1038:: We identified, for the first time in ancient populations, the rare mitochondrial haplogroup X4 in two Bronze Age Catacomb culture-associated individuals. Genetic similarity analyses show close maternal genetic affinities between populations associated with both eastern and Baltic Corded Ware culture, and the Yamnaya horizon, in contrast to larger genetic differentiation between populations associated with western Corded Ware culture and the Yamnaya horizon. This indicates that females with steppe ancestry contributed to the formation of populations associated with the eastern Corded Ware culture while more local people, likely of Neolithic farmer ancestry, contributed to the formation of populations associated with western Corded Ware culture.
195:
388:
1230:
Sousa
Kalliga, Eleni Souleles, Angelos Kontopoulos, Ioannis Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia Philaniotou, Olga Sampson, Adamantios Theodorou, Dimitra Tsipopoulou, Metaxia Akamatis, Ioannis Halstead, Paul Kotsakis, Kostas Urem-Kotsou, Dushka Panagiotopoulos, Diamantis Ziota, Christina Triantaphyllou, Sevasti Delaneau, Olivier Jensen, Jeffrey D. Victor Moreno-Mayar, J. Burger, Joachim Sousa, Vitor C. Lao, Oscar Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo Papageorgopoulou (2021).
379:) and diminishing northwards to about 10% in northern Scandinavia. According to more recent studies the highest EEF ancestry found in modern Europeans ranges from 67% to over 80% in modern Sardinians, Italians, and Iberians, with the lowest EEF ancestry found in modern Europeans ranging around 35-40% in modern Finns, Lithuanians and Latvians. EEF ancestry is also prominent in living Northwest Africans like Moroccans and Algerians.
4184:
970:Ăversti, Sanni; Majander, Kerttu; Salmela, Elina; Salo, Kati; Arppe, Laura; Belskiy, Stanislav; Etu-Sihvola, Heli; Laakso, Ville; Mikkola, Esa; Pfrengle, Saskia; Putkonen, Mikko; Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka; Vuoristo, Katja; Wessman, Anna; Sajantila, Antti; Oinonen, Markku; Haak, Wolfgang; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Krause, Johannes; Palo, Jukka U.; Onkamo, PĂ€ivi (15 November 2019).
404:
Neolithic and Bronze Age, further reductions of EEF ancestry in Europe due to migrations of peoples with steppe-related ancestry is associated with further increases in height. High frequencies of EEF ancestry in
Southern Europe might partly explain the shortness of Southern Europeans as compared to Northern Europeans, who carry increased levels of steppe-related ancestry.
103:(WHGs), with significant regional variation. European farmer and hunter-gatherer populations coexisted and traded in some locales, although evidence suggests that the relationship was not always peaceful. Over the course of the next 4,000 years or so, Europe was transformed into agricultural communities, with WHGs being effectively replaced across Europe. During the
1196:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-MartĂnez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, AndrĂ©s; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Mota, Barbara; Paulsson, Bettina Schulz; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; JĂžrkov, Marie Louise
Schjellerup (5
959:
p.55: "In addition, uniparental markers changed suddenly as mtDNA N1a and Y haplogroup G2a, which had been very common in the EEF agricultural population, were replaced by Y haplogroups R1a and R1b and by a variety of mtDNA haplogroups typical of the Steppe
Yamnaya population. The uniparental markers
1229:
Christina, Clemente, Florian
Unterlaender, Martina Dolgova, Olga Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G. Coroado-Santos, Francisco Neuenschwander, Samuel Ganiatsou, Elissavet Davalos, Diana I. Cruz Anchieri, Lucas Michaud, Frederic Winkelbach, Laura Bloecher, Jens Cardenas, Yami Ommar Arizmendi da Mota, Barbara
1842:
Seersholm, Frederik Valeur; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Koelman, Julia; Blank, Malou; Svensson, Emma M.; Staring, Jacqueline; Fraser, Magdalena; Pinotti, Thomaz; McColl, Hugh; Gaunitz, Charleen; Ruiz-Bedoya, Tatiana; GranehÀll, Lena; Villegas-Ramirez, Berenice; Fischer, Anders; Price, T. Douglas (August
403:
than EEFs, and the replacement of
European hunter-gatherers by EEFs resulted in a dramatic decrease in genetic height throughout Europe. During the later phases of the Neolithic, height increased among European farmers, probably due to increasing admixture with hunter-gatherers. During the Late
1498:
Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Refoyo-MartĂnez, Alba; Barrie, William; Ingason, AndrĂ©s; Pearson, Alice; Fischer, Anders; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Halgren, Alma S.; Macleod, Ruairidh; Demeter, Fabrice; Henriksen, Rasmus A.; Vimala, Tharsika; McColl, Hugh; Vaughn, Andrew H.; Speidel, Leo (January 2024).
1623:
Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Haile, James; Lin, Audrey T.; Scheu, Amelie; Geörg, Christina; Benecke, Norbert; Alexander, Michelle; Linderholm, Anna; Mullin, Victoria E.; Daly, Kevin G.; Battista, Vincent M.; Price, Max; Gron, Kurt J.; Alexandri, Panoraia; Arbogast, Rose-Marie (27 August 2019).
