The last official German
165:in 1772, and the region of
82:of the regions of southern
3297:
2695:Minakowski, Jerzy (2010).
1874:1920 Schleswig plebiscites
1094:Allenstein, rural district
1061:Allenstein, urban district
3236:1920 elections in Germany
3188:
3135:
2763:Nibork between 1945–1946.
1905:(full view – text in PDF)
1661:Marienburg in Westpreußen
998:newly-formed Polish state
724:in the region was led by
718:Ostdeutscher Heimatdienst
685:Ostdeutscher Heimatdienst
506:Regional Government House
422:(based in Angerburg, now
3127:Territorial plebiscites
3011:. Eslöv 2006, S. 313–330
2597:Tooley, T. Hunt (1997).
2137:Butler, pp. 721–732, 731
1879:Upper Silesia plebiscite
1729:Rosenberg in Westpreußen
1590:Prussian Eastern Railway
700:campaign. In March 1919
383:Danzig Government Region
169:was ruled by the German
48:East Prussian plebiscite
3089:Encyclopædia Britannica
2863:, Harcourt, Brace, 1922
2603:. U of Nebraska Press.
1642:Votes for East Prussia
1047:Votes for East Prussia
935:, or to become part of
915:, while the other read
737:Ostdeutsche Nachrichten
18:East Prussia plebiscite
3251:Referendums in Germany
3080:Karsten, Carl (1922).
2754:Lec between 1945–1946.
2334:. München 2005, S. 219
2025:Mayer, vol. 8, p. 3357
1935:Williamson, pp. 93–101
970:Miracle at the Vistula
928:
905:special postage stamps
866:
789:, later Bishop of the
688:
594:
516:
497:
318:
314:
306:
202:Paris Peace Conference
71:
55:
43:
3246:Referendums in Poland
3180:Vorarlberg plebiscite
2947:Williamson, David G.
2056:The Versailles Treaty
902:
864:
696:Both sides started a
692:German "Heimatdienst"
682:
592:
503:
495:
354:(based in Stuhm, now
304:
223:In the former German
157:had been part of the
123:Free State of Prussia
102:Government Region of
94:Government Region of
58:), also known as the
33:
3216:Treaty of Versailles
3192:Treaty of Versailles
3170:Upper Silesia (1921)
3155:Eupen-Malmedy (1920)
3028:Wojciech Wrzesiñsk,
2923:, Interpress, 1986,
2857:Keynes, John Maynard
2573:Volksabstimmung 1920
2371:Butler, pp. 732, 743
2299:Williamson, David G.
1916:Google Print, p. 176
1570:(Klein Nappern) and
1566:(Klein Lobenstein),
994:Polish-Bolshevik War
989:a German condition.
558:Allensteiner Zeitung
544:, and an officer of
480:Royal Irish Regiment
258:factual accuracy is
125:, and therefore, in
115:Inter-Allied control
108:Treaty of Versailles
2412:Butler, pp. 730–731
2288:Butler, pp. 734–735
2279:Butler, pp. 726–727
2261:Butler, pp. 723–724
1926:Butler, pp. 720–828
1903:Google Print, p. 11
1601:Neidenburg District
1574:(Groschken) in the
1562:In the villages of
1555:town) was renamed "
1538:district of Oletzko
750:and loyalty to the
655:Stefan Przeździecki
366:) as well as parts
319:zones du plébiscite
163:Partition of Poland
3211:Historical regions
3014:Adam Szymanowicz,
2883:Mayer, S. L., MA.
2866:Kossert, Andreas.
2116:2013-07-22 at the
2079:2009-06-20 at the
2061:2007-06-17 at the
1993:2007-06-09 at the
1593:line Danzig-Warsaw
929:
867:
689:
635:Sir Horace Rumbold
595:
517:
498:
315:Abstimmungsgebiete
307:
218:self-determination
159:Kingdom of Prussia
80:self-determination
44:
3198:
3197:
3129:after World War I
3003:Andreas Kossert,
2986:Andreas Kossert,
2919:Topolski, Jerzy.
2905:Tooley, T. Hunt.
2898:, Holzner-Verlag
2894:Rhode, Gotthold.
2330:Andreas Kossert:
2314:978-1-4725-9582-9
2212:Minakowski p. 284
1968:978-0-7656-0665-5
1841:
1840:
1768:
1736:
1702:
1668:
1648:Votes for Poland
1636:
1531:
1530:
1458:
1419:
1380:
1341:
1300:
1261:
1222:
1183:
1144:
1105:
1071:
1053:votes for Poland
1041:
966:Polish-Soviet War
907:were produced by
881:Gazeta Olsztyńska
828:Zenon Lewandowski
666:Sir Percy Loraine
323:League of Nations
299:
298:
291:
225:Province of Posen
173:family since the
16:(Redirected from
3288:
3281:July 1920 events
3226:1920 referendums
3160:Schleswig (1920)
3145:Carinthia (1920)
3121:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3093:
3092:(12th ed.).
