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these second-hand accounts as truth. Certain
Congolese cultures considered certain internal diseases as a form of cannibalism, as they believed an evil spirit was consuming the victim from the inside. When these people died, their bodies were put down at a safe distance from the village and cut open to examine the internal organs for irregularities. The combination of the word "cannibalism" and the eviscerated remains may have led missionaries with a poor understanding of local languages and racialised bias to prematurely conclude that these communities practised cannibalism.
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human sacrifice, or sold in the Arab slave trade. Another type of cannibalism centered around the (partial) consumption of fallen enemies during conflict. This type of cannibalism was for instance practised by the Manyema, Bukusu and
Basimba militias and slaves from Congo, Uganda and Tanzania used by Arab slave traders like Tippu Tipp, who had claimed the Eastern Congo for himself and Sultan Bargash bin Said el Busaidi.
33:
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of the
Portuguese based at SĂŁo TomĂ©, who sent an expedition under Francisco de Gouveia Sottomaior to assist. At the same time, however, Ălvaro had to allow the Portuguese to establish a colony in his province of Luanda in the south of his country. Kongo provided the Portuguese with support in their war against the Kingdom of
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Southern
Central Africa in 1890 showing the central position of Msiri's Yeke Kingdom and the principal trade routes, with the approximate territories of Msiri's main allies (names in yellow) and the approximate areas occupied by European powers (names in orange â does not show spheres of influence or
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Although cannibalism was indeed practiced in the (eastern) Congo region, some of contemporary accounts were the result of exaggeration and miscommunication. Communities could use the accusation of cannibalism as a tool to dehumanize enemy tribes, and uncritical missionaries may have written down
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When King Ălvaro I, came to the throne in an environment of contestation in 1568, he immediately had to fight invaders from the east (who some authorities believe were actually rebels within the country, either peasants or discontented nobles) called the "Jagas". To do this, he had to enlist the aid
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Eventually, after colonial officials were able to enforce their authority upon the Kuba near the end of the 19th century, the entire region became increasingly unstable. However, the well-organized Kuba fought relentlessly against the regime and the area was one of the main sectors of resistance to
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The specific practice of sacrificing and consuming slaves could be found among other cultures as well, such as the Azande, Lufembe, Bangala, Basongye, Batetela and Ngombe. The slaves were normally war captives, acquired through inter-communal warfare. These slaves could either be used for labour or
872:
The Bakuba people from the
Kingdom of Kuba believed in a single creator deity, named Bumba or m'Bombo. He is said to have originally existed alone in darkness, in a universe consisting of nothing but primordial water. The creation took place when he vomited the sun, moon, animals and then humanity.
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The villages were often governed by lesser relatives of the King who were responsible to him. All members of government were invested with their power under the auspices of a ritual specialist. The
Manikongo personally appointed a kind of governor for each of the six provinces to oversee each from
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After the defeat of the Arab slavers, many militias were incorporated into the colonial army of the Congo Free State, including the Zappo Zap. The
African-american missionary William Henry Sheppard wrote an first-hand account of a Zappo Zap attack on a number of villages, including descriptions of
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A personal indigenous first-hand account of ritualistic cannibalism can be found in the life story of Disasi Makulo, as written down by his son Akambu Makulo. Disasi, an indigenous traveller from the
Eastern Congo region reported that upon his return to his native village after years of travel the
860:
According to the religion practised by the
Bakongo people the world is split into the world of the living and the world of the dead. Shamans known as Nganga can mediate between these two worlds. A specific characteristic of the Kongo religion is the so-called cosmogram. It is believed the highest
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The process in which the primitive original Upemba society transitioned into the Luba kingdom was gradual and complex. This transition ran without interruption, with several distinct societies developing out of the Upemba culture prior to the genesis of the Luba. Each of these societies based the
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Similar characteristics are seen in the Baluba religion, where priests can also serve as intermediaries between the natural and supernatural world. The traditional religious beliefs of the Luba people included the concept of a
Universal Creator, a Leza or the Supreme Being, a natural world and a
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The most infamous militia were the so-called Zappo Zap, a subgroup of the Basongye people. They had a habit of eating their fallen enemies, and were said to consider human meat a delicacy. These warrior cultures were also used by both the Leopoldian forces as well as the Arab slavers during the
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The Luba Empire's success was due in large part to its development of a form of a government durable enough to withstand the disruptions of succession disputes and flexible enough to incorporate foreign leaders and governments. It was based on the twin principles of sacred kingship and rule by
894:
Congo-Arab war. During the 1892â1894 war between the Congo Free State and the Swahili-Arab city-states of Nyangwe and Kasongo in Eastern Congo, there were reports of widespread cannibalization of the bodies of defeated Arab combatants by the Batetela allies of Belgian commander Francis Dhanis.
