151:
30:
115:
164:
972:" or "el-Haj Mohammed Suharto" but these names were not part of his formal name or generally used. The spelling "Suharto" reflects modern Indonesian spelling although the general approach in Indonesia is to rely on the spelling preferred by the person concerned. At the time of his birth, the standard transcription was "Soeharto" and he preferred the original spelling. The international English-language press generally uses the spelling 'Suharto' while the Indonesian government and media use 'Soeharto'.
820:
177:
102:
813:
1105:, and were appointed president and vice-President respectively of the new Republic. Suharto disbanded his regiment in accordance with orders from the Japanese command and returned to Yogyakarta. As republican groups rose to assert Indonesian independence, Suharto helped to establish a fighting unit together with a former PETA colleague, Umar Slamet. This unit was amalgamated into the newly formed Indonesian armed forces (
348:
907:
128:
1233:
203:
1418:
1703:. Dhani remained as KOLAGA commander, while Suharto was appointed as KOLAGA first deputy with authority over operational affairs. KOLAGA organized infiltration of Indonesian soldiers and volunteers (as well as Malaysian communists) into Malaysia where they engaged in jungle warfare with British and Commonwealth soldiers deployed to protect the nascent Malaysia.
1149:, the Republican armed forces commander, who promoted him to lead newly formed Regiment III of Division IX (2,250 men) with rank of lieutenant-colonel on early 1946. In May 1946, Suharto's umbrella Division IX was amalgamated into new Division III under leadership of newly promoted Major-General Sudarsono. On 17 May 1946, the British handed-over control of
953:("guru") of Javanese mystical arts and faith healing. The experience deeply affected him and later, as president, Suharto surrounded himself with powerful symbolic language. Difficulties in paying the fees for his education in Wonogiri resulted in another move back with his father in Kemusuk, where he continued studying at a lower-fee, Schakel
1043:, or "way of the warrior", used to indoctrinate troops. This training encouraged an anti-Dutch and pro-nationalist thought, although toward the aims of the Imperial Japanese militarists. The encounter with a nationalistic and militarist ideology is believed to have profoundly influenced Suharto's own way of thinking.
1513:
in March 1957, Suharto became regional martial law administrator for the two provinces. With wide-ranging power over civilian affairs in his hands, Suharto began organizing various fund-raising activities to finance his poorly paid troops under the coordination of the division's "finance and economic
1312:
sent
Suharto to communist-occupied Madiun to meet Musso in an unsuccessful attempt to reach a peaceful reconciliation. On 30 September, loyal troops launched assault on Madiun, which resulted in the killing of Musso and total defeat of the rebels by end-October 1948. Suharto's brigade participated in
1445:
would later become
Suharto's vice-president and went on to succeed him as president. Suharto's brigade later engaged in the difficult mission of disarming and integrating both former KNIL soldiers and former pro-Republican guerillas into the army. His brigade defeated an unruly former guerrilla unit
937:
Five weeks after
Suharto's birth, his mother suffered a nervous breakdown and he was placed in the care of his paternal great-aunt, Kromodirjo. Kertosudiro and Sukirah divorced early in Suharto's life and both later remarried. At the age of three, Suharto was returned to his mother who had remarried
1554:
Despite this setback, Suharto's past services and strong backers meant that his future career remained undisturbed. While in
Bandung he was promoted to brigadier-general in January 1960. Suharto graduated from SSKAD in December 1960 with a thesis on greater military role in political, economic, and
1541:
launched a nationwide crackdown on regional military corruption, including
Suharto's commercial activities in Central Java. In July 1959, Nasution sent army internal audit chief Brigadier-General Sungkono to audit financial dealings of Diponegoro Division. The investigation found that while some of
1157:
where
Division III successfully halted a southward advance by the Dutch brigade. As evidence of Suharto's increasing stature, in June 1946 Lieutenant-Colonel Sunarto Kusumodirdjo invited him to draft the working guidelines for the Battle Leadership Headquarters (MPP), a body created to organise and
1006:
near
Yogyakarta. With the Netherlands under German occupation and the Japanese pressing for access to Indonesian oil supplies, the Dutch had opened up the KNIL to large intakes of previously excluded Javanese. Suharto was assigned to Battalion XIII at Rampal, graduated from short training at KNIL
1635:
to his post as KOSTRAD (formerly TJADUAD) commander. As evidence of his seniority, he was appointed as deputy head of army advisory board on senior-level promotions (WANDJAKTI) in July 1963. Again showing his penchant for commercial dealings, Suharto used his KOSTRAD command to establish several
1706:
While publicly supportive of
Sukarno's confrontation policy, the army leadership was very reluctant to commit to the military confrontation against Malaysia, which they considered to benefit only the PKI at expense of the military. Additionally, the army was slighted by appointment of airforce
1599:
covering 5 million square kilometres. Suharto organized infiltration of around 3,000 Indonesian soldiers into the disputed territory by air and sea, although these infiltrators were mostly dropped deep in the jungle with no effect on Dutch control over population centers. With massive Soviet
1295:
undertook rationalisation of the armed forces. In April 1948, Division III ("Diponegoro
Division") was reduced from 16,000 to 7,000 men. Suharto was reshuffled as commander of Brigade III of the Division III, commanding four battalions. The unpopular rationalisation policies met often bloody
1026:
in March 1942, Suharto abandoned his KNIL uniform and went back to
Wurjantoro. After months of unemployment, he then became one of thousands of Indonesians who took the opportunity to join Japanese-organised security forces by joining the Yogyakarta police force. In October 1943, Suharto was
1739:) to spread secret peace-feelers to the Malaysian government. Suharto's position in KOLAGA also provided him with more sinister commercial opportunity in organizing the smuggling of rubber, timber, and other primary products from North Sumatera to Malaysia using ethnic-Chinese fishermen.
930:. Born to ethnic Javanese parents of peasant class, he was the only child of his father's second marriage. His father, Kertosudiro had two children from his previous marriage, and was a village irrigation official. His mother Sukirah, a local woman, was distantly related to
1446:
under Arief Rate (who was killed) and hostile former KNIL soldiers in heavy urban combat in Makassar city centre during June 1950, losing seventeen men killed in action. Suharto and his brigade returned to Central Java in September 1950 with the successful dissolution of
1290:
in January 1948 resulted in evacuation of 35,000 Republican fighters from the Dutch-occupied side of the ceasefire line into the shrunk Republican-controlled territory. To control the unwieldy myriad of armed groups proliferating the Republican areas, Prime Minister
1129:, quickly led to clashes between Indonesian republicans and Allied forces, namely returning Dutch and assisting British forces. Suharto led his Battalion X when it was sent northwards to repel the British advance towards Yogyakarta from British-occupied port of
1400:
city from the withdrawing Dutch forces on 29 June 1949. On 9 July 1949, Suharto led the welcoming parade for recently released Republican leaders (including Sukarno and Hatta) to Yogyakarta while the following day he led similar parade for tuberculosis-ridden
979:
in that he is believed to have had little interest in anti-colonialism, or political concerns beyond his immediate surroundings. Unlike Sukarno and his circle, Suharto had little to no contact with European colonizers. Consequently, he did not learn to speak
1546:
s were used for charitable purposes, most of the money raised could not be accounted for responsibly. On 1 November 1959, Suharto was removed from his divisional command and was instructed to attend army staff and command training (SSKAD, now SESKOAD) in
1115:
area to seize their weapons led to Suharto's promotion to major. He was given command of newly formed Battalion X of Regiment I, which was in turn part of Division IX led by Colonel Sudarsono. By October 1945, this division has secured full control of
1201:
to find-out whether the commander decided to support Sudarsono's kidnapping plot. When Sudirman indicated that Sukarno has convinced him not to support Sudarsono, Suharto helped loyal government forces to arrest Sudarsono and release the kidnapped
938:
a local farmer whom Suharto helped in the rice paddies. In 1929, Suharto's father took him to live with his sister who was married to an agricultural supervisor, Prawirowihardjo, in the town of Wuryantoro in a poor and low-yield farming area near
1574:
On 9 January 1962, Suharto was promoted to the rank of major-general and appointed to lead Mandala Command, a joint army-navy-air force command of 42,000 soldiers formed the organize the military aspect of the campaign to win
997:
Suharto finished middle school at the age of 18 and took a clerical job at a bank in Wuryantaro. He was forced to resign after a bicycle mishap tore his only working clothes. Following a spell of unemployment, he joined the
1492:
in 1965). His experience in this period left Suharto with deep distaste for both Islamic and communist radicalism which he believed could be countered only with material and financial sufficiency on the part of the people.
