2163:
1623:
1475:
1989:
154:
143:
134:
123:
2151:, from the Dutch border. By the time of the final assault, da Câmara's force, the largest foreign army ever assembled at the time in Timor, contained 8,000 irregulars, 647 second-line troops, 500 first-line troops and 34 officers. What tipped the scales, beyond the increased manpower, was the availability to the Portuguese of modern weaponry—artillery, machine guns, grenades—and the deployment of the gunboat
97:
40:
2067:, conducted bombardments of native strongholds between February and April 1912. A young officer aboard the ship, Jaime do Inso, has left a first-hand description of the effects of this bombardment on Boaventura's forces on the south coast. He reports that the sound of the artillery created confusion and caused as much a psychological damage as physical. The
2159:
avoided close combat, where they were the discrepancy in guns was acutely felt, in favour of hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. Governor
Filomeno da Câmara expressed great admiration for the courage and martial acumen of the Timorese, and their effectiveness on the battlefield, despite the very limited arsenal at their disposal.
1506:(hereditary native chief) who was confirmed in his position by the Portuguese governor. Manufahi's agriculturalists produced horses, sheep, cereals, fruit, coffee and tobacco. Its craftsmen were the finest silver and goldsmiths in Portuguese Timor, manufacturing bracelets and anklets. There were also skilled
1839:
The local
Portuguese commander in Manufahi immediately went on the offensive, dispersing the rebels and securing positions for future offensive operations. As the revolt spread, plantations were abandoned, and several European families fled Dili. Portuguese reprisals had, by 29 December, forced 1,200
1828:
in
Manufahi. On 24 December, he was shot on Boaventura's orders along with four or five other Europeans. His severed head was then presented to his wife. This incident is usually regarded as the beginning of the revolt against the colonial authorities. Although the rebels cut several telephone lines,
1793:
opposed to an announced increase in the head tax camped with their retinues in the suburbs of Dili. According to Second
Lieutenant Jaime do Inso, the chiefs conspired to massacre the Europeans of Dili only to abandon their plan after learning of the presence of an English merchant ship in the port.
2158:
Something of the weakness of the native opposition can be gleaned from the record of what weaponry the
Portuguese captured: 36 rifles and 590 flintlocks with a few cartridges, plus 495 swords. In general, the native Timorese possessed more spears than guns and were usually short of powder. They
1936:
on the way. His main objective was to convince the natives with a show of force in the affected territory that they could not win. His secondary objective to pull rebel forces away from the capital. His strategy was a gamble. Previous revolts had always been localised, and their suppression had
2192:
in August called the siege of Cablac a "major battle" in which over 3,000 Timorese were killed or wounded and another 4,000 captured. According to Pearse, a passenger on the
Eastern and Australian ship, who left an account of his observations and discussions in Dili, he was told that the rebel
1964:
The governor campaigned successfully in the interior for three weeks, at the end of which his small force was overextended and he had to halt. Reinforcements were brought in to bring the number of government troops up to eight officers, 65 first-line soldiers, 264 second-line soldiers
1745:
At the start of the revolt, the
Portuguese forces included 56 European infantrymen and an artillery section with two officers (sergeants) and 114 troops (eighteen Europeans and ninety-six Africans). In addition to these, the colonial government could count on second-line native troops
2186:) reinforced by wood and stone. Many also went into hiding in caves. On 11 June the Portuguese siege began. When the Manufahistas attempted a breakthrough, over 3,000 died in the fighting. Boaventura himself escaped, but in late July he surrendered. The siege ended on 21 July. The
1679:
run up. On 5 November, in a series of public announcements, Governor
Martins confirmed that the new republic was to be a democratic one, and that royal symbols would progressively be removed from military uniforms, government letterheads, etc. The old
1605:
The head tax system was initially opposed by
Manufahi and a few allies. In 1910, a commission was sent to take a census of the native population. It ascertained there were 98,920 heads of family eligible to pay tax in 73 or 75 loyal
1813:, including Boaventura, were planning to gather there to request an exemption, the Portuguese garrison, with a number of British oil prospectors in tow, evacuated Suai on 8 December. The first victim of the revolt was a
230:
1453:
The revolt cost 3,424 Timorese killed and 12,567 wounded, and 289 Portuguese killed and 600 wounded. After 1912 the
Portuguese pacification of East Timor was complete. They also ceased to appoint hereditary
1732:
were set up in Dili, which even some educated Timorese joined. The Chinese community in Dili, composed of immigrants from Macau, was broadly pro-republican. Marches were held in the street to celebrate the
1941:. If opposition to the island-wide policy of the head tax engendered a general revolt, then da Câmara's decision to take his main force out into the most affected territory could be suicidal. The
2765:
2115:
enclave, but without any coordination with the rebellion elsewhere. During the second phase of his offensive, da Câmara divided his reinforced army into four columns. His own column set out from
1654:
were expelled. According to some reports, a rumour of the revolution first reached Dili through an Australian visitor, but it was confirmed officially by telegram on 7 October. On 8 October, the
1416:, part of their larger effort to encourage cash crop agriculture and construct modern infrastructure. The countrywide conflict of 1911–12 was the culmination of a series of revolts led by Dom
1693:
symbol and part of their regal paraphernalia. This attitude had long been encouraged by Portuguese officials, who now had to explain why the old ensign was being replaced. The Dutch of
223:
2170:
Although Boaventura sued for peace in early May, the Portuguese rebuffed the offer. The main rebel group of about 12,000 men, women and children under Boaventura retreated into the
1435:. The first lasted from 1894 to 1901, the second from 1907 to 1908. In 1911 Boaventura led an alliance of local kingdoms in the last and most serious revolt against the Portuguese.