3085:
3076:
3068:
3037:
3025:
3000:
2983:
2880:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2821:. Archived from
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2776:. Archived from
2770:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2555:Minakowski p. 16
2553:
2536:
2535:Minakowski p. 15
2533:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2230:Minakowski p. 65
2228:
2222:
2221:Minakowski p. 61
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2203:Minakowski p. 61
2201:
2195:
2194:Minakowski p. 60
2192:
2186:
2185:Minakowski p. 59
2183:
2177:
2176:Minakowski p. 54
2174:
2168:
2167:Minakowski p. 47
2165:
2156:
2155:Minakowski p. 46
2153:
2147:
2146:Minakowski p. 11
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2128:Minakowski p. 28
2126:
2120:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1984:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1953:Topolski, p. 31.
1951:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1762:
1730:
1696:
1662:
1634:
1627:
1609:
1584:
1546:
1452:
1448:
1413:
1409:
1374:
1370:
1335:
1331:
1294:
1290:
1255:
1251:
1216:
1212:
1177:
1173:
1138:
1134:
1099:
1065:
1039:
1032:
954:polling stations
836:
803:
748:Prussian history
734:
663:
622:
607:
543:
515:, 16 August 1920
514:
476:Wilhelm von Gayl
464:
453:
421:
406:
376:
311:plebiscite areas
294:
287:
283:
280:
274:
271:reliably sourced
251:
250:
243:
220:should be held.
175:Prussian Tribute
161:since the first
151:Duchy of Prussia
147:Teutonic Knights
21:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3231:1920 in Germany
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3131:
3125:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3044:
3035:
3023:
2998:
2981:
2969:
2967:Further reading
2934:Wambaugh, Sarah
2878:
2842:
2837:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:Kossert, p. 247
2393:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:Kossert, p. 249
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:Wayback Machine
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:with discussion
2081:Wayback Machine
2072:
2068:
2063:Wayback Machine
2054:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1995:Wayback Machine
1985:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1860:
1622:
1603:
1578:
1540:
1442:
1403:
1364:
1325:
1284:
1245:
1206:
1167:
1128:
1027:
986:Ruhr Area Poles
962:
945:
897:
830:
817:Polish Corridor
797:
787:Juliusz Bursche
776:
774:Polish campaign
760:Polish military
728:
704:, the Lutheran
694:
677:
657:
644:Stanisław Patek
616:
601:
573:
546:Sicherheitswehr
537:
525:Sicherheitswehr
508:
472:Reichskommissar
458:
447:
440:
415:
400:
370:
295:
284:
278:
275:
264:
256:This section's
252:
248:
241:
135:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:1920 in Poland
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3077:
3069:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3042:External links
3040:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3012:
3001:
2984:
2972:Robert Kempa,
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2945:
2931:
2917:
2903:
2892:
2881:
2864:
2854:
2849:, 1st Series,
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2810:
2808:Butler, p. 806
2801:
2790:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2736:Butler, p. 826
2729:
2720:
2709:on 5 July 2016
2687:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2609:
2589:
2580:
2566:Plebiscyt 1920
2557:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2455:
2449:Kurek Mazurski
2441:
2432:
2430:Butler, p. 737
2423:
2421:Butler, p. 729
2414:
2405:
2403:Butler, p. 723
2396:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2336:
2320:
2313:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2270:Butler, p. 725
2263:
2254:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2094:
2085:
2066:
2045:
2043:Butler, p. 722
2036:
2027:
2018:
2008:
1999:
1972:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1907:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
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1727:
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1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1693:
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1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1635:(present name)
1631:
1621:
1618:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1410:
1397:
1396:
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1390:
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1371:
1358:
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1265:
1262:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1213:
1200:
1199:
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1080:
1077:
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1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
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1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:(present name)
1036:
1026:
1023:
961:
958:
944:
941:
933:Weimar Germany
896:
893:
775:
772:
752:Prussian state
706:Superintendent
693:
690:
676:
673:
572:
569:
439:
436:
385:) east of the
381:, part of the
297:
296:
255:
253:
246:
240:
237:
214:Woodrow Wilson
179:Polish culture
143:monastic state
134:
131:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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3:
2:
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3209:
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3166:
3165:Sopron (1921)
3163:
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3141:
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2996:3-88680-808-4
2993:
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2975:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2961:0-85496-584-X
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:Washington DC
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:83-223-2118-X
2926:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:0-8032-4429-0
