348:'s "Dixie Crusaders" told the South that burning woods were bad. The paper industry encouraged growth of loblolly and slash pines. The probability of catastrophic high-intensity fire increased as dead fuels increased on the forest floor. Overgrowth shades and stunts longleaf pine seedlings, undergrowth increases, and succession creates the southern mixed hardwood forest where savanna used to be. Intentional use of fire to manage vegetation began to be accepted again after World War II, and at present about 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km) a year are burned.
209:
from the region during this period while others were limited to isolated refuges. This retreat caused a proportional increase in pine-dominated forests in the
Appalachians. The grassy woodlands of the time expanded and were also linked to the great interior plains grasslands to the west of the region. As a result, elements of the prairie flora became established throughout the region, first by simple migration, but then also by invading disjunct openings (including glades and barrens) that were forming in the canopy of more mesic forests.
225:
96:
748:
252:
533:
30:
242:
to have changed significantly since the regional peak of Indian influence. A myth has developed that prior to
European culture the New World was a pristine wilderness. In fact, the vegetation conditions that the European settlers observed were changing rapidly because of aboriginal depopulation. As a result, canopy closure and forest tree density were increasing throughout the region.
236:
Indian cultures began practicing agriculture throughout the region. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common, and the small-scale felling of trees became feasible. Concurrently, the
Archaic Indians began using fire in a widespread manner in large portions of the region.
274:
of North
Carolina. There was nearly annual burning throughout the Northeast. After the death of 90% of the native population around 500 years ago, grasslands, savanna, and woodlands succeeded to closed forest. After European settlement of the region the burning frequency was 2–10 years, with many
241:
For reasons that are unclear, approximately 500 years ago, aboriginal populations declined significantly throughout
Eastern North America and more broadly throughout the Americas. … Thus, by the time the first European observers were reporting the nature of the vegetation of the region, it is likely
208:
began about 9,000 years ago and affected the vegetation of the
Southeast. Extensive expansions of prairies and woody grasslands occurred throughout the region, and xeric oak and oak-hickory forest types proliferated. Cooler-climate species migrated northward and upward in elevation; many vanished
212:
During most of the climatic shifts of the last 100,000 years, most plant migration in
Eastern North America occurred along a more or less north-south axis. The climate optimum was significant because it made conditions favorable for the invasion and establishment of species from the center of the
196:
Although the major modern community types were flourishing in the
Southeast by 10,000 years BP, and the climate was similar to that today, the understory flora had not yet come to resemble modern herbaceous floras. Mixed hardwood forests dominated the majority of the upper Coastal Plains,
216:
After the end of the optimum about 5,000 years BP, as the climate cooled and precipitation increased, species migrated so that communities were reassembled in new forms in which all of the components of the modern southern forests were in place. The boreal forests of the early
237:
Intentional burning of vegetation was taken up to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories, thereby making travel easier and facilitating the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants that were important for both food and medicines.
201:, and lower mountain regions. Southern pine communities dominated the middle and lower Coastal Plains, whereas evergreens and some remnant boreal elements occupied higher elevation sites. There were few canopy openings in the mixed hardwood and high-elevation forest.
71:
would have been the major source of ignition, the region having the most frequent wind and lightning storms in North
America. The European settlers who displaced the natives blended the local use of fire with their customary use of fire as pastoral herdsmen in the
282:
dominated the savanna and open-floored forests which once covered 92,000,000 acres (370,000 km) from
Virginia to Texas. These covered 36% of the region's land and 52% of the upland areas. Of this, less than 1% of the unaltered forest still stands.
323:
The English colonists harvested the longleaf pine lumber, finding many uses for it. The slow-maturing tall straight trees were particularly suitable for shipbuilding and masts, although the lumber and pitch were widely used. The keel of
176:
forest communities, similar to modern lowland and bottomland forests, occurred along major river drainages, especially the Mississippi embayment, the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa Basin, the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint Basin, and the
335:
decreed that straight pines over 24 inches (610 mm) in diameter were the king's property, but the colonists protested by tarring and feathering the official surveyors. However, harvesting was rather limited until 1900.
