Abenaki language - Knowledge (XXG)

4422: 4194: 457: 631: 1389: 374: 36: 1268:, Bruchac notes that Abenaki is a polysynthetic language, which allows for virtually unlimited means to express oneself. Abenaki consists of both dependent and independent grammar which addresses the gender of the speaker. Abenaki has nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adjectives. The structure of the sentence or phrase varies depending on whether the noun is animate or inanimate. 940:(Amariscoggin, Ameriscoggin, Anasaguniticook, Arosaguntacook, Asschincantecook). Important note - Main village, on the river of the same name was called Arosaguntacook Town. Arosaguntacook is sometimes applied in error to the St. Francois Indians. Kennebec (Caniba, Sagadahoc, Kanibesinnoak, Norridgewock, Nurhantsuak) lived along the Kennebec River in northern Maine. 5610: 1890:, voiceless in word-initial and word-final positions and before a fortis consonant, unaspirated but become aspirated when they close a strongly accented syllable, which includes all final syllables) represented as . The lenis consonants generally exist between vowels and at the end of words but rarely next to each other or at the beginning of words. 87: 623: 944:

Passadumkeag, Pentagouet, Precaute, Segocket, and Wabigganus. Pigwacket (Pegouakki, Peguaki, Pequawket). Main village called Pequawket Town was located on the upper Saco River. Rocameca Upper Androscoggin River. Wewenoc (Ouanwinak, Sheepscot, Wawenock, Wawnock) Coastal areas of southern Maine. Wolinak (Becancour) Trois-Rivieres, Quebec.

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speakers of Western Abenaki live predominantly in Odanak and the last fully fluent speaker, Cécile (Wawanolett) Joubert died in 2006. A revitalization effort was started in Odanak in 1994; however, as of 2004 younger generations are not learning the language and the remaining speakers are elderly, making Western Abenaki nearly extinct.

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being in close contact with summer resorts in Vermont and New Hampshire, as well as continued contact with French-Canadians. Notably, plural English nouns were borrowed into Western Abenaki as a singular form that were then made plural by adding Abenaki plural endings. For example, the word oxen was borrowed as

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After winning the landmark case, similar cases were filed in 2006 by 60 tribes from throughout the United States. Among the Passamaquoddy's assets was $ 13.5 million in federal funds that were allocated to the tribe in 1980 through the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act, which was settled for $ 81.5 million.

558:, including the Abenaki. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture, which enabled them to support populations large enough to raise sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest. 1304:

means 'Speaking Abenaki'). Issues of the quarterly newsletter from 2003–2010 were published by the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki on their website. According to a statement made by the Band, after 2010, they stopped publishing the newsletter on their website due to a lack of financial support

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Aquadocta, Cobbosseecontee, Ebenecook, Ketangheanycke, Mascoma, Masherosqueck, Mecadacut, Moshoquen, Muscongus, Negusset, Ossaghrage, Ouwerage, Pasharanack, Pauhuntanuc, Pemaquid, Pocopassum, Sabino, Sagadahoc, Satquin, Segotago, Sowocatuck, Taconnet, Unyjaware, and Wacoogo. ...end of section needing

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axis. Over 5,000 people visit the Abenaki Museum annually. Several Abenaki companies include: in Wôlinak, General Fiberglass Engineering employs a dozen natives, with annual sales of more than $ 3 million Canadian dollars. Odanak is now active in transportation and distribution. Notable Abenaki from

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is important to distinguish in Western Abenaki. Animate nouns refer to animals, people, and other living or powerful things. Inanimate nouns refer to lifeless things. This is necessary to know because the animacy of a noun plays a large role in what form the endings of other words connected to them

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Western Abenaki was spoken in New Hampshire, Vermont, north-western Massachusetts, and southern Quebec. Odanak, Quebec is a First Nations reserve located near the Saint-François River—these peoples were referred to as Saint Francis Indians by English writers after the 1700s. The few remaining

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As with most Indigenous languages, due to residential schooling and colonialism, and with the fading of generations, the number of speakers has declined. Abenaki had as few as twelve native speakers in 2015, but with recent focus and extra efforts in the Abenaki community, this number seems to be

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Opponents of the bill feared it could lead to Abenaki land claims for property now owned and occupied by European Americans. Others worried that the Abenaki may use recognition as a step toward opening a casino. But the bill specifically says that "this act shall not be interpreted to provide any

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by the Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs on January 19, 2011, as a result of a process established by the Vermont legislature in 2010. Recognition allows applicants to seek scholarship funds reserved for American Indians and to receive federal "native made" designation for the bands'

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Due to French and English contact with Western Abenaki people in the 1640s and earlier, many loan words were quickly incorporated into Western Abenaki and have stayed for nearly four centuries. During the latter half of the 19th century, word borrowing increased due to many Western Abenaki people

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Tribe of Maine was recognized by the federal courts as a tribe, but not having a land trust with the government since never entering into a formal treaty. This launched the very long legal battle that paved the way for many other tribes across America to file suits regarding asset mismanagement.

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This list is just a handful of Western Abenaki roots. Roots attached to the front of a stem are written with a hyphen at the front (typically refer people or parts of the body), roots that are attached to the end of a stem are written with a hyphen at the end, and roots that constitute the only

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sometimes appears between a conjunction and the word that could potentially host the clitic, in this case the clitic will not be attached to the conjunction, but to the word after the noun phrase. In general, though they may typically exist in the second word of the sentence, clitics are mainly

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The development of tourism projects has allowed the Canadian Abenaki to develop a modern economy while preserving their culture and traditions. For example, since 1960, the Odanak Historical Society has managed the first and one of the largest aboriginal museums in Quebec, a few miles from the

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Penobscot (Pentagoet, Panaomeska). Meaning "rocky place", or "ledge place". Penobscot Tribe subdivisions and villages included: Moosehead Lake area tribes were known as "Moosehead Lake Indians". Villages: Agguncia, Asnela, Catawamtek, Kenduskeag, Mattawamkeag, Meecombe, Negas, Olamon, Oldtown,

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Sokoki is often confused with the Saco, a name given to eastern Abenaki who lived near the Saco River (a combination of Pigwacket, Kennebec, and Androscoggin). Cowasuck (Cahass, Cohassiac, Coos, Coosuc, Koes). Hoosac was a mixed settlement with the Mahican. Missisquoi (Mazipskoik, Misiskuoi,

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with their villages were located on Passamaquoddy Bay, the St. Croix River, and Schoodic Lake. Villages: Gunasquamekook, Imnarkuan, Machias, Sebaik, and Sipayik. There were other towns at Lewis Island and Calais in Maine with a few locations on the Canadian side of the St. Croix River.

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The council would be under the Department of Cultural Resources, so it would be in the same department as the State Council on the Arts. The bill would allow for the creation and sale of goods to be labeled as native-made to create a source of income for the natives in New Hampshire.

1032:. Various forms of Sokoki are: Assokwekik, Ondeake, Onejagese, Sakukia, Sokokiois, Sokoquios, Sokoquis, Sokokquis, Sokoni, Sokwaki, Soquachjck, and Zooquagese. Some accounts include groups of the western Pennacook as Sokoki: Amoskeag, Naamkeek, Nashaway, Souheyan, and Winnipesaukee. 2879:

The first person plural exclusive and inclusive pronouns are very important distinctions in Western Abenaki. The inclusive form means you are including the person you are talking to in the "we" or "us". While the exclusive form means you are excluding them from the "we" or "us".

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and pronounced like in English word 'body'; at the start of a word it is voiceless and pronounced that a weak English /t/ but unaspirated; at the end of a word is it voiceless and made long and tense by the stress assigned on the final syllable, pronounced like in English

1046:. It was located on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain. Schaghticoke. Mixed Mahican and New England Algonquin on the Hudson River north of Albany, New York. Squakheag (Squaeg, Squawkeag). Mixed population and probably at various times was occupied by any of these tribes. 1309:

included community-related information such as updates on governance issues, notices of social events, and obituaries. The newsletter also included Band history, genealogy, language lessons, recipes, plant and animal studies, books reviews, and writings by Band members.