1620:(United National Temporary Executive Authority) in October 1962. On 1 May 1963, UNTEA handed-control of the territory to Indonesia. On that day, Suharto led a "victory parade" of Indonesian soldiers in front of President
1727:
against top army leadership. Unlike Yani who barely disguised his disapproval of confrontation policy, Suharto managed to maintain his public appearance as enthusiastic supporter of Sukarno's anti-Malaysian policies.
1395:
of 7 May 1949, whereby the Dutch agreed to release captured Republican leaders and return area surrounding Yogyakarta to Republican control in exchange of ceasefire. Suharto was responsible for the take-over of
1275:(known as Madam Tien), the daughter of a minor noble in the Mangkunegaran royal house of Solo. The arranged marriage was enduring and supportive, lasting until Tien's death in 1996. The couple had six children:
1723:, Brigadier-General Mustafa Sjarif Supardjo, was a committed communist sympathiser who strongly resented the army headquarters' barely disguised sabotage policy. He would later become a key participant in the
1504:
and responsible for Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces. Upon a series of anti-Jakarta "regional coups" by military commanders in Sumatera and Sulawesi islands, and the subsequent declaration of martial law
1264:-brokered ceasefire was announced on 4 August. Suharto led his troops in the defence against this assault, and later was regularly rotated as frontline commander responsible for guarding the ceasefire line (
1518:") which would receive "donations" from all enterprises operating in the provinces as well as levying "unofficial tax" on provision of goods and services. With the aid of ethnic-Chinese businessmen such as
1425:
By 1950, Suharto served as commander of Brigade X ("Garuda Mataram Brigade") of Diponegoro Division, consisting of four battalions of around 800 men each. In April 1950, Suharto led this brigade to
945:
Prawirowihardjo took to raising the boy as his own, which provided Suharto a father-figure and a stable home in Wuryantoro. In 1931, he moved to town of Wonogiri to attend the primary school (
1341:
Suharto, leaving his pregnant wife behind in Dutch-occupied Yogyakarta, led guerrilla operations from the rural areas south of the city. On 28 December 1948, Division III commander Colonel
1209:
The 3 July Affair led to further restructuring of Division III. By August 1946, Suharto was head of Yogyakarta-based 22nd Regiment, one of the six regiments of Division III (now named the "
1328:, resulted in the capture of Sukarno, Hatta, and other Republican civilian leaders. Meanwhile, the Republican army was forced into the countryside to wage guerrilla resistance inline with
2362:
radio documentary on Indonesia, focusing on early Suharto era. Features interviews with Indonesian generals and victims of the regime. Program is available in streaming RealAudio format.
1711:
and Suharto ensured that the best-prepared troops and vital supplies remained in Java to ensure no escalation of the conflict. This strategy was supported by army commander in
1217:
area. According to Dutch intelligence reports, by mid-1947, Suharto's regiment consisted of four battalions who were regularly rotated northwards to the frontlines surrounding
949:), living first with Prawirohardjo's son Sulardi, and later with his father's relative Hardjowijono. While living with Hardjowijono, Suharto became acquinted with Darjatmo, a
1391:, with the United States and United Nations Security Council pressured the Dutch to cease the military offensive and to re-commence negotiations. These pressures resulted in
1387:). The attack proved that the Dutch was very far from winning the guerrilla war. International opinion condemned the Dutch violation over internationally brokered
1173:
government's decision to commence negotiations with the Dutch caused much opposition from various Indonesian factions, which coalesced into a group called PP (
1365:
area. From January to February 1949, the Dutch T-Brigade incurred losses of 44 dead and 129 wounded from guerrilla attacks in areas under Suharto's control.