1437:
Marchi, Nina; Winkelbach, Laura; Schulz, Ilektra; Brami, Maxime; Hofmanovå, Zuzana; Blöcher, Jens; Reyna-Blanco, Carlos S.; Diekmann, Yoan; Thiéry, Alexandre; Kapopoulou, Adamandia; Link, Vivian; Piuz, Valérie; Kreutzer, Susanne; Figarska, Sylwia M.; Ganiatsou, Elissavet (May 2022).
551:
Marchi, Nina; Winkelbach, Laura; Schulz, Ilektra; Brami, Maxime; Hofmanovå, Zuzana; Blöcher, Jens; Reyna-Blanco, Carlos S.; Diekmann, Yoan; Thiéry, Alexandre; Kapopoulou, Adamandia; Link, Vivian; Piuz, Valérie; Kreutzer, Susanne; Figarska, Sylwia M.; Ganiatsou, Elissavet (May 2022).
609:
Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria (8 August 2016).
241:
to
Southeast Europe, which resulted in the replacement of almost all (c. 98%) of the local Balkan hunter-gatherer gene pool with ancestry from Anatolian farmers. In the Balkans, the EEFs appear to have divided into two wings, who expanded further west into Europe along the
266:
nevertheless remained unsettled by EEFs. During the Middle
Neolithic there was a largely male-driven resurgence of WHG ancestry among many EEF-derived communities, leading to increasing frequencies of the hunter-gatherer paternal haplogroups among them.
439:(tracing descent through the male line), with the tombs occupants mostly consisting of the male descendants of a single male common ancestor and their children, as well as their wives which were genetically unrelated to their husbands, suggesting female
359:
A 2017 study found that Bronze Age
European with steppe ancestry had elevated EEF ancestry on the X chromosome, suggesting a sex bias, in which Steppe ancestry was inherited by more male than female ancestors. However, this study's results
3353:
3170:
2266:
2148:
2024:
1330:, p. 4. "esults suggest that the modern South-North gradient in height across Europe is due to both increased steppe ancestry in northern populations, and selection for decreased height in Early Neolithic migrants to southern Europe."
1026:"The subsequent spread of Yamnaya-related people and Corded Ware Culture in the late Neolithic and Bronze Age were accompanied with the increase of haplogroups I, U2 and T1 in Europe (See8 and references therein)."
721:
SimĂ”es, Luciana G.; GĂŒnther, Torsten; MartĂnez-SĂĄnchez, Rafael M.; Vera-RodrĂguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; RodrĂguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023).
411:, although darker than most modern Europeans. A study on different EEF remains throughout Europe concluded that they had "intermediate to light skin complexion". A 2024 study found that risk alleles for
1380:
Wang, Ke; PrĂŒfer, Kay; Krause-Kyora, Ben; Childebayeva, Ainash; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Coia, Valentina; Maixner, Frank; Zink, Albert; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes (16 August 2023).
484:
Krause, Johannes; Jeong, Choongwon; Haak, Wolfgang; Posth, Cosimo; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; MustafaoÄlu, Gökhan; Fairbairn, Andrew; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Julia Gresky (19 March 2019).
680:
4147:
4012:
3073:
3016:
1777:
Fowler, Chris; Olalde, Iñigo; Cummings, Vicki; Armit, Ian; BĂŒster, Lindsey; Cuthbert, Sarah; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (27 January 2022).
356:
DNA (mainly haplogroup N) was also substantially replaced, being supplanted by steppe lineages, suggesting the migrations involved both males and females from the steppe.
1255:
874:
Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Denisova, Galina; Rogalla, Urszula; Perkova, Maria; Dambueva, Irina; Zakharov, Ilia (21 December 2010).
237:
Genetic studies demonstrate that the introduction of farming to Europe in the 7th millennium BC was associated with a mass migration of people from
Northwest
3465:
819:"HVS-I polymorphism screening of ancient human mitochondrial DNA provides evidence for N9a discontinuity and East Asian haplogroups in the Neolithic Hungary"
173:
3893:
2789:"The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods"
3775:
1564:
Scheu, Amelie; Powell, Adam; Bollongino, Ruth; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Tresset, Anne; Ăakırlar, Canan; Benecke, Norbert; Burger, Joachim (December 2015).
972:"Human mitochondrial DNA lineages in Iron-Age Fennoscandia suggest incipient admixture and eastern introduction of farming-related maternal ancestry"
3949:
3735:
3886:
4225:
3636:
1363:
952:
801:
194:
4132:
3944:
127:. EEF ancestry is common in modern European and Northwest African populations, with EEF ancestry highest in Southern Europeans, especially
703:
3292:"Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin"
3060:"Ancient genome-wide DNA from France highlights the complexity of interactions between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers"
688:
2683:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process"
4215:
4122:
3905:
3881:
3804:
3518:"Interactions between earliest Linearbandkeramik farmers and central European hunter gatherers at the dawn of European Neolithization"
3280:
164:
The ANF ancestry is found in substantial levels in contemporary European, West Asian and North African populations, and also found in
4167:
4094:
3876:
3871:
3672:
3600:
1269:
Serra-Vidal, Gerard; Lucas-Sanchez, Marcel; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Bekada, Asmahan; Zalloua, Pierre; Comas, David (November 2019).
4210:
3241:
2687:
817:
Guba, Zsuzsanna; Hadadi, Ăva; Major, Ăgnes; Furka, TĂŒnde; JuhĂĄsz, Emese; KoĂłs, Judit; Nagy, KĂĄroly; Zeke, TamĂĄs (November 2011).