856:
The Congo region was home to a wide array of ethnicities and communities and therefore differing spiritual and religious practices. Due to the scarcity in precolonial documentation the exact nature and dates of development of some of these practices remain elusive. The religions practised in
881:
The attitudes towards cannibalism in the Congo region varied significantly, with certain cultures practicing cannibalism in certain contexts while in other cultures cannibalism was either only practiced by certain individuals or shunned altogether and its practitioners dehumanized.
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Glave, E.J. (2022) âThe Slave Trade in the Congo Basinâ in The Century Magazine, April 1890 C. Siefkes, Edible people: The Historical Consumption of Slaves and Foreigners and the Cannibalistic Trade in Human Flesh, Volume 11 in the series Anthropology of Food Nutrition, Berghahn Books,
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Benedetto, R. (1996). "Interview With Chief M'lumba N'kusa Concerning the Zappo Zap Raid". Presbyterian reformers in Central Africa: a documentary account of the American Presbyterian Congo Mission and the human rights struggle in the Congo, 1890-1918.
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was the winner of this scramble for Katanga when it met and killed Msiri (putting his head on a pole as a 'lesson' to his people), and installed a successor who would sign Katanga over to Leopold. The chieftainship continues to this day under the title
614:
carved in three columns running the length of the tool, but some scientists have suggested that the groupings of the notches indicate a mathematical understanding that goes beyond counting. It is now believed to be more than 20,000 years old.
1370:, or more accurately, the Kuba Federation, was a political entity (one comprising a collection of approximately twenty Bantu ethnic groups) that began to develop out of a number of decentralized, ethnically Bantu states (namely the Luba, the
50:
989:
In its prime, the Kingdom exacted taxes, forced labor, and collected fines from its citizens in order to prosper. At times, enslaved peoples, ivory, and copper were traded to the Europeans on the coast. The most important harbor was
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god, next to other high gods, resides at the top of the world, the spirits and other deities living below, followed by the physical realm populated by humans and animals, with water existing in the middle where the two worlds meet.
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and climatic: the area is simply not capable of producing a large amount of food from agriculture, and as a result, a portion of the population has continued to hunt and gather because it is a much more sustainable way of life.
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and other goods. The Upemba established a strong commercial demand for their metal technologies and were able to institute a long-range commercial net (the business connections extended over 1500 km, all the way to the
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technology. The people living in the south and southwest were hunter-gatherer groups, whose technology involved only minimal use of metal technologies. The development of metal tools during this time period revolutionized
864:
When people die, their souls leave their bodies to travel to the realm of the dead, but can still be contacted or called upon by means of prayer. The dead talk to the living through dreams, omens or through shamans.
1427:
The Kongo and the Kuba were the largest political entities in the precolonial Congo area. However, there were numerous other, much smaller states scattered throughout the territory in the north and northeast, with
668:
The 10th century marked the final expansion of the Bantu in West-Central Africa. A rising population soon made intricate local, regional and foreign commercial nets possible, forming networks that traded mostly in
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and its expansion into the interior after 1885. As the modern territorial boundaries of the Democratic Republic of the Congo did not exist in this period, it is inseparable from the wider pre-colonial histories of
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formed the central Lunda Kingdom there with a population of about 175,000 and became its ruler from 1660 to 1665. His title and name was passed to his descendants and successors as rulers of the kingdom.
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The federation's capital was Nsheng, which is now modern Mushenge. The name âKubaâ is derived from the term used by the Luba (whose kingdom lay to the south of the Kuba) for the civilization.
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precolonial Congo were as far as is known animistic in nature. They believed that places, objects and creatures could possess a spiritual essence and practised ancestral worship.
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986:. The city is now known by the same name as the capital of an Angolan province, but was for a time renamed by the Manikongo to 'SĂŁo Salvador' in an effort to adopt Portuguese culture.
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are and were tremendously important to regional trade and provide a vast natural network for such activities, in addition to providing a source of food and water to the population.
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made contact with the Kuba that a foreigner would gain their acceptance. This was mainly due to his African blood and Sheppard was able to live amongst the Kuba for four months.