1442:, killing and burning as they went. They looted Government House and decapitated several Portuguese soldiers and officers. In August, the Portuguese brought in troops from
903:
216:
811:
581:
1544:
of Suru, Naicau, petitioned the Portuguese for independence from Atsabe and it was granted. Naicau would prove loyal to the Portuguese and a thorn in Manufahi's side.
841:
716:
731:
1458:
and the native states went extinct. The rebellion of 1912 was seminal in creating an East Timorese identity distinct from "Portuguese subject" or just "Timorese".
943:
1671:, formally proclaimed the republic before an assembly that included his fellow officials, military officers, churchmen and the leading men of commerce. The
1247:
1200:
1195:
2162:
1973:
of Suru, which controlled vital communication routes between the north and south coasts, remained loyal to the Portuguese. When Boaventura attacked the
2663:
1513:
The countrywide conflict of 1911–1912 was the culmination of a series of revolts led by Manufahi. The first, which took place during the reign of Dom
1269:
898:
431:
1602:
into a fiscal agent, while pushing independent cultivators into the more lucrative production of coffee (so as to be able to pay the capitation).
1510:
working bamboo pipes. More ominously, Manufahi produced leather cartridge belts and musket shot, materials that could be put to use in a revolt.
1896:
just ten minutes outside Dili. This practice, which do Inso characterised as "the repugnant cruelty of a war by primitive people", was known as
274:
1351:
1259:
1103:
2745:
1594:
were forbidden to collect any tax or tribute but the capitation. With these measures, the Portuguese government sought to transform the
1336:
1494:, based on the rationalised re-districting of 1860. It had an estimated population of 42,000 living in 6,500 houses in 1903. It owed a
531:
451:
883:
1713:
2599:
1371:
1163:
1043:
831:
331:
279:
2755:
1708:
Martins left Dili in early November, after the death of his wife. He was replaced on an interim basis by his secretary, Captain
346:
1180:
918:
776:
741:
706:
686:
2045:
1033:
761:
701:
2111:
The governor's campaign continued into May, when a second round of reinforcements arrived. The rebellion was extended to the
1878:
1376:
908:
631:
461:
294:
1264:
1755:
1698:
1672:
1274:
913:
381:
1242:
756:
44:
Map of the revolt of 1911–1912: flames indicate centres of rebellion, crossed swords indicate battles, red dots villages.
2095:
also landed infantry troops that allowed the Portuguese to encircle Boaventura's forces and capture many prisoners. The
1874:
1861:
1709:
1668:
711:
259:
1856:
2064:
1474:
1366:
1093:
1038:
147:
1724:
nuns. While the mission house at Soibada was taken over by non-Jesuit missionaries, the effect of the removal of the
796:
127:
2750:
2740:
1754:) of the loyal native chieftains. Some of these were stationed in Dili. Depending on rank, a soldier might carry a
1682:
1553:
1158:
1123:
1088:
691:
491:
481:
396:
1643:
1639:
1326:
1284:
1279:
1230:
1133:
948:
771:
671:
566:
401:
366:
326:
153:
142:
133:
122:
102:
2052:. W. Pearse, a passenger on the Eastern and Australian ship, reported that some 400 prisoners-of-war coaled the
1859:
hastily arranged a defence and sent a request for reinforcements to Lisbon. The government ordered the gunboat
1215:
1185:
1098:
1028:
973:
836:
806:
606:
556:
551:
521:
511:
421:
376:
351:
341:
309:
269:
2579:
1622:
2155:
to shell coastal areas. Portuguese forces gradually squeezed the Timorese into smaller and smaller enclaves.