137:
A distinct group of the Anatolian Neolithic Farmers spread into the east of Anatolia, and left a considerable genetic legacy in
3966:
3917:
3861:
4142:
3978:
3866:
4052:
1370:"p.29: "Physically, early farmers from Anatolia were different from those foragers; they had brown eyes but fair skin...."
387:
87:, with minor Levantine and Caucasus-related ancestry. The Early European Farmers moved into Europe from Anatolia through
4157:
4127:
4112:
4062:
3728:
3362:
3179:
2275:
2157:
2033:
1967:
4067:
4047:
3792:
3770:
344:
DNA lineages in Europe being almost entirely replaced with WSH-derived paternal DNA (mainly subclades of EHG-derived
4084:
4000:
3785:
3656:
3584:
462:
207:
84:
2144:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe"
329:
4220:
4057:
3929:
3856:
3836:
3265:(2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.).
231:
96:
4107:
4102:
4077:
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3268:
Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European
365:
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150:
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100:
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203:
112:
4042:
3809:
2954:"A Common Genetic Origin for Early Farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK Cultures"
2736:
2392:
1486:
We find that the vast majority of early farmers in our dataset had intermediate to light skin complexion
270:
Around 7,500 years ago. Iberian EEFs migrated into Northwest Africa, bringing farming to the region.
115:(WSH) ancestry moved into Europe and mingled with the EEF population; these WSH, originating from the
4005:
3780:
3763:
3535:
3425:
3366:
3309:
3183:
3134:
3077:
3020:
2914:
2857:
2749:
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2519:
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2405:
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2037:
1980:
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1704:
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983:
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735:
623:
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306:
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227:
189:
1693:"A Species Specific Investigation Into Sheep and Goat Husbandry During the Early European Neolithic"
4029:
3829:
2262:"Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations"
435:
Genetic analysis of individuals found in Neolithic tombs suggests that least some EEF peoples were
392:
177:
2502:"Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations"
1739:
305:, however significant numbers of central European farmers belonged to East Asian maternal lineage
210:(AHG), with a minor geneflow from Iranian/Caucasus and Levantine related sources, suggesting that
91:
from around 7,000 BC, gradually spread north and westwards, and reached Northwest Africa via the
3606:
3522:
3504:
3478:
2576:
2506:
2338:
2130:
1910:
1740:"The origins of Europe's first farmers: The role of Hacılar and Western Anatolia, fifty years on"
1270:
1249:
1212:
856:
486:"Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia"
361:
2445:"The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers"
1691:
Gillis, Rosalind E.; Gaastra, Jane S.; Linden, Marc Vander; Vigne, Jean-Denis (2 January 2022).
1074:"Failure to replicate a genetic signal for sex bias in the steppe migration into central Europe"
40:. The Anatolian Neolithic Farmers were an ancestral component, first identified in farmers from
1141:"The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean"
4017:
3993:
3898:
3819:
3814:
3668:
3632:
3596:
3561:
3496:
3451:
3394:
3335:
3276:
3211:
3152:
3103:
3064:
3046:
3007:
2989:
2940:
2883:
2826:
2775:
2732:"Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia"
2718:
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2612:
2545:
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2189:
2122:
2065:
2006:
1949:
1882:
1864:
1824:
1806:
1759:
1720:
1673:
1655:
1605:
1587:
1546:
1528:
1477:
1459:
1419:
1401:
1382:"High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry"
1359:
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1237:
1198:
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999:
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905:
848:
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278:
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Spread of farming from Southwest Asia to Europe and Northwest Africa, between 9600 and 4000 BC
99:
have confirmed that the later Farmers of Europe generally have also a minor contribution from
92:
77:
3463:
Lazaridis, Iosif (December 2018). "The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe".
1626:"Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe"
1566:"The genetic prehistory of domesticated cattle from their origin to the spread across Europe"
1353:
1271:"Heterogeneity in Palaeolithic Population Continuity and Neolithic Expansion in North Africa"
942:
876:"Origin and Post-Glacial Dispersal of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups C and D in Northern Asia"
791:
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3588:
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3412:
3384:
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3325:
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3166:"Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society"
3142:
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631:
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523:
505:
452:
376:
290:
274:
88:
2626:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers"
407:
The Early European Farmers are believed to have been mostly dark haired and dark eyed, and
3846:
3646:
3531:
3421:
3296:
3121:
2910:
2853:
2745:
2639:
2572:
2515:
2449:
2401:
2334:
2216:
2092:
1976:
1919:
368:, suggesting that the authors had mis-measured the admixture proportions of their sample.
