Black-necked grebe - Knowledge (XXG)

862:, sometimes two, of three to four chalky greenish or bluish eggs. Nests that have been parasitized, however, will have two more eggs on average, even though the number the host lays is about the same no matter if it has been parasitized or not. The eggs, although initially immaculate, do get stained by plant matter that the nest is built out of. The eggs measure 45 by 30 millimetres (1.8 by 1.2 in) on average and are incubated by both parents for about 21 days. The laying date of the eggs is somewhat synchronized, with birds in small colonies having the laying dates spread out by just a few days, compared to large colonies, where the laying date is spread out over more than 10 days. 42: 817: 813:. The space between the nests in these colonies is often 1 to 2 metres (3.3 to 6.6 ft). Whether it nests in colonies or not has an effect on the dimensions of the nest. When the bird is not in a colony, the nest has an average diameter of 28 centimetres (11 in), although this can vary, with nests ranging from about 20 centimetres (8 in) to over 30 centimetres (12 in). This is compared to nests in colonies, which have an average diameter of about 25.5 centimetres (10 in). It is suggested that rarely some pairs of this grebe will steward over multiple nests when in colonies. 303:. Its breeding plumage features distinctive ochre-coloured feathers which extend behind its eye and over its ear coverts. The rest of the upper parts, including the head, neck, and breast, are coloured black to blackish brown. The flanks are tawny rufous to maroon-chestnut, and the abdomen is white. In its non-breeding plumage, this bird has greyish-black upper parts, including the top of the head and a vertical stripe on the back of the neck. The flanks are also greyish-black. The rest of the body is a white or whitish colour. The juvenile has more brown in its darker areas. The subspecies 679: 993:

Since West Nile virus is able to survive in brine shrimp (and, for a temporary time, water at specific temperatures), it is likely that grebes could have become infected by eating diseased shrimp and/or swimming in the contaminated water. It is also theorized that West Nile virus could be transmitted among grebes through contact with the excrement of an infected bird, possibly around bodies of water, communal nest sites, areas of cohabitating birds, etc. Avian cholera, another disease that can cause massive die-offs in this species, is transmitted by currently-unknown

60: 1024:. Since this grebe usually winters on the coast, it is also vulnerable to oil pollution. Large-scale disease, such as avian cholera, could threaten the species. These and other factors, such as human disturbance, including collisions with power transmission lines, contribute to declining populations in certain areas. This species used to be threatened in North America by the millinery industry, which helped facilitate the hunting of the birds, and egg collectors. Although this is true, this grebe is hunted in the 848: 956: 609:(IOC). Both common names for this species refer to features visible when the bird is in its breeding plumage; in such plumage, it has an all-black neck and a spray of golden plumes on each side of its head. The name "eared grebe" is nearly a century older than the name "black-necked grebe". The latter was first used in 1912 by Ernst Hartert, in an effort to bring the common name of the species in line with its scientific name. The name "eared grebe" is still used in North America to refer to this bird. 234: 113: 1009:(IUCN). The trend of the population is uncertain, as some populations are decreasing, whereas others are stable, have an uncertain trend, or are increasing. The justification for the current classification of this species is its very large population (estimated around 3.9–4.2 million individuals) combined with a large estimated extent of occurrence (about 155 million km (60 million sq mi)). This grebe is probably the most numerous grebe in the world. 618: 2910: 88: 2922: 675:

on the sides of the neck, there are white ovals. The rest of the neck is grey to brownish-grey in colour and has white that varies in amount. The breast is white, and the abdomen is whitish. The flanks are coloured in a mix of blackish-grey with white flecks. The colour of the bill when not breeding differs from that of the breeding plumage, with the former being significantly more grey.

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the black-necked grebe's overnight fall migration to its wintering grounds. The fat is most concentrated in the abdomen, second most in the thorax, and least in the chest. Migration usually starts earlier when shrimp are more abundant and when the moulting lake is at a higher than average temperature. Birds generally leave on a clear night with lower than average surface temperatures.

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black-necked grebe usually (just under 50% of the time) does not cover its eggs. In comparison, other species of grebes cover up their eggs when leaving the nest. Predation is usually not the primary cause of egg loss, with most nesting failures occurring after the chicks have hatched. A major cause of this is the chilling of the young.