2678:
2128:
1361:
1237:
1148:
1138:
1108:
1053:
1018:
958:
893:
868:
791:
786:
781:
766:
746:
726:
681:
591:
586:
526:
506:
476:
466:
426:
314:
1590:
with less than 600 heads of household were to be abolished, but this seems never to have been carried out.
611:
2760:
1689:
The republican revolution was met with confusion by many native Timorese, who treated the royal flag as a
1175:
1013:
978:
963:
888:
873:
863:
821:
816:
666:
661:
541:
416:
284:
1564:(a head tax). A decree of 13 September outlined new regulations. All heads of native households owed 500
1417:
115:
1866:
1814:
1659:
1514:
1491:
1443:
1068:
1048:
968:
933:
826:
801:
751:
676:
601:
516:
456:
264:
1900:
in Timorese. It involved taking enemy heads back to the land of one's ancestors and displaying it as a
1289:
2171:
1627:
1294:
1113:
1078:
1063:
1023:
736:
641:
621:
486:
2570:
1118:
1058:
651:
536:
441:
356:
336:
1578:
producing at least 500,000 pounds of the valuable cash crops of coffee, cocoa or cotton. In those
17:
1190:
993:
988:
953:
846:
561:
546:
406:
304:
289:
2028:, a company of 75 soldiers, about half of them Europeans, took passage on the British steamship
1946:
1845:
1422:
2100:
2080:
2021:
1734:
1702:
1664:
1655:
1403:
1356:
1299:
1143:
1073:
1003:
656:
646:
616:
411:
371:
240:
2179:
1954:
2623:
2033:
1822:
1759:
1676:
1647:
1646:. The revolution in the metropole had repercussions in the colonies. In both East Timor and
1447:
1316:
1210:
1153:
1128:
1008:
998:
938:
928:
878:
858:
596:
571:
496:
471:
361:
299:
159:
65:
2147:
armed with another Nordenfelt, from Suru; and the fourth, a flying column with one hundred
1988:
1705:, in the hopes of giving a pro-Dutch turn to their royalist and anti-republican sentiment.
2188:
2175:
1566:
1525:
1499:
1346:
1311:
1205:
1083:
983:
923:
636:
626:
501:
436:
386:
2024:, where it was kept in port by the monsoons, finally arrived at Dili on 6 February. The
2235:
2132:
1969:) and 2,070 irregulars. Even this augmented force was still outnumbered by rebels. The
1729:
1341:
1331:
1220:
696:
446:
1817:
soldier, who was killed while trying to bring a message from the commander of Suai to
2734:
2194:
1225:
721:
391:
2182:
peaks. Isolated and surrounded in a 35 km area, they constructed an earthwork (
2036:
to Macau to Dili, where they arrived on 11 February. Finally, the British steamship
1924:, Governor da Câmara marched out of Dili with a force of 200 men (25 Europeans plus
1614:, such as Manufahi, which had seen fighting in 1907–08, the population had shrunk.
1507:
1490:(also Manufai) lay on the southern coast of Timor, within the military district of
1407:
2091:) was convening an assembly of local chiefs, resulting in about 1,000 deaths. The
1517:, Boaventura's father, lasted from 1894 to 1901 and the second from 1907 to 1908.
1694:
1586:
received half of all the revenues. The decree stipulated, furthermore, that all
208:
39:
2099:
was eventually reassigned to Macau, to protect Portuguese interests amidst the
1789:
On 5 October 1911, the first anniversary of the republican revolution, several
2627:
2225:. In English it may be called the "Boaventura rebellion", "Manufahi War", etc.