1048:, when Portugal went to war with it in 1579. Eventually the Portuguese would gain control over most of the surrounding territory which led to increasing tensions with the Kongo.
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system developed. The political institution of the chieftain became generally accepted and these rulers became increasingly powerful, especially at the end of the 16th century.
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971:(Kongo peoples). When the Kongo Kingdom was at its political apex in the 15th and 16th centuries, the King, who had to be a male descendant of Wene, reigned supreme.
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villagers proposed a large feast in celebration of his arrival. They meant to take two slaves and have them slaughtered and served as part of the celebration meal.
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in 1885, the Kuba were able to sustain their federation, which comprised some 100,000 square kilometers and had a population of approximately 150,000 inhabitants.
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The Belgians began attempting to gain the acceptance of the Kuba in the early 1880s; however, the gifts Belgium attempted to give were always rejected and king
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He was elected by a group of governors, usually the heads of important families and occasionally including Portuguese officials. The activities of the
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Of particular note is that the populations of the Eastern regions of the precolonial Congo were heavily disrupted by constant slaving, mainly from
2720:
1786:
Pakenham, T. (1991). The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent From 1876 to 1912. New York: Perennial. pp. 439â449.
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to produce large quantities of food. For this reason, the population of the Congo has maintained a low population in addition to an extremely low
437:
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from 2000 BC to 500 AD moved into the basin from the northwest and covered the precolonial states absorbed or overthrown by the colonial powers.
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The aforementioned slave trade was to be a significant factor in bringing about the end of Kongo, as the elites of the kingdom allowed European
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supernatural world. The supernatural world was where ancestral spirits lived, and what one joined the afterlife if one lived a righteous life.
272:
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groups that inhabit the Congo, especially the Pygmy population. The reason for this particular life-style being so prominent in the Congo is
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of Zambia. The empire became a confederation of a number of kingdoms or chieftainships which enjoyed a degree of local autonomy (as long as
90:
1319:
Once installed he conquered the neighbouring tribes and expanded the chieftainship into a kingdom, taking over the western territory of
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were supported by an extensive system of civil servants, and the court itself usually consisted of numerous male relatives of the King.
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The kingdom was also at the center of an extensive Central African trade network in which it traded and produced large quantities of
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and food-base allowed the region to become extremely wealthy. So wealthy, in fact, that cities and centralized government based on a
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Thornton, John K. (2002). "Religious and Ceremonial Life in the Kongo and Mbundu Areas, 1500â1700". In Heywood, Linda M. (ed.).
1392:. As a result, the civilization was able to maintain itself until the 19th century. Also due mainly to its location, even after
932:. The Kongo was a state located primarily in the southwest portion of the modern Congo, and also occupying portions of northern
533:
populations in the southern regions of the modern Congo states. The Bantu imported agriculture and iron-working techniques from
2202:
1542:
249:
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1447:(though he would come after the Europeans' entrance onto the scene). The slave trade in this portion of Africa was primarily
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54:
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Phipps, William E. (2002). William Sheppard: Congo's African American Livingstone. Westminster John Knox Press. Pp. 138-139
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The Lunda kings became powerful militarily and then politically through marriage with descendants of the Luba kings. The
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were able to settle and colonialize other areas and tribes, thus extending their empire through southwest Katanga into
587:, one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found, and which is believed to have been used to catch giant river catfish.
2001:
43:
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In the 18th Century a number of migrations took place from the Lunda Empire as far as the region to the south of
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Brooks, A.S. and Smith, C.C. (1987): "Ishango revisited: new age determinations and cultural interpretations",
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threatened to behead any foreign intruders. As a result of their fear of white foreigners, it was not until the
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570:
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River of Wealth, River of Sorrow: The Central Zaire Basin in the Era of the Slave and Ivory Trade, 1500-1891
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Yellen, John E. (1998). "Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa".
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It must also be mentioned that the climate is a major force in the Congo, which is made up primarily of
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foundation of their society on that of the one which preceded it (much in the way that many aspects of
1404:
1384:
Because of its relative remoteness in the southern Congo, Kuba was largely spared the turmoil of both
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conditions in general, play a powerful role in shaping the lives of the inhabitants of the Congo. The
733:, which was followed and replaced by a number of other cultures which were based around the cities of
1452:
1385:
1080:
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1487:. What Does It Mean to Be Human. Smithsonian National Museum of National History. February 9, 2016.
