813:. They can acquire a territory by competing for a vacant territory, creating a new territory or by receiving all or part of a territory from their mothers. This somewhat rare (15% of litters) female behavior is referred to as breeding dispersal or bequeathal, and is a form of maternal investment in offspring. The prevalence of this behavior is related to the abundance of food resources and the age of the mother. In some cases, females will acquire additional middens prior to reproduction, which they later bequeath to their offspring. Offspring that do not receive a midden from their mother typically settle within 150 m (3 territory diameters) of their natal territory. Observations suggest that male red squirrels have environmentally induced, alternative reproductive strategies that result in higher incidences of sexually selected infanticide in years when food is plentiful.
2207:
652:
634:
122:
2217:
49:
2699:
370:
798:
77:
684:
2711:
2212:
99:
768:– abnormally dense vegetative growth resulting from a rust disease – or cavities in the trunks of spruce, poplar, and walnut trees. American red squirrels rarely nest below ground. Each individual squirrel has several nests within its territory, and females with young move them between nests. Some behavior has been reported within human dwellings using insulation as nest material.
761:
Litter sizes typically range from one to five, but most litters contain three or four offspring. Offspring are pink and hairless at birth and weigh about 10 g. Offspring grow at approximately 1.8 g per day while nursing, and reach adult body size at 125 days. They first emerge from their natal nests at around 42 days, but continue to nurse until approximately 70 days.
590:
664:
2687:
736:
seed cones can collect in piles, called middens, up to twelve meters across. White spruce exhibits two- to six-year masting cycles, where a year of superabundant cone production (mast year) is followed by several years in which few cones are produced. American red squirrel territories may contain one or several middens.
816:
American red squirrels experience severe early mortality (on average only 22% survive to one year of age). The survival probability, however, increases to age three, when it begins to decrease again. Females that survive to one year of age have a life expectancy of 3.5 years and a maximum lifespan of
784:
Red squirrels are highly territorial and asocial with very few non-reproductive physical interactions (0.6% of all recorded behaviours in one 19-year study). The majority of physical interactions are in male-female matings and between females and their offspring before the offspring disperse to their
735:
leverets (young). White spruce cones mature in late July and are harvested by red squirrels in August and
September. These harvested cones are stored in a central cache and provide energy and nutrients for survival over the winter and reproduction the following spring. The fallen scales from consumed
760:
has been reported to range from 31 to 35 days. Females can breed for the first time at one year of age, but some females delay breeding until two years of age or older. Most females produce one litter per year, but in some years reproduction is skipped, while in other years some females breed twice.
755:
for only one day, but venture from their territory prior to ovulation, and these exploratory forays may serve to advertise their upcoming estrus. On the day of estrus, females are chased by several males in an extended mating chase. Males compete with one another for the opportunity to mate with the
775:
reported female red squirrels showed high levels of multiple-male mating and would even mate with males with similar genetic relatedness. The relatedness of parents had no effect on the neonatal mass and growth rate of their offspring, nor did it affect the survival rate of offspring to one year of
612:
area of the United States, and northern half of the eastern United States. American red squirrels are abundant and not of conservation concern throughout much of their range. American red squirrels were introduced on
Newfoundland and have lived there in abundance for decades. The endangered
565:
Red squirrels can be easily distinguished from other North
American tree squirrels by their smaller size, 28–35 cm (11–14 in) total length (including tail), territorial behavior, and reddish fur with a white venter (underbelly). Red squirrels are somewhat larger than chipmunks.
667:
671:
670:
666:
665:
672:
669:
1051:
Goheen, Jacob R.; Swihart, Robert K.; Robins, James H. (2003). "The anatomy of a range expansion: Changes in cranial morphology and rates of energy extraction for North
American red squirrels from different latitudes".
1101:
1923:
McAdam, Andrew G.; Boutin, Stan; Sykes, Ainsley K.; Humphries, Murray M. (2007). "Life histories of female red squirrels and their contributions to population growth and lifetime fitness".