282:
259:
219:
158:
138:
116:
83:
The earliest farmers in Anatolia derived most (80â90%) of their ancestry from the regions
73:
69:
49:
3539:
3429:
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3138:
3081:
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1984:
1927:
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1708:
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1414:
1381:
1286:
1156:
1089:
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891:
764:
739:
723:
627:
501:
3744:
3556:
3517:
3446:
3407:
3389:
3348:
3330:
3291:
3206:
3165:
3098:
3059:
3041:
3002:
2984:
2953:
2935:
2896:
2878:
2839:
2821:
2788:
2770:
2731:
2713:
2682:
2664:
2625:
2607:
2558:
2540:
2501:
2483:
2444:
2426:
2387:
2369:
2320:
2302:
2261:
2184:
2143:
2117:
2078:
2060:
2020:"Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history"
2019:
2001:
1962:
1944:
1905:
1819:
1778:
1668:
1625:
1600:
1565:
1472:
1439:
1173:
1140:
1116:
1073:
1012:
971:
918:
875:
644:
611:
586:
553:
528:
485:
436:
424:
349:
345:
286:
263:
142:
53:
2321:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
68:
to Europe has long been recognised through archaeology, it is only recent advances in
4204:
3610:
3117:"Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe"
2958:
2793:
2696:
2559:"Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans"
2134:
1216:
412:
251:
132:
120:
3508:
860:
3758:
400:
371:
EEF ancestry remains widespread throughout Europe, ranging from about 60% near the
317:
255:
165:
104:
1716:
793:
Ancestral Journeys: The Peopling of Europe from the First Venturers to the Vikings
324:, the EEF-derived cultures of Europe were overwhelmed by successive migrations of
3650:
3624:
Who We are and how We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past
3622:
3578:
3266:
2811:
900:
3574:
1906:"A massacre of early Neolithic farmers in the high Pyrenees at Els Trocs, Spain"
222:
into the region. Ancestors of AHGs and EEFs are believed to have split off from
211:
154:
65:
57:
3547:
3354:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3171:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2761:
2531:
2267:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2233:
2149:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2025:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1935:
1860:
1802:
1524:
1455:
1397:
995:
747:
569:
510:
3492:
3321:
3305:
3147:
3130:
3116:
2474:
2458:
2108:
1992:
1582:
1294:
1241:
1208:
1164:
408:
321:
169:
128:
108:
3580:
Subsistence and Society in Prehistory: New Directions in Economic Archaeology
1868:
1810:
1763:
1724:
1659:
1591:
1532:
1463:
1405:
1107:
1003:
909:
844:
755:
577:
519:
3379:
3349:"Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans"
3196:
3032:
2975:
2292:
2174:
2050:
1963:"Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain"
1650:
1098:
427:, pigs, sheep and goats, as livestock, and planted cereal crops like wheat.
310:
45:
3565:
3500:
3455:
3398:
3339:
3215:
3156:
3107:
3089:
3050:
2993:
2944:
2887:
2830:
2779:
2722:
2704:
2673:
2616:
2549:
2492:
2435:
2378:
2311:
2252:
2193:
2126:
2069:
2010:
1953:
1886:
1828:
1779:"A high-resolution picture of kinship practices in an Early Neolithic tomb"
1677:
1609:
1550:
1481:
1423:
1302:
1182:
1125:
1021:
927:
852:
773:
653:
595:
537:
3664:
3592:
3237:"Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard"
2203:"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant"
724:"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant"
3474:
835:
818:
353:
341:
238:
41:
3437:
2926:
2869:
2655:
2598:
2360:
1845:"Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic Farmers"
1755:
944:
European Archaeology as Anthropology: Essays in Memory of Bernard Wailes
635:
3003:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years"
2417:
440:
415:-related phenotypes are enriched in the ancestry of Neolithic farmers.
37:
3408:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
1231:
612:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
960:
show that the migrants included both men and women from the steppes."
796:(Revised and Updated ed.). Thames & Hudson. p. 98-100.
243:
146:
61:
33:
3236:
72:
that have confirmed that this spread was strongly correlated with a
3483:
2343:
48:, and outside in Europe and Northwest Africa, they also existed in
2581:
2388:"Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians"
386:
309:, which is almost non-existent in modern Europeans, but common in
193:
3713:
1501:"The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians"
293:
consisted mainly of West Eurasian lineages including haplogroups
2967:
2802:
3717:
704:"When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved"
157:. They also have a minor role in the ethnogenesis of WSHs of
2840:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"
3652:
The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective
1233:
The genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations
16:
Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component
3290:
GonzĂĄlez-Fortes, Gloria; et al. (19 June 2017).
3516:
Nikitin, Alexey G.; et al. (20 December 2019).
3164:
SĂĄnchez-Quinto, Federico; et al. (7 May 2019).
941:
Crabtree, Pam J.; Bogucki, Peter (25 January 2017).
4028:
3845:
3751:
3074:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3017:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2730:Marcus, Joseph H.; et al. (24 February 2020).
2557:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (17 September 2014).
2681:Malmström, Helena; et al. (19 January 2015).
2079:"A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society"
1440:"The genomic origins of the world's first farmers"
554:"The genomic origins of the world's first farmers"
391:Reconstruction of a Neolithic farmer from Europe,
2895:Mathieson, Iain; et al. (21 February 2018).
2838:Mathieson, Iain; et al. (23 November 2015).
2443:Jones, Eppie R.; et al. (20 February 2017).
2386:Jones, Eppie R.; et al. (16 November 2015).
1315:
681:"The first Europeans weren't who you might think"
1327:
947:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 55.
666:
3347:HofmanovĂĄ, Zuzana; et al. (21 June 2016).
2952:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2 September 2015).
1630:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1078:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1059:
3406:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (25 July 2016).
2201:SimÔes, Luciana G; et al. (7 June 2023).
2077:Cassidy, Lara M.; et al. (17 June 2020).
340:(CHG) ancestries. These migrations led to EEF
64:. Although the spread of agriculture from the
3729:
3466:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2787:Martiniano, Rui; et al. (27 July 2017).
2624:Lipson, Mark; et al. (8 November 2017).
2018:Brunel, Samantha; et al. (9 June 2020).
1904:Alt, Kurt W.; et al. (7 February 2020).