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was located on the eastern coast of the continent), with captured persons being shipped off to the
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408:
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Van Reybrouck, D. (2014) Congo: the Epic History of a People, HarperCollins, chapter 2 pp. 93-130
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Ehret, C. (2001). "Bantu Expansions: Re-Envisioning a Central Problem of Early African History".
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937:
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Joseph A. Moloney: With Captain Stairs to Katanga. S. Low, Marston & Company, London, 1893.
765:). Additionally, the region was endowed with favorable agricultural conditions and a wealth of
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2009:
1987:
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The dominant political force of the Congo region prior to and during the initial arrival of
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The Land beyond the Mists: Essays on Identity and Authority in Precolonial Congo and Rwanda
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The current territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo was occupied by humans in the
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family as the primary set of tongues for the Congolese. Subsequent migrations from the
538:
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17:
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Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa
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L'Expédition du Katanga, d'aprÚs les notes de voyage du marquis Christian de Bonchamps
1186:
and married a princess from an area in the south of Katanga. Their son, Mwaant Yav or
994:(modern Soyo). In addition to the six provinces, the Kongo kingdom also established a
725:). The 5th century saw this societal evolution develop in the area around present day
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were paid), with Mwata Yamvo as paramount ruler, and a ruling council (following the
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and subjugating tribes in the southwest, on the trading route to Angola. When King
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1009:, as well as manufacturing copperware, raffia cloth, and pottery, along with other
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1140:. At its peak, the empire had about a million people paying tribute to its king.
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was populated as early as 90,000 years ago, as shown by the 1988 discovery of the
1625:
1342:, they sent competing expeditions to try to negotiate a treaty with the kingdom.
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Daily Life in the Kingdom of the Kongo: From the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Century
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that sees some of the highest annual rainfall in the world. This high amount of
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1722:"Bushongo Creation World of Myth". Valencia College. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
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possibly as early as 500 BC, and then gradually started to expand southward.
1676:
1444:
1440:
1063:; Antonio was killed with many of his courtiers and the Luso-African author
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839:
2006:
Nouvelle histoire du Congo : des origines Ă la RĂ©publique DĂ©mocratique
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1808:"Cutting the Flesh: Surgery, Autopsy and Cannibalism in the Belgian Congo"
1305:
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808:
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Hogg, G. (2007), Cannibalism and Human Sacrifice, Nonsuch Publishing, UK
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Hogg, G. (2007), Cannibalism and Human Sacrifice, Nonsuch Publishing, UK
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affixed to one end, perhaps for engraving. It was first thought to be a
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heard that the Yeke Kingdom controlled east-west trade and was rich in
1277:
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363:
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Central Africans and cultural transformations in the American diaspora
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who got himself appointed as successor to a Wasanga chief west of the
1984:
The Kanyok of Zaire: an Institutional and Ideological History to 1895
1943:
How Societies are Born: Governance in West Central Africa before 1600
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1902:"Mwami Msiri, King of Garanganze". Website accessed 8 February 2007.
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Additionally, it must be mentioned that, as is this case today, the
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The region in which these cultures appeared is particularly rich in
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populations located mostly in the southern portions of the region.
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was short-lived, existing from about 1856 to 1891 under one king,
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1100:
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1025:, the backbone of the Kongo's trade with Europeans (primarily the
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in a number of outlying areas from which it was able to extract
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up to the establishment of European colonial rule in the era of
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The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891
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Basosila, L.D. (2016), La vie de Disasi Makulo, Books on Demand
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Kings and Clans: Ijwi Island and the Lake Kivu Rift, 1780-1840
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is thought to have reached modern day DRC as well as Northern
66:"Pre-colonial history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
26:
1148:
model of governing was so successful, it was adopted by the
1659:
Comfa religion and Creole language in a Caribbean community
1533:
A very brief history of pure mathematics: The Ishango Bone
1013:(The eastern region of the Congo is particularly rich in
2747:
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by period
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to eliminate a significant percentage of the population.