3088:
3063:
668:
3058:
504:); since the ranges of these species do not overlap, they are both commonly referred to as simply "red squirrel" in the areas where they are native. The specific epithet
581:
of the United States. The ranges of the
American red squirrel and the Douglas squirrel overlap in southern British Columbia, northwestern Washington and eastern Oregon.
3068:
1310:
2875:
512:, Canada, where the species was first catalogued by Erxleben in 1771; accordingly, the species was formerly sometimes known as Hudson's Bay squirrel, such as in
2953:
3033:
608:, excluding northern areas with no tree cover, the southern half of Alberta and the southwestern coast of British Columbia; the southern half of Alaska; the
3073:
2086:
1881:
Haines, Jessica A.; Coltman, David W.; Dantzer, Ben; Gorrell, Jamieson C.; Humphries, Murray M.; Lane, Jeffrey E.; McAdam, Andrew; Boutin, Stan (2018).
1326:"Results of a biological reconnaissance of the Yukon River region. General account of the region. Annotated list of mammals. Annotated list of birds"
2849:
1232:
Hope, Andrew G.; Malaney, Jason L.; Bell, Kayce C.; Salazar-Miralles, Fernando; Chavez, Andreas S.; Barber, Brian R.; Cook, Joseph A. (2016-07-01).
2888:
1553:
3078:
3053:
1580:
1166:
1027:
1410:
Willson, Mary F.; De Santo, Toni L.; Sieving, Kathryn E. (July 2003). "Red squirrels and predation risk to bird nests in northern forests".
1463:
57:
3038:
1393:
2058:
573:
is morphologically similar to the
American red squirrels, but has a rust-colored venter and is restricted to the southwestern coast of
3083:
2047:
233:
1294:
707:) comprise more than 50% of a red squirrel's diet, but squirrels have also been observed eating spruce buds and needles, mushrooms,
817:
8 years. Increased maternal attention is correlated with increased offspring growth rate and higher lifetime reproductive success.
2914:
2037:
2206:
2169:
2079:
699:, but incorporate other food items into their diets opportunistically. In The Yukon, extensive behavioral observations suggest
106:
2932:
688:
2893:
2064:
986:
2603:
2594:
2580:
2572:
1549:
121:
3010:
2927:
2787:
2033:
2765:
1015:
3048:
2677:
2072:
789:). The non-reproductive physical interactions recorded were all instances of chasing an intruder from a territory.
2958:
2642:
624:
615:
604:
American red squirrels are widely distributed across the North
American continent. Their range includes: most of
546:
476:
425:
379:
1810:
651:
2484:
2284:
2276:
2193:
1535:
1936:
472:
wherever conifers are common, except in the southwestern United States, where it is replaced by the formerly
1959:
1791:
2727:
2324:
2235:
2226:
2185:
1527:
3043:
2992:
2792:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2388:
2177:
1882:
216:
2368:
2332:
1720:
Gorrell, Jamieson C.; McAdam, Andrew G.; Coltman, David W.; Humphries, Murray M.; Boutin, Stan (2010).
369:
2841:
2813:
2774:
2508:
2492:
2460:
1733:
1478:
1249:
1116:
1061:
764:
Nests are most commonly constructed of grass in the branches of trees. Nests are also excavated from
739:
American red squirrels eat a variety of mushroom species, including some that are deadly to humans.
2945:
2516:
2468:
2428:
2408:
2292:
964:
66:
1960:"Attentive Red Squirrel Mothers Have Faster Growing Pups and Higher Lifetime Reproductive Success"
1635:
Millar, John S. (1970). "The breeding season and reproductive cycle of the western red squirrel".