2912:
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2897:
2893:
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2876:3-570-55006-0
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
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2855:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2825:on 2007-09-05
2824:
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2811:
2805:
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2799:
2794:
2791:
2780:on 2007-09-02
2779:
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2606:
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2593:
2590:
2587:Rhode, p. 122
2584:
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2264:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2239:Butler p. 728
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
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2019:
2012:
2009:
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1996:
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1989:
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1911:
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1877:
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894:
892:
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884:
882:
876:
873:
872:Bogumił Linka
863:
859:
855:
852:
851:Earl of Derby
847:
844:
840:
834:
829:
824:
822:
818:
813:
811:
810:Germanisation
807:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
773:
771:
767:
765:
764:Soviet Russia
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
732:
727:
726:Max Worgitzki
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
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691:
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669:
667:
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632:
629:
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620:
615:
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591:
587:
584:
583:
578:
575:Parts of the
570:
568:
566:
561:
559:
555:
549:
547:
541:
536:
531:
528:
526:
521:
512:
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494:
490:
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474:
473:
468:
462:
457:
451:
446:
445:Ernest Rennie
437:
435:
431:
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419:
414:
410:
404:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
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369:
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346:(east of the
345:
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303:
293:
290:
282:
272:
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245:
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236:
234:
230:
227:and parts of
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Roman Dmowski
203:
199:
198:German Empire
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Old Prussians
132:
130:
128:
124:
118:
116:
111:
109:
105:
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100:West Prussian
97:
93:
92:East Prussian
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
40:Baltic States
37:
32:
19:
3221:Border polls
3149:
3140:Åland (1919)
3087:
3029:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3004:
2987:
2977:
2973:
2948:
2937:
2920:
2906:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2867:
2860:
2846:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:the original
2813:
2804:
2793:
2782:. Retrieved
2778:the original
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2704:the original
2690:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2614:. Retrieved
2599:
2592:
2583:
2560:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2458:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2339:
2331:
2303:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2069:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2011:
2002:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1910:
1897:
1852:East Prussia
1845:
1842:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1771:Marienwerder
1739:Marienwerder
1706:Marienwerder
1695:Marienwerder
1691:Marienwerder
1623:
1587:
1561:
1556:
1535:
1532:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1412:Bischofsburg
1137:Johannisburg
1126:Johannisburg
1028:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
991:
983:
979:
974:East Prussia
963:
950:
946:
930:
916:
912:
909:overprinting
889:
885:
877:
868:
856:
848:
825:
814:
782:
780:
777:
768:
744:Heimatdienst
743:
741:
736:
722:Heimatdienst
721:
717:
710:Johannisburg
695:
684:
670:
652:
648:
633:
630:
610:
596:
580:
574:
562:
557:
554:Bischofsburg
550:
545:
532:
529:
524:
522:
518:
488:
470:
441:
432:
413:of Angerburg
344:Marienwerder
333:
326:
310:
308:
285:
276:
257:
233:armed revolt
229:West Prussia
222:
195:
171:Hohenzollern
136:
119:
112:
104:Marienwerder
63:
59:
47:
45:
34:1920 map of
3175:Saar (1935)
3075:(in Polish)
3067:(in Polish)
3065:(in color)
3036:(in German)
3024:(in Polish)
2999:(in German)
2982:(in Polish)
2879:(in German)
2679: [
2576:(in German)
2569:(in Polish)
2452:(in Polish)
1604: [
1579: [
1549:Marggrabowa
1541: [
1443: [
1404: [
1365: [
1326: [
1293:Marggrabowa
1285: [
1246: [
1207: [
1168: [
1129: [
1064:Allenstein
843:Polish flag
831: [
798: [
729: [
702:Paul Hensel
658: [
617: [
602: [
599:Kreis Stuhm
582:Bersaglieri
538: [
535:Georg Zülch
509: [
459: [
448: [
416: [
401: [
371: [
196:During the
98:and of the
86:(Ermland),
3205:Categories
3190:See also:
2840:References
2829:2008-02-14
2784:2008-02-09
2713:22 January
2616:2009-07-07
2610:0803244290
1657:Marienburg
1461:Allenstein
1422:Allenstein
1383:Allenstein
1344:Allenstein
1334:Ortelsburg
1323:Ortelsburg
1264:Allenstein
1254:Neidenburg
1243:Neidenburg
1225:Allenstein
1186:Allenstein
1147:Allenstein
1108:Allenstein
1098:Allenstein
1075:Allenstein
895:Plebiscite
821:Baltic Sea
698:propaganda
675:Propaganda
398:of Oletzko
328:Reichswehr
317:; French:
133:Background
96:Allenstein
76:plebiscite
1854:in 1922.
