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294:. This explains the attraction of some territorial princes to Lutheranism. However, the Elector of Brandenburg, Joachim I, blamed Lutheranism for the revolt and so did others. In Brandenburg, it was only under his successor Joachim II that Lutheranism was established, and the old religion was not formally extinct in Brandenburg until the death of the last Catholic bishop there,
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334:(1472–1553), the great painter patronized by the electors of Wittenberg, was a close friend of Luther, and illustrated Luther's theology for a popular audience. He dramatized Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery.
327:
Luther strengthened his attacks on Rome by depicting a "good" against "bad" church. From there, it became clear that print could be used for propaganda in the
Reformation for particular agendas. Reformist writers used pre-Reformation styles, clichés, and stereotypes and changed items as needed for their own purposes.
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saw the beginning of the
Reformation. While the centralized states of western Europe had reached accords with the Vatican permitting them to draw on the rich property of the church for government expenditures, enabling them to form state churches that were greatly autonomous of Rome, similar moves on
326:
The
Reformation and printing press combined to mark a major breakthrough in the spread of literacy. From 1517 onward religious pamphlets flooded Germany and much of Europe. By 1530, over 10,000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies. The Reformation was thus a media revolution.
289:
In
Northern Europe, Luther appealed to the growing national consciousness of the German states because he denounced the Pope for involvement in politics as well as religion. Moreover, he backed the nobility, which was now justified to crush the Great Peasant Revolt of 1525 and to confiscate church
219:
to the various German states and principalities. There were many advances made in the development of new techniques in the fields of architecture, the arts, and the sciences. This also marked the time within
Germany of a rise of power, independent city states, and spread of
266:(1521) prohibited all innovations. With efforts to be understood as Catholic reformer as opposed to a heretical revolutionary, and to appeal to German princes with his religious condemnation of the peasant revolts backed up by the
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which united the German-speaking territories outside of
Austria and Switzerland under Prussian leadership in 1871. This later served as the predecessor-state of modern Germany.
1199:
530:. Prussia's victory weakened Austria's prestige and Maria Theresa, and gave Prussia an effective equality with Austria within the Holy Roman Empire" for the next century.
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in 1555, but these efforts would ultimately fall short and culminate in one of the most destructive conflicts the
European continent had yet seen, the
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behalf of the Empire were unsuccessful so long as princes and prince bishops fought reforms to drop the pretension of the secular universal empire.
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98:), the progression of the Reformation would divide the German states among new religious lines: the north, the east, and many of the major cities—
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207:, was a cultural and artistic movement that spread among German thinkers in the 15th and 16th centuries, which originated with the
1940:
von
Friedeburg, Robert. "Dickens, the German Reformation, and the issue of nation and fatherland in early modern German history,"
376:, but gradually developed into a general, political war involving most of Europe. The Thirty Years' War was a continuation of the
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286:(1529) and rejection of the Lutheran "Augsburg Confession" at Augsburg (1530), a separate Lutheran church finally emerged.
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Wilson, Peter H. "Historiographical
Reviews: Still a Monstrosity? Some Reflections on Early Modern German Statehood,"
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Brady, Thomas A. "From
Revolution to the Long Reformation: Writings in English on the German Reformation, 1970-2005,"
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in Italy. This was a result of German artists who had traveled to Italy to learn more and become inspired by the
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49:(c. 1500–1800) were divided politically and religiously. Religious tensions between the states comprising the
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armies, was the extensive destruction of entire regions, denuded by the foraging armies. Episodes of
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fought the Reformation, it is no coincidence either that the reign of his nationalistic predecessor
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Gawthrop, Richard, and Gerald Strauss. "Protestantism and literacy in early modern Germany,"
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Illustrations in the newly translated Bible and in many tracts popularized Luther's ideas.
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movement. Many areas of the arts and sciences were influenced, notably by the spread of
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The Empire was formally dissolved on 6 August 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor
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Witchcraft, Madness, Society, and Religion in Early Modern Germany: A Ship of Fools
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The Reformation of Feeling: Shaping the Religious Emotions in Early Modern Germany
1918:
1905:
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Power in the Blood: Popular Culture and Village Discourse in Early Modern Germany
466:, often on Classical themes and frequently quite violent. Erotic, religious and
69:, led to unprecedented levels of violence and political upheaval for the region.
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for European political pre-eminence, and in turn led to further warfare between
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Christoph Weimer, "Luther and Cranach on Justification in Word and Image."