1205:
2665:
2552:
2340:
2268:
1982:
1940:
1814:
1769:
1683:
1617:
1448:
1356:
1304:
1197:
1189:
1140:
806:
513:
116:
2779:
2001:
1502:
1325:
2997:
2880:
2979:
2800:
2476:
2300:
1905:
1863:
1761:
1576:
1494:
1290:
1267:
1132:
1033:
1023:
633:
623:, was formerly considered a member of this species, but is now considered a subspecies of the
578:
2984:
2634:
2532:
2216:
1974:
1932:
1897:
1853:
1845:
1806:
1751:
1741:
1675:
1644:
1609:
1545:
1486:
1419:
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1069:
959:
853:
845:
765:
574:
570:
500:
480:
417:
48:
3005:
2906:
1388:
524:
suggests the squirrels as a family can be divided into five major lineages. Red squirrels (
2966:
2698:
2316:
2308:
2043:
1397:
877:
861:
805:
If juvenile
American red squirrels are to survive their first winter, they must acquire a
609:
529:
460:
mammal that defends a year-round exclusive territory. It feeds primarily on the seeds of
1737:
1482:
1253:
1120:
1065:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2360:
1858:
1833:
885:
457:
941:
797:
3027:
2901:
2617:
2027:
1986:
1773:
1569:
1490:
1201:
1073:
950:
869:
732:
594:
465:
404:
193:
86:
81:
1944:
1144:
17:
2805:
2524:
2500:
2152:
2141:
1834:"Anticipatory parental care: Acquiring resources for offspring prior to conception"
700:
683:
620:
412:
31:
2052:
2940:
2919:
2862:
2759:
1262:
1233:
991:
821:
473:
2710:
2211:
1978:
1883:"Sexually selected infanticide by male red squirrels in advance of a mast year"
1400:
Heritage Data
Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ.
1438:
539:
509:
2750:
2826:
2100:
1700:
1128:
1037:
757:
748:
724:
696:
521:
133:
1909:
1867:
1849:
1765:
1498:
1271:
1136:
498:
American red squirrels should not be confused with
Eurasian red squirrels (
589:
2971:
2744:
2123:
2104:
2096:
1341:
901:
656:
487:
479:, and along the Pacific coast of the United States, where its cousin the
183:
153:
2055:– School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona
1238:) highlights the complexity of speciation within North American forests"
731:
sp.) flowers and berries, and animal material such as bird eggs or even
2854:
2249:
1746:
1721:
1687:
1621:
1443:
1193:
893:
716:
534:
461:
400:
1818:
1756:
1022:(3rd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754–818.
2867:
2135:
2129:
2117:
1901:
1373:
917:
837:
829:
810:
752:
708:
677:
605:
598:
469:
173:
163:
143:
2721:
1679:
1648:
1613:
1423:
1185:
2831:
557:, but a 2016 phylogenetic study found it to be a distinct species.
2686:
1722:"Adopting kin enhances inclusive fitness in asocial red squirrels"
796:
772:
682:
662:
650:
632:
588:
408:
1020:
Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference
771:
A three-year study of a population of red squirrels in southwest
1701:
When It Comes to Female Red Squirrels, It Seems Any Male Will Do
909:
2818:
2725:
2068:
2030:, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Moriz Steiner, Falk Huettmann
1575:(2. pr. ed.). Pleasantville, NY : Reader's Digest Assoc.
756:
estrous female. Estrous females will mate with 4 to 16 males.
1102:"The Effects of Cenozoic Global Change on Squirrel Phylogeny"
456:. The squirrel is a small, 200–250 g (7.1–8.8 oz),
1811:
10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1311:BDIFNA]2.0.CO;2
1792:"Breeding Dispersal in Female North American Red Squirrels"
1662:
Lair, H. (1985). "Length of gestation in the red squirrel,
1937:
10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[362:LHOFRS]2.0.CO;2
1596:
Layne, James N. (1954). "The biology of the red squirrel
1439:"Red Squirrel Harvesting and Storing White Spruce Cones"
1838:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
432:). The American red squirrel is variously known as the
2675:
1534:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
1285:
Steele, Michael A. & Koprowski, John L. (2001).