1921:
1869:
to raise a company of soldiers for service in Timor. The Portuguese steamship
1821:. The first European victim was Lieutenant Alvares da Silva, commander of the
1768:
1529:
576:
2017:
2013:
1728:
Jesuits was similar to that of removing the royal ensign. At the same time,
1721:
2127:
of allied chieftains, it contained over 4,000 troops. It also had a modern
1412:
2664:"Proclaiming East Timor: Historical Reflections on Political Declarations"
2116:
1958:
1884:
According to the account of Jaime do Inso, who only arrived later on the
1849:
1818:
1561:
1487:
1438:
In February 1912 rebels from one kingdom entered the colonial capital of
1432:
2140:
2112:
2072:
1950:
1773:
1717:
1651:
1502:, although this was difficult to collect. It was governed by a king or
2119:
and comprised twenty Europeans, two hundred Africans and five hundred
1805:
announced that the head tax would be increased. When word reached the
2084:
2076:
1978:
1574:) on agricultural plantations of more than 500 hectares or living in
1537:
2600:"Three Centuries of Violence and Struggle in East Timor (1726–2008)"
1716:. The next day (23 December), on orders from Lisbon, the Jesuits of
2580:"Timor e a soberania portuguesa do descobrimento à revolta de 1912"
1532:. It had only been subdued by the Portuguese and subjugated to the
2723:
Catholics in Indonesia: A Documented History, Volume 2 (1903–1942)
2714:
East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the East Timor Resistance
2255:
2161:
2143:; the third, with two Europeans, seventy Africans and two hundred
1987:
1893:
1830:
1621:
1473:
1667:
with further confirmation. On 30 October, the outgoing governor,
1802:
1439:
212:
1996:
was instrumental in eliminating the rebellion in coastal areas
1873:
was chartered to take the Mozambican troops to Timor, and the
1697:
took advantage of the situation by distributing pictures of
2287:
2285:
2283:
2193:
leaders were to be exiled to Africa and other prisoners to
2698:
Timor en guerre: Le crocodile et les Portugais (1847–1913)
1498:(customary tribute) to the Portuguese treasury of 96,000
2131:. The second column, comprising an Indian company with a
2008:
In February, reinforcement started arriving. The gunboat
1865:
to proceed from Macau to Dili, and ordered the colony of
2725:. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.
1848:
and his retinue, to seek refuge in the Dutch enclave of
1985:
Naicau went to its defence and alerted the Portuguese.
1961:, all neighbouring Manufahi, had joined the rebellion.
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2380:
2378:
2302:
2300:
2544:
2542:
1712:, who in turn was replaced on 22 December by Captain
1785:
Outbreak and first reprisals (October–December 1911)
2766:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia
2705:
Timor em Guerra: A Conquista Portuguesa (1847–1913)
2317:
2315:
1556:, the Portuguese government decided to replace the
1888:, three human heads were found hanging near the
2655:The Crocodile's Tears: East Timor in the Making
1766:were frequently armed with nothing more than a
1714:José Carrazedo de Sousa Caldas Vianna e Andrade
32:
2174:and prepared to make a final stand around the
1915:
1231:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
2250:(kinglet) by the Portuguese and by the Dutch
1904:to the accompaniment of traditional dancing (
1686:would continue to circulate as legal tender.
224:
8:
2712:Pinto, Constâncio; Jardine, Matthew (1997).
2291:
2040:disembarked the African soldiers of the 8th
1797:At the end of October, the commander of the
1642:overthrew the monarchy and established the
2333:
1937:always depended on cooperation from loyal
1916:Da Câmara's first campaign in the interior
1701:amongst the men of the disputed region of
1570:annually unless they were under contract (
231:
217:
209:
29:
2567:Timor: A presença portuguesa (1769–1945)
2565:Augusto de Figueiredo, Fernando (2004).
1920:On 5 January 1912, at the height of the
1582:where the capitation was collected, the
2345:
2279:
2206:
1552:In 1906, at the suggestion of Governor
1520:The west and north of Manufahi was the
2548:
2044:in Dili on 15 February. Likewise, the
1626:A Timorese stamp bearing the image of
2614:Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1998). "Reviews".
2213:In Portuguese it is often called the
7:
2607:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2454:
2437:
2420:
2403:
2384:
2369:
2357:
2321:
2306:
1392:East Timorese rebellion of 1911–1912
33:East Timorese rebellion of 1911-1912
2646:Historical Dictionary of East Timor
2087:was struck while the native queen (
1402:, was a response to the efforts of
2707:, Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 2007.
2012:, which had steamed from Macau to
1710:Anselmo Augusto Coelho de Carvalho
1669:Alfredo Cardoso de Soveral Martins
27:Series of rebellions in East Timor
25:
18:East Timorese rebellion of 1911–12
1857:Filomeno da Câmara de Melo Cabral
1650:, the governors resigned and the
1431:(chief) of the native kingdom of
2703:Also published in Portuguese as
2063:, commanded by First Lieutenant
2042:Companhia Indígena de Moçambique
1881:for putting down the rebellion.
1877:requested a subvention from the
152:
141:
132:
121:
95:
38:
1720:were expelled, along with some
1404:Portuguese colonial authorities
2700:. Orgeval: Editions Pélissier.