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The Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine was replaced by a new union, the
446:'s adventures of the young and naïve Simplicissimus, in the eponymous book
126:(1618–1648) which ended with the adoption of the incredibly consequential
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was the redistribution to secular states of the secular lands held by an
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French Revolutionary Wars and final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
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that occurred in 1795–1814, during the latter part of the era of the
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failed to produce a male heir, he bequeathed lands to his daughter
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significantly decreased the populace of the German states and the
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in 1529, Melanchthon joined with Luther in opposing a union with
65:(1419–1434). The defining religious movement of this period, the
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was at war with various parts of the Empire intermittently. The
1970:
254:, emphasized this point in his plea for the Reformation at the
1784:
Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany
2091:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
1830:
He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany
1803:(2011), 862 pp; 35 essays by specialists; Germany since 1760
636:
until the Habsburg empire's final dissolution in 1918 in the
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principally fought in Germany, where it involved most of the
72:
Usually considered to have begun with the publication of the
391:
The major impact of the Thirty Years' War, fought mostly by
628:
survived the demise of the Empire, continuing to reign as
430:. Many writers reflected the horrible experiences of the
161:
would prove to be the driving internal force behind the
114:
while the southern and western regions largely remained
1881:
Martin Luther: Exploring His Life and Times, 1483–1546.
1452:, 1576–1612 (emperor-elect; enumerated as successor of
450:, became the most famous novel of the Baroque period.
137:
as the primary competitor to the previously hegemonic
514:" of 1713. After his death in 1740 the Prussian king
616:). Napoleon reorganized much of the Empire into the
474:
Rise of Prussia and the end of the Holy Roman Empire
426:(1600 to 1720) was one of the most fertile times in
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2017:
2008:
585:to another, often leaving the annexed some rights.
1742:Reed Browning, "New Views on the Silesian Wars,"
1498:, 1742–1745 (emperor-elect, House of Wittelsbach)
651:. It lasted until 1866 when Prussia founded the
250:in 1524–1525. Luther, along with his colleague
53:had existed during the preceding period of the
1904:(1847) 792 pp; by Germany's foremost scholar
1668:"Thirty Years War — Infoplease.com"
1456:who was German King 1273–1291 but not Emperor)
1982:
1856:(1969), basic introduction by leading scholar
1644:. Western New England College. Archived from
1193:
8:
1801:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History
1061:
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518:attacked Austria and invaded Silesia in the
2101:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
1757:The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947
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2014:
1989:
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133:This period also saw the emergence of the
1609:Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther
1600:
680:
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282:of the Lutheran princes at the Diet of
1915:The Life and Letters of Martin Luther.
1820:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy
1902:History of the Reformation in Germany
1844:Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther
1434:, 1530–1556 (emperor-elect 1519–1530)
522:(1740–1742). Austria lost and in the
7:
1937:2009, Vol. 100, pp 48–64, in English
1714:Richard W. Rahn (21 December 2006).
647:, in 1815, following the end of the
492:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
338:Baroque period and Thirty Years' War
151:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
57:(c. 1250–1500), notably erupting in
1947:Feb 2004, Vol. 77 Issue 195, p79-97
470:appeared in both German and Latin.