1072:Lazaridis, Iosif; Reich, David (5 May 2017).
1047:
8:
3058:Rivollat, Maïté; et al. (29 May 2020).
3001:Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (15 March 2019).
2897:"The genomic history of southeastern Europe"
2319:Haak, Wolfgang; et al. (2 March 2015).
1961:Brace, Selina; et al. (15 April 2019).
1738:Brami, Maxime; Heyd, Volker (January 2011).
1254:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1035:
364:in a follow-up study by Iosif Lazaridis and
218:by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by
2260:Goldberg, Amy; et al. (7 March 2017).
3736:
3722:
3714:
2500:Juras, Anna; et al. (2 August 2018).
2142:Fregel, Rosa; et al. (26 June 2018).
1139:Fernandes, Daniel M.; et al. (2020).
3555:
3482:
3445:
3388:
3378:
3329:
3205:
3195:
3146:
3115:Saag, Lehti; et al. (24 July 2017).
3097:
3040:
2983:
2934:
2877:
2820:
2810:
2769:
2712:
2663:
2606:
2580:
2539:
2482:
2425:
2368:
2342:
2301:
2291:
2242:
2232:
2183:
2173:
2116:
2059:
2049:
2000:
1943:
1876:
1818:
1667:
1649:
1599:
1581:
1540:
1471:
1413:
1172:
1115:
1097:
1011:
917:
899:
834:
763:
643:
585:
527:
509:
226:(WHGs) between 45kya to 26kya during the
1200:Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia
785:
783:
423:EEFs and their Anatolian forebears kept
383:Physical appearance and allele frequency
206:derived most of their ancestry from the
3689:
1352:Lalueza-Fox, Carles (1 February 2022).
473:
332:, who carried roughly equal amounts of
174:BactriaâMargiana Archaeological Complex
1247:
375:(with a peak of 65% in the island of
1339:
76:of these farmers, and was not just a
7:
479:
477:
399:European hunter-gatherers were much
3805:Blood type distribution by country
2688:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
123:of Eastern Europe, probably spoke
44:(also known as Asia Minor) in the
14:
4183:
4182:
3242:Journal of Indo-European Studies
3655:. Cambridge World Archaeology.
234:(CHGs) between 25kya to 14kya.
1203:, pp. 2022.05.04.490594,
1145:Nature Ecology & Evolution
702:Spinney, Laura (1 July 2020).
1:
1717:10.1080/14614103.2019.1615214
1355:Inequality: A Genetic History
679:Curry, Andrew (August 2019).
32:) who brought agriculture to
4226:Modern human genetic history
3363:National Academy of Sciences
3180:National Academy of Sciences
2812:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006852
2276:National Academy of Sciences
2158:National Academy of Sciences
2034:National Academy of Sciences
1968:Nature Ecology and Evolution
901:10.1371/journal.pone.0015214
289:have also been found. Their
22:Early European Farmers (EEF)
1744:Praehistorische Zeitschrift
26:Anatolian Neolithic Farmers
4242:
3786:Neanderthal genome project
3702:Neolithic European Farmers
3657:Cambridge University Press
3585:Cambridge University Press
3548:10.1038/s41598-019-56029-2
2762:10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6
2532:10.1038/s41598-018-29914-5
2234:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6
1936:10.1038/s41598-020-58483-9
1861:10.1038/s41586-024-07651-2
1803:10.1038/s41586-021-04241-4
1525:10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1
1456:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.008
1398:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377
996:10.1038/s41598-019-51045-8
748:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6
570:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.008
511:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7
463:Anatolian hunter-gatherers
232:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers
208:Anatolian hunter-gatherers
187:
180:) with more lower levels.
4216:Genetic history of Europe
4178:
3493:10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.007
3322:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.023
3148:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022
2475:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060
2109:10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6
1993:10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9
1697:Environmental Archaeology
1583:10.1186/s12863-015-0203-2
1358:. MIT Press. p. 29.
1295:10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.050
1209:10.1101/2022.05.04.490594
1165:10.1038/s41559-020-1102-0
823:Journal of Human Genetics
230:, and to have split from
3923:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
338:Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer
224:Western Hunter-Gatherers
101:Western Hunter-Gatherers
4211:Archaeogenetic lineages
3984:Ancient Northeast Asian
3960:Eastern hunter-gatherer
3940:Western hunter-gatherer
3911:Early Anatolian farmers
3629:Oxford University Press
3380:10.1073/pnas.1523951113
3197:10.1073/pnas.1818037116
3033:10.1126/science.aav4040
2293:10.1073/pnas.1616392114
2175:10.1073/pnas.1800851115
2051:10.1073/pnas.1918034117
1651:10.1073/pnas.1901169116
1099:10.1073/pnas.1704308114
362:could not be replicated
334:Eastern Hunter-Gatherer
151:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
125:Indo-European languages
3989:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
3972:Ancient North Eurasian
3935:Early European Farmers
3706:Ancient Aegean Farmers
3698:First European Farmers
3235:(SpringâSummer 2019).
3090:10.1126/sciadv.aaz5344
2705:10.1098/rstb.2013.0373
1316:Martiniano et al. 2017
396:
326:Western Steppe Herders
248:Linear Pottery culture
199:
85:local hunter-gatherers
3810:Genealogical DNA test
3771:Evolutionary genetics
3665:10.1017/9781108386029
3593:10.1017/9781316415177
2976:10.1093/molbev/msv181
2737:Nature Communications
2393:Nature Communications
1450:(11): 1842â1859.e18.