1111:
region testifies to pre-colonial mining and moulding of
1583:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
940:. At its greatest extent, the kingdom reached from the
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and these civilizations began to develop and implement
689:
In the 5th century, a society began to develop in the
1268:
borders). The east coast trade was controlled by the
1237:. At the same time, a Lunda chief and warrior called
1021:). These trade goods would also form, in addition to
644:
Their propagation was accelerated by the adoption of
610:, as it has a series of what has been interpreted as
1206:, and eastwards across Katanga into what is now the
705:, would eventually evolve into the more significant
2641:
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2498:
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1965:
The Children of Woot: A History of the Kuba Peoples
834:Also, much has been made about the large number of
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
815:, and subsequently a large population because the
1945:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
1455:, which took place primarily in West Africa, the
1178:The birth of the Lunda Kingdom is traced back to
529:migrations added to and displaced the indigenous
2752:History of the Republic of the Congo by period
1661:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
1545:School of Mathematics - accessed January 2007.
959:The kingdom was headed by a king known as the
2165:
1879:published 1892 in: Edouard Charton (editor):
455:
8:
2093:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1272:. Areas of influence of other tribes and of
1156:and northern Angola as well as northwestern
920:A map of pre-European African civilisations.
967:that constituted the Kongo kingdom and the
963:, who exercised his authority over the six
537:into the area, as well as establishing the
474:The pre-colonial history of the modern-day
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2030:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1967:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1853:
1851:
1451:in nature (in contrast to the European or
462:
448:
128:
2135:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1986:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1831:
1690:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009).
1620:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2133:A History of West Central Africa to 1850
1262:
915:
594:tool was discovered, fashioned from the
1476:
1132:around 1585. His nephew and immediate,
142:
131:
1883:magazine, website accessed 5 May 2007.
1349:sent by Leopold under the flag of his
1218:model) to assist with administration.
756:technology, in addition to trading in
661:. This led to the displacement of the
1358:('Mwenda' was one of Msiri's names).
561:, added to the mix of ethnic groups.
486:and particularly the creation of the
7:
2074:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1055:in 1665, the Portuguese forces from
553:into the north of Congo, as well as
518:at least 80,000 years ago. Waves of
146:the Democratic Republic of the Congo
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1893:http://www.kingmsiri.com/index2.htm
1443:slave dealers such as the infamous
1233:migrated from the Lunda Kingdom to
1124:The Luba Kingdom arose out of the
1044:, located in the interior east of
665:groups in the east and southeast.
25:
2272:Transitional Government (2003â06)
2052:. Athens: Ohio University Press.
1569:The African Archaeological Review
1558:, Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY.
2181:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1692:Encyclopedia of African religion
792:and its tributaries, as well as
784:Effects of geography and climate
577:Democratic Republic of the Congo
476:Democratic Republic of the Congo
431:
153:
31:
1694:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE.
1543:University of Western Australia
721:culture were borrowed from the
478:encompasses the history of the
42:needs additional citations for
2208:Colonial governors (1885â1960)
811:makes it difficult to sustain
1:
2115:. London: Allen & Unwin.
1500:African Archaeological Review
1419:Belgium throughout its rule.
1245:kingdom in the valley of the
701:. This culture, known as the
2289:M23 offensive (2022âpresent)
2262:Second Congo War (1998â2003)
2237:Congo-LĂ©opoldville (1960â65)
2213:Congo Free State (1885â1908)
1626:10.1017/cbo9780511529108.004
1554:Marshack, Alexander (1991):
1485:"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point"
1300:(also known as 'Yeke') from
1059:defeated the forces of king
906:Kingdom of Kongo (1390â1914)
2404:Foreign policy under Mobutu
1806:Au, Sokhieng (April 2017).
1396:officially established the
1288:(or Garanganze Kingdom) in
1128:culture and was founded by
557:migrating into the eastern
409:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi presidency
2768:
2247:State of Katanga (1960â63)
1256:
1171:
1117:
1099:", a form of pre-colonial
948:in the east, and from the
909:
622:
575:The area now known as the
568:
2693:
2573:
2507:
2374:
2308:
2257:First Congo War (1996â98)
2089:Reefe, Thomas Q. (1981).
1556:The Roots of Civilization
1312:by defeating the chief's
1168:Lunda Kingdom (1665-1887)
852:Religion and Spirituality
263:Intl. African Association
2379:Administrative divisions
2002:Ndaywel Ăš Nziem, Isidore
1923:. Oxford: James Currey.
1253:Yeke Kingdom (1856â1891)
1087:Luba Kingdom (1585-1889)
571:Central African foragers
399:Joseph Kabila presidency
2284:M23 rebellion (2012â13)
2225:Belgian Congo (1908â60)
1982:Yoder, John C. (1992).
1512:10.1023/A:1021659928822
1182:who left his brother's
1029:), upon their arrival.