2048:sent 180 tons of coal for the
128:Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral
1:
1756:Remington rolling block rifle
1735:Chinese republican revolution
1528:, centred on the mountain of
242:Portuguese colonial campaigns
2648:. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press.
2616:Journal of Contemporary Asia
2605:. In Jacques Semelin (ed.).
2639:. Macau: Livros do Oriente.
2578:Bernardino, Teresa (1984).
2065:Carlos Viegas Gago Coutinho
2046:Eastern and Australian Line
2026:Companhia Europeia da India
1932:at Aileu, picking up loyal
1598:into a fiscal unit and the
2782:
2746:20th century in East Timor
2721:Steenbrink, Karel (2007).
2716:. Boston: South End Press.
2644:Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2011).
2635:Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1999).
2609:. Vol. 6. SciencesPo.
1478:Boaventura dressed for war
2653:Jannisa, Gudmund (1997).
2637:Timor Loro Sae: 500 Years
2628:10.1080/00472339880000071
2598:Durand, Frédéric (2011).
1737:that took place in 1911.
250:
198:Huge loss of war material
188:
169:
109:
84:
48:
37:
2696:Pélissier, René (1996).
2662:Kammen, Douglas (2012).
2292:Pinto & Jardine 1997
2107:Final campaign and siege
1875:Ministry of the Colonies
1840:Timorese, including the
1836:and Dili remained open.
1450:to suppress the revolt.
1270:Banda Oriental (1816–20)
1248:Banda Oriental (1776–77)
1201:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
974:Cape of Good Hope (1630)
2756:Wars involving Portugal
2677:: 21–34. Archived from
2133:Nordenfelt mitrailleuse
1675:was taken down and the
1554:José Celestino da Silva
1394:, sometimes called the
1372:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)
904:Coromandel Coast (1619)
2587:Revista Nação e Defesa
2167:
1997:
1640:revolution in Portugal
1635:
1540:in 1900. In 1907, the
1479:
1285:Mozambique (1847–1910)
909:Persian Gulf (1621–22)
812:Indian Ocean (1586–89)
582:Indian Ocean (1538–60)
382:Persian Gulf (1507–15)
347:Indian Ocean (1505–17)
180:647 Second-line troops
158:Alvares da Silva
110:Commanders and leaders
2657:. University of Lund.
2165:
2129:Krupp 75 mm field gun
1991:
1638:On 5 October 1910, a
1634:after the revolution.
1625:
1618:Republican revolution
1486:or native kingdom of
1477:
1400:Rebellion of Manufahi
1164:East Africa (1696–98)
452:Sri Lanka (1520–1658)
189:Casualties and losses
182:500 First-line troops
2569:(PhD dissertation).
2135:and several hundred
1377:Mozambique (1964–74)
1342:Mozambique (1917-18)
1337:Mozambique (1917–18)
1322:East Timor (1911–12)
1260:French Guiana (1809)
1114:2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
1109:1st Sri Lanka (1654)
532:Moluccas (1530–1607)
2571:University of Porto
2267:Tetum for "sacred".
2223:Revolta de Manufahi
1879:Ministry of Finance
1446:and a gunboat from
949:Persian Gulf (1625)
919:Persian Gulf (1622)
889:Persian Gulf (1614)
832:Sri Lanka (1587–88)
817:Persian Gulf (1586)
702:Sri Lanka (1557–58)
692:Gulf of Oman (1554)
677:Persian Gulf (1551)
547:Persian Gulf (1534)
527:Persian Gulf (1529)
116:Boaventura da Costa
90:Kingdom of Manufahi
2524:, pp. 179–82.