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breeding lake. The displays are performed in the middle of the lake. There is no territory involved in courting; individuals use the whole area of the lake. When advertising for a mate, a black-necked grebe will approach others of its species with its body fluffed out and its neck erect. It closes its beak to perform a call,

366:. In addition, it becomes flightless for at least a month after completing a migration to reach an area where it can safely moult. During this moult, the grebe can double in weight. The migrations to reach these areas are dangerous, sometimes with thousands of grebe deaths. In spite of this, it is classified as a 674:

In non-breeding plumage, the nominate has greyish-black upper parts, cap, nape, and hindneck, with the colour on the upper portion of the latter being contained in a vertical stripe. The dark colour of the cap reaches below the eye and can be seen, diffused, to the ear-coverts. Behind the ear-coverts

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This grebe is one of the most inefficient fliers among birds. Generally, it avoids flying at all costs and reserves long-distance flight exclusively for migration. This is combined with the fact that this bird is flightless for 35–40 days during its moult. However, when migrating, it travels as much

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between August and September, which makes them unable to fly. The moult is preceded by an increase in weight. During the moult, the breast muscles atrophy. When the moult is completed, birds continue to gain weight, often more than doubling their original weight. This additional fat is used to power

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The young are fed one at a time by the parents, with one bird carrying the young while the other feeds it. The young take food by grabbing it, with their beaks, from their parents, or by grabbing food dropped into the water. When a young bird cannot grab the food, then the adults submerge their bill

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have been recorded in the past. In 2013, at the Great Salt Lake, for example, there was an outbreak of West Nile virus which caused one of the largest recorded avian die-offs in the US. The cause of the outbreak and modes of transmission are unknown, but there has been speculation about the latter.

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When breeding, the black-necked grebe gives a quiet "ooeek" that ascends in pitch from an already high pitch. This call is also used as a territorial call, in addition to a low and fast trill, which itself is also used during courtship. Another call is a short "puuii" or "wit". This grebe is silent

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are often tinged pale grey, with whitish marks behind the eye. On the sides of the head and upper neck, there is a buffy or tawny tinge. The chick is downy and has a blackish-grey head with stripes and spots that are white or pale buff-grey. The throat and foreneck are largely pale. The upper parts

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at lakes with high salinity, however, this bird feeds mostly on brine shrimp. The behaviour of black-necked grebes changes in response to the availability of brine shrimp; bodies of water with more shrimp have more grebes, and grebes spend more time foraging when the number of shrimp and the water

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When breeding is over, some black-necked grebes moult while still on the breeding grounds, but most do so only after a moult migration. This migration is to saline lakes, especially lakes with large numbers of invertebrate prey, so that birds can fatten up while moulting before continuing on the

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After the chicks hatch, the birds will desert their nest. Even though the young can swim and dive during this time, they rarely do, instead staying on the parents' backs for four days after hatching. This behaviour is present in all grebes, and is likely to have evolved because it reduces travel

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Pair formation in the black-necked grebe usually starts during pauses in the migration to the breeding grounds, although it occasionally occurs before, in wintering pairs. This pair formation continues after this grebe has arrived to its breeding grounds. Courtship occurs when it arrives at the

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This species builds its floating nest in the usually shallow water of open lakes. The nest itself is anchored to the lake by plants. It is built by both the male and the female and made out of plant matter. Most of it is submerged, with the bottom of the shallow cup usually being level with the

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When diving, this bird pulls its head back and then arches it forward into the water, with the body following and a slight springing. The legs start moving only after they are underwater. When swimming on the surface of the water, the body of this grebe is relatively high, although none of the

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When disturbed while incubating, this bird usually (just under 50% of the time) partly covers its eggs with nest material when the disruption is not sudden, but a bird with an incomplete clutch usually does not attempt to cover the eggs. When the disruption is sudden, on the other hand, the

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costs, specifically those back to the nest to brood the chicks and give them food. After about 10 days, the parents split the chicks up, with each parent taking care of about half of the brood. After this split, the chicks are independent in about 10 days, and fledge in about three weeks.

711:, is the smallest of the three subspecies, in addition to having a greyer head and upper parts. The adult of this subspecies also has a rufous-brown tinge on its lesser wing-coverts. It also lacks a non-breeding plumage, in addition to the tufts on the side of its head being paler. 351:. The black-necked grebe makes a floating cup nest on an open lake. The nest cup is covered with a disc. This nest is located both in colonies and by itself. During the breeding season, which varies depending on location, this species will lay one (sometimes two) 893:

The black-necked grebe forages mainly by diving from the water, with dives usually lasting less than 30 seconds. These dives are usually shorter in time when in more shallow water. In between dives, this grebe rests for an average of 15 seconds. When feeding on

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Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Vögel Deutschlands: worin nach den sorgfältigsten Untersuchungen und den genauesten Beobachtungen mehr als 900 einheimische Vögel-Gattungen ... beschrieben sind : mit 47 ... nach der Natur gezeichneten illuminirten

359:. After a 21-day incubation period, the eggs hatch, and then the nest is deserted. After about 10 days, the parents split up the chicks between themselves. After this, the chicks become independent in about 10 days, and fledge in about three weeks. 330:

The black-necked grebe uses multiple foraging techniques. Insects, which make up the majority of this bird's diet, are caught either on the surface of the water or when they are in flight; this species occasionally practices

638:-coloured fan of feathers extending behind the eye over the eye-coverts and sides of the nape. This eye is mostly red, with a narrow and paler yellow ring on the inner parts of the eye and an orange-yellow to pinkish-red 885: 883: 880: 629:

The black-necked grebe usually measures between 28 and 34 centimetres (11 and 13 in) in length and weighs 265 to 450 grams (9.3 to 15.9 oz). The bird has a wingspan range of 20.5–21.6 in (52–55 cm). The

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is blackish to drab brown in colour and has a white patch formed by the secondaries and part of the inner primaries. The flanks are coloured tawny rufous to maroon-chestnut and have the occasional blackish fleck. The

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In the Northern Hemisphere, this bird breeds from April to August. In east Africa, the breeding season is at least from January to February, while in southern Africa, the breeding season is from October to April.

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The juvenile black-necked grebe is similar to the non-breeding adult. There are differences, however, including the fact that the dark areas are usually more brownish in the juvenile, with less black. The

844:, where the female lays eggs in the nest of others of their own species is common with nearly 40% of nests being parasitized on average. In terms of territory, this grebe will defend only its nest site. 374:(IUCN). It is likely that this is the most numerous grebe in the world. There are potential threats to it, such as oil spills, but these are not likely to present a major risk to the overall population. 882: 2460:

Ip, Hon S.; Van Wettere, Arnaud J.; McFarlane, Leslie; Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie; Dickson, Sammie Lee; Baker, JoDee; Hatch, Gary; Cavender, Kimberly; Long, Renee; Bodenstein, Barbara (2014).

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usually has a longer bill compared to the nominate, and has brown-grey inner primaries during the breeding season. When not breeding, the nominate has diffuse and pale lores less often than

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at hypersaline lakes, it likely uses its large tongue to block the oral cavity. It is hypothesized that it then crushes prey against its palate to remove excess water. It also forages by

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underparts are seen. The neck is held straight up in a relaxed manner, with the bill being held forward and parallel to the water. Each of the feet perform strong alternating strokes.

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and abdomen is white, with an exception to the former being the dark tertials and the mostly pale grey-brown outer primaries. The legs are a dark greenish grey. The sexes are similar.

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Llimona, F.; del Hoyo, Josep; Christie, David A.; Jutglar, F.; Kirwan, G. M. (2017). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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water. Above the cup, there is a flat disc. This grebe nests both in colonies and by itself. When it does not nest by itself, it will often nest in mixed-species colonies made up of

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in Iran, for both commercial and recreational purposes. However, there is no evidence suggesting that these threats could result in a significant risk for the overall population.

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Varo, Nico; Green, Andy J.; Sánchez, Marta I.; Ramo, Cristina; Gómez, Jesús; Amat, Juan A. (2011). "Behavioural and population responses to changing availability of

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winter migration. The moult migration is dangerous, with hundreds and sometimes thousands of birds being killed by snowstorms when traveling to places such as

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to saline lakes to moult. Then, after completing the moult and waiting for sometimes several months, it migrates to winter in places such as the south-western

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Jehl, Joseph R. (1996). "Mass Mortality Events of Eared Grebes in North America (Mortandad en Masa de Individuos de Podiceps Nigricollis en Norte América)".

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as 6,000 kilometres (3,700 miles) to reach rich feeding areas that are exploited by few other species. In flight, the shape of this grebe is like a

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discovered that the description applied more to the black-necked grebe in 1948. Before this, the earliest description was thought to be by

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Mahoney, Sheila A.; Jehl, Joseph R. (1985). "Avoidance of salt-loading by a diving bird at a hypersaline and alkaline lake: Eared grebe".

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foliage, plucking objects off of the surface of water, having its head submerged while swimming, and sometimes capturing flying insects.

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Frank, Maureen G.; Conover, Michael R. (2017). "Weather and prey availability affect the timing of fall migration of eared grebes (

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Lyon, Bruce E.; Everding, Susanne (1996). "High frequency of conspecific brood parasitism in a colonial waterbird, the eared grebe

3435: 3389: 2646: 3132: 2219:"Flying the gantlet: Population characteristics, sampling bias, and migration routes of eared grebes downed in the Utah Desert" 2390:

Jehl, J. R.; Henry, A. E.; Ellis, H. I. (2003). "Optimizing Migration in a Reluctant and Inefficient Flier: The Eared Grebe".