2065:
184:
Humans arrived as five thousand years passed following the retreat of the glaciers, while deciduous forests expanded northward throughout the region. Pockets of boreal elements remained only at high elevations in the
339:
At the start of the 20th century, heavy cutover of the southern pine forest, combined with longleaf pine seedling destruction by foraging livestock, eliminated pine regeneration. As reflected by the 1924 federal
115:
dominated from about 33° to 30° N. latitude, including most of the glacial Gulf Coast from about 84° W. longitude. The coastline later changed during glacial melt, both in the Mississippi River valley and
1755:
111:, preexisting natural communities in the Southeast remained largely intact. As a result, the Southeast contains a high level of endemism and genetic diversity as would be expected of an old flora.
1391:
275:
sites burned annually. The practice was so common that a North Carolina law in the early 18th century required annual burning of pastures and rangelands every March.
1117:
1763:
1730:
1888:
424:
1550:
924:
471:
221:
enjoyed a modest expansion. Riparian, bottomland, and wetland plant communities expanded. The grassy woodlands contracted and retracted westward.
67:, with most fires burning the forest understory and not affecting the mature trees above. Before the arrival of humans about 15,000 years ago,
2070:
800:
388:
64:
1705:
477:
99:
Hypothesized natural fire regimes of United States plants. Grassy woodlands have regimes of a few years: blue, pink, and light green areas.
1398:
79:
In the southern pine savanna, each area burned about every 1–4 years; after settlers arrived burning happened about every 1–3 years. In
400:
1086:
406:
394:
363:
301:. Much of the Black Belt region was open space. As late as the 1830s, about 11% of the Black Belt region was covered with prairies.
2043:
1432:
1070:
290:
189:
and in a few other refuges. Broadleaf evergreen and pine forests occupied an extent similar to their current one, primarily in the
1626:
435:
233:
103:
Of all the United States, southeastern flora has been least changed in composition during the last 20,000 years. During the
1309:
1124:
512:
345:
1937:
1027:
465:
376:
224:
1863:
934:
1449:
120:
of 130 meters (430 ft). Regional climate was similar to or slightly drier than modern conditions. Oak, hickory,
704:
332:
112:
1837:
1811:
441:
418:
205:
486:
294:
271:
198:
193:. Mesophytic and bottomland forest communities continued to occupy the major river drainages of the region.
48:
covered large portions of the southeast side of the continent until the early 20th century. These were in a
1676:
1034:. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. pp. 56–68. Archived from
846:
736:
604:
516:
447:
145:
133:
498:
492:
305:
190:
1601:
341:
1310:"Partners in Flight Bird Conservation Plan for The South Atlantic Coastal Plain (Physiographic Area 03)"
871:
775:
186:
95:
815:
770:
765:
520:
430:
104:
17:
1232:
Thompson, Daniel Q.; Ralph H. Smith (1971). "The Forest Primeval in the Northeast - A Great Myth?".
160:, and others that are generally common in modern southern deciduous forests were also common then.
866:
810:
726:
453:
1575:
747:
1983:
881:
731:
586:
382:
107:
about 18,000 years ago, when the glacial front extended south to the approximate location of the
251:
1343:"Historical Presence and Distribution of Prairies in the Black Belt of Mississippi and Alabama"
1203:
262:
The oak-hickory forest of the Northeast was primarily burned by Native Americans, resulting in
2039:
1785:
1651:
1450:"Endangered Ecosystems of the United States: A Preliminary Assessment of Loss and Degradation"
1428:
1362:
1066:
919:
831:
826:
790:
599:
559:
309:
298:
267:
129:
121:
2035:
1975:
1652:"Pine Barrens, New Jersey Pinelands Protection - Pinelands Preservation Alliance - Savannas"
1354:
1165:
896:
851:
685:
564:
325:
313:
1500:
1094:
836:
714:
679:
370:
228:
Prescribed fire in Virginia, 1995. Many eastern ridgetops were burned by American Indians.
359:
Remaining grassy woodland and prairie cover some of the land in the following locations:
356:
The ecosystem of over 98% of eastern woodland areas such as longleaf pine have declined.