516:. The last known natively fluent speaker of Penobscot Abenaki, Madeline Shay, died in 1993. However, several Penobscot elders still speak Penobscot, and there is an ongoing effort to preserve it and teach it in the local schools; much of the language was preserved by 1926:; between resonants is it pronounced like in English 'ago'; beginning a word it is pronounced like a weak unaspirated /k/; at the end of a word it is voiceless and made long and tense by the stress assigned on the final syllable, pronounced like /k/ in 'score'. 963:

Closer in language and culture to the Micmac, the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy have been listed as Abenaki for historical reasons. The French usually referred to both tribes as the Etchemin. Maliseet (Aroostook, Malecite, Malicite, St. John's Indians). From the

1897:; between it is voiced and pronounced like in the English word 'habit'; beginning a word it is voiceless and pronounced like a weak English /p/ but unaspirated; at the end of a word it is voiceless and made long by the stress assigned on the final syllable. 1000:. They were located along the St. John River in northeastern Maine and western New Brunswick. Devon, Kingsclear, Madawaska, Mary's, Medoctec (Medoktek, Meductic), Okpaak, Oromocto, St. Anne, St. Basile, The Brothers (Micmac), Tobique, Viger, and Woodstock. 1279:

was a quarterly newsletter that discussed cultural, historical, and contemporary information regarding the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki. It was started in 1993 by Paul Pouilot, Sagamo of the Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki. The word

1236:, and non-Abenaki people who are trying to revitalize Abenaki culture, including their language and basket-making traditions. Currently, there are about 12,000 people of varying Abenaki heritage in the Canadian and New England regions. In 3611:

In general, the sentence structure appears to be SOV (Subject-Object-Verb), but word order is largely free, being mainly dependent on pragmatic factors. While the verb phrase tends to not have a common, basic order, there are still

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Native American or Abenaki person with any other special rights or privileges that the state does not confer on or grant to other state residents." New Hampshire has considered expanding gambling separate from the Native Americans.

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When a word is pronounced on its own, its stressed final syllable is typically high pitched. However, this is not necessarily characteristic of the specific word, because as stated above, declarative sentences end on a low pitch.

1138:. Vermont granted recognition of the council the same year, but later withdrew it. In 1982, the band applied for federal recognition, which is still pending. Four Abenaki communities are located in Vermont. In 2006, the state of 1190:. Dedicated to preserving the culture of the natives in New Hampshire, the group is one of the chief supporters of the HB 1610; the Abenaki, the main tribe in the state, are the only people named specifically in the bill. 7040: 3408:

In thinking about these two verb types along with Western Abenaki's distinction between animate and inanimate things, this results in a split of four different types of verbs in Western Abenaki (which is true of all

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people. Over the next hundred years, conflicts between the French and the English often included their colonies and their respective native allies. The French treated their Abenaki allies with some respect; in 1706,

1127:. Facing annihilation, many Abenaki had begun emigrating to Canada, then under French control, around 1669. The Abenaki who chose to remain in the United States did not fare as well as their Canadian counterparts. 3698:

because they come after the first word within the complementizer phrase or inflectional phrase. However, clitics do not always simply follow the first word of a sentence. Clitics can also attach to clause-initial

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occurs only before a vowel or /l/ and is pronounced like in English word 'heel', 'hat', or 'hit'; lax consonants before it become voiceless; when is it between vowels it is usually dropped by speakers in most

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Vowel truncation –– the initial vowel of a suffix is deleted when it follows a vowel. The only exception is -wi followed by peripheral formatives, here the initial vowel of the suffix is not deleted.

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In addition to Brink and others, Jesse Bruchac is a loud voice in the Abenaki culture. Along with writing and publishing various Abenaki books, he created a movie and sound piece telling the

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and inflectional phrases that are more clear. In Abenaki, there are no apparent complementizers, but it is assumed that wh-words (who, what, when, why) start complementizer phrases, while

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landed and English settlers began to establish colonies in the southern end of Abenaki territory, relations between the settlers and natives remained guarded. The religious leaders of the

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is a lateral sonorant; it is pronounced with a lot of tongue tension and is influenced by the vowel which follows it, or, in syllable-final position, by the vowel that precedes it.

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like the /dz/ in English word 'adze'; at the start of a word it is pronounced like /ts/ in the English word 'lets'; at the end of a word it is pronounced like the /ts/ in 'hats'.

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that is voiced, and between resonants is pronounced like English /z/; voiceless when it is at the beginning of a word, both voiceless and long when it is at the end of a word.

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attached. Often a single word will translate to a phrase in English. The affixes themselves typically do not translate to just one word either. Western Abenaki utilizes both

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There are seven morphological processes in Western Abenaki. These processes are used to describe the changes to affixes that occur when they are combined in different ways.

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In New Hampshire the Abenaki, along with other Native American groups, have proposed legislation for recognition as a minority group. This bill was debated in 2010 in the

4819: 7055: 1982:, tense, voiceless, unaspirated, and long in all positions; it is similar to the combined sounds of a /p/ ending a word and beginning the next, like in 'stop payment'. 704:. The Abenaki pushed back the line of white settlement by devastating raids on scattered farmhouses and small villages. The war was settled by a peace treaty in 1678. 606:

in the northern part of Abenaki territory, and maintained reasonably cordial relations with the natives. Intermarriage between the French and natives gave rise to the

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arts and crafts. On May 7, 2012, the Abenaki Nation at Missisquoi and the Koasek of the Koas Abenaki Traditional Band received recognition by the State of Vermont.

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Ossipee: located on a lake of the same name in east-central New Hampshire. Other names associated with the eastern Abenaki are Arsikantegou, Kwupahag (Kwapahag).

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phonemes /ts/ and /dz/. More than half of the population pronounced ⟨c⟩ like /ts/ and ⟨j⟩ like /dz/ and the rest pronounced ⟨c⟩ like /ʃ/ and ⟨j⟩ like /ʒ/.

4912: 7045: 1206:. They have created several Abenaki books, audio, video, and web-based media to help others learn the language. In July 2013, the Penobscot Nation, the 5731: 5051: 1261:

story from a new tongue and perspective offered a more original and full version of what Thanksgiving might have really been like so many years ago.

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A new generation is actively preserving and revitalizing the language. The late Joseph Elie Joubert from the Odanak reservation and fluent speaker,

4474: 1257:, the three actors not only memorized their lines in Abenaki but also learned the syntax behind the language. This revitalization of the famous 1352:

and the celebration of the "First Thanksgiving". It contained a considerable amount of dialogue in Western Abenaki. Several actors, including

7035: 7009: 5562: 5432: 5413: 4533: 1585:; normally pronounced between the English words 'peat' and 'pit', it varies between the high front tense vowel and the mid front lax vowel . 1463: 1248: 1215: 784:

The Abenaki from St. Francois continued to raid British colonial settlements in their former homelands along the New England frontier during

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Stress is initially assigned to the final syllable and then to every other syllable from right to left. Yet this assignment skips the vowel

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Passamaquoddy (Machias Tribe, Opanango, Pesmokant, Quoddy, Scotuks, Scootuck, St. Croix Indians, Unchechauge, Unquechauge). The name means

4488: 2935: 1862: 1824: 1566:; normally pronounced like in the English word 'label'; occurs only in the middle of a word between consonants, except for three words–– 1103: 5084: 1484: 6375: 5652: 5545: 5479: 4626: 4599: 4566: 4642: 538: 1186:

The numerous groups of natives in the state have created a New Hampshire Inter-tribal Council, which holds statewide meetings and

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clause dependent, and are situated according to what clauses are functioning in a sentence and where, according to conjunctions.