687:
Large midden constructed by American red squirrels,
464:
cones, and is widely distributed across much of the
2734:
2615:
2592:
2247:
2224:
2150:
1568:
416:, known as the pine squirrels (the others are the
3089:Taxa named by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben
3064:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
486:The squirrel has been expanding its range into
27:Species of pine squirrel found in North America
1832:Boutin, S; Larsen, K. W.; Berteaux, D (2000).
1234:"Revision of widespread red squirrels (genus:
965:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42587A22250817.en
2080:
1556:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
1014:Thorington, R.W. Jr.; Hoffmann, R.S. (2005).
8:
1309:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3059:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
1357:"Red Squirrel Introduction to Newfoundland"
786:
2722:
2087:
2073:
2065:
2028:Density and distribution old-growth forest
1790:Berteaux, Dominique; Boutin, Stan (2000).
1526:Nienstaedt, Hans; Zasada, John C. (1990).
1464:"The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding"
1387:Arizona Game and Fish Department. (2003).
518:The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America
368:
97:
75:
47:
38:
1857:
1785:
1783:
1755:
1745:
1372:
1261:
963:
2002:"Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (red squirrel)"
1289:. Smithsonian Institution. p. 149.
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
3069:Fauna of the Northeastern United States
2682:
1571:Reader's Digest North American wildlife
1554:United States Department of Agriculture
1018:. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
932:
747:American red squirrels are spontaneous
553:) was long considered conspecific with
1302:
528:) fall within the clade that includes
1958:Taylor, Ryan W.; et al. (2020).
1715:
1713:
1242:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
695:American red squirrels are primarily
7:
2044:Article on the American red squirrel
1390:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis.
1227:
1225:
58:Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area
3034:IUCN Red List least concern species
2034:Kluane Red Squirrel Project webpage
1967:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1100:Mercer, J. M.; Roth, V. L. (2003).
951:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
676:Video of a red squirrel eating, in
3074:Fauna of the Eastern United States
2053:Mount Graham Red Squirrel Research
2048:National Museum of Natural History
637:Fresh Red Squirrel tracks in snow.
25:
1471:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1437:Baheyeldin, Khalid (2020-09-05).
2709:
2697:
2685:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2170:Central American dwarf squirrel
2038:Kluane National Park and Reserve
1451:from the original on 2021-11-07.
1074:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12407.x
532:and other tree squirrels (e.g.,
120:
1598:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus loquax
689:Kenai National Wildlife Refuge
542:of the American red squirrel.
30:For the Eurasian species, see
1:
2581:Southern Amazon red squirrel
2573:Northern Amazon red squirrel
2196:(Microsciurus santanderensis)
1287:North American Tree Squirrels
3079:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
3054:Rodents of the United States
1550:United States Forest Service
1491:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90310-7
407:currently classified in the
1637:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1412:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1263:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.014
1090:National Museums of Canada.
538:). There are 25 recognized
442:North American red squirrel
3105:
3039:NatureServe secure species
2643:Southwestern red squirrel
2604:Bangs's mountain squirrel
2277:South Yungas red squirrel
2238:(Rheithrosciurus macrotis)
2180:(Microsciurus flaviventer)
2061:, Fletcher Wildlife Garden
1979:10.1007/s00265-020-02856-7
1567:Wernert, Susan J. (1982).
29:
3084:Mammals described in 1777
2662:
2653:(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
2485:Calabrian black squirrel
2309:Atlantic Forest squirrel
2285:Yellow-throated squirrel
2203:
2194:Santander dwarf squirrel
2112:
2095:Extant species of family
1361:Canadian Field-Naturalist
987:"Tamiasciurus hudsonicus"
625:southwestern red squirrel
547:southwestern red squirrel
477:southwestern red squirrel
426:southwestern red squirrel
376:
367:
246:
241:
222:
215:
117:Scientific classification
115:
95:
73:
64:
55:
46:
41:
2637:(Tamiasciurus douglasii)
2606:(Syntheosciurus brochus)
1542:Silvics of North America
1088:The Squirrels of Canada.
