1511:, along with a small standing army. When the need arose for soldiers it hired mercenaries or financed allies who fielded armies. The rising costs of warfare forced a shift in government financing from the income from royal agricultural estates and special imposts and taxes to reliance on customs and excise taxes and, after 1790, an income tax. Working with bankers in the City, the government raised large loans during wartime and paid them off in peacetime. The rise in taxes amounted to 20% of national income, but the private sector benefited from the increase in economic growth. The demand for war supplies stimulated the industrial sector, particularly naval supplies, munitions and textiles, which gave Britain an advantage in international trade during the postwar years.
204:
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King Philip V, of Spain 28%) of all profits collected for her personal fortune." Ricks concludes that the Queen's "connection to slave trade revenue meant that she was no longer a neutral observer. She had a vested interest in what happened on slave ships." In addition to sales to the
Spanish colonies, Britain had its own sugar islands in the Caribbean, especially Jamaica, Barbados, Nevis, and Antigua, which provided a steady flow of profits from the slave labor that produced the sugar.
893:
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1373:. The main issue was religion; the Stuarts had the support of Catholic Europe, while the Whigs in Britain were staunch opponents of Catholicism. The great majority of Tories refused to support the Jacobites publicly, although there were numerous quiet supporters. After the death of King William III (1702) and Queen Anne (1714), the succession went to the Protestant
1805:
3266:
1715:, in a struggle that, unlike previous wars, represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations. It was not only Britain's position on the world stage that was threatened: Napoleon threatened invasion of Britain itself, and with it, a fate similar to the countries of continental Europe that his armies had overrun. The
1530:
1447:
originating in West Africa and the West Indies. China would be next on the agenda. Other powers set up similar monopolies on a much smaller scale; only the
Netherlands emphasized trade as much as England. British exports soared from £6.5 million in 1700, to £14.7 million in 1760 and £43.2 million in 1800.
2542:(1931) p 188; pp 184-370 gives capsule histories of 10 major trading companies: The Merchant Adventurers, the East India Company, the Eastland Company, the Russia Company, the Levant Company, the African Company, the Hudson's Bay Company, the French Company, the Spanish Company, and the South Sea Company.
106:. This movement is characterised by the flowering of English music (particularly the English adoption and development of the madrigal), notable achievements in drama (by William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson), and the development of English epic poetry (most famously Edmund Spenser's
1645:
policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain and
Portugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 confirmed Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success.
1494:
away from France and London celebrated her economic coup. Most of the slave trade involved sales to
Spanish colonies in the Caribbean, and to Mexico, as well as sales to British colonies in the Caribbean and in North America. Historian Vinita Ricks says the agreement allotted Queen Anne "22.5% (and
1446:
paid off handsomely in terms of its profits. Even the loss of the 13 colonies was made up by a very favorable trading relationship with the new United States of
America. British gained dominance in the trade with India, and largely dominated the highly lucrative slave, sugar, and commercial trades
1311:
Scottish proponents of union believed that failure to accede to the Bill would result in the imposition of union under less favourable terms, and months of fierce debate in both capital cities and throughout both kingdoms followed. In
Scotland, the debate on occasion dissolved into civil disorder,
1226:
as allies, but the conflict – waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance – left the
English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe. The 18th century would
1463:
and speculation. It issued stock four times in 1720 that reached about 8,000 investors. Prices kept soaring every day, from £130 a share to £1,000, with insiders making huge paper profits. The Bubble collapsed overnight, ruining many speculators. Investigations showed bribes had reached into high
1750:
John Brewer introduced the third approach with his depiction of the unexpectedly powerful, centralized 'fiscal-military' state during the eighteenth century. Finally, there have been numerous recent studies that explore the state as an abstract entity capable of commanding the loyalties of those
255:
The same forces that had reduced the power of the traditional aristocracy also served to increase the power of the commercial classes. The rise of trade and the central importance of money to the operation of the government gave this new class great power, but power that was not reflected in the
1422:
so powerful that no rival could sweep its ships from the world's trading routes, or invade the
British Isles. The London government enhanced the private sector by incorporating numerous privately financed London-based companies for establishing trading posts and opening import-export businesses
456:
In 1512, under a treaty extending the Auld
Alliance, all nationals of Scotland and France also became nationals of each other's countries, a status not repealed in France until 1903 and which may never have been repealed in Scotland. However a year later, the Auld Alliance had more disastrous
1746:
The second approach, as developed by Edward Higgs, conceptualizes the state as an information-gathering entity, paying special attention to local registrars and the census. He brings in such topics as spies, surveillance of
Catholics, the 1605 Gunpowder Plot led by Guy Fawkes to overthrow the
673:
and James VI of Scotland, thus unifying these two countries under his personal rule. For a time, this remained the only political connection between two independent nations, but it foreshadowed the eventual 1707 union of Scotland and England under the banner of the Great Britain.
1626:
The loss of the United States, at the time Britain's most populous colony, is seen by historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa.
1190:(1672–74), the British counted on a new alliance with France but the outnumbered Dutch outsailed both of them, and King Charles II ran short of money and political support. The Dutch gained domination of sea trading routes until 1713. The British gained the thriving colony of
1169:
were a series of three wars which took place between the English and the Dutch from 1652 to 1674. The causes included political disputes and increasing competition from merchant shipping. Religion was not a factor, since both sides were Protestant. The British in the
1312:
most notably by the notorious 'Edinburgh Mob'. The prospect of a union of the kingdoms was deeply unpopular among the Scottish population at large, and talk of an uprising was widespread. However Scotland could not long continue. Following the financially disastrous
1019:, promising generosity and indicating his willingness to leave the settlement to Parliament. The Convention Parliament, which had been elected to negotiate with the King, invited Charles to return, He landed at Dover amid great enthusiasm on May 26, 1660.
488:
finally managed to escape from the custody of the regents with the aid of his redoubtable mother in 1528, he once again set about subduing the rebellious Highlands, Western and Northern isles, as his father had had to do. He married the French noblewoman
1070:
and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date; he did so on his deathbed. Charles attempted to introduce religious equality for Catholics and non-Anglican Protestant dissenters with his 1672
1418:), Britain had a different set of primary interests. Its main diplomatic goal (besides protecting the homeland from invasion) was building a worldwide trading network for its merchants, manufacturers, shippers and financiers. This required a hegemonic
1653:
had been trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the British East India Company struggled with its French counterpart,
1676:
and a major military and political power in India. In the following decades it gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force of the
1218:
The 18th century was characterised by numerous major wars, especially with France, with the growth and collapse of the First British Empire, with the origins of the Second British Empire, and with steady economic and social growth at home.
1007:(1640–1660) rejected the anarchy and confusion since Cromwell's death. Elite and popular opinion called for a restoration of the monarchy under the Stuarts. There was widespread revulsion against the intense moralism and high taxes of the
1335:. Queen Anne (already Queen of both England and Scotland) became formally the first occupant of the unified British throne, with Scotland sending forty-five Members to join all existing Members from the parliament of England in the new
113:
The idea of the Renaissance has come under increased criticism by many cultural historians, and some have contended that the "English Renaissance" has no real tie with the artistic achievements and aims of the northern Italian artists
1458:
was a private business corporation supposedly set up much like the other trading companies, with a focus on South America. Its actual purpose was to renegotiate previous high-interest government loans amounting to £31 million through
1377:, starting with King George I in 1714. They were Germans who were not especially popular in Britain. The island nation was vulnerable only to a seaborne invasion, which the Jacobites plotted and attempted. The major attempts were the
1186:. It ended the fights over "mercantilism" (the use of force to protect and expand national trade, industry, and shipping). Meanwhile, the French were building up fleets that threatened both the Netherlands and Great Britain. In the
345:. In part because of this, but also because the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent, the centuries long conflict between France and England was largely suspended for most of Elizabeth's reign.