1328:Mathieson et al. 2015
667:Mathieson et al. 2018
564:(11): 1842â1859.e18.
490:Nature Communications
390:
330:PonticâCaspian steppe
197:
172:populations (through
113:Western Steppe Herder
3781:Neanderthal genetics
3764:Human Genome Project
3696:Sometimes called as
1281:(22): 3953â3959.e4.
1060:Goldberg et al. 2017
836:10.1038/jhg.2011.103
790:Manco, Jean (2016).
291:maternal haplogroups
281:, while haplogroups
228:Last Glacial Maximum
190:Neolithic Revolution
24:were a group of the
4164:Sub-Saharan Africa
4133:Tamils (Sri Lankan)
4030:Population genetics
3837:Genetic enhancement
3830:Surname DNA project
3540:2019NatSR...919544N
3438:10.1038/nature19310
3430:2016Natur.536..419L
3371:2016PNAS..113.6886H
3314:2017CBio...27E1801G
3188:2019PNAS..116.9469S
3139:2017CBio...27E2185S
3082:2020SciA....6.5344R
3025:2019Sci...363.1230O
2927:10.1038/nature25778
2919:2018Natur.555..197M
2870:10.1038/nature16152
2862:2015Natur.528..499M
2754:2020NatCo..11..939M
2656:10.1038/nature24476
2648:2017Natur.551..368L
2599:10.1038/nature13673
2591:2014Natur.513..409L
2524:2018NatSR...811603J
2467:2017CBio...27..576J
2410:2015NatCo...6.8912J
2361:10.1038/nature14317
2353:2015Natur.522..207H
2284:2017PNAS..114.2657G
2225:2023Natur.618..550S
2166:2018PNAS..115.6774F
2101:2020Natur.582..384C
2042:2020PNAS..11712791B
1985:2019NatEE...3..765B
1928:2020NatSR..10.2131A
1795:2022Natur.601..584F
1756:10.1515/pz.2011.011
1709:2022EnvAr..27....8G
1642:2019PNAS..11617231F
1636:(35): 17231â17238.
1517:2024Natur.625..312I
1287:2019CBio...29E3953S
1157:2020NatEE...4..334F
1090:2017PNAS..114E3873L
1084:(20): E3873âE3874.
988:2019NatSR...916883O
892:2010PLoSO...515214D
740:2023Natur.618..550S
708:Scientific American
685:National Geographic
636:10.1038/nature19310
628:2016Natur.536..419L
502:2019NatCo..10.1218F
431:Social organisation
275:paternal haplogroup
204:Anatolian Neolithic
202:Populations of the
178:Corded Ware Culture
3523:Scientific Reports
3275:. pp. 21â54.
2507:Scientific Reports
2418:10.1038/ncomms9912
1911:Scientific Reports
1048:Olalde et al. 2019
976:Scientific Reports
397:
258:). Large parts of
200:
4198:
4197:
4018:Ancient Beringian
3820:Race and genetics
3815:Genetic genealogy
3800:Genetic variation
3638:978-0-19-882125-0
3573:Outram, Alan K.;
3263:Anthony, David W.
1855:(8023): 114â121.
1789:(7894): 584â587.
1511:(7994): 312â320.
1365:978-0-262-04678-7
1036:Juras et al. 2018
954:978-1-934536-90-2
803:978-0-500-77290-4
734:(7965): 550â556.
691:on 19 March 2021.
622:(7617): 419â424.
458:Neolithic decline
373:Mediterranean Sea
250:) or the western
111:, people who had
93:Iberian Peninsula
78:cultural exchange
4233:
4221:Neolithic Europe
4186:
4185:
3887:African diaspora
3877:Eastern Africaââ
3825:Recent evolution
3776:Human-chimp MRCA
3738:
3731:
3724:
3715:
3708:
3694:
3678:
3647:Shennan, Stephen
3642:
3614:
3569:
3559:
3512:
3486:
3459:
3449:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3343:
3333:
3286:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3219:
3209:
3199:
3160:
3150:
3111:
3101:
3054:
3044:
2997:
2987:
2948:
2938:
2891:
2881:
2834:
2824:
2814:
2783:
2773:
2726:
2716:
2677:
2667:
2620:
2610:
2584:
2553:
2543:
2496:
2486:
2439:
2429:
2382:
2372:
2346:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2256:
2246:
2236:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2138:
2120:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2014:
2004:
1957:
1947:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1653:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1585:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1475:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1101:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1015:
967:
961:
958:
938:
932:
931:
921:
903:
871:
865:
864:
838:
814:
808:
807:
787:
778:
777:
767:
718:
712:
711:
699:
693:
692:
687:. Archived from
676:
670:
664:
658:
657:
647:
606:
600:
599:
589:
548:
542:
541:
531:
513:
481:
453:Neolithic Europe
328:(WSHs) from the
273:The most common
89:Southeast Europe
38:Northwest Africa
4241:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4174:
4154:Southeast Asia
4032:
4024:
3882:Southern Africa
3849:
3847:Genetic history
3841:
3747:
3742:
3712:
3711:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3645:
3639:
3617:
3603:
3572:
3532:Nature Research
3515:
3462:
3422:Nature Research
3405:
3346:
3297:Current Biology
3289:
3283:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3231:
3227:
3225:Further reading
3222:
3163:
3122:Current Biology
3114:
3057:
3000:
2951:
2911:Nature Research
2894:
2854:Nature Research
2837:
2786:
2746:Nature Research
2729:
2680:
2640:Nature Research
2623:
2573:Nature Research
2556:
2516:Nature Research
2499:
2450:Current Biology
2442:
2402:Nature Research
2385:
2335:Nature Research
2318:
2259:
2217:Nature Research
2200:
2141:
2093:Nature Research
2076:
2036:: 12791â12798.