906:Urocyon cinereoargenteus
820:Chief predators include
377:Distribution (including
2780:Tamiasciurus_hudsonicus
2766:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
2736:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
2645:(Tamiasciurus fremonti)
2519:(Sciurus variegatoides)
2236:Tufted ground squirrel
2186:Western dwarf squirrel
1664:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
1355:Payne, Neil F. (1976).
1169:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
1129:10.1126/science.1079705
944:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
723:sp.) buds and catkins,
396:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
226:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
2651:American red squirrel
2535:(Sciurus yucatanensis)
2495:(Sciurus nayaritensis)
2487:(Sciurus meridionalis)
2455:(Sciurus carolinensis)
2453:Eastern gray squirrel
2445:Mexican gray squirrel
2437:Arizona gray squirrel
2389:Western gray squirrel
2287:(Sciurus gilvigularis)
2188:(Microsciurus mimulus)
2178:Amazon dwarf squirrel
1850:10.1098/rspb.2000.1252
1600:in central New York".
1086:Woods, S.E.J. (1980).
958:: e.T42587A115192299.
802:
793:Dispersal and survival
787:Dispersal and survival
692:
680:
660:
638:
601:
42:American red squirrel
2993:Paleobiology Database
2575:(Sciurus igniventris)
2493:Mexican fox squirrel
2447:(Sciurus aureogaster)
2439:(Sciurus arizonensis)
2295:(Sciurus granatensis)
2279:(Sciurus argentinius)
2172:(Microsciurus alfari)
2059:American red squirrel
1726:Nature Communications
1602:Ecological Monographs
1324:Osgood, W.H. (1900).
1165:Steele, M.A. (1998).
940:Cassola, F. (2017) .
801:Red squirrel swimming
800:
785:own territories (see
686:
675:
654:
636:
628:Tamiasciurus fremonti
592:
391:American red squirrel
2517:Variegated squirrel
2343:(Sciurus stramineus)
2325:Richmond's squirrel
2319:(Sciurus pucheranii)
2293:Red-tailed squirrel
2006:Animal Diversity Web
1668:Journal of Mammalogy
1342:10.3996/nafa.19.0001
1330:North American Fauna
874:Corvus brachyrynchos
18:Eastern red squirrel
2583:(Sciurus spadiceus)
2553:Caucasian squirrel
2371:(Sciurus pyrrhinus)
2369:Junín red squirrel
2363:(Sciurus flammifer)
2341:Guayaquil squirrel
2333:Sanborn's squirrel
2327:(Sciurus richmondi)
2269:Brazilian squirrel
1844:(1457): 2081–2085.
1738:2010NatCo...1...22G
1483:1994TEcoE...9..465K
1254:2016MolPE.100..170H
1121:2003Sci...299.1568M
1066:2003Oikos.102...33G
621:Mt. Graham, Arizona
67:Conservation status
2555:(Sciurus anomalus)
2527:(Sciurus vulgaris)
2511:(Sciurus oculatus)
2509:Peters's squirrel
2477:Japanese squirrel
2463:(Sciurus colliaei)
2461:Collie's squirrel
2335:(Sciurus sanborni)
2301:Bolivian squirrel
2271:(Sciurus aestuans)
2000:Rubin, Catherine.
1747:10.1038/ncomms1022
1396:2010-12-30 at the
1016:"Family Sciuridae"
858:Accipiter gentilis
803:
693:
681:
661:
639:
602:
514:John James Audubon
483:is found instead.