1409:
We are the most "diligent nation in the world. Vast trade, rich manufactures, mighty wealth, universal correspondence, and happy success have been constant companions of England, and given us the title of an industrious
1144:
was the nominal co-ruler until her death in 1694. Constitutionally, the Glorious Revolution established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament, as enacted through the
1015:, a former supporter of Cromwell, led the movement for a royal restoration. Charles II in exile paid close attention to the developments and readied himself to take the throne. From Breda in Holland he issued the
157:. Henry VII's largely peaceful reign ended decades of civil war and brought the peace and stability to England needed for art and commerce to thrive. A major war on English soil would not occur again until the
1507:, it was generally successful in warfare, and was especially successful in financing its military commitments. France and Spain, by contrast, went bankrupt. Britain maintained a relatively large and expensive
1598:
and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's ability to tax American colonists without their consent. Disagreement turned to violence and in 1775 the
196:. Under the Tudors, the English state was centralized and rationalized as a bureaucracy built up and the government became run and managed by educated functionaries. The most notable new institution was the
1480:
was the enlarging of Britain's role in the slave trade. Of special importance was the successful secret negotiation with France to obtain thirty-year monopoly on the Spanish slave trade, known as the
1042:. Strict rules were set up such that only genuine members of the established Church could hold office. The major foreign policy issue was the trade rivalry with the Dutch, leading to the inconclusive
509:—referring to the House of Stewart which began with Walter Stewart's marriage to the daughter of Robert the Bruce. Once again, Scotland was in the hands of a regent, James Hamilton, Earl of Arran.
4045:
4023:
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The Reformation remained somewhat precarious through the reign of Queen Mary, who remained Roman Catholic but tolerated Protestantism. Following her deposition in 1567, her infant son
469:—were killed. The extent of the disaster impacted throughout Scotland because of the large numbers killed, and once again Scotland's government lay in the hands of regents. The song
3598:
984:. Upon his death, his son took over, but proved a weak ruler with very little support. The military and religious elements that supported Cromwell began disputing with each other.
748:
while remaining King James VI of Scotland. One man ruled two separate kingdoms with separate governments and cabinets. The two countries remained distinct and separate until the
37:
roughly corresponding to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Major historical events in early modern British history include numerous wars, especially with France, along with the
1091:) was a Catholic. The issue was whether or not to exclude James from succession to the throne. The crisis sparked the creation of the first political parties: the pro-exclusion
1563:, which began in 1756, was the first war waged on a global scale, fought in Europe, India, North America, the Caribbean, the Philippines and coastal Africa. The signing of the
1401:
The era was prosperous as entrepreneurs extended the range of their business around the globe. By the 1720s Britain was one of the most prosperous countries in the world, and
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to murder Charles and James, some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death on 6 February 1685.
341:
had come to an end under the weight of foreign domination of the peninsula. France was embroiled in its own religious battles that would only be settled in 1598 with the
1414:
While the other major powers were primarily motivated toward territorial gains, and protection of their dynasties (such as the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties, and the
306:, among others, composed plays that broke away from England's past style of plays and theatre. It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad, while at home the
133:
Other cultural historians have countered that, regardless of whether the name "renaissance" is apt, there was undeniably an artistic flowering in England under the
3383:
1486:. Anne also allowed colonies like Virginia to make laws that promoted black slavery. Anne had secretly negotiated with France to get its approval regarding the
313:
The Elizabethan Age is viewed so highly because of the contrasts with the periods before and after. It was a brief period of largely internal peace between the
1099:
believed it was against God's will to interfere with the legitimate succession, and supported both the King and James. After the discovery of the failed 1683
1133:
to govern. James went into exile in France, where his claims to the English throne were promoted by King Louis XIV. In England the claims were upheld by the
1567:
had important consequences for Britain and its empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the ceding of
1856:
2811:
Simon Devereaux, "The Historiography of the English State During 'The Long Eighteenth Century' Part Two – Fiscal-Military and Nationalist Perspectives."
1182:(1665–67) Dutch naval victories followed. This second war cost London ten times more than it had planned on, and the king sued for peace in 1667 with the
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The Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa had been set up in 1662 to trade in gold, ivory and slaves in Africa; it was reestablished as the
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1588:
573:, in the hands of regents. In England she became a focal point for Catholic conspirators and was eventually executed on the orders of her kinswoman
551:
1876:
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burned out the main commercial districts of London; it destroyed 13,000 buildings, but few lives were lost. In 1670, King Charles entered into the
337:, and parliament was not yet strong enough to challenge royal absolutism. England was also well-off compared to the other nations of Europe. The
4095:
1121:; He ruled with the support of the Tory party. He forced a series of highly unpopular proposals that would restore Catholicism to England. The
527:, Henry VIII's military attempt to force a marriage between Mary and his son, Edward, had begun. There was border skirmishing and in May 1544,
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360:. The conflict might be said to be the first world war, in that it was fought on two continents (Europe and the Americas) and two oceans (the
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1997:
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1242:. The conflict, which France and Spain were to lose, lasted until 1714. The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, gaining
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broke out in western areas that was brutally suppressed. Elite opinion strongly turned against the king, and in late 1688 the elites invited
1587:
but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states, effectively leaving the future of India to Britain. The
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102:" is used by many historians to refer to a cultural movement in England in the 16th and 17th centuries that was heavily influenced by the
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1325:
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752:. Within eight hours of the death of Elizabeth, James was proclaimed king in London, the news received without protest or disturbance.
457:
effects when James IV was required to launch an invasion of England to support the French when they were attacked by the English under
4057:
1893:
203:
3928:
3425:
Devereaux, Simon. "The historiography of the English state during ‘the Long Eighteenth Century’: Part I–Decentralized perspectives."
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497:(1542). James died a short time later. The day before his death, he was brought news of the birth of an heir: a daughter, who became
357:
172:, and social and ideological changes undermined the power of the feudal nobility and enhanced that of the sovereign. Henry VIII also
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greatly increased the power of the English monarchy. A similar pattern was unfolding on the continent as new technologies, such as
1331:
The Acts of Union took effect in 1707, uniting the separate Parliaments and crowns of England and Scotland and forming the single
635:
for heresy, did nothing to stem the growth of these ideas. Beaton was assassinated shortly after the execution of George Wishart.
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government structure. This would lead to a long contest during the 17th century between the forces of the monarch and parliament.
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to this day, became a critical naval base and allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean.
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3442:, highly useful bibliography of 490+ scholarly books, articles and book reviews published before 1970 that deal with 1485–1815.
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445:. James IV's reign is often considered to be a period of cultural flourishing, and it was around this period that the European
2017:
1743:, presented an expansive and centralized administrative state while deemphasizing the influence of Benthamite utilitarianism.
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managed to wind it down with minimal political and economic damage, although some losers fled to exile or committed suicide.