693:along the banks of the
18:Early Congolese history
2242:Congo Crisis (1960â65)
2203:Colonization (1867â85)
1281:
1152:and spread throughout
1115:
1017:resources, especially
921:
823:and prone to periodic
602:with a sharp piece of
1657:Gibson, Kean (2001).
1325:Leopold II of Belgium
1266:
1094:
919:
623:Further information:
2008:. Brussels: Le Cri.
1467:kingdoms for labor.
1453:Atlantic Slave Trade
1432:and other primarily
1081:Conference of Berlin
952:in the north to the
51:improve this article
1867:René de Pont-Jest:
996:sphere of influence
944:in the west to the
898:cannibalism.
805:tropical rainforest
273:Intl. Congo Society
2542:Telecommunications
2389:Court of Cassation
2353:Former place names
2109:Balandier, Georges
1898:2019-07-18 at the
1875:2010-02-05 at the
1824:10.1017/mdh.2017.5
1538:2008-07-21 at the
1463:or to holdings of
1282:
1270:Sultan of Zanzibar
1202:and north-western
1116:
1061:Antonio I of Kongo
922:
847:Cultural practices
829:population density
480:Congo Basin region
413:2019–present
350:CongoâLĂ©opoldville
2729:
2728:
2689:
2688:
2608:Human trafficking
2560:
2559:
2494:
2493:
2462:Political parties
2455:National Assembly
2399:Foreign relations
2361:
2360:
2129:Thornton, John K.
2100:978-0-520-04140-0
2059:978-0-8214-1875-8
1701:978-1-4129-3636-1
1635:978-0-511-52910-8
1571:, 5 : 65-78.
1390:Arab slave trades
1347:Stairs Expedition
1053:Battle of Ambuila
1011:natural resources
709:, as well as the
691:Upemba depression
472:
471:
417:
416:
316:
315:
239:
238:
221:Kingdom of Chokwe
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2759:
2709:
2702:
2571:
2532:Franc (currency)
2505:
2372:
2306:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2146:
2124:
2104:
2085:
2063:
2041:
2019:
1997:
1978:
1956:
1934:
1903:
1890:
1884:
1881:Le Tour du Monde
1864:
1858:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1457:Arab slave trade
1413:William Sheppard
1409:African-American
1405:aMbweeky aMileng
1398:Congo Free State
1378:ethnic groups).
1351:Congo Free State
1208:Luapula Province
1180:Ilunga Tshibinda
1162:Luapula Province
930:Kingdom of Kongo
912:Kingdom of Kongo
711:Kingdom of Lunda
659:animal husbandry
520:Bantu migrations
488:Congo Free State
464:
457:
450:
436:
435:
434:
389:Second Congo War
322:
321:
283:Congo Free State
245:
244:
201:Kingdom of Lunda
181:Kingdom of Kongo
163:
162:
157:
147:
129:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2685:
2681:Public holidays
2637:
2556:
2490:
2428:Law enforcement
2357:
2295:
2252:Zaire (1965â97)
2184:
2178:
2143:
2127:
2107:
2101:
2088:
2082:
2066:
2060:
2044:
2038:
2022:
2016:
2000:
1994:
1981:
1975:
1959:
1953:
1937:
1931:
1915:
1912:
1910:Further reading
1907:
1906:
1900:Wayback Machine
1891:
1887:
1877:Wayback Machine
1865:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1812:Medical History
1805:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
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1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1636:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1595:10.2307/3097285
1580:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1549:
1540:Wayback Machine
1531:
1527:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1434:hunter-gatherer
1425:
1364:
1362:Kuba Federation
1329:diamond magnate
1261:
1255:
1235:Northern Zambia
1223:Lake Tanganyika
1176:
1170:
1122:
1089:
1065:Manuel Roboredo
914:
908:
879:
854:
849:
836:hunter-gatherer
786:
687:
663:hunter-gatherer
631:Bantu expansion
627:
625:Bantu expansion
621:
619:Bantu migration
581:Semliki harpoon
573:
567:
503:as well as the
484:New Imperialism
468:
432:
430:
403:2001–2019
393:1998–2003
383:1996–1997
379:First Congo War
373:1971–1997
354:1960–1971
344:1960–1965
333:post–1960
312:1940–1945
302:1908–1960
292:1885–1908
277:1879–1885
267:1876–1879
256:1876–1960
235:1856–1891
225:1800–1891
215:1625–1884
205:1600–1887
195:1585–1889
191:Kingdom of Luba
185:1390–1914
145:
138:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2765:
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2755:
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2703:
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2691:
2690:
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2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Child marriage
2574:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2479:Prime Minister
2476:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:Chief of Staff
2430:
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2423:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2396:
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2375:
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2297:
2296:
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2239:
2234:
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2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183: articles
2179:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2125:
2105:
2099:
2086:
2080:
2064:
2058:
2046:Newbury, David
2042:
2036:
2024:Newbury, David
2020:
2014:
1998:
1992:
1979:
1973:
1957:
1951:
1935:
1929:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1885:
1859:
1847:
1818:(2): 295â312.