1966:
Rostlund, Erhard (1960). "The Geographic Range of the Historic Bison in the Southeast".
1627:"Harrell Prairie Hill Botanical Area - Mississippi Land Conservation Assistance Network"
1525:
1475:
1150:
532:
29:
1979:
1059:
886:
644:
574:
178:
117:
2059:
2028:
656:
627:
621:
549:
279:
87:
areas, estimates range from 3 to 14 years, although trails were kept open with fire.
73:
780:
759:
554:
459:
60:
49:
1938:"The Presettlement Piedmont Savanna: A Model For Landscape Design and Management"
1316:
805:
751:
The range of the American bison included eastern savanna, probably into Florida.
673:
669:
412:
263:
2002:
1941:
821:
650:
218:
169:
165:
108:
34:
1366:
1035:
939:
906:
691:
638:
632:
255:
173:
68:
1453:
1210:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station
1204:"Chapter 2 (TERRA–2): The History of Native Plant Communities in the South"
286:
Savannas typically contained grasses that were 3–6 feet (1–2 m) high.
1170:
52:
of open grassland and forests with low ground cover of herbs and grasses.
861:
569:
153:
56:
37:
1987:
929:
709:
591:
161:
84:
1706:"On the Map: Holly Shelter Game Land a haven for outdoor enthusiasts"
1342:
125:
1358:
1864:"Big Woods now a state forest, wildlife area | The Tidewater News"
1308:
Hunter, William C.; Lori H. Peoples; Jaime A. Collazo (May 2001).
531:
250:
223:
157:
141:
137:
1151:"Predicting Pleistocene climate from vegetation in North America"
2004:
Using Botanical Analysis to Shape a Longleaf Restoration Project
1425:
Prescribed Burning in California Wildlands Vegetation Management
1093:. Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service. Archived from
795:
149:
80:
2066:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1118:"REFERENCES ON THE AMERICAN INDIAN USE OF FIRE IN ECOSYSTEMS"
1061:
Looking for Longleaf: The Fall And Rise of an American Forest
508:
The largest contiguous remaining pine savanna habitat is at
1889:"Piney Grove Preserve | The Nature Conservancy in Virginia"
1240:. Tallahassee, Florida: Tall Timbers Research Station: 260.
2007:(MS thesis). North Carolina State University. p. 83
1756:"Boiling Spring Lakes Preserve | The Nature Conservancy"
1234:
Proceedings Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference
1028:"Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora"
755:
Fauna which lived in the southeastern savanna include:
1448:
Noss, Reed F.; Edward T. LaRoe III; J. Michael Scott.
1353:(3). Southern Appalachian Botanical Society: 170–183.
1091:
The Southern Forest Resource Assessment Summary Report
1551:"Tallgrass prairies in Georgia are rich in diversity"
2027:
1058:
1968:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
540:Members of the Northeast upland oak communities:
2034:. New York: William Morrow and Company. p.
1631:Mississippi Land Conservation Assistance Network
1208:Southern Forest Resource Assessment Final Report
1961:
1959:
1731:"Green Swamp Preserve | The Nature Conservancy"
344:, fire suppression began to be practiced. The
239:
1427:. University of California Press. p. 86.
1227:
1225:
308:was in the Florida panhandle region, from the
1931:
1929:
8:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1026:Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler (2000).
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
582:Invasive hardwoods in disrupted fire regimes
1602:"Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area"
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
331:was made from a single longleaf pine log.
124:, and southern pine species were abundant.
1974:(4). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 395–407.
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
258:extended to the Atlantic plain (1779 map).
40:in Gulf Coastal Plain southern Mississippi
1677:"Restoration of Longleaf Pine Ecosystems"
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1169:
425:Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area
304:The largest prairie area in the southern
1385:
1383:
925:Pre-Columbian woodlands of North America
746:
472:Weymouth Woods-Sandhills Nature Preserve
270:, and prairies in the Northeast and the
94:
55:The frequent fires which maintained the
28:
1315:. pp. 10–12, 63–64. Archived from
951:
483:Sand Hills State Forest, South Carolina
1341:Barone, John A. (September 20, 2005).