1193:
issued order for Sudarsono's arrest, the plot leader took refuge in Suharto's regimental headquarters at the outskirts of Yogyakarta, bringing the kidnapped
891:
401:
2375:
1579:(whom Indonesians referred to as "West Irian"), from the Dutch who were preparing it for independence outside of Indonesia, contrary to the provisions of
624:
468:
851:
307:
1580:
1102:
1071:
2311:
942:. Over the following two years, he was taken back to his mother in Kemusuk by his stepfather and then back again to Wuryantoro by his father.
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
303:
1457:. In December 1951, one of Suharto's battalions (Battalion 426) which consisted of former Islamic militias, rebelled in support of ongoing
1608:
set for 15 August 1962. However, Suharto received orders to abort the operation while he was already in-place at advanced headquarters in
1537:'s decree of 5 July 1959 concentrating power at the president. As part of re-assertion of central government control, army chief General
1484:
area. He also sought to stem pervasive leftist sympathies amongst his troops (one of his leftist-leaning subordinates in this period was
1221:
to help contain the Dutch forces there. Dutch intelligence reported that Suharto was assisting smuggling syndicates in the transport of
674:
999:
748:
155:
1514:
office". Developing on the fund-raising tactics he used during the revolutionary war, Suharto established charitable organizations ("
1308:
in East Java and declared a "Soviet Republic of Indonesia" in opposition of Sukarno and Hatta. On 22 September, Republican commander
2261:
2238:
2219:
1908:
1768:
1533:
The defeat of the PRRI-Permesta rebellions (in which Suharto's divisional soldiers were heavily involved) was followed by President
669:
426:
276:
1181:. PP's opposition to negotiation with the Dutch received sympathy from many sections of the armed forces, including its commander
1672:
890:
Muslim parents divorced not long after his birth, and he was passed between foster parents for much of his childhood. During the
238:
898:
saw him joining the newly formed Indonesian army. Suharto rose to the rank of major general following Indonesian independence.
206:
1320:
On 19 December 1948, to take advantage of the Republic's weak situation following the communist rebellion, the Dutch launched
29:
1600:
armaments and even manpower aid, Suharto formulated a highly risky plan to invade and capture Dutch military headquarters in
1480:, organizing its participation in battling Darul Islam insurgents in northwestern Central Java and anti-bandit operations in
895:
406:
251:
1392:
1078:) to train new NCOs to replace those executed by the Japanese in the aftermath of failed PETA rebellion of February 1945 in
1476:
In March 1953, Suharto was appointed commander of Infantry Regiment III consisting of four battalions (3,704 men) based in
1185:
and Suharto's direct superior Major-General Sudarsono. On 27 June 1946, Sudarsono ordered the kidnapping of Prime Minister
502:
1644:, which over-time acquired shares in raft of businesses from transportation, banking, and manufacturing sectors (such as
1111:) which was established on 5 October 1945. His leadership skills in leading several attacks against Japanese soldiers in
984:
or other European languages in his youth. He learned to speak Dutch after his induction into the Dutch military in 1940.
844:
728:
483:
326:
1279:(Tutut, born 1949), Sigit Harjojudanto (born 1951), Bambang Trihatmodjo (born 1953), Siti Hediati (Titiek, born 1959),
2343:
2329:
1736:
1640:
s which ostensibly functioned to raise funds to cover KOSTRAD's operational needs. In April 1964, Suharto established
1334:
718:
540:
478:
450:
1372:
city, holding it until noon. Suharto's later accounts had him as the lone plotter, although other sources say Sultan
1033:(PETA; Defenders of the Fatherland) in which Indonesians served as officers. In his training to serve at the rank of
1807:
1530:
s had acquired capital of Rp 75,750,800 (equivalent to 1959 US$ 1,683,351 and a current value of US$ 13.3 million).
1656:
1406:
1297:
1206:
on 3 July 1946, hence protecting himself from the subsequent purge of Division III in the aftermath of the affair.