1956:, June 2006, Vol. 49#2 pp 565–576
25:
1933:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte
1854:Martin Luther and the Reformation
1538:Baroque period German literature
1166:
1152:
691:
90:, now located within the modern
33:Map of the empire following the
2998:Early modern history of Germany
2193:German revolutions of 1848–1849
2162:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
1774:Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806
960:German revolutions of 1848–1849
540:19th century history of Germany
526:Prussia acquired nearly all of
480:18th century history of Germany
322:The printing press and literacy
2178:Early modern period, 1500–1800
2066:List of early Germanic peoples
1746:Apr 2005, Vol. 69#2 pp 521-534
1589:Croatia in the Habsburg Empire
1568:Kingdom of Bohemia (1648–1867)
1563:Kingdom of Bohemia (1526–1648)
1543:18th-century German literature
1:
2301:History of Germany since 1990
1716:"Avoiding a Thirty Years War"
364:. The conflict began between
143:early modern period in Europe
1919:complete edition online free
1744:Journal of Military History,
1218:Prussian Academy of Sciences
456:Daniel Caspar von Lohenstein
292:Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms
268:Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms
1522:, 1792–1806 (emperor-elect)
1516:, 1790–1792 (emperor-elect)
1510:, 1765–1790 (emperor-elect)
1504:, 1745–1765 (emperor-elect)
1492:, 1711–1740 (emperor-elect)
1486:, 1705–1711 (emperor-elect)
1480:, 1658–1705 (emperor-elect)
1474:, 1637–1657 (emperor-elect)
1468:, 1619–1637 (emperor-elect)
1462:, 1612–1619 (emperor-elect)
1446:, 1564–1576 (emperor-elect)
1440:, 1558-1564 (emperor-elect)
1428:, 1508–1519 (emperor-elect)
1400:Johann Gottfried von Herder
1292:Johann Friedrich Schweitzer
482:sees the ascendancy of the
3014:
2208:North German Confederation
2188:Confederation of the Rhine
1406:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1322:Johann Christoph Gottsched
1238:Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa
1221:
1211:
965:North German Confederation
935:Confederation of the Rhine
653:North German Confederation
626:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
618:Confederation of the Rhine
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341:
304:Prince-Bishop of Ratzeburg
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177:
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1962:10.1017/S0018246X06005334
1906:complete text online free
1883:(book plus CD ROM) (1998)
1394:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
448:Simplicius Simplicissimus
2360:Administrative divisions
1578:Early Modern Switzerland
1533:Early Modern High German
1388:Johann Augustus Eberhard
1376:Johannes Nikolaus Tetens
1358:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
1334:Christian August Crusius
638:aftermath of World War I
490:which lead to the final
486:and the outbreak of the
348:Catholic League (German)
258:of 1529 amid charges of
188:The empire in 1705 from
45:-speaking states of the
1893:Midelfort, H. C. Erik.
1848:excerpt and text search
1811:Pre-reformation Germany
1694:Encyclopædia Britannica
1352:Johann Heinrich Lambert
1340:Johann Bernhard Basedow
1316:Hermann Samuel Reimarus
1268:Jan Baptist van Helmont
1214:17th century philosophy
524:Treaty of Berlin (1742)
378:France-Habsburg rivalry
332:Lucas Cranach the Elder
262:, but the edict by the
159:Austria-Prussia rivalry
2621:Science and technology
2322:History of Brandenburg
2213:Unification of Germany
2203:Frankfurt Constitution
1886:Karant-Nunn, Susan C.
1642:"The Thirty-Years-War"
1607:Mark U. Edwards, Jr.,
1262:Judah Loew ben Bezalel
1062:
948:
817:Linear Pottery culture
663:Science and philosophy
655:, a forerunner of the
458:wrote German language
411:most of the combatant
196:
163:Unification of Germany
38:
2258:Flight and expulsions
1809:Strauss, Gerald, ed.
1624:2004 18(4): 387-405.
1558:Electorate of Bavaria
1553:House of Hohenzollern
1222:Further information:
1212:Further information:
743:Territorial evolution
538:Further information:
342:Further information:
290:property by Luther's
187:
141:. After the close of
32:
2930:World Heritage Sites
2608:German states by GDP
2198:German Confederation
1900:Ranke, Leopold von.
1797:Smith, Helmut Walser
1782:Robisheaux, Thomas.
1670:. www.infoplease.com
1224:Age of Enlightenment
1079:Expulsion of Germans
1045:Contemporary Germany
943:German Confederation
645:German Confederation
550:German Mediatisation
546:revolutionary France
296:Georg von Blumenthal
248:German Peasants' War
205:Northern Renaissance
190:L'Empire d'Allemagne
147:Age of Enlightenment
88:Electorate of Saxony
18:Early Modern Germany
2566:Automobile industry
2152:Carolingian dynasty
2086:History of the Huns
1943:Historical Research
1863:1984 #104 pp 31–55
1861:Past & Present,
1842:Bainton, Roland H.