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were therefore ones that Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win. French ports were blockaded by the
638:
The eventual Reformation of the Scottish Church followed a brief civil war in 1559–60, in which English intervention at the
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England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government, largely a result of the reforms of
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1178:" which were well suited to the naval tactics of the era. The British also captured numerous Dutch merchant ships. In the
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across the world. Each was given a monopoly of trade to the specified geographical region. The first enterprise was the
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consisted of a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians (known as
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reluctantly accepted the proposals. Supposed financial payoffs to Scottish parliamentarians were later referred to by
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began to influence Scotland. The execution of a number of Protestant preachers, most notably the Lutheran influenced
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and forced to abdicate. She eventually escaped and attempted to regain the throne by force. After her defeat at the
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Recently historians have undertaken a deeper exploration of the growth of state power. They especially look at the
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The History of England from the Accession of Georges III, to the Close of Pitt's First Administration (1760–1801)
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Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present
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Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present
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Mary was sent to France at the age of five, as the intended bride of the heir to the French throne. Her mother,
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faction of Tories, who in alliance with France were a military threat to the throne for the next half-century.
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government, and the Poor Laws, and demonstrates similarities to the surveillance society of the 21st century.
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combining the two parliaments and the two royal titles. Deeper political integration had been a key policy of
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2387:
The Jacobite Relics of Scotland: Being the Songs, Airs, and Legends, of the Adherents to the House of Stuart
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1231:) rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage.
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493:. His reign was fairly successful, until another disastrous campaign against England led to defeat at the
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1990:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed
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Robert M. Kozub, "Evolution of Taxation in England, 1700–1850: A Period of War and Industrialization",
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had abdicated the throne when King James II (1633–1701) fled to France in 1688. However he and his son
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Burgess, Glenn. "On revisionism: an analysis of early Stuart historiography in the 1970s and 1980s."
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2327:"The Anglo-Scottish Treaty of Union, 1707 in 2007: Defending the Revolution, Defeating the Jacobites"
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claimed to be the legitimate kings, and had the support of important elements in England, as well as
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433:, bringing the Western Isles under effective Royal control for the first time. In 1503, he married
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Lake, Peter. "From Revisionist to Royalist History; or, Was Charles I the First Whig Historian."
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refers to the years of the reign of James I in England, 1603–1625. The Jacobean era succeeds the
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Scotland advanced markedly in educational terms during the 15th century with the founding of the
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After the death of James III in 1488, during or after the Battle of Sauchieburn, his successor
379:. Economically, the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of trans-Atlantic trade.
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that engulfed the 17th century. The Protestant/Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the
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Karin Bowie, "Popular Resistance and the Ratification of the Anglo-Scottish Treaty of Union",
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972:, the exile of his son Charles II, and the replacement of the English monarchy with first the
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2494:""Giants of an Earlier Capitalism": The Chartered Trading Companies as Modern Multinationals"
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Recipes and Everyday Knowledge: Medicine, Science, And The Household in Early Modern England
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1700:, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of
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and with economic and naval assistance from France, would go on to win the war in 1783. The
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Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the
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1739:, from about 1660 to 1837 from four fresh perspectives. The first approach, developed by
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became the first European to visit the eastern coast of Australia whilst on a scientific
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From 1700 to 1850, Britain was involved in 137 wars or rebellions. Apart from losing the
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Gijs Rommelse, "The role of mercantilism in Anglo‐Dutch political relations, 1650–74."
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in the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's dominant colonial power.
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The History of England from the Accession of Anne to the Death of George II, 1702–1760
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Dynastic security was a factor in Britain, as, indeed, it was in other countries. The
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was drawn up, and negotiations between England and Scotland began in earnest in 1706.
554:
continued to act as Regent. Mary returned to Scotland after the death of her husband,
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The History of England from the Accession of James 1st to the Restoration (1603–1660)
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2014:
Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World: Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America
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to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and
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of 1665–66, which at its worst cost 1000 deaths a day in London. On top of that, the
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34:
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Oliver MacDonagh, "The Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Government: A Reappraisal."
17:
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The History of England from the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702)
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1974:
Wallace McCaffrey, "Recent Writings on Tutor History", in Richard Schlatter, ed.,
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At the threshold to the 19th century, Britain was challenged again by France under
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1584:
1402:
1385:. Both failed to rally significant popular support, and the Jacobite defeat at the
1321:
1209:
875:
790:
766:
757:
695:
691:
642:
on the Protestant side was decisive. A Reformed confession of faith was adopted by
524:
197:
119:
82:
3726:
3082:(1895); Gardiner's 18-volume history of the era remains a major secondary source.
2839:
Identifying the English: a history of personal identification 1500 to the present
550:, stayed in Scotland to look after the interests of Mary and of France, while the
3436:
Modern Historians on British History 1485–1945: A Critical Bibliography 1945–1969
561:
Mary lost control of Scotland after seven years and was imprisoned for a time in
449:
began to infiltrate Scotland. James IV was the last Scottish king known to speak
2936:
1678:
1080:
1076:
918:
879:
774:
666:
665:
was raised as a Protestant. In 1603, following the death of the childless Queen
658:
was not eliminated, and remained strong particularly in parts of the highlands.
620:
574:
446:
322:
275:
238:
127:
3576:
3093:
Politics under the later Stuarts: party conflict in a divided society 1660–1715
2400:
Allan I. Macinnes, "Treaty Of Union: Voting Patterns and Political Influence",
1704:
for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of
1075:. Elite opinion rejected it and Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679,
1758:
1720:
1701:
1689:
1638:
1628:
1568:
1533:
1508:
1427:
set up in 1555 to trade with Russia. Other prominent enterprises included the
1419:
1134:
477:
458:
376:
279:
230:
165:
161:
of the 17th century. The Wars of the Roses claimed an estimated 105,000 dead.
2630:
Richard B. Sheridan, "Africa and the Caribbean in the Atlantic slave trade."
2517:
2350:
2674:
Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1775
1672:, defeat the French and their Indian allies, left the Company in control of
1537:
1370:
1259:
1251:
1063:
878:
with an agrarian lifestyle based upon their ideas for the creation of small
837:
821:
651:
604:
596:
234:
169:
123:
3486:
Lee, Maurice, Jr. "James I and the Historians: Not a Bad King after All?,"
3465:
1911:
Dennis Austin Britton, "Recent Studies in English Renaissance Literature."
1050:, which became New York. Coincidental with the war with the Dutch, was the
145:
Some scholars date the beginning of Early Modern Britain to the end of the
3285:(New Oxford History of England) (1994), a standard scholarly survey; 803pp
1328:! Recent historians, however, have emphasised the legitimacy of the vote.
3678:
3530:. "New ways and old in early Stuart history", in Richard Schlatter, ed.,
1712:
939:
927:
825:
531:. In 1547, after the death of Henry VIII forces under the English regent
353:
330:
3532:
Recent views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1966
3522:
3439:
3395:
Recent views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1966
3125:
2943:
2888:
1976:
Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966
1174:(1652–54) had the naval advantage with larger numbers of more powerful "
3491:
3350:(Oxford History of England) (2nd ed. 1962), a standard scholarly survey
2525:
2493:
2086:
1637:, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that
1255:
1141:
1130:
931:
866:
485:
406:
In 1468 the last great acquisition of Scottish territory occurred when
3030:(Oxford History of England) (2nd ed. 1956), standard scholarly survey.
591:
2164:
England's Glorious Revolution 1688–89: A Brief History with Documents
1682:
1673:
1389:
in 1746 ending any realistic hope of a Stuart restoration. Historian
1343:
to join all existing peers from the parliament of England in the new
1247:
600:
3404:. "State Formation and the Historiography of Early Modern England."
2981:(New Oxford History of England) (1995), a standard scholarly survey
2509:
2480:
The forging of the modern state: early industrial Britain, 1783–1872
244:
The new power of the monarch was given a basis by the notion of the
3124:(New Oxford History of England) (2002), standard scholarly survey;
2887:(Penguin History of Britain) (1997), a standard scholarly survey;
2607:
The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440 - 1870
2342:
2219:. Modern wars in perspective (1st publ ed.). London: Longman.