1798:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1700:
1682:
1667:
1649:
1634:
1608:
1573:
1560:
1547:
1525:
1506:(3): 173â198.
1490:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1424:
1421:
1363:
1360:
1280:are not shown.
1257:Main article:
1254:
1251:
1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1118:Main article:
1088:
1085:
1083:in 1884-1885.
956:in the south.
942:Atlantic Ocean
910:Main article:
907:
904:
878:
875:
853:
850:
848:
845:
819:is simply too
785:
782:
686:
685:Upemba culture
683:
620:
617:
569:Main article:
566:
563:
539:Bantu language
505:Atlantic World
493:Central Africa
470:
469:
467:
466:
459:
452:
444:
441:
440:
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217:
216:
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196:
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187:
186:
183:
177:
176:
174:pre–1876
171:
159:
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150:
149:
140:
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132:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2764:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
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2737:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Social issues
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
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2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
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2506:
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2497:
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2477:
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2400:
2397:
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2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
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2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Deforestation
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:Kivu conflict
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
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2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Early history
2196:
2195:
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2191:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
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2144:
2142:9781107127159
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2081:9780300026160
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:Harms, Robert
2065:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2037:9780299128944
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:9782871065067
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1993:9780521412988
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1974:9780299074906
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:9780813922805
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1930:9780852550748
1926:
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1918:
1914:
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1668:0-7914-4959-9
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1422:
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1416:
1414:
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1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:Euro-American
1382:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1338:and possibly
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:Mwata Kazembe
1317:
1315:
1311:
1310:Luapula River
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1247:Luapula River
1244:
1243:Eastern Lunda
1240:
1239:Mwata Kazembe
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1167:
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1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:Lunda Kingdom
1147:
1144:council. The
1141:
1139:
1138:Lualaba River
1135:
1134:Kalala Ilunga
1131:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:Katanga Cross
1093:
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1074:
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1066:
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1037:
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1034:slave traders
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
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982:his capital,
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555:East Africans
552:
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107:December 2022
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62:Find sources:
56:
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46:
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40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
2618:Prostitution
2593:Demographics
2517:Central Bank
2416:Human rights
2384:Constitution
2318:Conservation
2230:World War II
2197:
2132:
2112:
2090:
2071:
2049:
2027:
2005:
1983:
1964:
1961:Vansina, Jan
1942:
1939:Vansina, Jan
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1917:Vansina, Jan
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1426:
1423:Other states
1417:
1402:
1383:
1380:
1368:Kuba Kingdom
1365:
1356:Mwami Mwenda
1355:
1344:
1332:Cecil Rhodes
1327:and British
1318:
1286:Yeke Kingdom
1283:
1227:Bemba people
1220:
1196:Lunda people
1193:
1184:Luba Kingdom
1177:
1174:Lunda Empire
1142:
1130:King Kongolo
1123:
1103:used in the
1050:
1038:
1031:
1004:
988:
984:Mbanza-Kongo
980:
973:
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946:Kwango River
923:
900:
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880:
871:
867:
863:
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840:geographical
833:
821:watered-down
802:
787:
771:
763:Indian Ocean
743:
715:
688:
667:
643:
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592:Ishango bone
590:In 1960 the
589:
574:
524:
513:
473:
366: /
340:Congo Crisis
332:
327:Independence
325:
308:World War II
255:
250:Colonization
248:
231:Yeke Kingdom
211:Kuba Kingdom
173:
167:
166:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2512:Agriculture
1589:(1): 5â41.