2215:Guerra de Manufahi
2168:
2101:Chinese Revolution
1998:
1855:In Dili, Governor
1750:) and the levies (
1636:
1480:
1332:Angola (1914–1917)
1243:Angola (1774–1778)
1054:Malaysia (1640–41)
994:East Africa (1632)
914:Trincomalee (1622)
884:Brazil (1612–1615)
617:East Africa (1542)
577:Brazil (1534–1536)
522:East Africa (1528)
437:East Africa (1517)
362:East Africa (1507)
342:East Africa (1505)
76:Portuguese victory
2751:Conflicts in 1911
2741:Conflicts in 1912
2708:
2083:. The village of
2022:Dutch East Indies
1809:that a number of
1741:Portuguese forces
1677:new republic flag
1656:protected cruiser
1633:
1630:overprinted with
1387:
1386:
1300:Mozambique (1895)
1295:Mozambique (1895)
1119:Malabar (1658–63)
1019:Gold Coast (1637)
959:Gold Coast (1625)
847:India (1599–1600)
762:Chaul (1570–1571)
647:Insulindia (1545)
502:Insulindia (1526)
497:Insulindia (1525)
492:Sumatra (1523–24)
467:Insulindia (1521)
327:India (1500–1513)
280:Morocco (1463–64)
207:
206:
80:
79:
16:(Redirected from
2773:
2726:
2717:
2702:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2668:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2610:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2552:
2546:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2458:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2424:
2418:
2407:
2401:
2388:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2232:
2226:
2211:
2172:Cablac mountains
2123:. Including the
2034:Portuguese India
2001:Campaign of the
1760:flintlock musket
1699:Queen Wilhelmina
1631:
1426:
1410:and enforce the
1367:Angola (1961–74)
1362:Africa (1961–74)
1327:Angola (1914–15)
1312:Angola (1902–04)
1275:Brazil (1821–25)
1226:Brazil (1762–63)
1104:Brazil (1652–54)
1059:Angola (1641–48)
1009:Arabia (1633–43)
772:Mangalore (1571)
687:Arabia (1552–54)
245:
243:
233:
226:
219:
210:
164:
157:
156:
146:
145:
137:
136:
126:
125:
105:
101:
99:
98:
66:Portuguese Timor
50:
49:
42:
30:
21:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2695:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2666:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2613:
2602:
2597:
2582:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2461:
2453:
2444:
2436:
2427:
2419:
2410:
2402:
2391:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2334:Steenbrink 2007
2332:
2328:
2320:
2313:
2309:, p. xxii.
2305:
2298:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2242:was translated
2233:
2229:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2189:Times of London
2139:, marched from
2109:
2006:
1918:
1787:
1782:
1743:
1620:
1550:
1548:Head tax system
1500:Mexican dollars
1472:
1464:
1420:
1396:Great Rebellion
1388:
1383:
1347:Timor (1942–43)
1265:China (1809–10)
1196:India (1729–32)
1069:India (1644–45)
1034:India (1638–39)
964:Malaysia (1628)
894:Malaysia (1615)
874:Malaysia (1606)
869:Malaysia (1606)
827:Malaysia (1587)
822:Malaysia (1586)
792:Malaysia (1575)
787:Malaysia (1574)
782:Malaysia (1573)
777:India (1570–75)
757:Goa (1570–1571)
697:Pakistan (1557)
682:Malaysia (1551)
662:Malaysia (1547)
642:Ethiopia (1543)
637:Ethiopia (1542)
632:Ethiopia (1542)
627:Ethiopia (1542)
622:Ethiopia (1542)
612:Ethiopia (1542)
607:Ethiopia (1541)
572:Moluccas (1536)
567:Malaysia (1536)
562:Malaysia (1535)
552:Malaysia (1534)
487:Malaysia (1523)
447:Malaysia (1520)
402:Malaysia (1511)
246:
241:
239:
237:
202:
197:
195:
183:
181:
179:
178:8000 Irregulars
160:
151:
150:
140:
139:
131:
130:
120:
96:
94:
93:
68:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2693:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2611:
2595:
2575:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2538:
2536:, p. 182.
2526:
2514:
2512:, p. 163.
2502:
2500:, p. 179.
2490:
2488:, p. 185.
2478:
2476:, p. 183.
2459:
2457:, p. 180.
2442:
2440:, p. 177.
2425:
2423:, p. 176.
2408:
2406:, p. 181.
2389:
2387:, p. 188.
2374:
2372:, p. 225.
2362:
2360:, p. 178.
2350:
2348:, p. 287.
2338:
2336:, p. 164.