1755:Christopher Clark,
1724:. www.discovery.org
1721:The Washington Post
1690:"Thirty Years' War"
1548:Brandenburg-Prussia
1419:Holy Roman Emperors
1370:Johann Georg Hamann
1304:Christian Thomasius
1286:Adrian von Mynsicht
893:Early Modern period
880:Eastward settlement
630:Emperors of Austria
614:Treaty of Pressburg
574:was the process of
544:From 1792 onwards,
516:Frederick the Great
417:Peace of Westphalia
252:Philipp Melanchthon
209:Italian Renaissance
153:in 1806 during the
128:Peace of Westphalia
47:early modern period
35:Peace of Westphalia
2636:Telecommunications
2317:History of Prussia
2233:Revolution of 1918
2228:War guilt question
2147:Carolingian Empire
2116:Sack of Rome (410)
2025:History of Germany
1953:Historical Journal
1622:Lutheran Quarterly
1496:Charles VII Albert
1173:History portal
1159:Germany portal
910:Kingdom of Prussia
870:Kingdom of Germany
842:Barbarian kingdoms
552:was the series of
520:First Silesian War
512:Pragmatic sanction
484:Kingdom of Prussia
356:(1618–1648) was a
337:
240:German Reformation
234:German Reformation
228:German Reformation
201:German Renaissance
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180:German Renaissance
174:German Renaissance
135:Kingdom of Prussia
75:Ninety-five Theses
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2478:Foreign relations
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2253:Allied occupation
2157:Holy Roman Empire
1772:Hughes, Michael.
1759:(2006) pp 190-201
1648:on 9 October 1999
1364:Moses Mendelssohn
1298:Gottfried Leibniz
1280:Otto von Guericke
1210:
1209:
1141:
1140:
1035:
1034:
875:Holy Roman Empire
752:Holy Roman Empire
578:the lands of one
562:French Revolution
468:occasional poetry
432:Thirty Years' War
428:German literature
407:and Italy, while
374:Holy Roman Empire
354:Thirty Years' War
139:Habsburg monarchy
124:Thirty Years' War
120:Peace of Augsburg
86:(then within the
51:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
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2915:Prussian virtues
2680:
2588:Economic history
2554:
2448:
2426:
2377:Cities and towns
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2333:Baden Revolution
2137:Treaty of Verdun
2106:Marcomannic Wars
2061:Migration Period
2056:Germanic peoples
2040:Military history
2015:
1991:
1984:
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1911:Smith, Preserved
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1870:Junghans, Helmar
1817:Wilson, Peter H.
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1413:List of emperors
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837:Migration Period
832:Germanic peoples
827:Urnfield culture
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634:Kings of Hungary
622:French satellite
593:ruler such as a
452:Andreas Gryphius
344:Protestant Union
169:The 16th century
55:Late Middle Ages
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2238:Weimar Republic
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2132:Frankish Empire
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2010:
2004:
1995:
1927:
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1852:Dickens, A. G.
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1789:Sabean, David.
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1767:Further reading
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1164:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1143:
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1124:
1103:
1070:
1047:
1037:
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1007:Weimar Republic
980:
970:
969:
956:
925:
915:
914:
895:
885:
884:
860:
852:
851:
847:Frankish Empire
822:Únětice culture
812:
804:
803:
748:Historic states
703:
683:
676:
665:
649:Napoleonic Wars
558:secularisations
542:
536:
500:
488:Napoleonic Wars
476:
362:European powers
350:
340:
324:
300:Bishop of Lebus
236:
230:
182:
176:
171:
155:Napoleonic Wars
82:in the city of
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3011:
3009:
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2989:
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2846:Cultural icons
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2626:Stock exchange
2623:
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2298:
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2282:
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2265:
2263:Denazification
2260:
2255:
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2235:
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2215:
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2073:
2068:
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2046:
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2037:
2035:Historiography
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1938:
1926:
1925:Historiography
1923:
1922:
1921:
1908:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1867:
1857:
1850:
1838:
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1794:
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1659:
1633:
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1599:
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1596:
1593:
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1580:
1575:
1573:Dutch Republic
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
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1528:
1525:
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1435:
1429:
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1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1328:Leonhard Euler
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1252:(c. 1500-1569)
1247:
1241:
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1197:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1162:
1145:
1144:
1139:
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1135:
1133:Modern history
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1108:
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1104:
1102:
1101:
1088:
1085:
1084:
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1074:
1073:1945–1949/1952
1071:
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1048:
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1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
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981:
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849:
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829:
824:
819:
813:
810:
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805:
802:
801:
755:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
713:Historiography
710:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
688:
687:
678:
677:
670:
664:
661:
591:ecclesiastical
587:Secularisation
566:Napoleonic Era
554:mediatisations
535:
532:
499:
496:
475:
472:
444:Grimmelshausen
424:Baroque period
339:
336:
323:
320:
302:and sovereign
232:Main article:
229:
226:
203:, part of the
194:Nicolas de Fer
178:Main article:
175:
172:
170:
167:
145:following the
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3010:
2999:
2996:
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2993:
2978:
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2876:
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2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Social issues