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when it appears at the beginning or end of a word before a consonant or between two consonants. It is sometimes written as

1171:. The bill would have created a state commission on Native American relations, which would act as an advisory group to the 5724: 5243: 2522:

Questions have a low-high pitch at the end of the sentence, yet the entire sentence is generally said with a higher pitch.

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non-syllabic with a similar sound to ; occurs before or after a vowel; at the end of a word after /k/ or /g/ it becomes a

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is a high front non-syllabic with a similar sound to but is pronounced before a vowel with greater tongue tension than .

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as the prefix. Possessive pronoun prefixes are written with an apostrophe before the word (as shown in examples below).

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results instead in a lengthening of the preceding consonant and the vowel is often deleted in writing and rapid speech.

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that is generally accepted by linguists or Abenaki speakers, but speakers typically do understand the orthographies of

719:, killing about 300 settlers over ten years. The raids stopped when the war ended. Some captives were adopted into the 6986: 6750: 6128: 6123: 5913: 3628:

Enclitic particles function in a syntactically interesting way. In Western Abenaki, there are ten enclitic particles.

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Amaseconti (Amesokanti, Anmissoukanti), Norridgewock (Naridgewalk, Neridgewok, Noronjawoke), Kennebec, and Sagadahoc.

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Coalescence of wV –– w coalescence that explains why the plural peripheral formative -ak occasionally becomes -ok.

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Personal prefixes ne-, ke-, we- are not stressed, thus in words containing these prefixes, the stress shift with

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arrived in New England, English explorer and slaver Captain Thomas Hunt captured 24 indigenous people, including

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Vocalization –– glide w changes to a vowel o when the glide becomes the nucleus of a syllable due to affixation.

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is a higher mid-back vowel pronounced like in the English word 'poke', however some speakers pronounce it like .

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Originally composed of Abenaki tribes in Vermont and New Hampshire west of the White Mountains, Sokoki means

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As of 2004, linguists are unsure if a minimum syllable count is present in order for a word to be stressed.

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meaning like a stem does. In other words, a root is dependent on other pieces of meaning to create a word.

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Stressed syllables that exist in the middle of a sentence tend to be pronounced at a standard pitch level.

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It is important to note that historically Western Abenaki speakers varied in the ways they pronounced the

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in Vermont, in collaboration with Bruchac, opened its School of Abenaki in 2020, which offers a two-week

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settlements. When the Massachusetts militia tried to seize Rasles, the Abenaki raided the settlements at

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LeSourd, Philip S. (June 2011). "Enclitic Particles in Western Abenaki: The Syntax of Second Position".

3703:, such as tta 'and', ni 'and then', and ala 'or' or to the word that follows the conjunction. A focused 3700: 3613: 2490: 1796: 1789: 1598:

Historically, it was common for speakers to drop h between vowels and to drop w before the nasal vowel .

1134:(also called the "Sokoki-St. Francis Band of the Abenaki Nation") organized a tribal council in 1976 at 1124: 1120: 793: 781:

brought an end to the war. After Rale died, the Abenaki moved to a settlement on the St. Francis River.

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stop that is always voiceless and long, longer than the English /t/, similarly to the Western Abenaki .

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stop, long, voiceless and unaspirated in all positions and pronounced like /k/ in English word 'score'.

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helped to preserve the Abenaki language through the inclusion of Abenaki words and their translations.

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and Abenaki tribes; older captives were generally ransomed, and the colonies carried on a brisk trade.

700:, the Abenaki joined the Wampanoag. For three years there was fighting along the Maine frontier in the 3587:

Final glide delegation –– suffix-final glide w is deleted after a vowel when the suffix is word-final.

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attached to other words. However, separate words are sometimes used to emphasize the pronoun in use.

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The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History

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and the state government in general. The Abenaki want to gain formal state recognition as a people.

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in 1702, the Abenaki were allied with the French; they raided numerous small villages in Maine from

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Around 1669, the Abenaki started to emigrate to Quebec due to conflicts with English colonists and

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in 1750: Caughnawaga (Mohawk), Lake of the Two Mountains (Iroquois and Nipissing), St. Francois (

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that is voiceless in all positions and pronounced by most speakers like /ts/ in English 'hats'.

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Eastern Abenaki dialects include Penobscot, Norridgewock, Caniba, Androscoggin, and Pequawket.

1327:. About 500 Penobscot words are still being used in the community in everyday language such as 851: 6935: 6885: 6740: 6722: 6717: 6697: 6692: 6644: 6578: 6298: 6230: 6170: 6145: 6134: 6087: 6052: 6035: 5558: 5475: 5428: 5409: 5080: 4622: 4616: 4595: 4562: 4539: 4529: 3781: 3676: 3337: 3267: 2045: 1883: 1815: 1650: 1643: 1626: 1563: 1505: 863: 735: 701: 630: 871: 6930: 6920: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6819: 6814: 6804: 6770: 6712: 6659: 6606: 6568: 6513: 6475: 6405: 6247: 5978: 5934: 5864: 5765: 5577: 5519: 5510:

LeSourd, Philip S. (July 2015). "Enclitic Particles in Western Abenaki: Form and Function".

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Coalescence of a+a –– long /a:/ becomes nasalized ɔ̃ in some instances such as -ba+ab(ani).

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Two main verb distinctions in Western Abenaki are intransitive verbs and transitive verbs.

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Grammatical Notes on the Penobscot Language from Frank Speck's Penobscot Transformer Tales

5389:. Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series. Amherst: University of Massachusetts. 5136: 5110: 3333: 1631: 1349: 913: 905: 763: 747: 716: 272: 264: 6538: 5443: 4863:"Native Languages of the Americas: Penobscot (Eastern Abnaki, Penawahpskewi, Penobscott)" 727: 5662: 5469: 5162: 4646: 1244:

Native Americans, and this group is a large driving force of the language resurrection.

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enabled them to support a large population. They made war primarily against neighboring

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The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations

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Coalescence of aw+a –– the preterit -ob is created from the combination of aw+ab(ani).

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Western Abenaki dialects are Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Sokoki, Pennacook, and Odanak.

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Both the Eastern and Western dialects of Abenaki have 18 consonant sounds in total.

1154:) bands' applications for official recognition were recommended and referred to the 754:. The Massachusetts government then declared war, and bloody battles were fought at 6950: 6854: 6611: 6075: 6067: 4746: 1258: 1233: 755: 712: 525: 310: 122: 6755: 5219: 4591: 4409: 4181: 6596: 5688: 4862: 4385: 3704: 3593:

Coalescence of aw+e –– the combination of aw+e results in a single vowel o or 8.

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There are a few exceptions to these rules that have to be learned individually.

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only need one participant that is doing the action or has the quality, such as

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affix you must use depends on the sound it is supposed to attach to. The forms

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Stress within words in Western Abenaki is based on an alternating stress rule:

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will take. However, some classifications are arbitrary. For example, the word

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that is always voiceless and long, much like the English /s/ in all positions.

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Examples of the possessive pronoun affixes on an animate and inanimate noun:

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of Ndakinna Education Center was hired as a language consultant on the film.

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is inanimate. So the animacy of certain nouns must be learned individually.

2066: 2025: 2004: 1937: 1904: 1843: 1492: 1365: 1357: 1241: 1091: 893: 859: 855: 778: 689: 685: 568: 563: 509: 498: 497:. The language has Eastern and Western forms which differ in vocabulary and 349: 323: 5682: 5196: 5017: 4888:"Western Abenaki Dictionary and Radio Online: Home of the Abenaki Language" 4842:"The New Hampshire Inter-Tribal Native American Council: Mission Statement" 4722:"Passamaquoddy tribe awarded $ 11.4 million in asset mismanagement dispute" 1368:) spoke the language exclusively throughout the series, and Kalani Qweypo ( 5609: 5502: 5427:. Vol. 2: English to Abenaki. Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization. 2538:

The words of Western Abenaki are generally made up of a central core (the

339: 332: 1972: 1962: 1941: 1915: 1887: 1069: 843: 639: 607: 547: 448: 443: 410: 398: 4841: 1578:'a spear'–– in these words is pronounced like in the English word 'end'. 1559:; before /m/ in a final syllable it becomes close to in English 'goose' 1123:, and only small remnants remained on reservations during and after the 619:

for his service, thus elevating him as a member of the French nobility.