2326:
2311:
2296:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2227:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2108:
2105:
2005:
1999:
1928:) towards the
1917:
1914:
1801:(garrison) of
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1742:
1739:
1730:Masonic lodges
1644:First Republic
1619:
1616:
1610:. In disloyal
1549:
1546:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:Morocco (1769)
1235:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:Morocco (1640)
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
969:Malacca (1629)
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
864:Sumatra (1606)
861:
855:
854:
850:
849:
844:
839:
837:Mombasa (1589)
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
797:Morocco (1578)
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
767:Honavar (1571)
764:
759:
754:
752:Sumatra (1569)
749:
747:Malacca (1568)
744:
739:
734:
732:Morocco (1564)
729:
727:Morocco (1562)
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
602:Red Sea (1541)
599:
597:Red Sea (1541)
594:
592:Red Sea (1541)
589:
587:Red Sea (1541)
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
542:Morocco (1533)
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Sumatra (1528)
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
477:Sumatra (1522)
474:
469:
464:
462:Bahrain (1521)
459:
457:Sumatra (1521)
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:Morocco (1516)
429:
427:Morocco (1515)
424:
422:Morocco (1515)
419:
417:Morocco (1514)
414:
412:Morocco (1514)
409:
407:Morocco (1513)
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
372:Socotra (1507)
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
332:Algeria (1501)
329:
323:
322:
318:
317:
315:Morocco (1490)
312:
310:Morocco (1489)
307:
305:Morocco (1487)
302:
297:
295:Morocco (1471)
292:
290:Morocco (1471)
287:
285:Morocco (1468)
282:
277:
275:Morocco (1458)
272:
270:Morocco (1437)
267:
265:Morocco (1419)
262:
260:Morocco (1415)
256:
255:
251:
248:
247:
238:
236:
235:
228:
221:
213:
205:
204:
199:
196:12,567 wounded
191:
190:
186:
185:
176:
175:12,000+ Rebels
172:
171:
167:
166:
118:
112:
111:
107:
106:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2778:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:1910s in Asia
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2684:on 2015-07-01
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:(1): 122–30.
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2195:Atauro Island
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:Mount Leolaco
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2056:under guard.
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1908:) and chant (
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:that between
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:arrived from
1662:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1406:to collect a
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Angola (1907)
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Brazil (1756)
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Angola (1723)
1189:
1187:
1186:Brazil (1711)
1184:
1182:
1181:Brazil (1710)
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:Angola (1681)
1152:
1150:
1149:Angola (1671)
1147:
1145:
1144:Angola (1670)
1142:
1140:
1139:Angola (1670)
1137:
1135:
1134:Brazil (1666)
1132:
1130:
1129:Angola (1665)
1127:
1125:
1124:Margão (1659)
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Arabia (1650)
1097:
1095:
1094:Brazil (1649)
1092:
1090:
1089:Brazil (1648)
1087:
1085:
1084:Angola (1647)
1082:
1080:
1079:Brazil (1645)
1077:
1075:
1074:Brazil (1645)
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Brazil (1641)
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:Brazil (1640)
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:Brazil (1638)
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:Brazil (1636)
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:Arabia (1633)
1002:
1000:
999:Bengal (1632)
997:
995:
992:
990:
989:Brazil (1631)
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:Brazil (1630)
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
954:Brazil (1625)
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:Angola (1624)
942:
940:
939:Brazil (1624)
937:
935:
934:Angola (1623)
932:
930:
929:Angola (1622)
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:Jaffna (1619)
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
851:
848:
845:
843:
842:Jaffna (1591)
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:Arabia (1581)
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:Brazil (1567)
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
717:Jaffna (1560)
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:Brazil (1558)
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
672:Arabia (1548)
670:
668:
667:Arabia (1548)
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
482:Arabia (1523)
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Arabia (1507)
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
320:
319:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
300:Guinea (1478)
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
253:
252:
249:
244:
234:
229:
227:
222:
220:
215:
214:
211:
200:
193:
192:
187:
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
163:
155:
149:
148:Gago Coutinho
144:
138:Jaime do Inso
135:
129:
124:
119:
117:
114:
113:
108:
104:
92:
89:
88:
83:
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
52:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2697:
2686:. Retrieved
2679:the original
2674:
2670:
2654:
2645:
2636:
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2505:
2493:
2481:
2365:
2353:
2346:Jannisa 1997
2341:
2329:
2324:, p. 8.
2294:, p. 6.