612:Growing in the southeast pine forest:
46:eastern woodlands of the United States
1699:
1697:
1116:Williams, Gerald W. (June 12, 2003).
389:Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park
293:prairie region, within which was the
18:Eastern savannas of the United States
7:
1792:. South Carolina Forestry Commission
1476:"Old Cahawba Prairie | Forever Wild"
1423:Biswell, Harold; James Agee (1999).
401:Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge
1980:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1960.tb00357.x
1032:Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2
407:Grand Bay Wildlife Management Area
395:Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park
364:Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge
59:were started by the region's many
25:
2001:Parker, Douglas Seabrook (1998).
1087:"Use of Fire by Native Americans"
1704:Staff, Ashley Morris StarNews.
1392:"Products of the Longleaf Pine"
1844:. United States Forest Service
1818:. United States Forest Service
1582:. United States Forest Service
504:Piney Grove Preserve, Virginia
436:Harrell Prairie Botanical Area
204:Warming and drying during the
91:Prehistoric southeastern flora
1:
852:Southeastern American kestrel
513:Blackwater River State Forest
346:American Forestry Association
232:At about 4,000 years BP, the
172:were also common. Extensive
2071:Forests of the United States
2026:Pringle, Laurence P (1979).
1057:Earley, Lawrence S. (2006).
877:Living in prairie habitats:
377:Apalachicola National Forest
841:Setophaga discolor discolor
289:The southeast also had the
113:Temperate deciduous forests
2087:
1812:"Angelina National Forest"
1480:www.alabamaforeverwild.com
722:Exotics promoted by fire:
688:(central Alabama westward)
682:(central Alabama westward)
1786:"Sand Hills State Forest"
1656:www.pinelandsalliance.org
1530:www.floridastateparks.org
1505:www.floridastateparks.org
902:In northeastern savanna:
891:Grus canadensis pratensis
781:Southeastern fox squirrel
419:Kisatchie National Forest
206:Holocene climatic optimum
1838:"Sabine National Forest"
837:Northern prairie warbler
487:Angelina National Forest
480:Preserve, North Carolina
256:Pine savanna (pine land)
1576:"History & Culture"
856:Falco sparverius paulus
847:Red-cockaded woodpecker
843:) - neotropical migrant
737:Broad-leaved paper bark
517:Conecuh National Forest
454:Holly Shelter Game Land
448:Croatan National Forest
1936:Juras, Philip (1997).
887:Florida sandhill crane
752:
732:Japanese climbing fern
537:
499:Big Woods State Forest
493:Sabine National Forest
306:Atlantic coastal plain
259:
244:
229:
191:Atlantic Coastal Plain
100:
41:
1868:www.tidewaternews.com
1526:"Florida State Parks"
1501:"Florida State Parks"
1171:10.5194/cp-3-109-2007
872:North American cougar
801:Flatwoods salamanders
776:Brown-headed nuthatch
750:
535:
254:
227:
187:Appalachian Mountains
98:
76:, Spain, and France.
32:
1710:Wilmington Star News
1202:Owen, Wayne (2002).
771:Brown-headed cowbird
521:Eglin Air Force Base
478:Boiling Spring Lakes
466:Green Swamp Preserve
460:Angola Bay Game Land
431:Gautier, Mississippi
319:Woodland elimination
105:Last Glacial Maximum
1681:www.srs.fs.usda.gov
1158:Climate of the Past
1149:Loehle, C. (2007).