4161: 2751: 2570: 2061: 1369: 1289: 1143: 1139: 666: 572: 508:

Eastern Abenaki languages are spoken by several peoples, including the

425: 406: 223: 6360: 5582: 2493:

of that syllable is also /ə/. In fact, the presence of the unstressed

6339: 5818: 5346:

Day, Gordon M (1981). "Abenaki Place-Names in the Champlain Valley".

4913:"Penobscot Nation, UMaine win grants to help revive tribe's language" 4245:

Bruchac, Margaret (2006). "Malian's Song–Abenaki Language Glossary".

3695: 2617: 2551: 2547: 2049: 1187: 889: 774: 738:(or Rasles, 1657?–1724) encouraged the Abenaki to halt the spread of 731: 656: 550:, were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the 490: 211: 197: 4467:"How did a self-taught linguist come to own an indigenous language?" 1142:

officially recognized the Abenaki as a people, but not a tribe. The

622: 5523: 5359: 5073:

Bruchac, Jesse; Brink, Jeanne; Joubert, Joseph (January 31, 2011).

4747:"Vermont: Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States" 1372:) spoke both Abenaki and English. Western Abenaki language teacher 5709: 4965:"Middlebury College launches program to preserve Abenaki language" 4559:

The Red King's Rebellion, Racial Politics in New England 1675-1678

3144: 3105: 2755: 2543: 1315: 1237: 629: 621: 584: 513: 455: 219: 5620: 4887: 520:. Other speakers of Eastern Abenaki included tribes such as the 2574: 6364: 5713: 5044:"Telling Thanksgiving's Story in a Vanishing American Language" 2641:

Each suffix is used according to the final sound of the noun:

1383: 379:

Western Abenaki is classified as critically endangered by the

80: 29: 5076:

L8dwaw8gan Wji Abaznodakaw8gan: The Language of Basket Making

1266:

L8dwaw8gan Wji Abaznodakaw8gan: The Language of Basket Making

692:, also called "King Philip", fought the English colonists in 7041:

Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands

5576:. University of Manitoba Anthropology Papers. Vol. 24. 4143:= hello; lit. you appear new to me (after long separations) 1202:, lead partial immersion classes in the language across the 602:

By contrast, the French had already planted the colonies of

5704: 5137:"Aln8bak News Vol 2003 Issue 1 January February March 2003" 4671:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs 4906: 4904: 409:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

170:

Western: Abenaqui, Alnombak, Saint Francis, Western Abnaki

5221:

A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language

2952:

in these situations and is still considered a consonant.

4820:"Gambling Bill Would Create 6 Casinos, Allow Black Jack" 1232:

growing. Today, there are some passionate Abenaki, like

1400: 1251:

side of Thanksgiving, spoken in Abenaki. In this film,

5387:"Wôbanakiôdwawôgan: Sketch of Western Abenaki Grammar" 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 1878:(always voiceless and aspirated) represented as , and 1218:

to expand and publish the first Penobscot Dictionary.

4770:"Abenaki Turn to Vermont Legislature for Recognition" 4268: 4266: 2911:

form needs to be attached to a word that begins with

2048:––Western Abenaki writers who taught the language at 168:

Eastern: Alnombak, Alnôbak, Eastern Abnaki, Wawenock

5298: 5296: 5294: 4368: 3556: 3540: 3522: 3506: 3485: 3469: 3451: 3435: 3390: 3375: 3316: 3301: 3239: 3223: 3202: 3186: 3165: 3149: 3126: 3110: 3084: 3068: 3047: 3031: 3010: 2994: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2734: 2728: 2721: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2633: 2625: 2594: 2579: 1323:

in the 1630s, is probably borrowed from the Abenaki

476: 469: 257:

Last fluent speaker of Eastern Abenaki died in 1993.