2263:
2254:(a borrowed
2251:
2247:
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2239:
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2222:
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2209:
2187:
2183:
2169:
2157:
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2110:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2030:Saint Albans
2029:
2025:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1992:The gunboat
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1767:
1763:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1725:
1707:
1690:
1688:
1681:
1658:
1637:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1541:
1533:
1521:
1519:
1512:
1508:pyrographers
1503:
1495:
1483:
1481:
1467:
1455:
1452:
1437:
1428:
1411:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1357:India (1961)
1352:India (1954)
1321:
1306:20th century
1290:China (1849)
1280:China (1846)
1254:19th century
1216:India (1752)
1211:India (1746)
1206:India (1746)
1176:India (1704)
1170:18th century
1159:India (1693)
1039:India (1639)
1024:India (1638)
984:Jambi (1630)
924:China (1622)
879:India (1612)
853:17th century
802:India (1581)
737:Japan (1565)
722:Japan (1561)
712:India (1559)
657:India (1547)
652:India (1546)
557:Tunis (1535)
537:India (1531)
507:India (1526)
472:China (1521)
397:India (1510)
392:India (1509)
387:India (1508)
367:India (1507)
357:India (1506)
352:India (1506)
337:India (1504)
321:16th century
254:15th century
161:
85:Belligerents
2549:Durand 2011
1660:São Gabriel
1572:contratados
1470:of Manufahi
1421: [
859:Java (1601)
512:Java (1527)
203:600 wounded
2735:Categories
2688:2015-05-24
2246:(king) or
2184:tranqueira
2071:bombarded
2016:, then to
1922:wet season
1867:Mozambique
1815:Mozambican
1758:or an old
1695:West Timor
1673:royal flag
1562:capitation
1530:Tatamailau
1462:Background
1444:Mozambique
1418:Boaventura
442:Goa (1517)
2534:Gunn 1999
2522:Gunn 1999
2510:Gunn 1999
2498:Gunn 1999
2486:Gunn 1999
2474:Gunn 1999
2455:Gunn 1999
2438:Gunn 1999
2421:Gunn 1999
2404:Gunn 1999
2385:Gunn 1999
2370:Gunn 1999
2358:Gunn 1999
2322:Gunn 2011
2307:Gunn 2011
2275:Footnotes
2149:moradores
2145:moradores
2137:moradores
2121:moradores
2018:Soerabaja
2014:Singapore
1967:moradores
1947:Bibisusso
1945:of Alas,
1926:moradores
1846:Camenassa
1764:moradores
1748:moradores
1722:Canossian
1632:REPUBLICA
194:3424 dead
184:1 Gunboat
56:1911–1912
2671:Ellipsis
2117:Maubisse
2081:Quilicai
2038:Aldenham
1959:Turiscai
1850:Maucatar
1819:Bobonaro
1703:Lakmaras
1628:Carlos I
1488:Manufahi
1433:Manufahi
1408:head tax
201:289 dead
170:Strength
103:Portugal
61:Location
2558:Sources
2180:Leolaco
2141:Soibada
2125:arraias
2113:Oecussi
2073:Oecusse
2020:in the
1955:Raimean
1951:Cailaco
1934:arraias
1906:tabedai
1791:liurais
1774:cutlass
1752:arraias
1718:Soibada
1683:patacas
1652:Jesuits
1592:Liurais
1560:with a
1456:liurais
162:†
2258:term).
2248:régulo
2240:liurai
2219:Grande
2153:Patria
2097:Pátria
2093:Pátria
2089:rainha
2085:Betano
2077:Baucau
2069:Pátria
2061:Pátria
2054:Pátria
2050:Pátria
2010:Pátria
2003:Pátria
1994:Pátria
1983:liurai
1981:, the
1979:Ainaro
1943:reinos
1939:reinos
1910:lorsai
1886:Pátria
1862:Pátria
1842:liurai
1811:liurai
1780:Revolt
1769:catana
1762:. The
1665:Darwin
1612:reinos
1608:reinos
1600:liurai
1588:reinos
1584:liurai
1580:reinos
1576:reinos
1542:liurai
1538:Atsabe
1515:Duarte
1504:liurai
1429:liurai
1427:, the
1413:corvée
100:
73:Result
2682:(PDF)
2667:(PDF)
2603:(PDF)
2593:(31).
2583:(PDF)
2256:Hindi
2238:term
2236:Tetum
2201:Notes
2032:from
1971:reino
1930:posto
1902:lulic
1894:Laclo
1890:posto
1871:Zaire
1834:posto
1831:Aileu
1826:posto
1807:posto
1799:posto
1726:lulic
1691:lulic
1648:Macau
1596:reino
1558:finta
1534:reino
1522:reino
1496:finta
1484:reino
1468:Reino
1448:Macau
1425:]
2234:The
2217:or (
2178:and
2176:Riac
2079:and
2059:The
1975:post
1957:and
1898:funu
1823:Same
1803:Suai
1567:réis
1526:Suru
1492:Alas
1482:The
1440:Dili
1390:The
53:Date
2624:doi
2252:raj
2244:rei
1977:of
1912:).
1892:of
1844:of
1772:or
1536:of
1524:of
1398:or
2737::
2675:10
2673:.
2669:.
2620:28
2618:.
2589:.
2585:.
2541:^
2462:^
2445:^
2428:^
2411:^
2392:^
2377:^
2314:^
2299:^
2282:^
2221:)
2197:.
2103:.
2075:,
1953:,
1949:,
1852:.
1776:.
1423:pt
2691:.
2630:.
2626::
2591:9
2573:.
2551:.
1965:(
1746:(
232:e
225:t
218:v
20:)
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