1725:Rosenberg
1630:District
1612:Działdowo
1564:Lubstynek
1416:Biskupiec
1304:Gumbinnen
1198:<0.1%
1159:<0.1%
1035:District
806:Masurians
762:to fight
642:Affairs,
424:Węgorzewo
395:districts
360:Rosenberg
313:(German:
279:June 2009
267:talk page
204:, led by
191:Masurians
74:), was a
2955:, 1991,
2900:Würzburg
2301:(2017).
2114:Archived
2077:Archived
2059:Archived
1991:Archived
1944:Wambaugh
1914:Tooley,
1901:Keynes,
1858:See also
1633:Capital
1557:Treuburg
1553:Margrave
1451:Sensburg
1440:Sensburg
1373:Osterode
1362:Osterode
1338:Szczytno
1006:Red Army
756:Catholic
625:Dirschau
565:Osterode
260:disputed
78:for the
38:and the
2902:, 1956.
1774:19,984
1742:33,498
1710:25,608
1699:Kwidzyn
1676:17,805
1665:Malbork
1639:Region
1599:in the
1572:Groszki
1568:Czerlin
1494:363,209
1464:34,332
1455:Mrągowo
1425:35,248
1386:46,368
1377:Ostróda
1347:48,207
1308:28,625
1282:Oletzko
1267:22,235
1258:Nidzica
1228:36,573
1189:29,349
1180:Giżycko
1150:33,817
1111:31,707
1102:Olsztyn
1079:16,742
1068:Olsztyn
1044:Region
1038:Capital
960:Results
819:to the
486:(Ełk).
467:senator
379:Malbork
348:Vistula
340:Kwidzyn
167:Masuria
145:of the
127:Germany
88:Masuria
2994:
2959:
2953:Oxford
2927:
2913:
2874:
2607:
2578:, 2006
2311:
1966:
1814:8,018
1804:96,923
1783:19.7%
1780:4,904
1748:1,073
1716:1,779
1672:Danzig
1597:Soldau
1551:(i.e.
1392:1,031
1297:Olecko
1176:Lötzen
1165:Lötzen
1120:13.3%
1117:4,871
1002:Soviet
937:Poland
839:Poznań
714:Allies
639:Curzon
456:Couget
411:) and
409:Olecko
183:census
155:Warmia
149:, the
141:, the
84:Warmia
68:Polish
52:German
36:Poland
3018:. In
2976:. In
2707:(PDF)
2700:(PDF)
2683:]
1890:Notes
1809:92.4%
1789:Total
1777:80.3%
1765:Sztum
1761:Stuhm
1757:Stuhm
1751:3.1%
1745:96.9%
1719:6.3%
1713:93.7%
1685:1.1%
1679:98.9%
1608:]
1583:]
1545:]
1504:7,980
1499:97.9%
1479:Total
1473:0.1%
1467:99.9%
1447:]
1434:2.1%
1428:97.9%
1408:]
1401:Rößel
1395:2.2%
1389:97.8%
1369:]
1356:1.5%
1350:98.5%
1330:]
1317:nil%
1289:]
1276:1.5%
1270:98.5%
1250:]
1237:0.1%
1231:99.9%
1211:]
1192:99.9%
1172:]
1153:99.9%
1133:]
1114:86.7%
1088:2.0%
1082:98.0%
968:(see
923:to 3
835:]
802:]
733:]
662:]
621:]
606:]
542:]
513:]
463:]
452:]
420:]
405:]
387:Nogat
375:]
356:Sztum
352:Stuhm
239:Areas
231:, an
187:Poles
2992:ISBN
2957:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2911:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2715:2012
2605:ISBN
2463:1976
2344:2007
2309:ISBN
2252:1981
2016:2007
1988:link
1964:ISBN
1819:7.6%
1733:Susz
1682:191
1509:2.1%
1431:758
1353:497
1311:100%
1273:330
1215:Lyck
1204:Lyck
1141:Pisz
1085:342
742:The
484:Lyck
364:Susz
309:The
46:The
2111:pdf
1470:25
1234:44
1219:Ełk
1195:10
1156:14
708:of
623:at
430:).
358:),
350:),
189:or
62:or
3207::
3086:.
2990:,
2951:,
2940:,
2936:.
2887:–
2870:,
2859:.
2681:pl
2571:,
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1056:%
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921:Pf
833:pl
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