399:) is one of three
300:T. h. laurentianus
265:T. h. columbiensis
208:T. hudsonicus
3049:Rodents of Canada
3021:
3020:
2980:Open Tree of Life
2728:Taxon identifiers
2673:
2672:
2635:Douglas squirrel
2533:Yucatan squirrel
2469:Deppe's squirrel
2429:Allen's squirrel
2409:Abert's squirrel
2391:(Sciurus griseus)
2311:(Sciurus ingrami)
2303:(Sciurus ignitus)
2160:(Dwarf squirrels)
1582:978-0-89577-102-5
1462:Kelly, D (1994).
1178:Mammalian Species
1115:(5612): 1568–72.
1029:978-0-8018-8221-0
866:Buteo jamaicensis
673:
579:Pacific Northwest
387:
386:
345:T. h. richardsoni
295:T. h. lanuginosus
110:
90:
16:(Redirected from
3096:
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2701:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:(Pine squirrels)
2569:
2549:
2471:(Sciurus deppei)
2431:(Sciurus alleni)
2425:
2411:(Sciurus aberti)
2405:
2385:
2357:
2317:Andean squirrel
2265:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1902:10.25316/ir-1436
1896:(5): 1242–1244.
1887:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1759:
1749:
1717:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1546:Washington, D.C.
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1501:. Archived from
1468:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1418:(7): 1202–1208.
1407:
1401:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:10.5962/p.344997
1352:
1346:
1345:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1300:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1204:. Archived from
1175:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
983:
977:
976:
974:
972:
967:
937:
882:Martes americana
854:northern goshawk
850:Bubo virginianus
846:great horned owl
751:. Females enter
674:
619:, found only on
575:British Columbia
571:Douglas squirrel
530:flying squirrels
501:Sciurus vulgaris
481:Douglas squirrel
418:Douglas squirrel
372:
355:T. h. ungavensis
320:T. h. pallescens
310:T. h. lychnuchus
290:T. h. kenaiensis
270:T. h. dakotensis
255:T. h. abieticola
250:T. h. hudsonicus
228:
125:
124:
104:
101:
100:
84:
79:
78:
51:
39:
21:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2967:Observation.org
2965:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2730:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2658:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2588:
2562:
2542:
2503:(Sciurus niger)
2418:
2398:
2378:
2361:Fiery squirrel
2350:
2258:
2243:
2227:Rheithrosciurus
2220:
2201:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2108:
2093:
2024:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1707:(20 June 2008).
1699:
1695:
1680:10.2307/1380818
1661:
1660:
1656:
1649:10.1139/z70-079
1634:
1633:
1629:
1614:10.2307/1948465
1595:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1544:. Vol. 1.
1525:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1424:10.1139/z03-096
1409:
1408:
1404:
1398:Wayback Machine
1386:
1382:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1301:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1186:10.2307/3504443
1173:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1030:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
985:
984:
980:
970:
968:
939:
938:
934:
930:
878:American marten
862:red-tailed hawk
826:Lynx canadensis
795:
782:
745:
663:
655:Eating nut, in
649:
644:
610:Rocky Mountains
587:
563:
496:
350:T. h. streatori
315:T. h. minnesota
275:T. h. dixiensis
237:
230:
224:
211:
119:
111:
102:
98:
91:
80:
76:
69:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3102:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2846:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2756:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2631:
2629:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2595:Syntheosciurus
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2382:Hesperosciurus
2375:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2031:
2023:
2022:External links
2020:
2018:
2017:
1992:
1950:
1915:
1873:
1824:
1779:
1709:
1693:
1674:(4): 809–810.
1654:
1643:(3): 471–473.
1627:
1608:(3): 227–268.
1588:
1581:
1559:
1518:
1477:(12): 465–70.