867:American black bear
785:Sciurus niger niger
694:(Atlantic seaboard)
575:American turkey oak
1404:on October 7, 2006
1130:on October 9, 2003
882:Eastern meadowlark
753:
587:American persimmon
538:
352:Remaining examples
278:In the southeast,
260:
230:
101:
42:
920:Old-growth forest
832:Northern bobwhite
827:Loggerhead shrike
816:Henslow's sparrow
791:White-tailed deer
766:Bachman's sparrow
762:(circa 1550-1880)
605:American Sweetgum
600:Southern magnolia
560:Eastern black oak
415:Prairies, Georgia
342:Clarke–McNary Act
310:Ochlockonee River
299:tallgrass prairie
295:blackland prairie
16:(Redirected from
2078:
2050:
2049:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1944:on June 17, 2008
1940:. Archived from
1933:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1762:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1606:dnr.maryland.gov
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1452:. Archived from
1445:
1439:
1438:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1397:. Archived from
1396:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1242:
1241:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1199:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1155:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1123:. Archived from
1122:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1097:on March 5, 2014
1083:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1023:
897:Savannah sparrow
700:Woody understory
686:Slender bluestem
565:Northern red oak
536:Wet pine savanna
474:, North Carolina
468:, North Carolina
462:, North Carolina
456:, North Carolina
450:, North Carolina
373:Prairie, Alabama
314:Florida Parishes
65:Native Americans
21:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1766:on May 17, 2018
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1359:10.2179/04-25.1
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1322:on May 17, 2008
1319:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1201:
1200:
1179:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1038:on July 5, 2017
1025:
1024:
953:
948:
916:
811:Gopher tortoise
745:
680:Little bluestem
530:
519:, Alabama, and
354:
321:
312:to Louisiana's
249:
93:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2018:
1993:
1955:
1905:
1893:www.nature.org
1880:
1855:
1829:
1803:
1777:
1760:www.nature.org
1747:
1735:www.nature.org
1722:
1693:
1668:
1643:
1618:
1593:
1567:
1542:
1517:
1492:
1467:
1456:on May 9, 2008
1440:
1433:
1415:
1390:GOBER, JIM R.
1379:
1333:
1243:
1221:
1177:
1164:(1): 109–118.
1141:
1108:
1078:
1071:
1049:
950:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
937:
935:Conifer forest
932:
927:
922:
915:
912:
911:
910:
900:
899:
894:
884:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
849:
844:
834:
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729:
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718:
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712:
707:
697:
696:
695:
689:
683:
677:
676:along streams)
662:
661:
660:
654:
653:(wetter sites)
648:
645:Shortleaf pine
642:
636:
635:(wetter sites)
630:
625:
624:(wetter sites)
610:
609:
608:
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579:
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398:
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386:
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374:
367:
353:
350:
333:King George II
320:
317:
248:
247:Recent history
245:
179:Savannah River
118:sea level rise
92:
89:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2083:
2072:
2069:
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2047:
2045:0-688-32210-7
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1434:0-520-21945-7
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1109:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1072:0-8078-5699-1
1068:
1065:. UNC Press.
1063:
1062:
1053:
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1037:
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848:
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838:
835:
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830:
828:
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823:
820:
818:(winter only)
817:
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802:
799:
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690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
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671:
668:
667:
666:
663:
659:(drier sites)
658:
657:Virginia pine
655:
652:
649:
647:(drier sites)
646:
643:
641:(drier sites)
640:
637:
634:
631:
629:
628:Longleaf pine
626:
623:
622:Loblolly pine
620:
619:
618:
615:
614:
613:
606:
603:
601:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Blackjack oak
548:
547:
546:
543:
542:
541:
534:
527:
522:
518:
514:
511:
510:
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443:
440:
438:, Mississippi
437:
434:
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330:
329:
318:
316:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
284:
281:
280:longleaf pine
276:
273:
269:
265:
257:
253:
246:
243:
238:
235:
226:
222:
220:
214:
210:
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127:
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119:
114:
110:
106:
97:
90:
88:
86:
82:
77:
75:
74:British Isles
70:
66:
62:
61:thunderstorms
58:
53:
51:
47:
39:
36:
31:
27:
19:
2030:Natural fire
2029:
2021:
2011:November 16,
2009:. Retrieved
2003:
1996:
1971:
1967:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1896:. Retrieved
1892:
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1841:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1789:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1759:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1443:
1424:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1370:. Retrieved
1350:
1346:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1237:
1233:
1212:. Retrieved
1207:
1161:
1157:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1125:the original
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:the original
1090:
1081:
1060:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:the original
1031:
901:
890:
876:
855:
840:
822:Indigo snake
784:
760:Plains bison
754:
721:
710:Saw palmetto
699:
664:
616:
611:
581:
555:Bluejack oak
544:
539:
515:, Florida,
507:
444:, New Jersey
442:Pine Barrens
413:Coosa Valley
383:Garcon Point
358:
355:
338:
328:Constitution
327:
322:
303:
297:, a type of
288:
285:
277:
264:oak openings
261:
240:
231:
215:
211:
203:
195:
183:
102:
78:
54:
50:fire ecology
45:
43:
26:
1848:October 10,
1842:fs.usda.gov
1822:October 10,
1816:fs.usda.gov
1796:October 10,
1586:October 10,
1580:fs.usda.gov
806:Gopher frog
421:, Louisiana
213:continent.