2017:
1977:Nature Research
1960:
1920:Nature Research
1903:
1899:
1894:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1275:Current Biology
1268:
1267:
1263:
1246:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:, pp. 1â2.
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
969:
968:
964:
955:
940:
939:
935:
873:
872:
868:
829:(11): 784â796.
816:
815:
811:
804:
789:
788:
781:
720:
719:
715:
701:
700:
696:
678:
677:
673:
665:
661:
608:
607:
603:
550:
549:
545:
483:
482:
475:
471:
449:
433:
421:
385:
277:among EEFs was
260:Northern Europe
220:demic diffusion
192:
186:
159:Yamnaya culture
139:Iranian Plateau
117:Yamnaya culture
97:Genetic studies
70:archaeogenetics
50:Iranian Plateau
17:
12:
11:
5:
4239:
4237:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4036:
4034:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4001:Southeast Asia
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Central Africa
3869:
3864:
3853:
3851:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3745:Human genetics
3743:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3643:
3637:
3615:
3601:
3570:
3513:
3460:
3403:
3344:
3287:
3282:978-9004416192
3281:
3259:
3233:Anthony, David
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3161:
3112:
3055:
2998:
2949:
2892:
2835:
2784:
2727:
2678:
2621:
2554:
2497:
2440:
2383:
2316:
2257:
2198:
2139:
2074:
2015:
1958:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1834:
1769:
1730:
1683:
1615:
1556:
1490:
1429:
1372:
1364:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1261:
1236:. p. 41.
1221:
1188:
1151:(3): 334â345.
1131:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
962:
953:
933:
886:(12): e15214.
866:
809:
802:
779:
713:
694:
671:
659:
601:
543:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
448:
445:
432:
429:
425:taurine cattle
420:
417:
393:Science Museum
384:
381:
279:haplogroup G2a
264:Eastern Europe
185:
182:
143:South Caucasus
54:South Caucasus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4238:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4191:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4007:
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4003:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:British Isles
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:West Africaââ
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3674:9781108422925
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3602:9781107128774
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3365:: 6886â6891.
3364:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:: 1801â1810.
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3182:: 9469â9474.
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3133:: 2185â2193.
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:: 1230â1234.
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:: 3132â3142.
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2959:PLOS Genetics
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2794:PLOS Genetics
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:Royal Society
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:: 2657â2662.
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:: 6774â6779.
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:(9): 100377.
1391:
1387:
1386:Cell Genomics
1383:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
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1265:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
963:
956:
950:
946:
945:
937:
934:
929:
925:
920:
915:
911:
907:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
810:
805:
799:
795:
794:
786:
784:
780:
775:
771:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
717:
714:
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
682:
675:
672:
668:
663:
660:
655:
651:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
605:
602:
597:
593:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
544:
539:
535:
530:
525:
521:
517:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
478:
474:
468:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
444:
442:
438:
430:
428:
426:
418:
416:
414:
410:
409:light skinned
405:
402:
394:
389:
382:
380:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:Mediterranean
249:
245:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
196:
191:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
134:
133:Basque people
130:
126:
122:
121:Pontic steppe
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
4187:
4085:Azerbaijanis
3967:Central Asia
3934:
3862:North Africa
3759:Human genome
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3651:
3623:
3619:Reich, David
3579:
3575:Bogaard, Amy
3527:
3521:
3470:
3464:
3417:
3411:
3358:
3352:
3301:
3295:
3267:
3251:. Retrieved
3246:
3240:
3175:
3169:
3126:
3120:
3076:: eaaz5344.
3069:
3063:
3012:
3006:
2963:
2957:
2906:
2900:
2849:
2843:
2805:: e1006852.
2798:
2792:
2741:
2735:
2692:
2686:
2635:
2629:
2568:
2562:
2511:
2505:
2454:
2448:
2397:
2391:
2330:
2324:
2271:
2265:
2212:
2206:
2153:
2147:
2088:
2082:
2029:
2023:
1972:
1966:
1915:
1909:
1897:Bibliography
1852:
1848:
1837:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1573:
1570:BMC Genetics
1569:
1559:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1485:
1447:
1443:
1432:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1354:
1347:
1342:, p. 96
1335:
1323:
1318:, p. 9.
1311:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1232:
1224:
1199:
1191:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
982:(1): 16883.
979:
975:
965:
943:
936:
883:
879:
869:
826:
822:
812:
792:
731:
727:
716:
707:
697:
689:the original
684:
674:
662:
619:
615:
604:
561:
557:
546:
493:
489:
434:
422:
406:
398:
370:
358:
318:Chalcolithic
315:
272:
269:
256:Cardial Ware
236:
215:
214:was adopted
201:
163:
149:(during the
136:
105:Chalcolithic
82:
29:
25:
21:
20:
18:
4143:Han Chinese
4119:South Asia
3906:Middle East
3424:: 419â424.
2913:: 197â203.