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
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2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
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2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Ethnic groups
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
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2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
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2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
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2555:
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2546:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
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2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
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2486:
2485:
2484:
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2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
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2451:
2449:
2445:
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2400:
2398:
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2393:
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2380:
2378:
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2354:
2351:
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2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Reunification
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:German Empire
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
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2179:
2176:
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2160:
2158:
2155:
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2112:
2109:
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2072:
2069:
2067:
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2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1920:
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1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
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1866:
1862:
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1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1836:
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1827:
1826:Wunder, Heide
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
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1766:
1758:
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1723:
1722:
1717:
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1707:
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1685:
1682:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1647:
1643:
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1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1583:Royal Hungary
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:Ferdinand III
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:Maximilian II
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1417:Early Modern
1412:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:Immanuel Kant
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:Franz Kessler
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1163:
1160:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:Reunification
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
990:
988:
987:German Empire
985:
984:
979:
974:
973:
966:
963:
961:
958:
952:
951:
946:
944:
941:
940:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Mediatisation
928:
927:
924:
919:
918:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
894:
889:
888:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
856:
855:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
811:Early history
808:
807:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
753:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
699:
698:
694:
690:
689:
686:
679:
674:
668:
662:
660:
658:
657:German Empire
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:
577:
573:
572:Mediatisation
569:
567:
564:and then the
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:Maria Theresa
505:
502:When Emperor
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Low Countries
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:religious war
355:
349:
345:
335:
333:
328:
321:
319:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:Diet of Worms
261:
257:
256:Imperial Diet
253:
249:
245:
244:Martin Luther
242:initiated by
241:
235:
227:
225:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
195:
191:
186:
181:
173:
168:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:Saxony-Anhalt
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:Martin Luther
77:
76:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
31:
27:
19:
2963:Bibliography
2837:Coat of arms
2817:Architecture
2794:Trade unions
2774:Prostitution
2734:Homelessness
2697:Demographics
2646:Trade unions
2613:
2603:German model
2576:Central bank
2520:Conservatism
2483:Human rights
2468:Court system
2463:Constitution
2443:
2289:Contemporary
2278:West Germany
2273:East Germany
2248:World War II
2243:Nazi Germany
2183:18th-century
2177:
2142:East Francia
2096:Cimbrian War
1951:
1941:
1931:
1914:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1860:
1853:
1843:
1829:
1819:
1813:(1972) 452pp
1810:
1800:
1790:
1783:
1773:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1719:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1636:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1466:Ferdinand II
1426:Maximilian I
1416:
1256:Johann Weyer
1027:World War II
1017:Nazi Germany
978:German Reich
905:18th century
900:Sectionalism
892:
865:East Francia
642:
603:
586:
571:
570:
543:
501:
477:
464:Trauerspiele
463:
421:
390:
351:
329:
325:
315:Maximilian I
308:
288:
280:protestation
237:
198:
189:
132:
73:
71:
63:Hussite Wars
40:
26:
2764:Pornography
2739:Immigration
2702:Drug policy
2614:Mittelstand
2561:Agriculture
2525:Nationalism
2498:Transgender
2382:Earthquakes
2329:, 1583-1588
2327:Cologne War
2223:World War I
2125:Middle Ages
2111:Gothic Wars
1873: [
1585:(1541–1699)
1438:Ferdinand I
1408:(1749–1832)
1402:(1744–1803)
1396:(1743–1819)
1390:(1739–1809)
1384:(1738–1766)
1382:Thomas Abbt
1378:(1736–1807)
1372:(1730–1788)
1366:(1729–1786)
1360:(1729–1781)
1354:(1728–1777)
1348:(1724–1804)
1342:(1723–1790)
1336:(1715–1775)
1330:(1707–1783)
1324:(1700–1766)
1318:(1694–1768)
1312:(1679–1754)
1306:(1655–1728)
1300:(1646–1716)
1294:(1625–1709)
1288:(1603–1638)
1282:(1602–1686)
1276:(1580–1650)
1270:(1577–1644)
1264:(1525–1609)
1258:(1516–1588)
1246:(1493–1541)
1240:(1486–1535)
997:World War I
923:Unification
859:Middle Ages
794:Württemberg
774:Family tree
682:History of
624:. Francis'
409:bankrupting
366:Protestants
278:. With the
246:led to the
213:Renaissance
192:, a map by
67:Reformation
2925:Television
2910:Philosophy
2885:Literature
2744:Irreligion
2729:Healthcare
2692:Corruption
2458:Chancellor
2447:(military)
2444:Bundeswehr
1595:References
1520:Francis II
1514:Leopold II
1490:Charles VI
1244:Paracelsus
1137:since 1990
1120:New states
1064:Ostgebiete
1057:Occupation
950:Zollverein
798:Mediatised
708:Chronology
606:Francis II
504:Charles VI
298:, who was
272:Zwinglians
224:humanism.