2060:Categories
946:References
727:Cogongrass
715:Wax myrtle
674:canebrakes
651:Slash pine
501:, Virginia
427:, Maryland
291:Black Belt
219:Quaternary
174:mesophytic
170:sunflowers
146:tulip tree
109:Ohio River
35:slash pine
1367:0008-7475
940:Grassland
909:(extinct)
907:Heath hen
705:Gallberry
692:Wiregrass
639:Sand pine
633:Pond pine
523:, Florida
409:, Georgia
403:, Georgia
397:, Florida
391:, Florida
385:, Florida
379:, Florida
366:, Alabama
326:USS
154:hornbeams
69:lightning
57:woodlands
33:Maritime
1948:July 21,
1790:scfc.gov
1460:July 21,
1408:July 20,
1372:July 20,
1347:Castanea
1326:July 20,
1214:July 29,
1134:July 31,
1101:July 21,
1042:July 20,
914:See also
862:Red wolf
570:Post oak
272:Piedmont
199:Piedmont
134:sweetgum
122:chestnut
38:savannah
1988:2561275
1898:May 16,
1873:May 16,
1770:May 16,
1740:May 16,
1715:May 16,
1686:May 16,
1661:May 16,
1636:May 16,
1611:May 16,
1560:May 16,
1535:May 16,
1510:May 16,
1485:May 16,
930:Prairie
665:Grasses
592:Hickory
495:, Texas
489:, Texas
371:Cahawba
268:barrens
234:Archaic
181:Basin.
162:Grasses
126:Walnuts
85:hickory
2042:
1986:
1431:
1365:
1069:
168:, and
166:sedges
158:tilias
1984:JSTOR
1555:myajc
1402:(PDF)
1395:(PDF)
1320:(PDF)
1313:(PDF)
1154:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
743:Fauna
617:Trees
545:Trees
528:Flora
142:birch
138:alder
130:beech
2040:ISBN
2013:2022
1950:2008
1900:2018
1875:2018
1850:2022
1824:2022
1798:2022
1772:2018
1742:2018
1717:2018
1688:2018
1663:2018
1638:2018
1613:2018
1588:2022
1562:2018
1537:2018
1512:2018
1487:2018
1462:2008
1429:ISBN
1410:2008
1374:2008
1363:ISSN
1328:2008
1216:2008
1136:2008
1103:2008
1067:ISBN
1044:2008
670:Cane
596:Oaks
369:Old
150:elms
63:and
44:The
1976:doi
1355:doi
1166:doi
796:Elk
81:oak
2062::
2038:.
2036:35
1982:.
1972:50
1970:.
1958:^
1908:^
1891:.
1866:.
1840:.
1814:.
1788:.
1758:.
1733:.
1708:.
1696:^
1679:.
1654:.
1629:.
1604:.
1578:.
1553:.
1528:.
1503:.
1478:.
1382:^
1361:.
1351:70
1349:.
1345:.
1246:^
1238:10
1236:.
1224:^
1206:.
1180:^
1160:.
1156:.
1089:.
1030:.
954:^
266:,
164:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
2048:.
2015:.
1990:.
1978::
1952:.
1902:.
1877:.
1852:.
1826:.
1800:.
1774:.
1744:.
1719:.
1690:.
1665:.
1640:.
1615:.
1590:.
1564:.
1539:.
1514:.
1489:.
1464:.
1437:.
1412:.
1376:.
1357::
1330:.
1218:.
1174:.
1168::
1162:3
1138:.
1105:.
1075:.
1046:.
893:)
889:(
858:)
854:(
839:(
787:)
783:(
672:(
83:–
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