185: 177: 6964: 6878: 6837: 6797: 6769: 6731: 6668: 6620: 6587: 6499: 6426: 6419: 6398: 6308: 6283: 6260: 6211: 6189: 6109: 6096: 6066: 6015: 5988: 5944: 5886: 5877: 5847: 5804: 5795: 5756: 5747: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 439: 431: 421: 347: 321: 316: 300: 261: 249: 233: 207: 193: 162: 43:It has been suggested that this article should be 5105: 5103: 4692:"Federal Recognition - A Historical Twist of Fate" 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 1874:In Western Abenaki there is a distinction between 4147:* letters in square brackets often lost in vowel 1595:and is sometimes written as ⟨ô⟩ or simply as “8”. 985: 969: 762:at Pequawket, an Indian village near present-day 599:discouraged social interaction with the natives. 501:and are sometimes considered distinct languages. 128:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 3788:element of a stem are written without a hyphen. 2700:and the w drops (also sometimes words ending in 660:Indian Reservation; the second was founded near 7061:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas 884:Seven mission orientated communities along the 813:. Similarly, the word potatoes was borrowed as 546:argues that Abenaki neighbors, the pre-contact 524:who spoke the Arosagunticook dialect, and the 5653:"Native American Audio Collections: Penobscot" 2893:are used if the word begins with a vowel. The 6376: 5725: 5705:Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs 5512:International Journal of American Linguistics 5348:International Journal of American Linguistics 5193:Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki People 5189:"Aln8bak Quarterly News Special Announcement" 5141:Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook Abenaki People 3336:need two participants: one doing the action ( 1975:pronounced in all positions like English /n/. 1965:pronounced in all positions like English /m/. 8: 5627:"Native American Audio Collections: Abenaki" 4586:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3417:Transitivity and Animacy in Western Abenaki 2489:and falls to the next syllable, even if the 1073:this area include the documentary filmmaker 920:), Lorette (Huron), and St. Regis (Mohawk). 642:of new infectious diseases. The governor of 5621:Western Abenaki Online Dictionary and Radio 6423: 6383: 6369: 6361: 6106: 5883: 5801: 5753: 5732: 5718: 5710: 4792: 4790: 3837:- 'unintentional, accidental, by mistake' 3694:These are also known as 'second-position' 726:The Third Abenaki War (1722–1725), called 372: 159: 5581: 4254: 1119:Many Abenaki living in Vermont have been 5555:Abenaki Legends, Grammar and Place Names 5397:The Morphology of Modern Western Abenaki 3630: 3620:are assumed to be inflectional phrases. 3415: 2957: 2760: 2057: 1609: 1537: 1476: 1434: 1085:United States federal tribal recognition 758:(1724), where Rasles was killed, and at 7056:Native American language revitalization 5333: 5285: 4272: 4174: 1271:Although written primarily in English, 1102:These two tribes are officially listed 403:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 5537: 5461:A History of the New Hampshire Abenaki 5195:. COWASS North America. Archived from 4798:"HB 1610-FN – As Amended by the House" 4768:Hallenbeck, Terri (January 20, 2011). 2733:after other consonants and the vowels 1292:. Initially the newsletter was called 1163:New Hampshire and minority recognition 1036:Missiassik, Missique, Missisco) means 552:corn/beans/squash agricultural complex 418: 5302: 5224:. Harper & Brothers. p. 440. 5018:"Abnaki-Penobscot (Abenaki Language)" 4992:"Preserving Abenaki Language Culture" 4372: 4205: 4203: 3794:- 'dishonest, uncertain, unreliable' 1216:National Endowment for the Humanities 7: 5474:. Vancouver: Global Language Press. 5463:. Charleston, SC: The History Press. 5273: 5117:. Dawn Land Voices. November 3, 2012 5042:Johnson, Scott (November 17, 2015). 4339: 1106:as tribes in the United States. The 2750:In most Western Abenaki sentences, 2504:occur on the syllable to the right. 2055:Masta and Laurent's orthographies. 255:14 Western Abenaki (2007–2012) 7051:Extinct languages of North America 5557:. Toronto: Global Language Press. 2569:Like all Algonquin languages, the 1348:told the story of the founding of 817:'potato' that was pluralized into 118:for transliterated languages, and 98:of its non-English content, using 25: 7046:First Nations languages in Canada 5678:Abenaki orthography and phonology 5594:A historical phonology of Abenaki 5079:. lulu.com. pp. 1–4, 34–39. 4518:Muir, Diana (February 22, 2024). 4465:Gregory, Alice (April 19, 2021). 3812:- 'fight as in battle, make war' 3680: 3675: 3645: 2036:There is not one Western Abenaki 1861: 1852: 1823: 1795: 1788: 1774: 1759: 1753: 1728: 1722: 1703: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1674: 1668: 1661: 1655: 1544: 1538: 1522: 1504: 1497: 1483: 1477: 1468: 1462: 825:Abenaki tribes and confederations 809:'an ox' that was pluralized into 5608: 5167:University of Kentucky Libraries 5022:Native Languages of the Americas 4963:Cooney, Melissa (July 3, 2023). 4937:Asch, Sarah (January 29, 2020). 4615:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). 4420: 4390:Native Languages of the Americas 4192: 1387: 1288:) is often used as a synonym to 85: 34: 5391:— this paper has been withdrawn 5111:"Digitizing Tribal Newsletters" 4826:. March 4, 2010. Archived from 4526:University Press of New England 3374:. Western Abenaki examples are 3300:. Western Abenaki examples are 2519:, the pitch goes from high-low. 1194:Language revitalization efforts 1050:Other names of Abenaki villages 948:Eastern Abenaki tribal villages 790:Northeast Coast Campaign (1750) 5695:Western Abenaki grammar sketch 5658:American Philosophical Society 5632:American Philosophical Society 5597:(MA thesis). McGil University. 5572:Voorhis, Paul (October 1979). 4911:McCrea, Nick (July 11, 2013). 4645:. Cbodanak.com. Archived from 4521:Reflections in Bullough's Pond 3855:- 'must, certain, need, want' 3806:- 'continuing, going farther' 1212:American Philosophical Society 561:In 1614, six years before the 539:Reflections in Bullough's Pond 134:multilingual support templates 1: 5544:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 5218:Walter William Skeat (1882). 4701:. Native American Rights Fund 4489:"Arosaguntacook Indian Tribe" 4089:Place names (Western Abenaki) 2905:in front of consonants. If a 1079:National Film Board of Canada 7036:Eastern Algonquian languages 6865:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French 5553:Masta, Henry Lorne (2008) . 5399:(Thesis). Dartmouth College. 4720:Walsh, Tom (April 2, 2012). 3955:- 'seem, feel, appear like' 3818:- 'change, exchange, trade' 2842:1st person plural inclusive 2828:1st person plural exclusive 1914:stop that is voiced between 1860: 1851: 1847: 1721: 1521: 1503: 1496: 1461: 626:Abenaki couple, 18th-century 381:Endangered Languages Project 343: – Western Abenaki 336: – Eastern Abenaki 6987:Plains Indian Sign Language 6346:language • 5935:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog 5914:Massachusett Pidgin English 5491:Anthropological Linguistics 2775:Possessive Pronoun Affixes 1564:mid-central unrounded vowel 1340:National Geographic Channel 579:in what would later become 493:and the northern states of 487:Eastern Algonquian language 7077: 6838:Pidgins, creoles and mixed 5700:Western Abenaki morphology 5425:Western Abenaki Dictionary 5406:Western Abenaki Dictionary 4582:Morrison, Kenneth (1984). 4041:- 'arrest, make prisoner' 4035:- 'early, in the morning' 3824:- 'near in space or time' 3340:) and one being acted on ( 2923:, they fuse into a single 2593:is animate while the word 1214:received a grant from the 1204:Northeastern United States 928:Amaseconti (between upper 730:, erupted when the French 677: 470: 178: 7002: 6333: 5468:Laurent, Joseph (2006) . 4621:. ABC-CLIO. p. 249. 4561:. Atheneum. p. 214. 3843:- 'ignite, kindle, burn' 3650:a 'they say, it is said' 3502: 3431: 3219: 3182: 3101: 3064: 3027: 2990: 2960: 2873:w- (o-) / wd- ... -(o)wô 2511:Stress within sentences: 2379: 2298: 2274: 2249: 2225: 2200: 2176: 2151: 2128: 2103: 2078: 1240:, there are about 3,000 634:Eastern Abenaki territory 460:Western Abenaki territory 389: 371: 174: 167: 6845:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 6220:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 6161:North of Superior Ojibwa 5423:Day, Gordon M. (1994b). 5404:Day, Gordon M. (1994a). 5169:. University of Kentucky 4557:Bourne, Russell (1990). 