Hellbender - Knowledge (XXG)

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dependent on a constancy of dissolved oxygen, temperature and flow found in swift water areas", which in turn limits it to a narrow spectrum of stream/river choices. As a result of this specialization, hellbenders are generally found in areas with large, irregularly shaped, and intermittent rocks and swiftly moving water, while they tend to avoid wider, slow-moving waters with muddy banks and/or slab rock bottoms. This specialization likely contributed to the decline in their populations, as collectors could easily identify their specific habitats. One collector noted, at one time, "one could find a specimen under almost every suitable rock", but after years of collecting, the population had declined significantly. The same collector noted, he "never found two specimens under the same rock", corroborating the account given by other researchers that hellbenders are generally solitary; they are thought to gather only during the mating season. If rocks are lacking, hellbenders have been known to use holes in stream banks as habitat. On average, their home range is estimated to be 198 square meters as of 2005. The ideal habitat for a hellbender has a large amount of gravel, low pH, cool water temperatures, and low specific conductivity. The large amounts of gravel enable the hellbender to hide, cool water temperatures allow for more efficient cutaneous gas exchange, and low specific conductivity may indicate an undisturbed stream. Hellbender communities may be more concentrated in undisturbed areas.

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and down streams instead of swimming. The hellbender has working lungs, but gill slits are often retained, although only immature specimens have true gills; the hellbender absorbs oxygen from the water through capillaries of its side frills. The frills run from their neck down to the base of their tail on each side of their body. The frills’ function is to increase the surface area of the hellbender and to help the hellbender breathe. Only occasionally leaving the water, the hellbender makes little use of these lungs and the juveniles lose their external gills after around 18 months or about 125 mm in length. Hellbenders use their lungs for buoyancy more than breathing. It is blotchy brown or red-brown in color, with a paler underbelly. Hellbenders can also be described as having a gray, or yellowish-brown, to even black coloration.

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used to expand surface area for cutaneous respiration. Their skin also has a secretion that is important for innate immunity against chytrid activity. Although their eyesight is relatively poor, they have light-sensitive cells all over their bodies. Those on their tails are especially finely tuned and may help them position safely under rocks without their tails poking out to give themselves away. They have a good sense of smell and move upstream in search of food such as dead fish, following the trail of scent molecules. Smell is possibly their most important sense when hunting. They also have a

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present in the overlapping area when the other salamander is in the area. The species is at least somewhat nocturnal, with peak activity being reported by one source as occurring around "two hours after dark" and again at dawn (although the dawn peak was recorded in the lab and could be misleading as a result). Nocturnal activity has been found to be most prevalent in early summer, perhaps coinciding with highest water depths. Adult hellbenders can live up to 25-30 years.

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and moving his hind limbs, which disperses the sperm uniformly. The male often tempts other females to lay eggs in his nest, and as many as 1,946 eggs have been counted in a single nest. Males also exhibit mate and shelter guarding. Mortality rate is high for hellbender eggs. Studies have found that until the female successfully reproduces, the male hellbender will guard her in his territory until the reproduction is complete.

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hellbenders must be able to absorb oxygen through the folds in their skin, which is largely behind the need for fast-moving, oxygenated water. If a hellbender ends up in an area of slow-moving water, not enough of it will pass over its skin in a given time, making it difficult to garner enough oxygen to support necessary respiratory functions. A below-favorable oxygen content can make life equally difficult.

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of the winter diet, when crayfish are less active. There seems to be a specific temperature range in which hellbenders feed, as well: between 45 and 80 °F (7 and 27 °C). Cannibalism—mainly on eggs—has been known to occur within hellbender populations. One researcher claimed perhaps density is maintained, and density dependence in turn created, in part by

365: 139: 1136:. Before mating, each male excavates a brood site, a saucer-shaped depression under a rock or log, with its entrance positioned out of the direct current, usually pointing downstream. The male remains in the brood site awaiting a female. When a female approaches, the male guides or drives her into his burrow and prevents her from leaving until she 799:(although the siren is much leaner in build). While males and females grow at similar rates, the females tend to live longer and therefore grow larger. An adult weighs 1.5 to 2.5 kg (3.3 to 5.5 lb), making them the fifth heaviest living amphibian in the world after their South China, Chinese and Japanese cousins and the 1017:

the populations have declined by 77% since the 1980s. Hellbender populations were listed in 1981 as already extirpated or endangered in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and Maryland, decreasing in Arkansas and Kentucky, and generally threatened as a species throughout their range by various human activities and developments.