1461:Middle East
1411:missionary
1231:Chitimukulu
1188:Mwata Yamvo
1120:Luba Empire
950:Point Noire
877:Cannibalism
813:agriculture
790:Congo River
772:Its strong
707:Luba Empire
655:agriculture
646:pastoralism
612:tally marks
608:tally stick
565:Paleolithic
549:regions of
535:West Africa
516:Paleolithic
501:Rift Valley
497:Great Lakes
144:History of
2736:Categories
2583:Corruption
2445:Parliament
2411:Government
2328:Ecoregions
2218:Atrocities
1471:References
1374:, and the
1241:set up an
1109:Copperbelt
1027:Portuguese
954:Loje River
769:and game.
731:Kabambasee
438:DRC Portal
422:See also:
287:Atrocities
77:newspapers
2613:Languages
2598:Education
2552:Transport
2522:Companies
2467:President
2394:Elections
2343:Volcanoes
2333:Mountains
2301:Geography
2121:825737475
1710:185031292
1644:708567535
1520:128432105
1445:Tippu Tip
1441:Zanzibari
1316:enemies.
965:provinces
961:Manikongo
926:Europeans
778:chieftain
727:Kamilamba
2716:Category
2666:Football
2623:Religion
2433:Military
2367:Politics
2348:Wildlife
2131:(2020).
2111:(1968).
2070:(1981).
2048:(2009).
2026:(1992).
2004:(2009).
1963:(1978).
1941:(2005).
1919:(1990).
1896:Archived
1873:Archived
1842:28260570
1677:45493263
1536:Archived
1306:Tanzania
1298:Nyamwezi
1212:tributes
1160:and its
1069:Portugal
1019:diamonds
928:was the
809:rainfall
794:climatic
650:Iron Age
547:Kurdufan
135:a series
133:Part of
2700:Outline
2656:Cuisine
2643:Culture
2566:Society
2547:Tourism
2500:Economy
2190:History
1833:5426292
1603:3097285
1465:Arabian
1430:Pygmies
1394:Belgium
1290:Katanga
1278:Germany
1154:Katanga
1105:Katanga
1079:at the
1073:Belgium
1051:At the
1015:mineral
1000:tribute
969:Bakongo
938:Cabinda
774:economy
739:Katango
729:at the
699:Katanga
648:and of
585:Katanda
364:Shaba I
91:scholar
2721:Portal
2651:Cinema
2603:Health
2537:Mining
2527:Energy
2450:Senate
2338:Rivers
2313:Cities
2139:
2119:
2097:
2078:
2056:
2034:
2012:
1990:
1971:
1949:
1927:
1840:
1830:
1796:BRILL.
1768:Oxford
1708:
1698:
1675:
1665:
1642:
1632:
1601:
1518:
1336:copper
1302:Tabora
1274:France
1229:under
1225:. The
1204:Zambia
1200:Angola
1158:Zambia
1126:Upemba
1113:copper
1077:France
1075:, and
1057:Angola
1046:Luanda
1042:Ndongo
1023:slaves
992:Mpinda
934:Angola
825:floods
798:rivers
754:copper
723:Greeks
703:Upemba
679:copper
639:Zambia
635:Angola
604:quartz
600:baboon
596:fibula
543:Darfur
495:, the
137:on the
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2742:Kongo
2707:Index
2676:Music
2671:Media
2633:Women
2588:Crime
2267:2000s
1599:JSTOR
1516:S2CID
1376:Wongo
1372:Leele
1314:Lunda
1294:Msiri
1259:Msiri
1101:money
1007:ivory
976:court
758:ivory
735:Sanga
719:Roman
598:of a
559:Congo
551:Sudan
531:Pygmy
527:Bantu
424:Years
360:Zaire
98:JSTOR
84:books
2661:Flag
2484:List
2472:List
2421:LGBT
2137:ISBN
2117:OCLC
2095:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2054:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1838:PMID
1706:OCLC
1696:ISBN
1673:OCLC
1663:ISBN
1640:OCLC
1630:ISBN
1449:Arab
1388:and
1366:The
1345:The
1340:gold
1296:, a
1284:The
1276:and
1216:Luba
1146:Luba
1107:and
936:and
817:soil
767:fish
752:and
750:iron
737:and
677:and
675:iron
671:salt
657:and
637:and
629:The
545:and
525:The
507:and
499:and
70:news
1828:PMC
1820:doi
1622:doi
1591:doi
1508:doi
1304:in
1095:A "
746:ore
697:in
583:at
53:by
2738::
1850:^
1836:.
1826:.
1816:61
1814:.
1810:.
1704:.
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368:II
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