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in breeding plumage has the head, neck, breast, and upper parts coloured black to blackish brown, with the exception of the

1273: 542:. This is a reference to the attachment point of the bird's legs—at the extreme back end of its body. The specific epithet 3272: 3067: 2900: 2192:

Biology of the eared grebe and Wilson's phalarope in the nonbreeding season : a study of adaptations to saline lakes

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and the eastern parts of both Africa and Asia. It also winters in southern Africa, another place where it breeds. In the

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Although it generally avoids flight, the black-necked grebe travels as far as 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) during

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Lund, Melissa; Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie; Dusek, Robert J.; Shivers, Jan; Hofmeister, Erik; Dudley, Edward G. (2017).

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Jobling, James A. del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

741: 3290: 3199: 816: 3163: 1232: 852: 112: 2478: 2305:

Straker, Lorian Cobra; Jehl, Joseph R. (2017). "Rapid mobilization of abdominal fat in migrating eared grebes".

3460: 3440: 3298: 2988: 2462:"West Nile virus transmission in winter: The 2013 Great Salt Lake bald eagle and eared grebes mortality event" 2016: 3450: 2624: 1564:

Cullen, S. A.; Jehl Jr., J. R.; Nuechterlein, G. L.; Poole, A.; Gill, F. (2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.).

41: 3303: 3031: 2950: 689: 665: 656: 648: 640: 451: 441:

is sometimes considered to be a subspecies of this species, in addition to three other extant subspecies:

403: 296: 223: 3350: 2521:"Potential for waterborne and invertebrate transmission of West Nile virus in the Great Salt Lake, Utah" 745: 600: 367: 207: 3049: 1566: 1078: 3394: 3106: 3013: 2786: 2639: 2532: 1907: 1816: 1681: 1179: 233: 2825: 837: 631: 457: 383: 300: 77: 3368: 3264: 1123: 847: 315:

can also be told apart by its lack of a non-breeding plumage. This species is present in parts of

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can be distinguished from the nominate by the former's usually longer bill. The other subspecies,

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Faaborg, John. "Habitat selection and territorial behavior of the small grebes of North Dakota".

1587: 1543: 1200: 765: 492:: is found from southwestern Canada through the western U.S. It winters as far south as Guatemala 107: 3355: 678: 3225: 3445: 3337: 3251: 3080: 2800: 2745: 2594: 2566: 2548: 2501: 2483: 2403: 2361: 2322: 2287: 2240: 2197: 2157: 2055: 1931: 1923: 1872: 1777: 1731: 1619: 1535: 1432: 1380: 1283: 1240: 955: 802: 829:, with the last note only barely audible. Courtship generally stops at the start of nesting. 3342: 2887: 2820: 2761: 2750: 2715: 2705: 2663: 2556: 2540: 2491: 2473: 2395: 2353: 2314: 2279: 2230: 2147: 2106: 2098: 2047: 2012: 1915: 1862: 1824: 1769: 1689: 1579: 1527: 1192: 1073: 899: 841: 399: 356: 332: 292: 3376: 3036: 3311: 2909: 2842: 2659: 2632: 1727:

The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species

989: 773: 438: 391: 1949:

Broekhuysen, G. J.; Frost, P. C. H. (1968). "Nesting hehaviour of the black-necked grebe

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Broekhuysen, G. J.; Frost, P. C. H. (1968). "Nesting hehaviour of the black-necked grebe

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Jehl, Joseph R.; Henry, Annette E. (2010). "The postbreeding migration of eared grebes".

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in Southern Africa. II: Laying, clutch size, egg size, incubation and nesting success".

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Herrera, Néstor; Rivera, Roberto; Ibarra Portillo, Ricardo; Rodríguez, Wilfredo (2006).

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and/or pathogens, as well as problems with feather waterproofing putting birds at risk.

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Winkler, David W.; Cooper, Scott D. (2008). "Ecology of migrant black-necked grebes

2120: 2024: 1847:"Courtship, hostile behavior, nest-establishment and egg laying in the eared grebe ( 1547: 311:, can be differentiated by its greyer head and upper parts and by its smaller size. 59: 3085: 3072: 2938: 2873: 2862: 2830: 2700: 1236: 895: 395: 348: 1828: 3059: 2399: 1725: 1613: 1426: 764:, although the wintering population there is mainly restricted to islands in the 355:

of three to four eggs. The number of eggs is sometimes larger due to conspecific

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The National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Eastern region

1017: 434: 2921: 2357: 3402: 2736: 2102: 1694: 1669: 981: 910: 769: 753: 469: 465: 336: 320: 2973: 2552: 2487: 2365: 2326: 2291: 2244: 2161: 2059: 1927: 1876: 1781: 1539: 1953:(Brehm) in Southern Africa. I. The reaction of disturbed incubating birds". 1334: 936: 810: 777: 761: 124: 3124: 2570: 2505: 1935: 641: 17: 1583: 1196: 980:

Large-scale deaths (such as 150,000 birds on the Salton Sea in 1992) from

792:, usually forming large colonies when breeding and large flocks when not. 2967: 2811: 2544: 1401:"Eared Grebe Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology" 1226: 1013: 1005:

As of 2016, the black-necked grebe is classified as least concern by the

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is sometimes used for this species, a placement which was formalized by

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Baird, Spencer Fullerton; Brewer, Thomas Mayo; Ridgway, Robert (1884).