1454:
1429:
1402:
1380:
1347:
1316:
1295:
1277:
1221:
1150:
1092:
1079:
1043:
1028:
1006:
978:
931:
929:
926:
890:Martes caurina
886:pacific marten
794:
791:
781:
778:
766:witches' broom
744:
741:
729:Arctostaphylos
648:
645:
643:
640:
586:
583:
562:
559:
495:
492:
438:piney squirrel
405:tree squirrels
385:
384:
374:
373:
365:
364:
363:
362:
360:T. h. ventorum
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:T. h. petulans
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
285:T. h. gymnicus
282:
280:T. h. fremonti
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
244:
243:
239:
238:
231:
220:
219:
213:
212:
205:
203:
199:
198:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
113:
112:
96:
93:
92:
74:
71:
70:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3101:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2525:Red squirrel
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2501:Fox squirrel
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2479:(Sciurus lis)
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:Guerlinguetus
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1519:
1508:on 2010-05-25
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1298:
1296:9781588341006
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1211:on 2016-03-04
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
995:
993:
988:
982:
979:
966:
961:
957:
953:
952:
947:
945:
936:
933:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:Vulpes vulpes
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:American crow
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:Canis latrans
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
814:
812:
808:
799:
792:
790:
788:
779:
777:
774:
769:
767:
762:
759:
754:
750:
742:
740:
737:
734:
733:snowshoe hare
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:sp.) leaves,
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
685:
679:
658:
653:
646:
641:
635:
631:
629:
626:
622:
618:
617:
611:
607:
600:
596:
595:Gatineau Park
591:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
560:
558:
556:
555:T. hudsonicus
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
493:
491:
489:
484:
482:
478:
475:
471:
467:
466:United States
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:pine squirrel
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
392:
382:
381:
375:
371:
366:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:T. h. regalis
338:
336:
335:T. h. preblei
333:
331:
330:T. h. picatus
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:T. h. baileyi
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
245:
240:
235:
229:
227:
221:
218:
217:Binomial name
214:
210:
209:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
123:
118:
114:
108:
94:
88:
83:
82:Least Concern
72:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3044:Tamiasciurus
2735:
2664:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2636:
2618:Tamiasciurus
2616:
2605:
2593:
2582:
2574:
2565:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2362:
2354:Hadrosciurus
2353:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2248:
2237:
2225:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2153:Microsciurus
2151:
2142:Sciuromorpha
2009:. Retrieved
2005:
1995:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1893:
1889:
1876:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1802:
1798:
1729:
1725:
1704:
1696:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1570:
1562:
1541:
1536:
1530:Picea glauca
1529:
1521:
1510:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1474:
1470:
1457:
1442:
1432:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1389:
1383:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1286:
1280:
1245:
1241:
1236:Tamiasciurus
1235:
1213:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1180:(586): 1–9.
1177:
1168:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1060:(1): 33–44.
1057:
1053:
1046:
1019:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
990:
981:
969:. Retrieved
955:
949:
943:
935:
921:
913:
905:
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
857:
849:
841:
833:
825:
819:
815:
804:
783:
770:
763:
746:
743:Reproduction
738:
728:
720:
712:
705:Picea glauca
704:
701:white spruce
694:
627:
614:
603:
593:Front view,
585:Distribution
568:
564:
554:
550:
544:
533:
526:Tamiasciurus
525:
517:
505:
499:
497:
485:
454:red squirrel
453:
452:, or simply
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:T. douglasii
421:
413:Tamiasciurus
411:
395:
394:
390:
388:
378:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
305:T. h. loquax
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
225:
223:
207:
206:
195:Tamiasciurus
194:
36:
32:red squirrel
2941:NatureServe
2863:iNaturalist
2760:Wikispecies
2099:(subfamily
1805:(5): 1311.
1248:: 170–182.
992:NatureServe
971:19 February
914:Canis lupus
822:Canada lynx
616:grahamensis
613:subspecies
577:and in the
561:Description
551:T. fremonti
520:. A recent
474:conspecific
430:T. fremonti
380:T. fremonti
242:Subspecies
107:NatureServe
3028:Categories
2566:Urosciurus
2402:Otosciurus
2140:Suborder:
2011:2021-06-26
1931:(3): 362.