3653:=nawa 'then, therefore' 2976:Possessed inanimate noun 1557:low back unrounded vowel 1294:Aln8ba8dwa National News 1156:Vermont General Assembly 1132:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe 1018:Western Abenaki (Sokoki) 654:and is now known as the 597:Massachusetts Bay Colony 591:. As a result, when the 58:Eastern Abenaki language 52:Western Abenaki language 6068:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo 5797:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi 5691:at Native-languages.org 5685:at Native-languages.org 5240:National Geographic.com 4749:. University of Vermont 4247:Vermont Folklife Center 4234:(subscription required) 4220:(subscription required) 4096:'Lake Champlain River' 3831:'the back of the body' 3666:=hki 'contrast, focus' 3576:Morphological processes 3557: 3541: 3523: 3507: 3486: 3470: 3452: 3436: 3399:to understand something 3391: 3376: 3317: 3302: 3240: 3224: 3203: 3187: 3166: 3150: 3127: 3111: 3085: 3069: 3048: 3032: 3011: 2995: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2735: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2634: 2626: 2595: 2580: 1228:program in the summer. 1092:Penobscot Indian Nation 986: 970: 879:Seven Nations of Canada 477: 186: 18:Eastern Abnaki language 7010:Canadian dictionaries 6993:Maritime Sign Language 6972:American Sign Language 6461:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 6042:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy 5143:. COWASS North America 5048:NationalGeographic.com 4998:. Vermont Public Radio 4774:Burlington Free Press 4592:2027/heb93675.0001.001 4085:'exhaust, run out of' 3931:- 'outside, outdoors' 3688:=tahki 'but, however' 3614:complementizer phrases 2963:Possessed animate noun 1345:Saints & Strangers 1254:Saints & Strangers 1008:pollock spearing place 924:Eastern Abenaki tribes 786:Father Le Loutre's War 680:French and Indian Wars 635: 627: 461: 391:This article contains 367: Western Abenaki 360: Eastern Abenaki 7006:Canadian style guides 5591:Warne, Janet (1975). 5503:10.1353/anl.2011.0009 5471:New Familiar Abenakis 5395:Beach, Jesse (2004). 4830:on February 26, 2021. 3618:declarative sentences 1305:from online readers. 1125:French and Indian War 830:Abenaki Confederation 794:French and Indian War 773:Peace conferences at 633: 625: 459: 447: 49:into articles titled 6977:Quebec Sign Language 6420:Indigenous languages 5887:Southern New England 5617:at Wikimedia Commons 5385:Bach, Emmon (2014). 5199:on November 18, 2016 5054:on November 20, 2015 4867:native-languages.org 3880:- 'ready, prepared' 3515:to listen to someone 2859:k- / kd- ... -(o)wô 2845:k- / kd- ... -na(w) 2831:n- / nd- ... -na(w) 2814:3rd person singular 2800:2nd person singular 2786:1st person singular 2620:of both noun forms: 2517:declarative sentence 1104:federally recognized 1027:people who separated 670:Indian Reservation. 426:Alnôbak (Wôbanakiak) 132:. Knowledge (XXG)'s 96:specify the language 94:This article should 6946:Pennsylvania German 6392:Languages of Canada 6166:Northwestern Ojibwa 6129:Border Lakes Ojibwa 6124:Berens River Ojibwa 6029:Carolina Algonquian 5907:Massachusett Pidgin 5246:on November 6, 2015 5115:Dawnland Voices 2.0 4029:- 'wait and watch' 3892:- 'respect, honor' 3780:; it does not have 3776:is an element in a 3632: 3418: 2839:we, us (inclusive) 2825:we, us (exclusive) 2762: 2005:voiceless fricative 1940:pronounced between 1816:Lateral approximant 1350:Plymouth Plantation 1208:University of Maine 652:Saint Francis River 583:, and took them to 485:, is an endangered 27:Algonquian language 6982:Inuk Sign Language 6941:Newfoundland Irish 6906:Tagalog (Filipino) 6879:Minority languages 6751:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala 6509:Babine-Witsuwitʼen 6399:Official languages 5879:Eastern Algonquian 5639:on August 14, 2013 5459:Heald, B. (2014). 5370:– via JSTOR. 4800:. NH General Court 4669:"Tribal Directory" 4499:on January 9, 2024 4477:on April 12, 2021. 4005:'spine, backbone' 3661:=pa 'conditional' 3631: 3624:Enclitic particles 3416: 3268:Intransitive verbs 2885:possessive pronoun 2870:3rd person plural 2856:2nd person plural 2811:he, she, him, her 2761: 2754:are expressed as 2015:alveolar fricative 1987:alveolar fricative 1399:. You can help by 1331:for 'grandpa' and 1222:Middlebury College 934:Androscoggin River 896:, and New England 886:St. Lawrence River 846:, Ouarastegouiak, 800:Language borrowing 664:and is called the 636: 628: 556:Algonquian peoples 462: 283:Eastern Algonquian 7018: 7017: 6936:Doukhobor Russian 6833: 6832: 6358: 6357: 6352:extinct languages 6256: 6255: 6207: 6206: 6135:Broken Oghibbeway 6062: 6061: 5873: 5872: 5683:Abenaki-Penobscot 5613:Media related to 5564:978-1-897367-18-6 5434:978-0-660-14030-8 5415:978-0-660-14024-7 4971:. Gray Television 4917:Bangor Daily News 4726:Bangor Daily News 4699:NARF Legal Review 4535:978-0-87451-909-9 4446:on March 20, 2016 4418:(16th ed., 2009) 4256:20.500.14332/1418 4232:(18th ed., 2015) 4218:(18th ed., 2015) 4190:(16th ed., 2009) 4152: 4108:'Missisquoi Bay' 3998:'smoke dry meat' 3925:'shoe, moccasin' 3692: 3691: 3636:=ahto 'probably' 3573: 3572: 3256: 3255: 2950:⟨o⟩ 2940:is pronounced as 2877: 2876: 2635:-al, -il, -ol, -l 2627:-ak, -ik, -ok, -k 2474: 2473: 2046:Henry Lorne Masta 1876:fortis consonants 1871: 1870: 1552: 1551: 1417: 1416: 1313:The English word 1169:state legislature 995:good river people 984:. Their own name 936:, western Maine) 752:Merry-Meeting Bay 702:First Abenaki War 698:King Philip's War 481:), also known as 454: 453: 417: 416: 399:rendering support 395:phonetic symbols. 156: 155: 136:may also be used. 79: 78: 16:(Redirected from 7068: 6931:Hutterite German 6424: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6362: 6324:Proto-Algonquian 6156:Nipissing Ojibwa 6107: 5884: 5802: 5754: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5711: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5665:on March 2, 2013 5661:. Archived from 5648: 5646: 5644: 5635:. Archived from 5615:Abenaki language 5612: 5598: 5587: 5585: 5568: 5549: 5543: 5535: 5506: 5485: 5464: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5438: 5419: 5400: 5390: 5372: 5371: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5306: 5300: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5242:. Archived from 5232: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5050:. Archived from 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4990:Lindholm, Jane. 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4696: 4690:Roessel, Faith. 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4649:on July 20, 2012 4643:"Administration" 4639: 4633: 4632: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4495:. Archived from 4493:Native Languages 4485: 4479: 4478: 4473:. Archived from 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4442:. Archived from 4432: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4410:Abenaki language 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4343: 4337: 4276: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4221: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4179: 4146: 4141:pahakwinôgwezian 4138:= hello (casual) 4073:'mother-in-law' 4017:- 'proud, vain' 3912:'sinew, tendon' 3886:- 'speak, talk' 3684: 3679: 3649: 3633: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3419: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3334:Transitive verbs 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3107: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2883:The form of the 2763: 2738: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2637: 2629: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2496: 2488: 2058: 2001:mid-back rounded 1880:lenis consonants 1865: 1856: 1827: 1799: 1792: 1778: 1763: 1757: 1732: 1726: 1707: 1701: 1694: 1688: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1659: 1610: 1581:is a lower-high 1548: 1542: 1526: 1508: 1501: 1487: 1481: 1472: 1466: 1435: 1412: 1409: 1391: 1384: 1287: 1150:) and Nulhegan ( 1136:Swanton, Vermont 1075:Alanis Obomsawin 1055:more work--> 1045: 1042: 1039: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1012: 1009: 1006: 999: 996: 993: 989: 983: 980: 977: 973: 959:Maritime Abenaki 760:a daylong battle 709:Queen Anne's War 480: 473: 472: 471:Alənαpαtəwéwαkan 419: 376: 366: 359: 342: 335: 326: 306: 267: 189: 181: 180: 179:Alənαpαtəwéwαkan 160: 151: 148: 142: 127: 121: 117: 111: 107: 101: 89: 88: 81: 74: 71: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7031:Abenaki culture 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 6998: 6960: 6926:Canadian Gaelic 6874: 6829: 6825:Coast Tsimshian 6793: 6765: 6727: 6664: 6616: 6583: 6495: 6415: 6394: 6389: 6359: 6354: 6329: 6309:Proto-languages 6304: 6279: 6252: 6203: 6185: 6092: 6058: 6011: 5984: 5963:Pidgin Delaware 5940: 5869: 5843: 5791: 5743: 5741:Algic languages 5738: 5668: 5666: 5651: 5642: 5640: 5625: 5605: 5590: 5571: 5565: 5552: 5536: 5509: 5488: 5482: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5447: 5446:. Language Geek 5442:Harvey, Chris. 