2856:: 499â503.
2642:: 368â372.
2575:: 409â413.
2461:: 576â582.
2337:: 207â211.
2219:: 550â556.
2095:: 384â388.
1979:: 765â771.
1703:(1): 8â19.
1197:May 2022),
496:(1): 1218.
437:patrilineal
419:Subsistence
366:David Reich
316:During the
212:agriculture
170:South Asian
155:Mesopotamia
66:Middle East
58:Mesopotamia
4205:Categories
4168:Hutu/Tutsi
4139:East Asia
4053:Bulgarians
3894:South Asia
3752:Sub-topics
3484:1805.01579
3306:Cell Press
3131:Cell Press
2459:Cell Press
2344:1502.02783
1340:Reich 2018
1242:1263227362
469:References
336:(EHG) and
322:Bronze Age
320:and early
188:See also:
129:Sardinians
109:Bronze Age
107:and early
4158:Filipinos
4128:Sinhalese
4123:Gujaratis
4113:Moroccans
4108:Egyptians
4063:Romanians
3979:East Asia
3850:by region
3611:211576479
3534:: 19544.
3530:(19544).
3477:: 21â27.
3253:9 January
2582:1312.6639
2518:: 11603.
2514:(11603).
2135:219729757
1869:1476-4687
1811:0028-0836
1764:0079-4848
1725:1461-4103
1660:0027-8424
1592:1471-2156
1576:(1): 54.
1533:1476-4687
1464:0092-8674
1406:2666-979X
1250:cite book
1217:248563160
1108:0027-8424
1004:2045-2322
910:1932-6203
845:1435-232X
756:0028-0836
578:0092-8674
520:2041-1723
395:in Trento
311:East Asia
74:migration
46:Neolithic
4189:Category
4148:Japanese
4068:Russians
4048:Bosniaks
4033:by group
4006:Thailand
3918:Caucasus
3793:Timeline
3649:(2018).
3621:(2018).
3577:(2019).
3566:31863024
3509:19158377
3501:29960127
3475:Elsevier
3456:27459054
3420:(7617).
3399:27274049
3340:28552360
3216:30988179
3157:28712569
3108:32523989
3051:30872528
3015:(6432).
2994:26337550
2945:29466330
2909:(7695).
2888:26595274
2852:(7583).
2831:28749934
2780:32094358
2723:25487325
2695:(1660).
2674:29144465
2638:(7680).
2617:25230663
2571:(7518).
2550:30072694
2493:28162894
2436:26567969
2404:: 8912.
2400:(8912).
2379:25731166
2333:(7555).
2312:28223527
2253:37286608
2244:10266975
2215:(7965).
2194:29895688
2127:32555485
2091:(7812).
2070:32457149
2011:32034181
1954:32034181
1922:: 2131.
1918:(2131).
1887:38987589
1878:11291285
1829:34937939
1678:31405970
1610:26018295
1551:38200293
1542:10781624
1482:35561686
1424:37719142
1415:10504632
1303:31679935
1183:32094539
1126:28476764
1022:31729399
928:21203537
880:PLOS ONE
861:20827921
853:21918529
774:37286608
765:10266975
654:27459054
596:35561686
538:30890703
447:See also
377:Sardinia
354:maternal
342:paternal
239:Anatolia
184:Overview
42:Anatolia
4043:Basques
4039:Europe
4013:America
3557:6925266
3536:Bibcode
3447:5003663
3426:Bibcode
3390:4922144
3367:Bibcode
3331:5483232
3310:Bibcode
3207:6511028
3184:Bibcode
3135:Bibcode
3099:7259947
3078:Bibcode
3065:Science
3042:6436108
3021:Bibcode
3008:Science
2985:4652622
2936:6091220
2915:Bibcode
2879:4918750
2858:Bibcode
2822:5531429
2771:7039977
2750:Bibcode
2748:: 939.
2744:(939).
2714:4275881
2665:5973800
2644:Bibcode
2608:4170574
2587:Bibcode
2541:6072757
2520:Bibcode
2484:5321670
2463:Bibcode
2427:4660371
2406:Bibcode
2370:5048219
2349:Bibcode
2303:5347611
2280:Bibcode
2221:Bibcode
2185:6042094
2162:Bibcode
2118:7116870
2097:Bibcode
2061:7293694
2038:Bibcode
2002:7005801
1981:Bibcode
1945:7005801
1924:Bibcode
1843:2024).
1820:8896835
1791:Bibcode
1705:Bibcode
1669:6717267
1638:Bibcode
1601:4445560
1513:Bibcode
1473:9166250
1283:Bibcode
1174:7080320
1153:Bibcode
1117:5441797
1086:Bibcode
1013:6858343
984:Bibcode
919:3006427
888:Bibcode
736:Bibcode
645:5003663
624:Bibcode
587:9166250
529:6425003
498:Bibcode
441:exogamy
352:). EEF
216:in situ
166:Central
119:of the
4058:Croats
3950:Iberia
3930:Europe
3857:Africa
3671:
3635:
3609:
3599:
3564:
3554:
3507:
3499:
3454:
3444:
3413:Nature
3397:
3387:
3361:(25).
3338:
3328:
3304:(12).
3279:
3214:
3204:
3178:(19).
3155:
3129:(14).
3106:
3096:
3072:(22).
3049:
3039:
2992:
2982:
2966:(12).
2943:
2933:
2902:Nature
2886:
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