1442:
in 1672 and focused on the slave trade. British involvement in the
1304:(reigned 1702–14). Under the aegis of the Queen and her advisors a
2577:
David A.G. Waddel, "Queen Anne's Government and the Slave Trade."
1528:
1021:
935:
891:
716:
654:, who had been a disciple of both John Calvin and George Wishart.
590:
465:
during which the King, many of his nobles, and over 10,000 troops—
202:
3445:
Holmes, Clive. "The County Community in Stuart Historiography",
2852:
The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783
2712:
The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783
1529:
1096:
252:
was a major proponent of this idea and wrote extensively on it.
3580:
3360:(Oxford History of England) (1960), a standard scholarly survey
3248:
A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I
2969:
The Age of Elizabeth: England Under the Later Tudors, 1547–1603
2769:
The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire
2284:
The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire
1095:
demanded that James never reach the throne. The anti-exclusion
1234:
In 1701, England, Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the
1011:
in 1657. Nostalgia for Royal traditionalism was strong. Gen.
615:. In the earlier part of the century, the teachings of first
2911:
The Oxford illustrated history of Tudor & Stuart Britain
2068:
Keith M. Brown, "Early Modern Scottish History – A Survey",
1954:(Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, U.S.A.
1046:
of 1665–67. The only positive result was the acquisition of
860:. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the
3080:
The first two Stuarts and the Puritan revolution, 1603–1660
1393:
says, "there was never any serious danger to the dynasty."
569:
in 1568 she took refuge in England, leaving her young son,
3488:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
2122:
Charles the Second, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland
1284:
was born on May 1, 1707, shortly after the parliaments of
1038:, designed to shore up the position of the re-established
669:, the crown of England passed to James. He took the title
3393:
The Later Stuarts: 1660–1714" in Richard Schlatter, ed.,
3312:
Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714-1837: An Encyclopedia
1450:
There was one major fiasco that caused heavy losses. The
2971:(2nd ed. 1992), primarily social & economic history.
1723:, which won a decisive victory over the French fleet at
1454:
was a business enterprise that exploded in scandal. The
1490:
She boasted to Parliament of her success in taking the
1324:
when he wrote "We're bought and sold for English gold,
798:
over both countries, 1625–1642. It was followed by the
650:, was still in France. The most influential figure was
352:, with which England conflicted both in Europe and the
1649:
During its 1st century of operation, the focus of the
1087:
when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir (
1026:
Collecting the dead for burial during the Great Plague
3276:
Eighteenth-Century Britain: A Very Short Introduction
2267:
Eighteenth-Century Britain: A Very Short Introduction
1925:
Wagner, John A.; Schmid, Susan Walters, eds. (2012).
631:
in 1546 who was burnt at the stake in St. Andrews by
539:, the climax of the Rough Wooing, and followed up by
429:
successfully ended the quasi-independent rule of the
137:, culminating in Shakespeare and his contemporaries.
3367:
Modern England: from the 18th century to the present
2564:
Julian Hoppit, "The Myths of the South Sea Bubble",
4072:
3997:
3950:
3842:
3793:
3734:
3614:
3335:
A History of England, Volume 2: 1688 to the present
3107:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
2056:
Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History
3456:(2005), "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity",
3100:
2445:
2151:Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685
1594:During the 1760s and 1770s, relations between the
441:, thus laying the foundation for the 17th century
3283:A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727–1783
3167:England in the Reigns of James II and William III
2647:Through the Lens of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
1117:When Charles II died in 1685, his brother became
1079:'s highly exaggerated revelations of a supposed "
3230:The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641
2865:The British Fiscal-military States, 1660-c. 1783
882:rural communities. They were one of a number of
27:Period of history of the island of Great Britain
2217:The Anglo-Dutch wars of the seventeenth century
938:after the English Civil War. It began with the
852:(1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of
3384:British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies
3239:The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641–1647
1605:declared the independence of the United States
611:During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a
3592:
3014:The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution
2413:Eveline Cruickshanks, "Jacobites, Tories and
2109:Royal Charles: Charles II and the Restoration
1890:, 1603–1627 in England, 1567–1625 in Scotland
1681:, 80% of which was composed of native Indian
1464:places—even to the king. His chief minister
874:in 1649 who attempted to reform the existing
461:. The invasion was stopped decisively at the
8:
3219:Culture and politics in early Stuart England
2566:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1140:William III ruled 1689–1702, while his wife
453:, although some suggest his son could also.
186:confiscating the property of the monasteries
3422:(5th ed. 2017), pp 54-97 on social history.
3040:(5th ed. 2017), standard scholarly survey.
3020:672pp; 33 essays by experts on main topics.
2313:The War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714
2072:(April 2013 Supplement), Vol. 92, pp. 5–24.
1857:Territorial evolution of the British Empire
1657:La Compagnie française des Indes orientales
310:became entrenched in the national mindset.
77:England during the Tudor period (1485–1603)
3599:
3585:
3577:
2885:A Monarchy Transformed: Britain, 1603–1714
2492:Carlos, Ann M.; Nicholas, Stephen (1988).
2432:The Jacobite Risings in Britain, 1689–1746
507:"it cam wi a lass, it will gang wi a lass"
69:and the formation and the collapse of the
3373:university textbook for American audience
3201:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2254:English Society in the Eighteenth Century
1603:began. The following year, the colonists
1062:, an alliance with his first cousin King
794:refers to the years of the reign of King
164:During this period Henry VII and his son
3061:The Restoration of Charles II, 1658-1660
2701:, Fall 2003, Vol. 32 Issue 2, pp 363–388
2083:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
1583:had left France still in control of its
980:(1653–1659), under the personal rule of
930:rule in the land occupied by modern-day
501:. James is supposed to have remarked in
3568:English Historical Documents, 1714–1783
3561:English Historical Documents, 1660–1714
3554:English Historical Documents, 1603–1660
3333:Roberts, Clayton and David F. Roberts.
3199:Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule
3073:(San Marino: Huntington Library, 1958).
3063:(San Marino: Huntington Library, 1955).
2964:(The Oxford History of England) (1957).
2799:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
2784:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
2469:(Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 344
2286:. Oxford University Press. p. 441.
1904:
475:commemorated this, an echo of the poem
3517:Tapsell, Grant. "Royalism Revisited"
3292:(1909) detailed political narrative;
3265:(1905); detailed political narrative
2771:. Oxford University Press. p. 92.
1611:were signed, also ending war with the
1003:In 1660, the remaining members of the
769:, and specifically denotes a style of
627:in 1528 and later the proto-Calvinist
298:. This was also the time during which
126:) who are closely identified with the
3122:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727
2725:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
2553:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727
2467:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727
2058:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 144.
2054:Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton (2013).
806:(1651–1660), when there was no king.
399:in 1495, and with the passing of the
356:in skirmishes that exploded into the
7:
3552:Coward, Barry and Peter Gaunt, eds.
3505:The debate on the English Revolution
3303:Eighteenth Century England 1714–1784
3157:The nature of the English Revolution
2979:The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603
2923:University of Chicago Press (2018),
2699:Journal of European Economic History
2031:The Later Tudors: England, 1547-1603
1872:Historiography of the British Empire
1867:Historiography of the United Kingdom
1819:British colonization of the Americas
1525:Historiography of the British Empire
785:that is predominant of that period.
533:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset
529:a large English army burnt Edinburgh
4046:Post-war period (political history)
3566:Horn, D. B. and Mary Ransome, eds.
3053:(Oxford History of England) (1959).
2955:(1988), a standard scholarly survey
2942:(Oxford History of England) (1959)
2898:Tudor and Stuart Britain: 1485–1714
2610:. Simon and Schuster. p. 236.
2033:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1929:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.
1877:International relations (1648–1814)
1326:Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation
968:The Civil War led to the trial and
481:on a similar tragedy in about 600.
3420:The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714
3358:The Reign of George III, 1760–1815
3330:; 904pp; short articles by experts
3246:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1964),
3237:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1958),
3174:England in the Reign of Charles II
3038:The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714
1894:Witchcraft in early modern Britain
383:Scotland from 15th century to 1603
25:
3184:1688: The First Modern Revolution
2940:The Reign of Elizabeth, 1558–1603
2404:, 1989, Vol. 14 Issue 3, pp 53–61
2241:England in the Eighteenth Century
1337:House of Commons of Great Britain
1066:. Louis agreed to aid him in the
1030:The new parliament, known as the
907:landed in England on 5 November (
153:in 1485 after his victory at the
4051:Post-war period (social history)
3725:
3418:Coward, Barry, and Peter Gaunt.
2677:. Canoe Press. pp. 415–26.
2644:Vinita Moch Ricks (2013-08-01).
1803:
1789:
1775:
1761:
1668:, which saw the British, led by
1238:against Spain and France in the
335:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
33:is the history of the island of
4118:Early modern history of Britain
2540:The Economic History of England
1835:Early Modern English literature
1696:to the South Pacific. In 1778,
1073:Royal Declaration of Indulgence
889:that emerged around this time.
3534:(Rutgers UP, 1984), pp 99-140.
3397:(Rutgers UP, 1984), pp 141-66.
2029:Williams, Penry (1998-05-21).
844:against the supporters of the
1:
3348:The Whig Supremacy, 1714–1760
3152:detailed political narrative.
3103:Charles I and the Popish Plot
3099:Hibbard, Caroline M. (1983),
2962:The Earlier Tudors: 1485–1558
2741:. Modern Library. p. 91.
2448:The Whig supremacy, 1714-1760
2301:. Modern Library. p. 90.
1927:Encyclopedia of Tudor England
1549:
1341:Scottish representative peers
1262:, which is still part of the
1240:War of the Spanish Succession
1214:History of the United Kingdom
828:) between 1642 and 1651. The
599:returned from ministering in
358:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
248:to rule over their subjects.
218:
3608:History of the British Isles
3546:English Historical Documents
3481:Huntington Library Quarterly
3337:(2013) university textbook;
3309:Newman, Gerald, ed. (1997).
3141:detailed political narrative
3051:The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660
3028:The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714
2671:Richard B. Sheridan (1974).
2325:Harris, Bob (January 2010).
2098:Croft, p 49; Willson, p 158.
1988:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).
1913:English Literary Renaissance
1708:set sail, arriving in 1788.
1664:of the 1740s and 1750s. The
1264:British Overseas Territories
1149:of 1688, the passage of the
3503:Richardson, Roger Charles.
3071:Essays on the Later Stuarts
2498:The Business History Review
2190:The Later Stuarts 1660–1714
2177:The Later Stuarts 1660–1714
2138:The Later Stuarts 1660–1714
1978:(Rutgers UP, 1984), pp 1–34
1751:people over whom it rules.
1589:British victory over France
1579:to Britain. In India, the
1476:An important result of the
1367:James Francis Edward Stuart
1194:, and renamed it New York.
1107:Glorious Revolution 1688–89
988:Later Stuart era: 1660–1714
946:in 1649 and ended with the
736:refers to the accession of
678:Early Stuart era: 1603–1660
286:. It was the height of the
260:Elizabethan era (1558–1603)
4134:
3447:Journal of British Studies
3381:
3012:Braddick, Michael J., ed.
2632:American Historical Review
2402:Historical Social Research
2331:Journal of British Studies
2070:Scottish Historical Review
1651:British East India Company
1623:ended the following year.
1601:American Revolutionary War
1518:
1505:American Revolutionary War
1354:
1296:of 1706 by each approving
1273:
1207:
1201:
1110:
1009:Rule of the Major-Generals
996:
976:(1649–1653) and then with
961:
897:The Arrival of William III
824:) and Royalists (known as
681:
584:
516:
263:
188:and declaring himself the
180:to seize the power of the
91:
80:
3723:
3512:England in Crisis 1640-60
3226:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica
2375:, 2008, Vol. 14, pp 10–26
2140:(2nd ed. 1956), pp 1-115.
1992:. McFarland. p. 51.
1227:see England (after 1707,
864:on 3 September 1651. The
840:pitted the supporters of
472:The Flooers o' the Forest
467:The Flowers of the Forest
422:in payment of her dowry.
290:and saw the flowering of
3315:. Taylor & Francis.
3077:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson.
2797:James, Lawrence (2001).
2782:James, Lawrence (2001).
2767:Anthony, Pagden (1998).
2752:Niall, Ferguson (2004).
2737:Anthony, Pagden (2003).
2650:. BookBaby. p. 77.
2297:Anthony, Pagden (2003).
2215:Jones, James R. (1996).
1950:Guy, John (2000-02-24).
1333:Kingdom of Great Britain
1282:Kingdom of Great Britain
1204:Kingdom of Great Britain
744:, to the throne as King
607:reformation in Scotland.
389:University of St Andrews
348:The one great rival was
325:and the battles between
317:and the battles between
213:(detail), attributed to
155:battle of Bosworth Field
3880:Early medieval Scotland
3507:(Manchester UP, 1998).
3498:The Glorious Revolution
2944:excerpt and text search
2900:(3rd ed. 2004), 576 pp
2889:excerpt and text search
2568:(1962), 12#1 pp 141–165
2444:Basil Williams (1962).
2421:, (2002) 21#2 pp 247-53
2203:Economic History Review
1641:should replace the old
1383:Jacobite rising of 1745
1379:Jacobite rising of 1715
974:Commonwealth of England
535:were victorious at the
3924:Early medieval Ireland
3890:Late medieval Scotland
3885:High medieval Scotland
3858:Early medieval England
3559:Browning, Andrew, ed.
3519:The Historical Journal
3490:16#2 (1984): 151-63.
2997:Charles I and Cromwell
2826:The Historical Journal
2815:(2010) 8#8 pp 843-865.
2801:. Abacus. p. 152.
2786:. Abacus. p. 119.
2756:. Penguin. p. 73.
1621:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1609:Treaties of Versailles
1575:to Spain. Spain ceded
1565:Treaty of Paris (1763)
1556:
1444:triangular slave trade
1318:Parliament of Scotland
1151:English Bill of Rights
1060:Secret Treaty of Dover
1052:Great Plague of London
1044:Second Anglo-Dutch War
1027:
970:execution of Charles I
958:Protectorate 1653–1660
912:
870:were a group begun by
856:and supporters of the
729:
613:Protestant Reformation
608:
581:Protestant Reformation
523:Within two years, the
397:University of Aberdeen
364:and, just barely, the
308:Protestant Reformation
241:
178:Protestant Reformation
141:The rise of the Tudors
67:Scottish Enlightenment
3971:Early modern Scotland
3934:Late medieval Ireland
3929:High medieval Ireland
3868:Late medieval England
3863:High medieval England
3819:Protohistoric Ireland
3521:53#3 (2011) 881-906.