1023:
525:
515:
1453:
In November 1951, Suharto was appointed to lead enlarged Pragola Brigade (consisting of nine battalions) based in
1107:
1029:
535:
530:
520:
510:
168:
1405:
back into the city from his rural guerrilla base. On 27 December 1949, the Dutch surrendered sovereignty to the
1169:
in January 1946 exposed the armed units there to civilian political intrigue, most notably the "3 July Affair".
1567:), a ready-reaction air-mobile force. Additionally, he was appointed to lead the new army air-defence command (
1304:
who recently returned from the Soviet Union. On late-September 1948, PKI-linked armed units seized control of
1555:
social development of Indonesia. He was then appointed as operational deputy to army chief-of-staff based in
1559:. In March 1961, he was given an additional command, as head of the army's new general reserve force called
1458:
1447:
1430:
1276:
1141:
lasting from late-October to December 1945, Republican forces forced the British regroup at the confines of
837:
781:
772:
295:
2353:
2332:
documentary on Indonesia, with emphasis on the Suharto-era and the transition from New Order to Reformation
2320:
magazine exposé on Suharto's regime and family, published on the first anniversary of Suharto's resignation
1197:
with him. Suharto, while providing protection to his superior Sudarsono, was also secretly in contact with
1576:
1429:
as part of expeditionary force to suppress a rebellion of former KNIL supporters of the Dutch-established
1324:, designed to destroy the Republic once and for all. This invasion, initiated with an airborne assault on
1125:
868:
733:
639:
572:
380:
317:
2302:
2294:
1724:
1489:
713:
664:
494:
457:
291:
2286:
819:
1680:
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1538:
1280:
824:
1763:(Soeharto: My thoughts, words and deeds: an autobiography), PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada, Jakarta.
1707:
commander Dhani, a known communist sympathiser, as KOLAGA commander. Army chief Lieutenant-General
1497:
1381:
1210:
686:
679:
226:
38:
1613:
1388:
1287:
1047:
723:
659:
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area. Remnants of Battalion 426 joined Darul Islam insurgents operating in northwestern part of
1058:
from April to August 1944. As company commander, he conducted training for new PETA recruits in
1882:
1675:. To organize the military aspect of this confrontation, Sukarno formed the Vigilance Command (
2359:
2257:
2234:
2215:
1904:
1764:
1434:
1373:
923:
915:
883:
879:
634:
431:
411:
299:
281:
261:
107:
69:
1780:
See the details in Chapter 2, 'Akar saya dari desa' (My village roots), in Soeharto, op. cit.
1368:
In dawn raids on 1 March 1949, Suharto's forces and local militia re-captured large parts of
922:, a part of the larger village of Godean. The village is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of
2380:
1671:, with the stated objective of establishing "State of North Kalimantan" under leadership of
1660:
1645:
1377:
1241:
1232:
931:
2316:
1803:
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1342:
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330:
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120:
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resistance from many factions of the Republican forces, which again coalesced around the
1612:
island, off Sulawesi. On 15 August, under heavy American pressure, the Dutch signed the
1074:
in August 1945 occurred when Suharto was posted at remote Brebeg area (on the slopes of
1712:
1592:
1321:
1292:
1261:
1099:
981:
812:
792:
567:
1731:
In August 1964, Suharto authorised KOSTRAD's intelligence officer, Lieutenant-Colonel
1027:
transferred from the police force to the newly formed Japanese-sponsored militia, the
347:
2369:
2278:
2250:
1442:
1441:, Suharto became acquainted with his neighbours the Habibie family, whose eldest son
1272:
1265:
1186:
965:
797:
768:
416:
266:
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insurgency in West Java. From late-December 1951 to late-January 1952, Suharto led "
975:
Suharto's upbringing contrasts with that of leading Indonesian nationalists such as
906:
1481:
1470:
1346:
1245:
1214:
954:
1225:
through the territory he controlled with the help of Chinese-Indonesian merchant
1050:, south of Yogyakarta, until he was admitted for training for company commander (
2339:
1732:
1716:
1664:
1075:
562:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1465:" which successfully defeated the rebellious battalion in vicious fighting in
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1369:
1358:
1325:
1314:
1178:
1166:
1117:
1112:
958:
473:
1523:
1519:
1477:
1417:
1249:
1083:
1059:
552:
463:
321:
202:
133:
1283:(Tommy, born 1962), and Siti Hutami Endang Adiningish (Mamiek, born 1964).