222:Franciscan
112:Protestant
110:—becoming
100:Strasbourg
84:Wittenberg
78:(1517) by
2880:Libraries
2860:Festivals
2707:Education
2651:Transport
2616:companies
2535:President
2473:Elections
2438:Bundesrat
2433:Bundestag
2402:Mountains
2370:Districts
2348:Geography
2081:Visigoths
2018:Overviews
1630:0024-7499
1508:Joseph II
1502:Francis I
1478:Leopold I
1450:Rudolf II
1432:Charles V
1106:1949–1990
1083:1944–1950
1031:1939–1945
1021:1933–1945
1011:1918–1933
1001:1914–1918
991:1871–1918
766:Empresses
580:sovereign
494:in 1806.
460:tragedies
393:mercenary
370:Catholics
311:Charles V
309:Although
165:in 1871.
108:Nuremberg
104:Frankfurt
94:state of
61:with the
2992:Category
2972:Category
2890:Internet
2875:Language
2865:Folklore
2784:Religion
2759:Pensions
2754:Naturism
2631:Taxation
2515:Lobbying
2488:Intersex
2421:Politics
2030:Timeline
2009:General
2002:articles
1837:Religion
1527:See also
1484:Joseph I
1460:Matthias
1454:Rudolf I
1099:division
758:Monarchs
718:Military
673:a series
671:Part of
610:Napoleon
583:monarchy
576:annexing
510:by the "
388:powers.
386:Habsburg
384:and the
217:humanism
149:and the
116:Catholic
2949:Outline
2855:Fashion
2842:Cuisine
2804:Culture
2769:Poverty
2712:Germans
2675:Society
2656:Welfare
2641:Tourism
2598:Exports
2571:Banking
2549:Economy
2453:Cabinet
2392:Islands
2387:Geology
2310:Regions
2076:Teutons
2049:Ancient
2011:History
1998:Germany
1917:(1911)
1846:(1978)
1805:excerpt
1778:excerpt
1776:(1992)
1228:Pietism
786:Prussia
782:Bavaria
778:Austria
733:Judaism
723:Economy
684:Germany
528:Silesia
498:Silesia
401:disease
372:in the
276:Zwingli
157:, this
59:Bohemia
37:in 1648
2977:Portal
2832:Cinema
2812:Anthem
2779:Racism
2593:Energy
2407:Rivers
2365:States
2335:, 1848
2171:Modern
2000:
1897:(2013)
1890:(2012)
1865:online
1832:(1998)
1822:(2009)
1799:, ed.
1793:(1988)
1786:(2002)
1728:25 May
1699:24 May
1674:24 May
1652:24 May
1628:
1611:(1994)
1230:, and
790:Saxony
762:Queens
702:Topics
675:on the
597:or an
595:bishop
436:poetry
413:powers
397:famine
382:France
284:Speyer
260:heresy
106:, and
92:German
43:German
2956:Index
2920:Sport
2905:Names
2900:Music
2895:Media
2850:Dance
2722:Women
2687:Crime
2661:Women
2397:Lakes
2071:Goths
1877:]
738:Women
612:(see
599:abbot
462:, or
440:prose
434:, in
2870:Flag
2827:Arts
2493:LGBT
1730:2008
1701:2008
1676:2008
1654:2008
1626:ISSN
1216:and
1127:1990
1096:East
1092:West
770:1918
728:LGBT
632:and
620:, a
556:and
478:The
454:and
438:and
422:The
399:and
368:and
352:The
346:and
238:The
199:The
41:The
2822:Art
2505:Law
1958:doi
2994::
1913:.
1879:.
1875:de
1828:.
1718:.
1692:.
1421::
1226:,
796:,
792:,
788:,
784:,
780:,
776:,
772:,
768:,
764:,
640:.
601:.
568:.
442:.
419:.
306:.
130:.
102:,
1990:e
1983:t
1976:v
1960::
1945:,
1935:,
1732:.
1703:.
1678:.
1656:.
1201:e
1194:t
1187:v
1094:–
800:)
760:(
754:)
750:(
20:)
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