3483:78.4 (2015): 657-681.
3415:33.3 (1990): 609-627.
3382:Further information:
3197:Reeve, L. J. (1989),
2594:(2001), pp. 341, 361.
2419:Parliamentary History
2390:. W. Blackwood. 1819.
2205:63#3 (2010): 591-611.
1915:45#3 (2015): 459-478.
1882:Interregnum (England)
1830:Company rule in India
1731:Growth of state power
1634:The Wealth of Nations
1532:
1440:Royal African Company
1416:House of Hohenzollern
1208:Further information:
1155:Hanoverian succession
1068:Third Anglo-Dutch War
1025:
999:Restoration (England)
997:Further information:
993:Restoration 1660–1688
895:
720:
594:
495:battle of Solway Moss
393:University of Glasgow
278:and is known to be a
246:divine right of kings
221:1572: left to right,
206:
182:Roman Catholic Church
53:, the Restoration of
4081:House of Plantagenet
3983:Early modern Ireland
3966:Early modern England
3961:Early modern Britain
3902:Early medieval Wales
3760:Prehistoric Shetland
3755:Prehistoric Scotland
3466:10.1093/pastj/gti027
3429:7.3 (2009): 742-764.
3221:(Stanford UP, 1993)
3176:(2 vol 2nd ed. 1955)
2604:Hugh Thomas (1997).
2192:(1956), pp 144-59, .
2081:Michael Lynch, ed.,
1433:Hudson's Bay Company
1316:, the near-bankrupt
1056:Great Fire of London
1017:Declaration of Breda
802:(1642–1651) and the
648:Mary, Queen of Scots
587:Scottish Reformation
556:Francis II of France
541:occupying Haddington
519:Mary, Queen of Scots
513:Mary, Queen of Scots
499:Mary, Queen of Scots
149:and the crowning of
71:First British Empire
47:Scottish Reformation
31:Early modern Britain
18:Early modern England
4058:Late modern Ireland
3952:Early modern period
3912:Late medieval Wales
3907:High medieval Wales
3779:Prehistoric Ireland
3750:Prehistoric England
3745:Prehistoric Britain
3454:Kishlansky, Mark A.
3449:19#1 (1980): 54-73.
3339:1985 edition online
3250:, London: Macmillan
3191:Charles I 1625–1640
3036:, and Peter Gaunt.
3016:(Oxford UP, 2015).
2999:, London: Methuen,
2634:77.1 (1972): 15-35.
2579:Caribbean Quarterly
1862:History of Scotland
1840:Early modern period
1499:Warfare and finance
1461:market manipulation
1147:Glorious Revolution
1113:Glorious Revolution
1089:James, Duke of York
1032:Cavalier Parliament
964:British Interregnum
862:Battle of Worcester
804:English Interregnum
734:Union of the Crowns
713:Union of the Crowns
708:English Restoration
704:English Interregnum
688:Union of the Crowns
443:Union of the Crowns
412:Margaret of Denmark
339:Italian Renaissance
315:English Reformation
304:William Shakespeare
300:Elizabethan theatre
288:English Renaissance
104:Italian Renaissance
100:English Renaissance
94:English Renaissance
88:English Renaissance
59:Glorious Revolution
43:English Reformation
39:English Renaissance
4086:House of Lancaster
4039:World Wars (Wales)
3999:Late modern period
3976:Early modern Wales
3765:Prehistoric Orkney
3736:Prehistoric period
3413:Historical Journal
3390:Baxter, Stephen B.
3346:and C. H. Stuart.
3193:(Routledge, 2014).
3189:Quintrell, Brian.
3159:(Routledge, 2014).
3095:(Routledge, 2014).
2881:Kishlansky, Mark A
2828:1#1 (1958): 52-67.
2452:. Clarendon Press.
2179:(1956), pp 116-44.
1557:
1429:East India Company
1387:Battle of Culloden
1250:, and from Spain,
1123:Monmouth Rebellion
1028:
922:was the period of
913:
872:Gerrard Winstanley
750:Acts of Union 1707
746:James I of England
730:
722:James I of England
671:James I of England
646:, while the young
644:Parliament in 1560
609:
567:Battle of Langside
401:Education Act 1496
292:English literature
242:
223:Philip II of Spain
4105:
4104:
3988:Early modern Mann
3875:Medieval Scotland
3833:Sub-Roman Britain
3828:End of Roman rule
3772:Prehistoric Wales
3514:(2000), textbook.
3402:Braddick, Michael
3354:Watson, J. Steven
3299:Marshall, Dorothy
3241:, London: Collins
3232:, London: Collins
3208:978-0-521-52133-8
3114:978-0-8078-1520-5
3006:978-0-413-16270-0
2657:978-1-4835-1364-5
2581:6.1 (1960): 7-10.
2373:Scottish Archives
2226:978-0-582-05630-5
2040:978-0-19-288044-4
1999:978-0-7864-7470-7
1961:978-0-19-285213-7
1936:978-1-59884-299-9
1851:English Civil War
1737:long 18th century
1666:Battle of Plassey
1596:Thirteen Colonies
1542:Battle of Plassey
1483:Asiento de Negros
1478:Treaty of Utrecht
1456:South Sea Company
1292:had ratified the
1236:Holy Roman Empire
1176:ships of the line
1040:Church of England
887:dissenting groups
817:English Civil War
810:English Civil War
800:English Civil War
765:and precedes the
700:English Civil War
656:Roman Catholicism
463:battle of Flodden
431:Lord of the Isles
276:Queen Elizabeth I
159:English Civil War
147:Wars of the Roses
108:The Faerie Queene
51:English Civil War
16:(Redirected from
4125:
4063:Late modern Mann
4034:Second World War
4019:Edwardian period
4014:Victorian period
3919:Medieval Ireland
3853:Medieval England
3795:Classical period
3784:Prehistoric Mann
3729:
3686:Northern Ireland
3601:
3594:
3587:
3578:
3528:Underdown, David
3476:
3458:Past and Present
3326:
3281:Langford, Paul.
3251:
3242:
3233:
3211:
3120:Hoppit, Julian.
3117:
3106:
3009:
2967:Palliser, D. M.
2868:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2641:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2555:(2000) pp 334–38
2549:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2470:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2411:
2405:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2322:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2107:Antonia Fraser,
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2079:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2026:
2020:
2012:John A. Wagner,
2010:
2004:
2003:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1741:Oliver MacDonagh
1561:Seven Years' War
1554:
1551:
1452:South Sea Bubble
1375:House of Hanover
1357:Jacobite risings
1351:Jacobite risings
1339:, as well as 16
1167:Anglo-Dutch Wars
1161:Anglo-Dutch Wars
1085:Exclusion Crisis
978:The Protectorate
909:Guy Fawkes Night
832:(1642–1646) and
625:Patrick Hamilton
563:Lochleven Castle
537:Battle of Pinkie
420:Shetland Islands
414:, receiving the
395:in 1450 and the
274:is the reign of
220:
208:Allegory of the
21:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4068:
4067:
4029:Interwar period
4024:First World War
3993:
3992:
3946:
3945:
3844:Medieval period
3838:
3837:
3789:
3788:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3704:Channel Islands
3640:Isles of Scilly
3610:
3605:
3575:
3541:
3539:Primary sources
3452:
3427:History Compass
3406:History Compass
3386:
3380:
3344:Williams, Basil
3323:
3308:
3261:Hunt, William.
3258:
3245:
3236:
3224:
3209:
3196:
3155:Morrill, John.
3144:Montague, F.C.