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Catherine M. Bodinof, Jeffrey T. Briggler, Randall E. Junge, Tony Mong, Jeff Beringer, Mark D. Wanner, Chawna D. Schuette, Jeff Ettling, Joshua J. Millspaugh; Survival and Body Condition of Captive-Reared Juvenile Ozark Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) Following Translocation to the

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and smaller salamanders. A study conducted in 2017 found that larval hellbenders eat mayfly and caddisfly nymphs. One report, written by a commercial collector in the 1940s, noted a trend of more crayfish predation in the summer during times of higher prey activity, whereas fish made up a larger part

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after around a year and a half of life. At this point, when they are roughly 13.5 cm (5.3 in) long, they lose the gills present during their larval stage. Until then, they are easily confused with mudpuppies, and can be differentiated often only through toe number. After this metamorphosis,

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and slimy skin. Like most salamanders, it has short legs with four toes on the front legs and five on its back limbs, and its tail is keeled for propulsion. Its tail is shaped like a rudder, but it is rarely used for swimming; these salamanders use pads on their toes instead to grip rocks and walk up

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The hellbender faces a significant threat due to habitat degradation, primarily caused by activities like dam construction, which disrupts water flow and submerges vital riffle habitats. Logging, mining, and road construction contribute to sedimentation, covering essential nesting and shelter sites.

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Hellbenders are superbly adapted to the shallow, fast-flowing, rocky streams in which they live. Their flattened shape offers little resistance to the flowing water, allowing them to work their way upstream and also to crawl into narrow spaces under rocks. The wrinkles and folds along their skin are

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on each side, and hind feet with five toes each. Easily distinguished from most other endemic salamander species simply by their size, hellbenders average up to 60 cm or about 2 ft in length; the only species requiring further distinction (due to an overlap in distribution and size range)

1311:'s Pennsylvania Student Leadership Council were heavily involved writing and advocating on behalf of this legislation. They hope that the success of the hellbender bill in the Pennsylvania Senate will contribute to clean water efforts and raise awareness for the hellbender's struggling population. 1143:

Female hellbenders lay 150–200 eggs over a two- to three-day period; the eggs are 18–20 mm (0.71–0.79 in) in diameter, connected by five to ten cords. As the female lays eggs, the male positions himself alongside or slightly above them, spraying the eggs with sperm while swaying his tail

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Some hellbender populations—namely a few in Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee—have historically been noted to be quite abundant, but several man-made threats have converged on the species such that it has seen a serious population decline throughout its range. In Missouri, it is estimated that

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The name 'hellbender' probably comes from the animal's odd look. One theory claims the hellbender was named by settlers who thought "it was a creature from hell where it's bent on returning." Another rendition says the undulating skin of a hellbender reminded observers of "horrible tortures of the

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and Spring River systems in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas, and its population has declined an estimated 75% since the 1980s, with only about 590 individuals remaining in the wild. Degraded water quality, habitat loss resulting from impoundments, ore and gravel mining, sedimentation, and

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and sedimentation, blocking of dispersal/migration routes, and destruction of riverine habitats created by dams and other development, as well as pollution, disease and overharvesting for commercial and scientific purposes. As many of these detrimental effects have irreversibly damaged hellbender

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After oviposition, the male drives the female away from the nest and guards the eggs. Incubating males rock back and forth and undulate their lateral skin folds, which circulates the water, increasing oxygen supply to both eggs and adult. Incubation lasts from 45 to 75 days, depending on region.

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Once a hellbender finds a favorable location, it generally does not stray too far from it—except occasionally for breeding and hunting—and will protect it from other hellbenders both in and out of the breeding season. While the range of two hellbenders may overlap, they are noted as rarely being

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has led to further research into populations of this subspecies, including genetic analysis to determine the best method for conservation. Crowhurst et al., for instance, found that the "Ozark subspecies" denomination is insufficient for describing genetic (and therefore evolutionary) divergence

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The hellbender faces an array of challenges that jeopardize its habitat and overall well-being. These challenges include habitat degradation, habitat modifications, pollution, and the looming threat of emerging diseases. The conservation of this species is of paramount importance to ensure its

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Hellbenders are found in clear, clean water and their presence is an indicator that the water is good quality. The hellbender salamander, considered a "habitat specialist", has adapted to fill a specific niche within a very specific environment, and is labeled as such "because its success is

824:). This demarcation can be made by noting the presence of external gills in the mudpuppy, which are lacking in the hellbender, as well as the presence of four toes on each hind foot of the mudpuppy (in contrast with the hellbender's five). Furthermore, the average size of 1057:

In another study by Kenison & Wilson (2018), researchers found that young, captive hellbenders showed altered behavior in response to predatory fish nearby. Because of their altered behavior, it was observed and concluded that hellbenders are capable of detecting

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The salamander's habitat is further jeopardized by habitat modifications stemming from industrialization and urbanization, including increased stream channelization and pollution from agricultural runoff, mining, and thermal pollution. Diseases, like

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Crowhurst, R.S.; Faries, K.M.; Collantes, J.; Briggler, J.T.; Koppelman, J.B.; Eggert, L.S. (28 December 2010). "Genetic relationships of hellbenders in the Ozark highlands of Missouri and conservation implications for the Ozark subspecies

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killed 75% of the St. Louis Zoo's captive hellbender population between March 2006 and April 2007, tests began to be conducted on wild populations. The disease has been detected in all Missouri populations of the Ozark hellbender.

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Apart from the Ozark efforts, head-starting programs, in which eggs are collected from the wild and raised in captivity for re-release at a less vulnerable stage, have been initiated in Indiana, New York, and Ohio.

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Kaunert, M. D., Brown, R. K., Spear, S., Johantgen, P. B., & Popescu, V. D. (2023). Restoring eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis) populations through translocation of headstarted individuals.

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2505:"Training for Translocation: Predator Conditioning Induces Behavioral Plasticity and Physiological Changes in Captive Eastern Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) (Cryptobranchidae, Amphibia)" 2374:

Keitzer, S. C., Pauley, T. K., & Burcher, C. L. (2013). Stream characteristics associated with site occupancy by the eastern hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis, in southern West Virginia.

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Hellbenders are preyed upon by diverse predators, including various fish and reptiles (including both snakes and turtles). Particularly, largemouth bass is a predator that can consume a hellbender 1-3 years old.

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The hellbender has a few characteristics that make it distinguishable from other native salamanders, including a gigantic, dorsoventrally flattened body with thick folds travelling down the sides, a single open

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Pugh, M. W.; Groves, J.D.; Williams, L.A.; Gangloff, M.M. (2013). "A previously undocumented locality of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in the Elk River, Carter County, TN".

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populations, it is important to conserve the remaining populations through protecting habitats and—perhaps in places where the species was once endemic and has been extirpated—by augmenting numbers through

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Albanese, Brett; Jensen, John B.; Unger, Shem D. (2011). "'Occurrence of the Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in the Coosawattee River System (Mobile River Basin), Georgia".

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Hopkins, William A.; Case, Brian F.; Groffen, Jordy; Brooks, George C.; Bodinof Jachowski, Catherine M.; Button, Sky T.; Hallagan, John J.; O’Brien, Rebecca S. M.; Kindsvater, Holly K. (2023-07-01).

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Kirsten A. Hecht, Max A. Nickerson, Phillip B. Colclough "Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) May Exhibit an Ontogenetic Dietary Shift," Southeastern Naturalist, 16(2), 157-162, (1 June 2017)

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W. JEFFREY HUMPHRIES and THOMAS K. PAULEY "Life History of the Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, in a West Virginia Stream," The American Midland Naturalist 154(1), 135-142, (1 July 2005).

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Humphries, Jeffrey W; & Pauley, Thomas K. (2005). Life History of the Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, in a West Virginia Stream. The American Midland Naturalist, 154(1), 135–142.

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In a study conducted in Indiana, informing the public about the rarity and locality of the hellbender resulted in more positive attitudes toward this species than were previously held. Other

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has a reported average size of 28 to 40 cm (11 to 16 in) in length, which means that hellbender adults will still generally be notably larger than even the biggest mudpuppies.

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Hopkins, William A., et al. "Filial cannibalism leads to chronic nest failure of eastern hellbender salamanders (Cryptobranchus alleganienesis)." The American Naturalist 202.1 (2023).

841: 2612:"The ontogeny of feeding kinematics in a giant salamander Cryptobranchus alleganiensis: Does current function or phylogenetic relatedness predict the scaling patterns of movement?" 3669: 1508: 1687: 3649: 1324:

Chemical pollutants and misconceptions about the species have led to declines. Over-collection for sale and deliberate eradication efforts have also been detrimental.

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into two management units. Indeed, researchers found significant genetic divergence between the two groups, as well as between them and another isolated population of

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War with the Newts (Válka s Mloky in the original Czech), also translated as Salamander Wars, is a 1936 satirical science fiction novel by Czech author Karel Čapek

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Research throughout the range of the hellbender has shown a dramatic decline in populations in the majority of locations. As of 2022, the species is classified as

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Galligan, Thomas M.; Helm, Richard F.; Case, Brian F.; Bodinof Jachowski, Catherine M.; Frazier, Clara L.; Alaasam, Valentina; Hopkins, William A. (2021-11-01).