1094:
Two days after the Japanese surrender in the Pacific, independence leaders
2335:
1631:
After the disbandment of Mandala Command in May 1963, Suharto returned to
1376:
of Yogyakarta and the Division III commander ordered the attack. However,
1123:
The arrival of the Allies, under a mandate to return the situation to the
1700:
1692:
1668:
1625:
1604:
using 25,000 soldiers in an airborne and amphibious operation code-named
1588:
1584:
1501:
1454:
1438:
1426:
1402:
1329:
1309:
1257:
1253:
1218:
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1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
939:
1687:. In October 1964, KOGA was transformed into Vigilance Mandala Command (
1380:
said that Suharto took great care in preparing the "General Offensive" (
1652:
1632:
1621:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1534:
1510:
1203:
1194:
1190:
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1162:
1153:
to the Dutch T ("Tijger") Brigade. Suharto participated in a battle at
1095:
1063:
1039:
1037:(platoon commander) he encountered a localised version of the Japanese
1016:
1012:
1003:
976:
919:
872:
864:
753:
438:
362:
230:
216:
85:
65:
34:
2323:
968:. In religious contexts in recent years he has sometimes been called "
878:
Suharto was born in a small village, Kemusuk, in the Godean area near
1655:
gradually shifted the country to the left by promoting the growth of
1609:
1466:
1362:
1357:
III, consisting of two battalions operating in the areas surrounding
1305:
1154:
1079:
1067:
547:
1719:, who was an avowed anti-communist. However, the army commander in
894:, Suharto served in Japanese-organised Indonesian security forces.
1617:
1416:
1301:
1231:
1222:
1158:
unify the command structure of the Indonesian nationalist forces.
1055:
969:
905:
691:
557:
1735:, to send several officers (including future Armed Forces chief
1601:
1229:
to be bartered with weapons, clothes, food, and other supplies.
1015:
to become sergeant, and was posted to KNIL reserve battalion in
1759:
Soeharto, as related to G. Dwipayana and Ramadhan K.H. (1989),
1659:(PKI) in order to counter the power of the military within his
1526:
in exchange with much-needed food supplies. By 1959, Suharto's
2281:
1120:
area by forcing the surrender of remaining Japanese soldiers.
1624:
at West Irian's capital Sukarnapura (formerly Hollandia, now
2338: – Article by Australian journalist and Suharto critic
1691:) with wide-ranging martial law powers over the islands of
1934:
1932:
1046:
Suharto was posted at a PETA coastal defence battalion at
871:, having held the office for 31 years from 1967 following
2214:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
2189:
2187:
2126:
2124:
2099:
2097:
2024:
2022:
1761:
Soeharto: Pikiran, ucapan dan tindakan saya: otobiographi
910:
Official portrait of Suharto and First Lady Siti Hartinah
1496:
On 3 September 1956 Suharto was promoted to command the
1973:
1971:
918:
era, in a plaited bamboo walled house in the hamlet of
1865:
1863:
1850:
1848:
1835:
1833:
1189:
who was leading the negotiations with the Dutch. When
1145:. Suharto's battle performance attracted attention of
2279:
news.bbc.co.uk, Life in pictures: Indonesia's Suharto
1583:
of 1949. His position as Mandala commander, based in
1244:, a military invasion into Republican-held areas. In
1002:(KNIL) in June 1940, and undertook basic training in
1616:
whereby control over West Irian was relinquished to
1522:, Suharto organized bartering of sugar and copra to
867:(8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was the second
1569:
Komando Pertahanan Udara Angkatan Darat / KOHANUDAD
313:
244:
222:
212:
197:
189:
142:
92:
75:
52:
20:
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1450:into newly formed Unitary Republic of Indonesia.