5441: 5435: 5422: 5416: 5403: 5394: 5384: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5309: 5301: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4536: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4346: 4338: 4279: 4271: 4264: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4224:Western Abenaki 4222: 4219: 4210:Eastern Abenaki 4208: 4201: 4191: 4182:Eastern Abenaki 4180: 4176: 4171: 4158: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4094:bitawabagwizibo 4091: 4048:'Adam's apple' 3918:- 'let, allow' 3770: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3714: 3669:=ta 'emphasis' 3626: 3609: 3578: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3261: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2949: 2797:you (singular) 2748: 2614: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2567: 2536: 2479: 2034: 1638: 1605: 1593:nasalized vowel 1433: 1428: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1397:needs expansion 1382: 1282:Aln8bak/Alnôbak 1249:Native American 1196: 1165: 1117: 1100: 1087: 1061: 1052: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1010: 1007: 1004: 997: 994: 991: 981: 978: 975: 961: 950: 926: 906:Eastern Abenaki 882: 832: 827: 802: 766:, on the upper 764:Fryeburg, Maine 682: 676: 615:knighted Chief 534: 512:of what is now 478:Alnôbaôdwawôgan 446: 435:Alnôbadôwawôgan 397:Without proper 385: 384: 362: 361: 355: 338: 337: 331: 330: 322: 307: 302: 296: 268: 265:Language family 263: 256: 252: 251:Native speakers 187:Alnôbaôdwawôgan 183: 169: 152: 146: 143: 137: 125: 119: 115: 113:transliteration 109: 105: 99: 90: 86: 75: 69: 66: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7074: 7072: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7023: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6965:Sign languages 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6860:Chinook Jargon 6857: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6761:Nuu-chah-nulth 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6505: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6320: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6295: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6242:Miami–Illinois 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6181:Western Ojibwa 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6151:Eastern Ojibwa 6148: 6143: 6141:Central Ojibwa 6138: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6115: 6113: 6104: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6076:Mesquakie–Sauk 6072: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5921:Mohegan–Pequot 5917: 5910: 5903: 5898: 5890: 5888: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5762: 5760: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5675: 5649: 5623: 5618: 5604: 5603:External links 5601: 5600: 5599: 5588: 5569: 5563: 5550: 5524:10.1086/681577 5518:(3): 301–335. 5507: 5486: 5480: 5465: 5456: 5439: 5433: 5420: 5414: 5401: 5392: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5360:10.1086/465683 5354:(2): 143–171. 5338: 5307: 5290: 5278: 5257: 5227: 5210: 5180: 5154: 5128: 5099: 5086:978-0557632107 5085: 5065: 5034: 5009: 4982: 4955: 4929: 4900: 4879: 4854: 4833: 4811: 4786: 4760: 4738: 4712: 4682: 4660: 4634: 4627: 4607: 4600: 4574: 4567: 4549: 4534: 4510: 4480: 4471:The New Yorker 4457: 4427: 4402: 4377: 4344: 4277: 4262: 4237: 4199: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4157: 4154: 4122: 4119: 4102:'Sorel River' 4100:masisoliantegw 4090: 4087: 3905:- 'incapable' 3769: 3766: 3713: 3710: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3625: 3622: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3554: 3537: 3536: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3483: 3466: 3465: 3449: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3406: 3405: 3331: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3241:w'paskhiganowô 3237: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3200: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3163: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3124: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3045: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3008: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2974: 2961: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2817:w- (o-) / wd- 2815: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2726: 2713: 2687: 2674: 2639: 2638: 2630: 2613: 2612:Noun plurality 2610: 2566: 2563: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2042:Joseph Laurent 2033: 2030: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2008: 1997: 1994:apico-alveolar 1990: 1983: 1976: 1970:apico-alveolar 1966: 1955: 1952: 1945: 1935:apico-alveolar 1931: 1927: 1920: 1912:apico-alveolar 1908: 1902:apico-alveolar 1898: 1891: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1859: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1793: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1720: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1695: 1682: 1679: 1666: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1579: 1560: 1550: 1549: 1536: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514:Open-mid nasal 1510: 1509: 1502: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1475: 1473: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1415: 1414: 1394: 1392: 1381: 1378: 1362:Raoul Trujillo 1319:, attested in 1264:In his novel, 1195: 1192: 1164: 1161: 1116: 1113: 1099: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1041:place of flint 1019: 1016: 960: 957: 949: 946: 930:Kennebec River 925: 922: 881: 876: 831: 828: 826: 823: 801: 798: 736:Sébastien Rale 678:Main article: 675: 672: 646:allocated two 533: 530: 452: 451: 441: 437: 436: 433: 429: 428: 423: 415: 414: 401:, you may see 387: 386: 378: 377: 369: 368: 353: 345: 344: 327: 319: 318: 317:Language codes 314: 313: 308: 304:Writing system 301: 298: 297: 295: 294: 293: 292: 291: 290: 271: 269: 262: 259: 258: 253: 250: 247: 246: 235: 231: 230: 209: 205: 204: 195: 194:Native to 191: 190: 172: 171: 165: 164: 154: 153: 93: 91: 84: 77: 76: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7073: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850:Broken Slavey 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6381: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5786:Nawathinehena 5783: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5721: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5497:(2): 91–131. 5496: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5481:0-9738924-7-1 5477: 5473: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5250:September 12, 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5214: 5211: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5069: 5066: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5035: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5010: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4983: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4956: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4930: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4731:September 12, 4727: 4723: 4716: 4713: 4705:September 12, 4700: 4693: 4686: 4683: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4628:9781851096978 4624: 4620: 4619: 4611: 4608: 4603: 4601:9780520051263 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4575: 4570: 4568:0-689-12000-1 4564: 4560: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4514: 4511: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4458: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4114:'Burlington' 4113: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4066:'bear's den' 4065: 4061: 4060:- 'slippery' 4059: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3800:'sow, plant' 3799: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768:List of roots 3767: 3765: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3658:=ci 'future' 3657: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3575: 3559: 3555: 3549:I see him/her 3543: 3539: 3538: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494:you will work 3488: 3484: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3454: 3450: 3438: 3434: 3432:Intransitive 3430: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3414: 3412: 3393: 3378: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3319: 3304: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3258: 3242: 3238: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3205: 3204:k'paskiganowô 3201: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3168: 3167:k'paskhiganna 3164: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3129: 3128:n'paskhiganna 3125: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3087: 3083: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3050: 3046: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3013: 3009: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2975: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2945: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2899:forms become 2897: 2891: 2890:nd-, kd-, wd- 2886: 2881: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2853:you (plural) 2852: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2609: 2597: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2559:agglutinative 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1980:bilabial stop 