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in an effort to raise awareness about its endangered status. The legislation has been mired in controversy due to a dispute by House members who argue that

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may also weigh as much as a hellbender. Hellbenders reach sexual maturity at about five years of age, and may live 30 years in captivity.

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should be given the honor. The legislation did not pass in 2018, but was reintroduced in 2019. On April 23, 2019, Pennsylvania Governor

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begins in late August or early- to mid-September and can continue as late as the end of November, depending on region. They exhibit no

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include snot otter, lasagna lizard, devil dog, mud-devil, mud dog, water dog, grampus, Allegheny alligator, and leverian water newt.

1604: 1345: 2897:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lists the Ozark Hellbender as Endangered and Moves to Include Hellbenders in Appendix III of CITES" 2806:

Hardman, Rebecca H.; Reinert, Laura K.; Irwin, Kelly J.; Oziminski, Kendall; Rollins-Smith, Louise; Miller, Debra L. (2023-02-03).

2782: 1909: 917:. These three groups were shown to be isolated, and are considered to most likely be "diverging on different evolutionary paths". 3679: 3140: 3375: 3301: 2182:

Sabatino, Stephen J.; Routman, Eric J. (October 2009). "Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the hellbender salamander (

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of eggs is also considered a common occurrence. One study found that in areas with increased deforestation, the likelihood of

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Williams, R.D.; Gates, J.T.; Hocutt, C.H; Taylor, G.J. (1981). "The Hellbender: A Nongame Species in Need of Management".

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Peterson, C.L; Metter, D.E.; Miller, B.T.; Wilkinson, R.F.; Topping, M.S. (April 1988). "Demography of the Hellbender

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AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. . 2012. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available:

31: 2688:"Filial Cannibalism Leads to Chronic Nest Failure of Eastern Hellbender Salamanders ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis )" 1112:

predation. When feeding on large prey items relative to themselves, it has been found that they use suction feeding.

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Dundee, Harold A. (1971). "Cryptobranchus alleganiensis". Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (Report).

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Guimond, R.W.; Hutchison, V.H. (21 December 1973). "Aquatic Respiration: An Unusual Strategy in the Hellbender

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signed legislation making the eastern hellbender Pennsylvania's official state amphibian. Youth members of the

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Gehlbach, Frederick R. (1960). "Comments on the Study of Ohio Salamanders with Key to Their Identification".

3208: 1672: 1530: 685:, which either it or its ancestors have occupied for around 65 million years. The species is listed as 3042: 3263: 2448:

Humphries, W.J.; Pauley, T.K. (December 2000). "Seasonal Changes in Nocturnal Activity of the Hellbender,

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http://www.philly.com/philly/health/hellbender-snot-otter-pennsylvanias-official-amphibian-20171116.html

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has been reported to be 45–60 cm (with some reported as reaching up to 74 cm or 30 in), while

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due to the impacts of disease and widespread habitat loss and degradation throughout much of its range.

520: 406: 301: 2808:"Disease state associated with chronic toe lesions in hellbenders may alter anti-chytrid skin defenses" 775:

Both males and females grow to an adult length of 24 to 40 cm (9.4 to 15.7 in) from snout to

3174:. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. 508 pp. ( 486: 3388: 3315: 3310: 2819: 2572: 2567: 2195: 2038: 1855: 1375: 930: 3227: 1483: 1212:

Due to sharp decreases seen in the Ozark subspecies, researchers have been trying to differentiate

791:, respectively) and the largest amphibian in North America, although this length is rivaled by the 562: 533: 499: 147: 3484: 1405:

Bredehoeft, Keila E.; Schubert, Blaine W. (2015). "A re-evaluation of the Pleistocene hellbender,

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Males are known to show solitary parental care for the eggs and larvae for at least 7-8 months.

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https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/animals-we-protect/hellbender-salamander/

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infections, have been detected in hellbender populations, contributing to population declines.

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Snot otter; lasagna lizard: Pick your favorite nickname for the Eastern hellbender salamander.

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Reimer, A.; Mase, A.; Mulvaney, K.; Mullendore, N.; Perry-Hill, R.; Prokopy, L. (June 2014) .