914: 776:. When not breeding, its habitat is primarily saline lakes and coastal 340: 2318: 720:

when it is not the breeding season and when it is feeding or resting.

654:. Sometimes, the foreneck can be found to be mostly tinged brown. The 3316: 1919: 1531: 1377:

The Birds of the Western Palearctic (BWP) concise edition (2 volumes)

1016:, pathogens, and the impairment of feather waterproofing can lead to 906: 461: 316: 134: 3212: 2944: 2235: 2218: 2152: 2135: 2051: 1867: 1846: 1773: 690: 3098: 2615: 649: 3093: 2673: 2655: 954: 918: 877: 846: 815: 677: 635: 616: 605:"Black-necked grebe" has been designated the official name by the 344: 289: 174: 164: 3111: 3329: 965: 806: 733: 729: 154: 2948: 2628: 299:. There are currently three accepted subspecies, including the 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1041: 2217:

Jehl, Joseph R.; Henry, Annette E.; Bond, Suzanne I. (1999).

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Lyon, Bruce (2018). "Why do some birds carry their chicks?".

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Gaunt, Abbot S.; Hikida, Robert S.; Jehl, Joseph R. (1990).

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10.1371/currents.outbreaks.b0f031fc8db2a827d9da0f30f0766871

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in 1831, who gave this bird its current scientific name of

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into the water and shake their bill to break up the food.

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are mostly dark grey in colour, and the abdomen is white.

468:(wintering to the south and west), in central and eastern 27:

Water bird from parts of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas

2136:"Rapid atrophy and hypertrophy of an avian flight muscle" 1993:"Behavioral and physiological responses of eared grebes ( 968:: straight neck, legs trailing, and wings beating often. 2017:

10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[12:baproe]2.0.co;2

1495:[New records for the avifauna of El Salvador] 394:. This was originally thought to be a synonym for the 2898: 1559: 1557: 1428:

Smithsonian Field Guide to the Birds of North America

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This species breeds in vegetated areas of freshwater

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British Ornithologists' Club Occasional Publications

2957: 2871: 2809: 2784: 2759: 2734: 2689: 2671: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1379:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 24–26. 1375:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998). 412:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