1361:, with its headquarters at the Menorah hills in
1313:anti-communist operations in the areas east of
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1421:Suharto with his wife and six children in 1967
886:era. He grew up in humble circumstances. His
845:
8:
892:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
2252:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s
914:Suharto was born on 8 June 1921 during the
1565:Komando Strategis Angkatan Darat / KOSTRAD
852:
838:
338:
17:
2154:
2115:
2088:
1977:
1938:
1923:
1854:
1839:
1161:The transfer of Republican capital from
2233:. Blackburn, Australia: Fontana Books.
1752:
1581:Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference
1561:Tjadangan Umum Angkatan Darat / TJADUAD
1072:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
875:removal until his resignation in 1998.
341:
256:
1663:system. In May 1964, Sukarno declared
1286:The signing of highly disadvantageous
2193:
2178:
2166:
2142:
2130:
2103:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1962:
1950:
1869:
1353:"). Suharto was appointed to command
1271:On 26 December 1947, Suharto married
1022:Following the Dutch surrender to the
7:
2358: — Website accompanying a 2002
2328: — Website accompanying a 2002
1240:On 21 July 1947, the Dutch launched
993:World War II and Japanese occupation
2342:on the fortieth anniversary of the
1901:Politics and the press in Indonesia
1500:with the rank of colonel, based in
308:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
2376:Early lives by heads of government
1587:, provided martial-law power over
1473:which were only defeated in 1957.
1252:pushed the Republican forces from
1236:Lieutenant Colonel Suharto in 1947
1000:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
14:
1413:Post-Independence military career
896:Indonesia's independence struggle
1673:North Kalimantan Communist Party
1213:") which is responsible for the
1103:declared Indonesian independence
964:Like many Javanese, Suharto had
926:, the cultural heartland of the
818:
811:
346:
304:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
239:Indonesian National Armed Forces
201:
175:
162:
149:
126:
113:
100:
28:
957:(middle school) in the city of
2212:Suharto: A Political Biography
1689:Komando Mandala Siaga / KOLAGA
1300:(PKI) under the leadership of
1177:) led by communist politician
1090:Indonesian National Revolution
252:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
1108:Tentara Keamanan Rakjat / TKR
1070:. The Japanese surrender and
42:
1899:Romano, Angela Rose (2003).
1827:(Jakarta), 11 November 1974.
1542:the proceeds from Suharto's
1133:. In a series of battles at
2344:Transition to the New Order
1737:Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani
1349:into three defence areas ("
2397:
1657:Indonesian Communist Party
1648:and Bank Windu Kentjana).
1407:United States of Indonesia
1298:Indonesian Communist Party
2210:Elson, Robert E. (2001).
1812:The Sydney Morning Herald
1507:Staat van Oorlog en Beleg
1488:who would later lead the
1393:Roem–Van Roijen Agreement
27:
1024:invading Japanese forces
934:by his first concubine.
355:This article is part of
1463:Operasi Merdeka Timur V
1448:State of East Indonesia
1431:State of East Indonesia
1277:Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana
1268:) north of Yogyakarta.
932:Sultan Hamengkubuwono V
828:: Picture, Sound, Video
296:West New Guinea dispute
277:March general offensive
2355:Tiger Tales: Indonesia
1665:military confrontation
1577:Netherlands New Guinea
1437:). During his stay in
1422:
1237:
1175:Persatoean Perdjoangan
1126:status quo ante bellum
911:
869:President of Indonesia
719:Asian financial crisis
640:Tanjung Priok massacre
625:Chinese discrimination
381:President of Indonesia
2229:McDonald, H. (1980).
1725:30 September Movement
1667:against newly formed
1490:30 September Movement
1420:
1235:
909:
714:27 July 1996 incident
479:Political manoeuvring
458:30 September Movement
394:Early life and career
292:Darul Islam Rebellion
190:Years of service
2336:"We need to be told"
2248:Schwarz, A. (1994).