1366: 1225: 1224:. This could be reason enough to ensure work is done on both subspecies, as preserving extant 1125: 792: 753: 574: 351: 1605:"The impact of information and familiarity on public attitudes toward the eastern hellbender" 3523: 2843: 2827: 2746: 2699: 2623: 2516: 2461: 2407: 2331: 2251: 2203: 2120: 2046: 1988: 1881: 1863: 1824: 1802: 1621: 1478: 1420: 1249: 926: 632: 629: 618: 261: 3471: 3081:

Frank Kummer, "Seriously? Battle looms over Pa. state amphibian: Hellbender vs. Wehrle's",

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Swanson, P.L. (September 1948). "Notes on the Amphibians of Venango County, Pennsylvania".

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in the Ozark region. They found three equally divergent genetic units within the genus:

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Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America — Explained

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Handbook of Salamanders: The Salamanders of the United States, and of Lower California

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Hellbender salamander. The Nature Conservancy. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2022, from

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Unger, Shem D.; Jr, Olin E. Rhodes; Sutton, Trent M.; Williams, Rod N. (2013-10-18).

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Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America

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as a source of energy for the first few months of life, and lack functional limbs.

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The Ozark hellbender was successfully bred in captivity for the first time at the

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are thought to be the main factors resulting in the amphibian's decline. When

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similar to those of fish, with which they can detect vibrations in the water.

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The Hellbender is One Step Closer to Becoming the Official PA State Amphibian

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to the eastern and central United States. It is the largest salamander in

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Hatchling hellbenders are 25–33 mm (0.98–1.30 in) long, have a

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The Ozark hellbender has been listed as an endangered species under the

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Hellbenders are present in a number of Eastern US states, from southern

643:. Other closely related salamanders in the same family are in the genus 3406: 3328: 3188:(1943). "Notes on Salamanders with the Description of a New Species of 2587: 2473: 2419: 2307: 2263: 2008: 1976: 1104: 1100: 978: 962: 645: 614: 364: 138: 119: 94: 2521: 2504: 1625: 3419: 3063:(Press release). Ohio Department of Natural Resources. 9 October 2014 1129: 1092: 1006: 998: 776: 739: 733: 221: 3257: 2465: 2411: 2358: 2255: 1992: 372:

Distribution of the eastern hellbender (Ozark hellbender not shown)

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infernal regions." In reality, it's a harmless aquatic salamander.

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Taber, Charles A.; Wilkinson, R. F.; Topping, Milton S. (1975).

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since October 5, 2011. This hellbender subspecies inhabits the

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The small eyes and loose skin are characteristic of hellbenders

1977:"Age and Growth of Hellbenders in the Niangua River, Missouri" 900:. A recent decline in population size of the Ozark subspecies 888:

has historically been considered to contain only one species,

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An emerging disease threat is the salamander chytrid fungus (

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have voted to approve the eastern hellbender as the official

2899:(Press release). U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011-10-05 1962: 1921:

Powell, Robert; Conant, Roger; Collins, Joseph T. (2016).

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Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2013). "

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glands. Unlike most salamanders, the hellbender performs

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Mayasich, J.; Grandmaison, D.; Phillips, C. (June 2003)

1698:. Caudata database. livingunderworld.org. Archived from 1200:

sources have contributed to this decline, including the

1001:. The subspecies (or species, depending on the source) 1553:

A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles

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This article is about amphibians. For other uses, see

3017:"World's first captive breeding of Ozark hellbenders" 2177: 2175: 2020: 2018: 1555:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 7. 1509:

American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists

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Wild. Copeia 30 March 2012; 2012 (1): 150–159. doi:

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The Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri

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The origin of the name "hellbender" is unclear. The

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The Hellbenders: North American "giant salamanders"