1925:Écoscience
1757:10613/3207
1512:2017-01-06
1215:2017-01-06
928:References
834:Lynx rufus
697:granivores
540:subspecies
510:Hudson Bay
508:refers to
506:hudsonicus
424:, and the
2946:2.1155932
2564:Subgenus
2544:Subgenus
2420:Subgenus
2400:Subgenus
2380:Subgenus
2352:Subgenus
2260:Subgenus
2116:Kingdom:
2101:Sciurinae
2097:Sciuridae
1987:219176132
1774:205305747
1732:(1): 22.
1367:: 60–64.
1336:: 1–100.
1305:cite book
1202:253900287
807:territory
780:Sociality
758:Gestation
749:ovulators
725:bearberry
659:, Alberta
522:phylogeny
490:forests.
446:chickaree
202:Species:
184:Sciuridae
140:Kingdom:
134:Eukaryota
60:, Quebec
2933:12400253
2881:10201459
2745:Wikidata
2666:Category
2136:Rodentia
2130:Mammalia
2124:Chordata
2122:Phylum:
2118:Animalia
2105:Sciurini
1945:86378466
1910:29543323
1868:11416912
1766:20975694
1705:Newswise
1552:(USFS),
1537:Conifers
1499:21236924
1449:Archived
1394:Archived
1272:27083861
1145:40366357
1137:12595609
1038:26158608
999:17 April
994:Explorer
902:gray fox
691:, Alaska
657:Edmonton
642:Behavior
516:'s work
494:Taxonomy
488:hardwood
234:Erxleben
180:Family:
174:Rodentia
164:Mammalia
154:Chordata
150:Phylum:
144:Animalia
130:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
2920:1001706
2855:2437282
2751:Q326976
2716:Biology
2704:Animals
2692:Mammals
2678:Portals
2422:Sciurus
2250:Sciurus
2134:Order:
2128:Class:
2040:, Yukon
1890:Ecology
1859:1690781
1799:Ecology
1734:Bibcode
1688:1380818
1622:1948465
1479:Bibcode
1444:YouTube
1250:Bibcode
1194:3504443
1117:Bibcode
1109:Science
1062:Bibcode
922:Mustela
916:), and
894:red fox
721:Populus
703:seeds (
647:Feeding
535:Sciurus
462:conifer
458:diurnal
401:species
236:, 1777)
190:Genus:
170:Order:
160:Class:
105: (
103:Secure
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2985:866988
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838:coyote
830:bobcat
811:midden
753:estrus
717:poplar
709:willow
678:Quebec
606:Canada
599:Quebec
470:Canada
450:boomer
3011:17376
2998:52035
2972:87976
2959:10009
2907:42587
2876:IRMNG
2868:46260
2806:54MTK
2793:12319
2546:Tenes
1983:S2CID
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1963:(PDF)
1941:S2CID
1886:(PDF)
1815:JSTOR
1795:(PDF)
1770:S2CID
1684:JSTOR
1618:JSTOR
1506:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1209:(PDF)
1198:S2CID
1190:JSTOR
1174:(PDF)
1141:S2CID
1105:(PDF)
1054:Oikos
776:age.
773:Yukon
713:Salix
409:genus
2954:NCBI
2902:IUCN
2889:ITIS
2850:GBIF
2842:tahu
2827:EPPO
2788:BOLD
1906:PMID
1864:PMID
1762:PMID
1577:ISBN
1495:PMID
1311:link
1291:ISBN
1268:PMID
1133:PMID
1034:OCLC
1024:ISBN
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956:2016
910:wolf
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545:The
468:and
389:The
3006:TSA
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2814:EoL
2801:CoL
2775:ADW
1975:doi
1933:doi
1898:doi
1854:PMC
1846:doi
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1807:doi
1752:hdl
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1676:doi
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