2196:. Los Angeles, CA: Cooper Ornithological Society. 2189: 1565: 1493:"Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador" 1178: 1079:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696610A132584321.en 905:This grebe eats mostly insects, of both adult and 1972:Ladhams, D. E. (1968). "Diving times of grebes". 1840: 1838: 1618:(2 ed.). New York City: Knopf. p. 344. 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 2385: 2383: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1501:Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología 1103:Mlíkovský, Jiří. "Types of the Podicipedidae". 1098: 1096: 1637: 1635: 1007:International Union for Conservation of Nature 372:International Union for Conservation of Nature 2640: 1991:Caudell, Joe N.; Conover, Michael R. (2006). 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1370: 1368: 942:After the moult migration, birds moult their 8: 2183: 2181: 2179: 1431:. New York City: HarperCollins. p. 77. 1275:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 295:of water birds. It was described in 1831 by 2423: 2421: 2419: 1670:"Nesting biology of the black-necked grebe" 1467:Reproductive behaviour of the eared grebe, 917:, tadpoles, and small frogs and fish. When 573: 557: 527: 501: 347:at saline lakes, this bird feeds mostly on 343:, tadpoles, and small frogs and fish. When 2945: 2647: 2633: 2625: 1612:Bull, John L.; Farrand, Jr., John (1994). 232: 86: 58: 40: 31: 2560: 2495: 2477: 2234: 2151: 2110: 1866: 1693: 1077: 748:United States. After breeding, this bird 410:from a German bird. To resolve this, the 1309:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 1305:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology" 1189:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 3200:black-necked-grebe-podiceps-nigricollis 2905: 1037: 2589:Ogilvie, Malcolm; Rose, Chris (2003). 2525:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2085:prey by moulting black-necked grebes, 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 607:International Ornithological Committee 2618:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology) 1341:. International Ornithologists' Union 1335:"Grebes, flamingos & tropicbirds" 1278:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1129:(in German). B.F. Voigt. p. 963. 7: 3456:Taxa named by Christian Ludwig Brehm 3164:939f623d-cfb5-49f8-8157-8adce99cea22 889:Video including a juvenile being fed 429:This bird is closely related to the 382:This species was first described by 3431:IUCN Red List least concern species 2616:Explore Species: Black-necked Grebe 1065:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2284:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1986.tb02700.x 1465:McAllister, Nancy Mahoney (1955). 25: 2346:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 2005:Western North American Naturalist 1997:) to variations in brine shrimp ( 1724:Hauber, Mark E. (1 August 2014). 1576:The Birds of North America Online 1520:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 705:Podiceps nigricollis californicus 2932: 2920: 2908: 1228:The Water Birds of North America 1122:Brehm, Christian Ludwig (1831). 111: 2593:. Uxbridge, UK: Bruce Coleman. 1333:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). 1054:BirdLife International (2018). 840:. Conspecific or intraspecific 596:comes from the name of British 592:comes from "California", while 1478:University of British Columbia 500:, comes from two Latin words: 1: 1845:McAllister, Nancy M. (1958). 1829:10.1080/00306525.1968.9634310 1469:Podiceps caspicus nigricollis 760:, it winters as far south as 482:: is found in southern Africa 71:, adult non-breeding plumage 2430:Journal of Field Ornithology 2400:10.1007/978-3-662-05957-9_13 1359: 1259: 1191:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 820:Black-necked grebes courting 335:. This grebe dives to catch 2270:at Mono Lake, California". 1955:Bonner zoologische Beiträge 1668:Bochenski, Zygmunt (1961). 1339:World Bird List Version 7.3 3482: 2662:: Podicipediformes · 2358:10.1676/1559-4491-129.1.98 1503:(in Spanish and English). 1311:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions 836:The black-necked grebe is 682:Adult (right) and juvenile 2344:) from Great Salt Lake". 2103:10.1007/s10750-010-0596-x 1695:10.1080/00063656109475982 1425:Ted Floyd (27 May 2008). 1360:Ogilvie & Rose (2003) 1272:Jobling, James A (2010). 1260:Ogilvie & Rose (2003) 1233:Little, Brown and Company 1072:: e.T22696610A132584321. 853:Museum Wiesbaden, Germany 625:, in non-breeding plumage 588:. The subspecies epithet 240: 231: 213: 206: 108:Scientific classification 106: 84: 75: 66: 57: 53:, adult breeding plumage 48: 39: 34: 2307:Journal of Avian Biology 1762:Journal of Avian Biology 724:Distribution and habitat 707:. The other subspecies, 460:, is found from western 3436:Birds described in 1831 709:P. n. gurneyi 472:, and in eastern Africa 313:P. n. gurneyi 309:P. n. gurneyi 960: 922:temperature decrease. 890: 855: 821: 683: 626: 574: 558: 528: 502: 404:Christian Ludwig Brehm 297:Christian Ludwig Brehm 3351:Paleobiology Database 2188:Jehl, Joseph (1988). 1584:10.2173/bow.eargre.01 1405:www.allaboutbirds.org 1197:10.2173/bow.eargre.01 1180:"Black-necked Grebe ( 958: 888: 850: 819: 788:This grebe is highly 681: 620: 601:John Henry Gurney Sr. 368:least concern species 288:) is a member of the 3408:Podiceps-nigricollis 3159:Fauna Europaea (new) 2989:Podiceps nigricollis 2959:Podiceps nigricollis 2833:(or Slavonian grebe) 2545:10.1128/AEM.00705-17 2394:. pp. 199–209. 