2393: 2391: 2389: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 1748:. Exeter, UK: Pelagic Publishing Ltd. p. 23. 1525:Nickerson, Max Allen; Mays, Charles Edwin (1973). 1009:of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri, while 3141:"Hellbender Poised to Become Pa. State Amphibian" 3061:"Ohio's Hellbender Population Set Up for Success" 2871:Mattison, Chris (2005). "What is an amphibian?". 2498: 2496: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1573:(Report). Herpetology Lab. Jefferson City, MO: 2610:Deban, Stephen M.; O’Reilly, James C. (2005). 1484:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T59077A82473431.en 2875:. Rochester, Kent: Grange Books. p. 22. 1459:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2022). 8: 3670:Natural history of the Great Smoky Mountains 3234:from the Missouri Department of Conservation 2588:"AmphibiaWeb - Cryptobranchus alleganiensis" 767:has a flat body and head, with beady dorsal 3205:Salamanders of the United States and Canada 2568:"Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Hellbender)" 2503:Kenison, Erin K.; Williams, Rod N. (2018). 1803:Eastern Hellbender Status Assessment Report 3258: 2488:https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2005)154 2370: 2368: 2366: 2082:Journal of the Ohio Herpetological Society 2027:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis 1773:https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2005)154 1767: 1765: 363: 156: 137: 38: 2847: 2750: 2520: 2156:Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians 2146:Lanza, B.; Vanni, S.; Nistri, A. (1998). 1885: 1867: 1644:"Snot otters get a second chance in Ohio" 1482: 2919:"The Ozark Hellbender – Can We Save It?" 2661:. The Brown Reference Group. p. 23. 1642:Sofia, Madeline K. (14 September 2017). 1566:Johnson, Tom R.; Briggler, Jeff (2004). 1551:(1917). "Cryptobranchus alleganiensis". 3650:Endemic amphibians of the United States 3115:", York Daily Record, January 29, 2019. 2873:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians 2659:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1669:Dictionary of American Regional English 1397: 837: 390: 1637: 1635: 1520: 1518: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1013:is found in the rest of these states. 2739:General and Comparative Endocrinology 1228:is of crucial ecological importance. 7: 2109:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi 1181:Smithsonian National Zoological Park 3675:Taxa named by François Marie Daudin 3194:Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 3015:Saint Louis Zoo (1 December 2011). 1746:The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians 1470:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 703:Missouri Department of Conservation 691:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3043:"The Buffalo Zoo's Hellbender Lab" 1497:Listed by United States of America 752:honors the American herpetologist 669:skin folds. It fills a particular 25: 3665:Extant Gelasian first appearances 2359:https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-11-024 1346:Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans 1320:continued existence in the wild. 3640:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 2921:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1359: 1273:, and the species as a whole as 864: 852: 840: 198: 3645:Amphibians of the United States 1965:. (Accessed: 15 November 2012). 1271:Critically Imperiled Subspecies 3238:Eastern hellbender information 3041:James, Will (20 August 2013). 1925:(4th ed.). HarperCollins. 1331:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 558:Cryptobranchus terrasodactylus 1: 3244:Eastern Hellbender Fact Sheet 3176:Cryptobranchus allegheniensis 2051:10.1126/science.182.4118.1263 1179:Hellbender on display at the 635:, the hellbender is the only 528:Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis 445:Cryptobranchus salamandroides 3655:Amphibians described in 1803 3342:Cryptobranchus-alleganiensis 3316:Cryptobranchus_alleganiensis 3302:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 3272:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 3240:at Commonwealth of Virginia. 3230:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 3139:Bulletin, Bay (2019-04-16). 2450:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 2240:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 2184:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 1958:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 1869:10.1371/journal.pone.0074180 1742:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 1690:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 1463:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 1237:US Fish and Wildlife Service 1196:by the IUCN. Many different 781:South China giant salamander 740: 734: 606:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 541:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 311:Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 3203:Petranka, James W. (1998). 