3115:
3098:
3067:Davies, Godfrey
3057:Davies, Godfrey
3047:Davies, Godfrey
3007:
2993:Ashley, Maurice
2991:
2988:
2975:Williams, Penry
2933:
2919:Leong, Elaine,
2876:
2874:Further reading
2871:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2813:History Compass
2810:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2727:(1989) pp 80–84
2722:
2718:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2629:
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2618:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2510:10.2307/3115542
2491:
2490:
2486:
2478:Eric J. Evans,
2477:
2473:
2461:
2457:
2443:
2442:
2438:
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2412:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2311:James Falkner,
2310:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2280:Anthony, Pagden
2278:
2277:
2273:
2265:Paul Langford,
2264:
2260:
2256:(2nd ed. 1990).
2251:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2162:Steven Pincus,
2161:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2120:Ronald Hutton,
2119:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1845:Elizabethan era
1809:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:Scotland portal
1781:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1733:
1717:Napoleonic Wars
1552:
1527:
1519:Main articles:
1517:
1501:
1474:
1425:Muscovy Company
1399:
1363:House of Stuart
1359:
1353:
1306:Treaty of Union
1294:Treaty of Union
1278:
1276:Treaty of Union
1272:
1270:Treaty of Union
1224:Nine Years' War
1216:
1206:
1200:
1184:Treaty of Breda
1163:
1115:
1109:
1005:Long Parliament
1001:
995:
990:
982:Oliver Cromwell
966:
960:
901:James Thornhill
858:Rump Parliament
854:King Charles II
846:Long Parliament
812:
779:decorative arts
763:Elizabethan era
715:
710:
682:Main articles:
680:
633:Cardinal Beaton
589:
583:
521:
515:
385:
343:Edict of Nantes
302:was famous and
284:English history
272:Elizabethan Era
268:
266:Elizabethan era
262:
194:Anglican Church
143:
96:
90:
85:
79:
63:Treaty of Union
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4131:
4129:
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4110:
4109:
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4093:
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4055:
4054:
4053:
4048:
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4042:
4041:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4008:United Kingdom
4004:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3957:
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3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3897:Medieval Wales
3894:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3816:
3811:
3809:Roman Scotland
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
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3767:
3762:
3752:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3724:
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3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3667:Outer Hebrides
3664:
3662:Inner Hebrides
3659:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3625:United Kingdom
3621:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3556:(2011). 1408pp
3549:partly online
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3510:Sharp, David.
3508:
3501:
3496:Miller, John.
3494:
3484:
3477:
3460:(189): 41–80,
3450:
3443:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3399:
3379:
3378:Historiography
3376:
3375:
3374:
3361:
3351:
3341:
3331:
3321:
3306:
3296:
3288:Leadam, I. S.
3286:
3279:
3272:Langford, Paul
3269:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3222:
3212:
3207:
3194:
3187:
3177:
3170:
3169:(2nd ed. 1957)
3160:
3153:
3142:
3131:Lodge, Richard
3128:
3118:
3113:
3096:
3086:
3074:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3031:
3021:
3010:
3005:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2965:
2956:
2946:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2904:
2894:Lockyer, Roger
2891:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2863:Aaron Graham,
2856:
2850:John Brewer,
2843:
2837:Edward Higgs,
2830:
2817:
2804:
2789:
2774:
2759:
2744:
2729:
2723:Paul Kennedy,
2716:
2703:
2690:
2683:
2663:
2656:
2636:
2623:
2616:
2596:
2590:Edward Gregg.
2583:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2531:
2504:(3): 398–419.
2484:
2471:
2455:
2436:
2430:Bruce Lenman,
2423:
2406:
2393:
2377:
2364:
2343:10.1086/644529
2317:
2304:
2289:
2271:
2258:
2245:
2232:
2225:
2207:
2194:
2181:
2168:
2155:
2142:
2136:George Clark,
2129:
2113:
2100:
2091:
2074:
2061:
2046:
2039:
2021:
2018:online edition
2005:
1998:
1980:
1967:
1960:
1942:
1935:
1917:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:History portal
1800:
1786:
1772:
1769:England portal
1756:
1753:
1732:
1729:
1546:Francis Hayman
1521:British Empire
1516:
1515:British Empire
1513:
1500:
1497:
1473:
1470:
1466:Robert Walpole
1412:
1411:
1398:
1397:Overseas trade
1395:
1391:Basil Williams
1371:King Louis XIV
1355:Main article:
1352:
1349:
1345:House of Lords
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1202:Main article:
1199:
1196:
1192:New Netherland
1162:
1159:
1111:Main article:
1108:
1105:
1101:Rye House Plot
1083:" sparked the
1048:New Netherland
1036:Clarendon Code
994:
991:
989:
986:
962:Main article:
959:
956:
842:King Charles I
811:
808:
726:Daniël Mijtens
714:
711:
679:
676:
640:siege of Leith
629:George Wishart
585:Main article:
582:
579:
517:Main article:
514:
511:
439:Margaret Tudor
416:Orkney Islands
384:
381:
264:Main article:
261:
258:
215:Lucas de Heere
142:
139:
135:House of Tudor
92:Main article:
89:
86:
81:Main article:
78:
75:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4130:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:House of York
4089:
4087:
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4078:
4075:
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4056:
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4035:
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4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:(since 1707)
4009:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3941:Medieval Mann
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
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3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
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3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Roman Ireland
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Roman Britain
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3792:
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3707:
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3699:
3696:
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3660:
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3649:
3648:
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3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Isle of Wight
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3570:(1957), 972pp
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3500:(2nd ed 2014)
3499:
3495:
3493:
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3365:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:online review
3324:
3322:9780815303961
3318:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
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3264:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3215:Sharpe, Kevin
3213:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3180:Pincus, Steve
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
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3158:
3154:
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3147:
3143:
3140:
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3132:
3129:
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3119:
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3110:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:Coward, Barry
3032:
3029:
3025:
3024:Clark, George
3022:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:Mackie, J. D.
2957:
2954:
2953:Tudor England
2950:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:Morrill, John
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2853:
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2840:
2834:
2831:
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2814:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2778:
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2770:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:John Brewer,
2707:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2684:9789768125132
2680:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2617:9780684835655
2613:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:Julian Hoppit
2459:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1952:Tudor England
1946:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1801:
1798:
1787:
1784:
1773:
1770:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:Carnatic Wars
1660:, during the
1659:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:meeting with
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:Darien scheme
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:Acts of Union
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1229:Great Britain
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1142:Queen Mary II
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:King James II
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
992:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
965:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:parliamentary
921:
920:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
885:
884:nonconformist
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:
753:
751:
747:
743:
742:King of Scots
739:
735:
727:
723:
719:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:Stuart period
677:
675:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:Martin Luther
614:
606:
602:
598:
593:
588:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
552:Earl of Arran
549:
548:Mary of Guise
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:Mary of Guise
487:
482:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:'s daughter,
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
391:in 1413, the
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
267:
259:
257:
253:
251:
247:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
216:
212:
211:
210:Tudor dynasty
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
140:
138:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
111:
109:
105:
101:
95:
87:
84:
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:Great Britain
32:
19:
3960:
3567:
3563:(1953) 996pp
3560:
3553:
3544:
3531:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3487:
3480:
3457:
3446:
3435:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3392:
3366:
3357:
3347:
3334:
3311:
3302:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3262:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3218:
3198:
3190:
3183:
3173:
3172:Ogg, David.