2342:Podiceps nigricollis 2268:Podiceps nigricollis 2087:Podiceps nigricollis 1995:Podiceps nigricollis 1951:Podiceps nigricollis 1805:Podiceps nigricollis 1758:Podiceps nigricollis 1569:Podiceps nigricollis 1182:Podiceps nigricollis 1058:Podiceps nigricollis 809:, and various other 414:suppressed the name 408:Podiceps nigricollis 285:Podiceps nigricollis 217:Podiceps nigricollis 2826:Great crested grebe 2591:Grebes of the World 2537:2017ApEnM..83E.705L 1999:Artemia franciscana 1912:2018Ecol...99..241L 1821:1968Ostri..39..242B 1686:1961BirdS...8....6B 1644:The Wilson Bulletin 930:Moult and migration 909:stages, as well as 838:socially monogamous 736:, Africa, northern 632:nominate subspecies 384:Carl Ludwig Hablitz 301:nominate subspecies 199:P. nigricollis 78:Conservation status 35:Black-necked grebe 3466:Cosmopolitan birds 2837:Black-necked grebe 2796:Hoary-headed grebe 2771:White-tufted grebe 2711:Australasian grebe 961: 891: 858:This grebe lays a 856: 822: 803:black-headed gulls 766:Gulf of California 684: 627: 496:The generic name, 486:P. n. californicus 276:black-necked grebe 267: Non-breeding 3418: 3417: 3338:Open Tree of Life 2951:Taxon identifiers 2896: 2895: 2801:New Zealand grebe 2746:Pied-billed grebe 2531:(14): e00705-17. 2409:978-3-642-07780-7 2319:10.1111/jav.01007 1849:Podiceps caspicus 1737:978-0-226-05781-1 1625:978-0-679-42852-7 1438:978-0-06-112040-4 1289:978-1-4081-2501-4 984:, avian cholera, 886: 491: 481: 455: 446:P. n. nigricollis 418:. The genus name 390:, from a bird in 388:Colymbus caspicus 272: 271: 101: 16:(Redirected from 3473: 3411: 3410: 3398: 3397: 3385: 3384: 3372: 3371: 3359: 3358: 3346: 3345: 3333: 3332: 3320: 3319: 3307: 3306: 3294: 3293: 3281: 3280: 3278:NBNSYS0000000225 3268: 3267: 3255: 3254: 3242: 3241: 3229: 3228: 3216: 3215: 3203: 3202: 3190: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3167: 3166: 3154: 3153: 3141: 3140: 3128: 3127: 3115: 3114: 3102: 3101: 3089: 3088: 3076: 3075: 3063: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3040: 3039: 3027: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3014:32DCEC14D7AE129B 3004: 3003: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2925: 2924: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2839:(or eared grebe) 2821:Red-necked grebe 2716:Madagascar grebe 2706:Tricolored grebe 2666:: Podicipedidae) 2649: 2642: 2635: 2626: 2604: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2499: 2481: 2457: 2446: 2445: 2425: 2414: 2413: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2238: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2195: 2185: 2174: 2173: 2155: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2114: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2035: 2029: 2028: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1920:10.1002/ecy.2025 1895: 1889: 1888: 1870: 1842: 1833: 1832: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1753: 1742: 1741: 1721: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1665: 1652: 1651: 1639: 1630: 1629: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1573: 1561: 1552: 1551: 1532:10.1676/09-047.1 1515: 1509: 1508: 1498: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1462: 1443: 1442: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1372: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1186: 1174: 1131: 1130: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1100: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1051: 887: 851:Egg, Collection 842:brood parasitism 692: 668: 659: 651: 643: 587: 584: 581: 577: 571: 568: 565: 561: 555: 552: 549: 541: 538: 535: 531: 525: 522: 519: 515: 512: 509: 505: 490:(Heermann, 1854) 489: 479: 449: 416:C. caspicus 400:Erwin Stresemann 357:brood parasitism 333:foliage gleaning 266: 260: 254: 248: 236: 219: 165:Podicipediformes 116: 115: 95: 90: 89: 62: 44: 32: 21: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3461:Holarctic birds 3441:Birds of Africa 3421: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3406: 3401: 3393: 3388: 3380: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3315: 3312:Observation.org 3310: 3302: 3297: 3289: 3284: 3276: 3271: 3263: 3258: 3250: 3245: 3237: 3232: 3224: 3219: 3211: 3206: 3198: 3193: 3185: 3183: 3175: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3136: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3097: 3092: 3084: 3079: 3071: 3066: 3058: 3056: 3048: 3043: 3035: 3030: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3007: 3001: 2996: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2953: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2867: 2843:Colombian grebe 2805: 2780: 2755: 2730: 2685: 2667: 2653: 2622: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2459: 2458: 2449: 2427: 2426: 2417: 2410: 2392:Avian Migration 2389: 2388: 2381: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2236:10.2307/4089464 2216: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2187: 2186: 2177: 2153:10.2307/4087994 2133: 2132: 2128: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2052:10.2307/1367221 2037: 2036: 2032: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1868:10.2307/4081975 1844: 1843: 1836: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1774:10.2307/3677228 1755: 1754: 1745: 1738: 1723: 1722: 1703: 1667: 1666: 1655: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1464: 1463: 1446: 1439: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1247: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1209: 1207: 