2752:10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113899 2400:American Midland Naturalist 2244:American Midland Naturalist 32:Hellbender (disambiguation) 3696: 2991:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0" 2966:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0" 2941:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0" 2832:10.1038/s41598-023-28334-4 2628:10.1016/j.zool.2005.03.006 1723:"Bishop, Sherman Chauncey" 1628:– via ag.purdue.edu. 29: 3207:. Washington and London: 2296:Wildlife Society Bulletin 2208:10.1007/s10592-008-9655-5 2125:10.1007/s10592-010-0170-0 1309:Chesapeake Bay Foundation 1293:Pennsylvania State Senate 1091:and small fish, but also 1066:Life history and behavior 789:Japanese giant salamander 655:Chinese giant salamanders 383: 376: 371: 362: 331: 326: 307: 300: 195:Scientific classification 193: 176: 154: 145: 136: 41: 3575:Salamandra alleganiensis 2995:explorer.natureserve.org 2970:explorer.natureserve.org 2945:explorer.natureserve.org 1407:Cryptobranchus guildayi 785:Chinese giant salamander 469:Abranchus alleghaniensis 393:Salamandra alleganiensis 3680:Symbols of Pennsylvania 3209:Smithsonian Institution 3145:Chesapeake Bay Magazine 2783:"Hellbender Salamander" 2692:The American Naturalist 2657:Chris Mattison (2005). 2377:Northeastern Naturalist 2324:Southeastern Naturalist 1963:http://amphibiaweb.org/ 1817:Southeastern Naturalist 1673:University of Wisconsin 1531:Milwaukee Public Museum 892:, with two subspecies, 582:Cryptobranchus guildayi 3198:Cryptobranchus bishopi 2787:The Nature Conservancy 2454:Journal of Herpetology 1412:Journal of Herpetology 1233:Endangered Species Act 1184: 1134:external fertilization 729:, is derived from the 712: 659:cutaneous gas exchange 611:hellbender salamander, 570:Cryptobranchus bishopi 3532:Paleobiology Database 3085:, November 16, 2017, 3083:Philadelphia Inquirer 2452:, in West Virginia". 2188:Conservation Genetics 2113:Conservation Genetics 1721:Beltz, Ellin (2006). 1648:National Public Radio 1477:: e.T59077A82473431. 1387:(Gulf coast waterdog) 1178: 993:, and extending into 933:, including parts of 707: 649:, which contains the 609:), also known as the 494:Salamandrops gigantea 293:C. alleganiensis 2573:Animal Diversity Web 2336:10.1656/058.010.0116 1939:. 17 September 2019. 1829:10.1656/058.012.0111 1376:Necturus alabamensis 1263:Imperiled Subspecies 803:, while the largest 795:of the southeastern 639:member of the genus 342:, eastern hellbender 27:Species of amphibian 3047:Wall Street Journal 2824:2023NatSR..13.1982H 2200:2009ConG...10.1235S 2152:Zweifel, Richard G. 2043:1973Sci...182.1263G 2037:(4118): 1263–1265. 1860:2013PLoSO...874180U 1686:Miller, Jessica J. 1613:Animal Conservation 1511:. Account 101. 1301:Wehrle's salamander 1259:C. a. alleganiensis 1244:collection for the 1222:C. a. alleganiensis 1214:C. a. alleganiensis 1188:Conservation status 1087:feeds primarily on 1031:C. a. alleganiensis 1011:C. a. alleganiensis 1005:is confined to the 911:C. a. alleganiensis 894:C. a. alleganiensis 826:C. a. alleganiensis 481:Protonopsis horrida 457:Urotropis mucronata 414:Salamandra gigantea 336:C. a. alleganiensis 148:Conservation status 3246:at New York State. 3178:, pp. 59–62; 2812:Scientific Reports 2674:Population Ecology 2555:Population Ecology 1702:on 11 January 2014 1379:(Alabama waterdog) 1185: 1183:, Washington, D.C. 1052:filial cannibalism 859:Skeleton and model 822:Necturus maculosus 628:. A member of the 402:Salamandra horrida 356:, Ozark hellbender 18:Eastern Hellbender 3627: 3626: 3519:Open Tree of Life 3264:Taxon identifiers 2882:978-1-84013-794-1 2522:10.3390/d10010013 2148:Cogger, Harold G. 1755:978-1-907807-41-1 1626:10.1111/acv.12085 1367:Amphibians portal 1226:genetic diversity 1126:sexual dimorphism 1120:The hellbenders' 1029:Both subspecies, 905:within the genus 793:reticulated siren 754:Sherman C. Bishop 597: 596: 507:Eurycea mucronata 423:Salamandra maxima 282: 188: 171: 16:(Redirected from 3687: 3660:Cryptobranchidae 3620: 3619: 3607: 3606: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3566: 3565: 3553: 3552: 3540: 3539: 3527: 3526: 3514: 3513: 3501: 3500: 3488: 3487: 3475: 3474: 3462: 3461: 3449: 3448: 3436: 3435: 3423: 3422: 3410: 3409: 3397: 3396: 3384: 3383: 3371: 3370: 3358: 3357: 3345: 3344: 3332: 3331: 3319: 3318: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3259: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2851: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2754: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2683: 2677: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2564: 2558: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2524: 2500: 2491: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2445: 2432: 2431: 2395: 2384: 2372: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2291: 2276: 2275: 2242:in the Ozarks". 2235: 2220: 2219: 2194:(5): 1235–1246. 