1977: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1895:bilabial stop 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1591:is a rounded 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1398: 1395:This section 1393: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1374:Jesse Bruchac 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:Tatanka Means 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286:/'al.nɔ̃.bak/ 1284:(pronounced: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:Jesse Bruchac 1193: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108:Passamaquoddy 1105: 1097: 1096:Passamaquoddy 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1049: 1047: 1033: 1017: 1015: 1001: 988: 979:broken talker 972: 967: 958: 956: 953: 947: 945: 941: 939: 935: 931: 923: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 880: 877: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:Passamaquoddy 845: 841: 837: 829: 824: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 799: 797: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 681: 673: 671: 669: 668: 663: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 641: 632: 624: 620: 618: 614: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 581:Massachusetts 578: 577:Patuxet tribe 574: 570: 566: 565: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 540: 531: 529: 527: 523: 519: 518:Frank Siebert 515: 511: 506: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 474: 466: 458: 450: 445: 442: 438: 434: 430: 427: 424: 420: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 394: 388: 382: 375: 370: 365: 358: 354: 352: 351: 346: 341: 334: 328: 325: 320: 315: 312: 309: 305: 299: 289: 286: 285: 284: 281: 280: 279: 276: 275: 274: 270: 266: 260: 254: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 229: 228:New Hampshire 225: 221: 217: 216:New Brunswick 213: 210: 206: 203: 202:United States 199: 196: 192: 188: 182: 173: 166: 161: 158: 150: 147:December 2022 140: 135: 131: 124: 114: 104: 97: 92: 83: 82: 73: 64: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 47: 41: 32: 31: 19: 7004: 6991: 6951:Plautdietsch 6612:Inuvialuktun 6435: 6347: 6322: 6315: 6297: 6290: 6267: 6240: 6218: 6133: 6051: 6034: 6027: 6022: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5977: 5968: 5961: 5933: 5928:Narragansett 5926: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5901:Massachusett 5893: 5784: 5770: 5667:. Retrieved 5663:the original 5656: 5641:. Retrieved 5637:the original 5630: 5593: 5573: 5554: 5540:cite journal 5515: 5511: 5494: 5490: 5470: 5460: 5448:. Retrieved 5424: 5405: 5396: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5334:LeSourd 2011 5286:Voorhis 1979 5281: 5248:. Retrieved 5244:the original 5239: 5230: 5220: 5213: 5201:. Retrieved 5197:the original 5192: 5183: 5171:. Retrieved 5166: 5157: 5145:. Retrieved 5140: 5131: 5119:. Retrieved 5114: 5090:. Retrieved 5075: 5068: 5056:. Retrieved 5052:the original 5047: 5037: 5025:. Retrieved 5021: 5012: 5000:. Retrieved 4995: 4985: 4973:. Retrieved 4968: 4958: 4946:. Retrieved 4942: 4932: 4920:. Retrieved 4916: 4893:November 11, 4891:. Retrieved 4882: 4872:November 11, 4870:. Retrieved 4866: 4857: 4845:. Retrieved 4836: 4828:the original 4823: 4814: 4802:. Retrieved 4777:. Retrieved 4773: 4763: 4753:December 31, 4751:. Retrieved 4741: 4729:. Retrieved 4725: 4715: 4703:. Retrieved 4698: 4685: 4675:December 26, 4673:. Retrieved 4663: 4651:. 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Retrieved 4389: 4380: 4273:LeSourd 2015 4246: 4240: 4227: 4213: 4185: 4177: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3771: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3701:conjunctions 3693: 3685:a 'in fact' 3639:=ka 'focus' 3627: 3610: 3579: 3413:languages). 3407: 3262: 2954: 2931: 2882: 2878: 2749: 2741: 2640: 2615: 2568: 2537: 2528: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2480: 2054: 2035: 2020: 1947:is a tense, 1758: 1727: 1702: 1689: 1673: 1660: 1606: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1421: 1418: 1408:January 2015 1405: 1401:adding to it 1396: 1343: 1337: 1335:for 'deer'. 1332: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1307:Aln8bak News 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1281: 1277:Aln8bak News 1276: 1273:Aln8bak News 1272: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259:Thanksgiving 1252: 1246: 1234:Jeanne Brink 1230: 1220: 1197: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1166: 1129: 1118: 1101: 1062: 1053: 1034: 1021: 1002: 987:Wulastegniak 962: 954: 951: 942: 938:Androscoggin 927: 883: 836:Androscoggin 834:Amaseconti, 833: 818: 814: 810: 806: 803: 783: 772: 756:Norridgewock 728:Dummer's War 725: 706: 683: 674:Abenaki wars 665: 655: 637: 601: 592: 562: 560: 542:, historian 537: 535: 522:Amoscocongon 507: 503: 482: 468: 464: 463: 390: 348: 311:Latin script 287: 176: 157: 144: 130:ISO 639 code 126:}} 120:{{ 116:}} 110:{{ 106:}} 100:{{ 95: 67: 56: 50: 44: 6789:Assiniboine 6678:Bella Coola 6597:Inuinnaqtun 6317:Proto-Algic 5990:Nanticockan 5834:Swampy Cree 5829:Plains Cree 5780:Gros Ventre 4779:January 20, 4653:October 30, 4440:Abbe Museum 4436:"Penobscot" 4395:October 25, 4386:"Penobscot" 4121:Other words 3973:- 'sneeze' 3943:- 'travel' 3861:- 'enough' 3705:noun phrase 3503:Transitive 3487:kd’aloka-ji 3344:), such as 3295:to be angry 3086:w'paskhigan 3049:k'paskhigan 3012:n'paskhigan 2867:they, them 2632:Inanimate: 2616:The plural 2581:zegweskimen 2316:c / j / dz 2038:orthography 2032:Orthography 1992:is a tense 1985:is a tense 1949:dorso-velar 1900:is a tense 1583:front vowel 1342:miniseries 1321:New England 1152:Brownington 1121:assimilated 910:Oswegatchie 734:missionary 696:in 1675 in 694:New England 648:seigneuries 617:Assacumbuit 587:to sell as 495:New England 475:, Western: 405:instead of 70:August 2024 7025:Categories 6688:Halkomelem 6501:Athabaskan 6491:Potawatomi 6428:Algonquian 6199:Potawatomi 6191:Potawatomi 6102:Potawatomi 6006:Piscataway 5860:Innu-aimun 5839:Woods Cree 5824:Moose Cree 5772:Besawunena 5749:Algonquian 5583:1993/18305 5379:References 5303:Warne 1975 4503:January 9, 4415:Ethnologue 4373:Beach 2004 4229:Ethnologue 4215:Ethnologue 4187:Ethnologue 4106:masipskwbi 4023:- 'vomit' 3992:'village' 3967:- 'grass' 3949:- 'dream' 3937:'be true' 3849:- 'sweep' 3444:it is good 3411:Algonquian 3225:w'kaozemwô 3188:k'kaozemwô 3151:k'kaozemna 3112:n'kaozemna 2932:Note that 2561:language. 2534:Morphology 2375:w / u / ' 1924:velar stop 1603:Consonants 1574:'who' and 1302:Alnôbaôdwa 1298:Aln8ba8dwa 792:) and the 768:Saco River 644:New France 604:New France 573:Tisquantum 544:Diana Muir 483:Wôbanakiak 467:(Eastern: 278:Algonquian 6956:Ukrainian 6891:Cantonese 6756:Kwakʼwala 6655:Tuscarora 6622:Iroquoian 6602:Inuktitut 6574:Tsuutʼina 6524:Chipewyan 6519:Chilcotin 6446:Blackfoot 6441:Algonquin 6350:indicate 6292:Nansemond 6284:Uncertain 6236:Menominee 6226:Blackfoot 6119:Algonquin 5999:Nanticoke 5945:Delawaran 5855:Atikamekw 5814:East Cree 5758:Arapahoan 5689:Penobscot 5532:141980112 5450:March 12, 5444:"Abenaki" 5368:143643483 5274:Bach 2014 5203:April 17, 5173:April 17, 5147:April 17, 5121:April 17, 5092:April 19, 5058:April 18, 5027:April 18, 5002:April 17, 4847:March 22, 4804:March 22, 4544:651847175 4340:Day 1994a 4133:* = woman 4054:- 'kiss' 3986:- 'with' 3899:'tongue' 3867:- 'wake' 3478:it is hot 3424:Inanimate 3248:their gun 3232:their cow 3070:w'kaozema 2803:k- / kd- 2789:n- / nd- 2624:Animate: 2603:blueberry 2588:raspberry 2556:synthetic 2067:Allophone 2026:affricate 2013:is a lax 1942:resonants 1938:affricate 1922:is a lax 1916:resonants 1910:is a lax 1905:affricate 1893:is a lax 1888:resonants 1844:Semivowel 1746:Fricative 1716:Affricate 1570:'which', 1426:Phonology 1366:Massasoit 1358:Hobbamock 1338:The 2015 1242:Penobscot 1226:immersion 902:Becancour 898:Algonquin 894:Pennacook 860:Pigwacket 856:Penobscot 852:Patsuiket 819:badadesak 779:Casco Bay 748:Arrowsick 744:Brunswick 690:Metacomet 686:Wampanoag 684:When the 662:Bécancour 640:epidemics 613:Louis XIV 593:Mayflower 575:from the 569:Wampanoag 564:Mayflower 510:Penobscot 499:phonology 350:Glottolog 324:ISO 639-3 243:Penobscot 234:Ethnicity 184:Western: 175:Eastern: 6886:Mandarin 6741:Ditidaht 6733:Wakashan 6723:Thompson 6718:Squamish 6708:shíshálh 6698:Okanagan 6693:Lillooet 6670:Salishan 6645:Onondaga 6579:Tutchone 6534:Gwichʼin 6299:Pamunkey 6231:Cheyenne 6171:Oji-Cree 6146:Chippewa 6088:Kickapoo 6053:Powhatan 6036:Etchemin 5952:Delaware 4975:July 14, 4948:July 14, 4943:VTDigger 4922:July 23, 4156:See also 4117:Source: 4011:- 'ice' 3980:'child' 3961:- 'bad' 3874:'mouth' 3712:Numerals 3471:gezabeda 3427:Animate 3211:your gun 3195:your cow 3033:k'kaozem 2996:n'kaozem 2769:English 2766:Pronoun 2752:pronouns 2746:Pronouns 2730:-ak, -al 2697:-gw, -kw 2691:-ok, -ol 2618:suffixes 2552:prefixes 2548:suffixes 2074:Laurent 2023:alveolar 1973:sonorant 1963:sonorant 1959:bilabial 1886:between 1622:Alveolar 1617:Bilabial 1380:Dialects 1210:and the 1173:governor 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