1176: 1175: 1134: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1053: 1052: 1039: 1034: 1003: 990:West Nile virus 978: 953: 932: 878: 876: 798: 786: 774:Baja California 732:across Europe, 726: 717: 699:The subspecies 694: 670: 661: 653: 645: 615: 585: 582: 579: 569: 566: 563: 553: 550: 547: 539: 536: 533: 523: 520: 517: 513: 510: 507: 480:(Roberts, 1919) 439:Colombian grebe 392:Bandar-e Anzali 380: 268: 264: 262: 258: 256: 252: 250: 246: 227: 221: 215: 202: 110: 102: 91: 87: 80: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3451:Birds of Nepal 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3423: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3399: 3386: 3373: 3360: 3347: 3334: 3321: 3308: 3295: 3282: 3269: 3256: 3243: 3230: 3217: 3204: 3191: 3181: 3168: 3155: 3146:Fauna Europaea 3142: 3129: 3116: 3103: 3090: 3077: 3064: 3054: 3041: 3028: 3018: 3005: 2994: 2979: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2776:Titicaca grebe 2773: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2669: 2668: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2610:External links 2608: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2511: 2447: 2436:(3): 471–476. 2415: 2408: 2379: 2332: 2313:(4): 465–471. 2297: 2278:(4): 483–491. 2258: 2229:(1): 178–183. 2209: 2202: 2175: 2146:(4): 649–659. 2126: 2097:(1): 163–171. 2073: 2046:(3): 389–397. 2030: 1983: 1964: 1941: 1906:(1): 241–243. 1890: 1861:(3): 290–311. 1834: 1815:(4): 242–252. 1795: 1743: 1736: 1701: 1653: 1631: 1624: 1604: 1567:"Eared Grebe ( 1553: 1526:(2): 217–227. 1510: 1483: 1474:Master of Arts 1444: 1437: 1417: 1392: 1385: 1364: 1362:, pp. 102–103. 1352: 1322: 1295: 1288: 1264: 1252: 1245: 1217: 1132: 1114: 1092: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1026:Gilan Province 1002: 999: 986:avian botulism 977: 974: 952: 949: 931: 928: 875: 872: 797: 794: 785: 782: 725: 722: 716: 713: 688: 664: 655: 647: 639: 614: 611: 494: 493: 483: 473: 466:temperate Asia 437:. The extinct 424:Robert Ridgway 379: 376: 270: 269: 263: 257: 255: Resident 251: 249: Breeding 245: 243:P. nigricollis 238: 237: 229: 228: 222: 211: 210: 204: 203: 196: 194: 190: 189: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 104: 103: 85: 82: 81: 76: 73: 72: 64: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3478: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2889: 2888:Clark's grebe 2886: 2884: 2883:Western grebe 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2853:Silvery grebe 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2787:Poliocephalus 2783: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2751:Atitlán grebe 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2721:Alaotra grebe 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2600:1-872842-03-8 2596: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:PLOS Currents 2463: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352:(1): 98–111. 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2203:0-935868-39-9 2199: 2194: 2193: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091:Hydrobiologia 2088: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1974:British Birds 1968: 1965: 1961:(3): 350–361. 1960: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650:(3): 390–399. 1649: 1645: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1608: 1605: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1487: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1421: 1418: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1386:0-19-854099-X 1382: 1378: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1246:9780665056529 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1221: 1218: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1118: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1022:avian cholera 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1000: 998: 996: 991: 987: 983: 975: 973: 969: 967: 957: 950: 948: 945: 940: 938: 929: 927: 923: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 873: 871: 867: 863: 861: 854: 849: 845: 843: 839: 834: 830: 828: 818: 814: 812: 808: 804: 795: 793: 791: 783: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 738:South America 735: 731: 723: 721: 715:Vocalizations 714: 712: 710: 706: 702: 697: 693: 680: 676: 672: 669: 660: 652: 644: 637: 633: 624: 619: 612: 610: 608: 603: 602: 599: 598:ornithologist 595: 591: 576: 560: 546:is Latin for 545: 530: 504: 499: 487: 484: 477: 476:P. n. gurneyi 474: 471: 467: 463: 459: 453: 447: 444: 443: 442: 440: 436: 432: 431:silvery grebe 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 377: 375: 373: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 261: Passage 244: 239: 235: 230: 225: 220: 218: 212: 209: 208:Binomial name 205: 201: 200: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175:Podicipedidae 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 114: 109: 105: 99: 94: 93:Least Concern 83: 79: 74: 70: 65: 61: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 2958: 2874:Aechmophorus 2872: 2863:Hooded grebe 2836: 2831:Horned grebe 2810: 2785: 2760: 2735: 2701:Little grebe 2690: 2680: 2672: 2621: 2590: 2582:Bibliography 2528: 2524: 2514: 2469: 2465: 2433: 2429: 2391: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2191: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2011:(1): 12–22. 2008: 2004: 2001:) densities" 1998: 1994: 1986: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1726: 1677: 1673: 1647: 1643: 1614: 1607: 1595:. 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