2179: 2170: 2169: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2103: 2090: 2089: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2022: 2013: 2012: 1972: 1966: 1954: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1889: 1871: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1776: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1696:amphibiainfo.com 1683: 1677: 1676: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1639: 1630: 1629: 1609: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1583: 1577:. Archived from 1572: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1522: 1513: 1512: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1456: 1437: 1436: 1402: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1250:chytridiomycosis 1085:C. alleganiensis 890:C. alleganiensis 868: 856: 844: 765:C. alleganiensis 743: 737: 716:vernacular names 633:Cryptobranchidae 619:giant salamander 590: 578: 566: 554: 537: 524: 512: 511:Rafinesque, 1832 503: 490: 477: 465: 453: 441: 428: 419: 410: 398: 367: 355: 341: 313: 277: 262:Cryptobranchidae 203: 202: 182: 165: 160: 159: 141: 131: 61: 45:Temporal range: 39: 21: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3569: 3561: 3556: 3548: 3543: 3535: 3530: 3522: 3517: 3509: 3506:Observation.org 3504: 3496: 3491: 3483: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3444: 3439: 3431: 3426: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3400: 3392: 3387: 3379: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3327: 3322: 3314: 3309: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3266: 3251:Cryptobranchus 3224: 3200:, new species). 3164: 3162:Further reading 3159: 3158: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2485: 2481: 2466:10.2307/1565279 2447: 2446: 2435: 2412:10.2307/2421606 2397: 2396: 2387: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2293: 2292: 2279: 2256:10.2307/2425812 2237: 2236: 2223: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2166: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2105: 2104: 2093: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2024: 2023: 2016: 1993:10.2307/1443315 1974: 1973: 1969: 1955: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1779: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1671:. Madison, WI: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1524: 1523: 1516: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1458: 1457: 1440: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1384:Necturus beyeri 1365: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1317: 1297:state amphibian 1291:Members of the 1190: 1165: 1122:breeding season 1118: 1082: 1073: 1068: 1023: 923: 882: 877: 876: 875: 872: 869: 860: 857: 848: 845: 830:N. m. maculosus 818:common mudpuppy 762: 699: 593: 585: 584: 573: 572: 561: 560: 544: 543: 531: 530: 519: 518: 516:Menopoma fuscum 510: 509: 497: 496: 484: 483: 472: 471: 460: 459: 448: 447: 435: 434: 426: 425: 417: 416: 405: 404: 396: 395: 389: 388: 350: 339: 322: 315: 309: 296: 276: 197: 189: 172: 161: 157: 150: 132: 130: 129: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 56: 55: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3693: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3608: 3595: 3579: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3554: 3541: 3528: 3515: 3502: 3489: 3476: 3463: 3450: 3437: 3424: 3411: 3398: 3385: 3372: 3359: 3346: 3333: 3320: 3307: 3292: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3223: 3222:External links 3220: 3213: 3212: 3201: 3196:(470): 1-13. ( 3190:Cryptobranchus 3183: 3182:, p. 63). 3163: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3131: 3117: 3111:B. J. Small, " 3104: 3090: 3074: 3052: 3033: 3007: 2982: 2957: 2932: 2910: 2888: 2881: 2863: 2798: 2774: 2725: 2704:10.1086/724819 2678: 2664: 2649: 2622:(2): 155–167. 2602: 2593: 2579: 2559: 2545: 2536: 2492: 2479: 2460:(4): 604–607. 2433: 2406:(2): 362–371. 2385: 2362: 2349: 2330:(1): 181–184. 2313: 2277: 2250:(2): 291–303. 2221: 2171: 2165:978-0121785604 2164: 2138: 2119:(3): 637–646. 2091: 2072: 2014: 1987:(4): 633–639. 1967: 1942: 1928: 1913: 1901: 1854:(10): e74180. 1834: 1823:(1): 137–142. 1806: 1777: 1761: 1754: 1732: 1713: 1678: 1656: 1631: 1620:(3): 235–243. 1595: 1568:The Hellbender 1558: 1536: 1514: 1499: 1490: 1438: 1425:10.1670/12-222 1396: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1380: 1371: 1370: 1354: 1351: 1316: 1313: 1207:reintroduction 1189: 1186: 1164: 1161: 1117: 1114: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1022: 1019: 975:South Carolina 971:North Carolina 922: 919: 915:C. a. bishopi 907:Cryptobranchus 886:Cryptobranchus 881: 878: 874: 873: 870: 863: 861: 858: 851: 849: 846: 839: 836: 835: 834: 761: 758: 727:Cryptobranchus 698: 695: 641:Cryptobranchus 595: 594: 592: 591: 579: 567: 555: 538: 525: 513: 504: 491: 478: 466: 454: 442: 432:Molge gigantea 429: 420: 411: 399: 386: 385: 384: 381: 380: 374: 373: 369: 368: 360: 359: 358: 357: 343: 340:(Daudin, 1803) 329: 328: 324: 323: 316: 305: 304: 298: 297: 290: 288: 284: 283: 273:Cryptobranchus 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 191: 190: 177: 174: 173: 155: 152: 151: 146: 143: 142: 134: 133: 125: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 62: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3692: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3254:at CalPhotos. 3253: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3034: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3008: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2799: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698:(1): 92–106. 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2383:(4), 666-677. 2382: 2378: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2302:(2): 94–100. 2301: 2297: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 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