3166:
3156:
3145:
3134:
3121:
3102:
3092:
3079:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3037:
3027:
3013:
2996:
2978:
2968:
2961:
2952:
2939:
2937:Black, J. B.
2920:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2798:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2673:
2666:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2482:(1996) p 31.
2479:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2337:(1): 28–46.
2334:
2330:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2253:
2252:Roy Porter,
2248:
2240:
2239:J.H. Plumb,
2235:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2149:Tim Harris,
2145:
2137:
2132:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2094:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2030:
2024:
2013:
2008:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1951:
1945:
1926:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1888:Jacobean era
1824:Caroline era
1797:Wales portal
1749:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1710:
1698:Joseph Banks
1687:
1670:Robert Clive
1655:
1648:
1643:mercantilist
1632:
1625:
1593:
1581:Carnatic War
1558:
1502:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1449:
1437:
1413:
1403:Daniel Defoe
1400:
1360:
1330:
1322:Robert Burns
1310:
1279:
1244:Newfoundland
1233:
1221:
1217:
1210:Georgian era
1198:18th century
1164:
1139:
1116:
1034:enacted the
1029:
1013:George Monck
1002:
967:
916:
914:
896:
876:social order
865:
848:, while the
836:(1648–1649)
815:
813:
791:Caroline era
789:
787:
771:architecture
767:Caroline era
758:Jacobean era
756:
754:
731:
696:Caroline era
692:Jacobean era
660:
637:
610:
603:to lead the
560:
545:
525:Rough Wooing
522:
506:
483:
476:
470:
466:
455:
424:
405:
386:
370:
347:
312:
271:
269:
254:
243:
207:
198:Star Chamber
163:
144:
132:
120:Michelangelo
112:
107:
97:
83:Tudor period
30:
29:
3814:Roman Wales
3698:Isle of Man
3433:Elton, G.R.
3408:2.1 (2004).
3294:online free
3267:online free
3256:Hanoverians
3150:online free
3139:online free
3089:Harris, Tim
2538:E. Lipson,
1884:, 1651–1660
1853:, 1642–1651
1847:, 1558–1603
1826:, 1625–1642
1679:Indian Army
1553: 1762
1472:Slave trade
1435:in Canada.
1280:The united
1127:William III
1081:Popish Plot
1077:Titus Oates
948:restoration
919:Interregnum
905:William III
880:egalitarian
775:visual arts
667:Elizabeth I
621:John Calvin
575:Elizabeth I
447:Renaissance
319:Protestants
239:Elizabeth I
192:of the new
151:Henry Tudor
128:Renaissance
98:The term, "
3364:Webb, R.K.
3163:Ogg, David
2592:Queen Anne
1721:Royal Navy
1702:Botany Bay
1690:James Cook
1639:free trade
1629:Adam Smith
1569:New France
1540:after the
1534:Lord Clive
1509:Royal Navy
1431:, and the
1420:Royal Navy
1302:Queen Anne
1180:second war
1153:, and the
1097:Tory party
1093:Whig Party
952:Charles II
838:civil wars
822:Roundheads
783:literature
478:Y Gododdin
459:Henry VIII
377:Henry VIII
327:parliament
280:golden age
231:Henry VIII
166:Henry VIII
55:Charles II
3474:162382682
2949:Guy, John
2518:0007-6805
2415:James III
2359:146771566
2351:0021-9371
1727:in 1805.
1725:Trafalgar
1688:In 1770,
1573:Louisiana
1538:Mir Jafar
1405:boasted:
1260:Gibraltar
1252:Gibraltar
1188:third war
1172:first war
1064:Louis XIV
954:in 1660.
944:Charles I
850:third war
826:Cavaliers
796:Charles I
652:John Knox
619:and then
605:Calvinist
597:John Knox
435:Henry VII
408:James III
373:Henry VII
323:Catholics
235:Edward VI
170:gunpowder
124:Donatello
4112:Category
4096:Monarchs
3714:Guernsey
3679:Anglesey
3652:Shetland
3647:Scotland
3616:Overview
3523:in JSTOR
3492:in JSTOR
3228:(1955),
2995:(1987),
2551:Hoppit,
2282:(1998).
1755:See also
1713:Napoleon
1706:convicts
1585:enclaves
1488:Asiento.
1410:people."
1381:and the
1286:Scotland
1135:Jacobite
940:regicide
928:military
917:English
738:James VI
663:James VI
595:In 1559
571:James VI
427:James IV
418:and the
410:married
362:Atlantic
354:Americas
331:monarchy
329:and the
174:made use
116:Leonardo
4073:Related
3693:Ireland
3630:England
3440:excerpt
3438:(1970)
3369:(1968)
3278:(2005).
3186:(2009).
3148:(1907)
3137:(1910)
3126:excerpt
3042:excerpt
3018:excerpt
2986:Stuarts
2913:(1996)
2902:excerpt
2867:(2015).
2526:3115542
2315:(2015).
2269:(2005).
2188:Clark,
2175:Clark,
2166:(2005).
2124:(1989)
2111:(1979).
2087:excerpt
2085:(2007)
2016:(1999)
1617:Spanish
1577:Florida
1492:Asiento
1290:England
1256:Menorca
1131:Mary II
932:England
911:) 1688.
899:by Sir
867:Diggers
486:James V
366:Pacific
250:James I
176:of the
3709:Jersey
3700:(Mann)
3657:Orkney
3472:
3371:online
3319:
3305:(1962)
3205:
3111:
3084:online
3003:
2931:Tudors
2925:online
2915:online
2909:, ed.
2854:(1990)
2841:(2011)
2754:Empire
2714:(1990)
2681:
2654:
2614:
2524:
2516:
2434:(1980)
2357:
2349:
2243:(1950)
2223:
2153:(2005)
2126:online
2037:
1996:
1958:
1933:
1694:voyage
1683:sepoys
1674:Bengal
1619:. The
1613:French
1248:Acadia
834:second
781:, and
728:(1621)
706:, and
601:Geneva
451:Gaelic
296:poetry
65:, the
61:, the
57:, the
49:, the
41:, the
3674:Wales
3470:S2CID
2522:JSTOR
2355:S2CID
1900:Notes
1544:, by
936:Wales
830:first
505:that
503:Scots
484:When
350:Spain
3317:ISBN
3203:ISBN
3109:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2652:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2514:ISSN
2347:ISSN
2221:ISBN
2035:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1615:and
1559:The
1523:and
1288:and
1254:and
1246:and
1212:and
1165:The
1129:and
934:and
926:and
915:The
814:The
788:The
755:The
732:The
375:and
321:and
294:and
270:The
227:Mary
190:head
45:and
3462:doi
2506:doi
2417:",
2339:doi
1631:'s
950:of
942:of
724:by
368:).
282:in
110:).
4114::
3821:,
3468:,
3356:.
3301:,
3274:.
3217:.
3182:,
3165:.
3133:.
3091:.
3069:.
3059:.
3049:.
3026:.
2977:.
2951:.
2896:.
2883:.
2520:.
2512:.
2502:62
2500:.
2496:.
2465:,
2353:.
2345:.
2335:49
2333:.
2329:.
1685:.
1550:c.
1347:.
1258:.
1157:.
903:.
777:,
773:,
740:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
577:.
558:.
543:.
403:.
237:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
219:c.
217:,
200:.
184:,
130:.
122:,
118:,
73:.
3600:e
3593:t
3586:v
3464::
3325:.
2687:.
2660:.
2620:.
2528:.
2508::
2361:.
2341::
2229:.
2089:.
2043:.
2002:.
1964:.
1939:.
1555:)
1548:(
114:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.