1883:"Suharto dead at 86"
1808:"No End to Ambition"
1677:Komando Siaga / KOGA
1651:During this period,
1606:Operasi Djajawidjaja
1597:Lesser Sunda Islands
1539:Abdul Haris Nasution
1281:Hutomo Mandala Putra
2231:Suharto's Indonesia
1806:(28 January 2008).
1642:Jajasan Darma Putra
1571:) in October 1961.
1498:Diponegoro Division
1486:Untung bin Sjamsuri
1211:Diponegoro Division
687:Santa Cruz massacre
407:National Revolution
402:Japanese occupation
227:Kodam IV/Diponegoro
207:General of the Army
39:Kodam IV/Diponegoro
2350:, 17 October 2005.
2256:. Westview Press.
2079:, pp. 29–38,
2031:, pp. 20–25,
1887:The Globe and Mail
1614:New York Agreement
1433:led by Andi Azis (
1423:
1389:Renville Agreement
1288:Renville Agreement
1238:
912:
749:Corruption charges
724:Trisakti shootings
660:Act of Free Choice
37:, as commander of
2360:BBC World Service
2307:, 28 January 2008
1889:, 27 January 2008
1435:Makassar Uprising
1374:Hamengkubuwono IX
1030:Pembela Tanah Air
916:Dutch East Indies
862:
861:
754:Illness and death
635:Petition of Fifty
484:Acting Presidency
439:Post-Independence
432:Makassar Uprising
427:General Offensive
412:Operation Product
398:Military service
372:
371:
337:
336:
300:Operation Trikora
282:Makassar Uprising
262:Operation Product
108:Dutch East Indies
70:Dutch East Indies
2388:
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2191:
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2181:, pp. 87–89
2176:
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2169:, pp. 80–87
2164:
2158:
2157:, pp. 31–32
2152:
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2145:, pp. 70–73
2140:
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2133:, pp. 52–55
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2101:
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2062:
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2050:
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2043:, pp. 22–23
2038:
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2017:
2016:, pp. 18–20
2011:
2005:
2004:, pp. 15–17
1999:
1993:
1992:, pp. 14–15
1987:
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1661:Guided Democracy
1646:Mandala Airlines
1378:General Nasution
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1563:(later renamed
1509:) by President
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1227:Liem Sioe Liong
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1293:Mohammad Hatta
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2174:
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2118:, p. 25
2111:
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2009:
1997:
1985:
1980:, p. 14
1958:
1946:
1941:, p. 13
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1857:, p. 11
1842:, p. 10
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1471:Central Java
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1347:Central Java
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1246:Central Java
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503:Inauguration
393:
378:
377:
245:Battles/wars
81:(2008-01-27)
15:
2340:John Pilger
2325:Shadow Play
1965:, p. 9
1953:, p. 8
1733:Ali Murtopo
1717:Kemal Idris
1459:Darul Islam
1076:Mount Wilis
1009:Kaderschool
734:Resignation
563:Angkatan 66
88:, Indonesia
63:8 June 1921
46: 1957
2370:Categories
2194:Elson 2001
2179:Elson 2001
2167:Elson 2001
2143:Elson 2001
2131:Elson 2001
2104:Elson 2001
2077:Elson 2001
2065:Elson 2001
2053:Elson 2001
2041:Elson 2001
2029:Elson 2001
2014:Elson 2001
2002:Elson 2001
1990:Elson 2001
1963:Elson 2001
1951:Elson 2001
1870:Elson 2001
1743:References
1721:Kalimantan
1715:, Colonel
1709:Ahmad Yani
1697:Kalimantan
1685:Omar Dhani
1683:commander
1398:Yogyakarta
1382:Indonesian
1370:Yogyakarta
1359:Yogyakarta
1355:Wehrkreise
1351:Wehrkreise
1338:strategy.
1335:Wehrkreise
1326:Yogyakarta
1315:Yogyakarta
1179:Tan Malaka
1167:Yogyakarta
1118:Yogyakarta
1113:Yogyakarta
959:Yogyakarta
924:Yogyakarta
902:Early life
880:Yogyakarta
773:first lady
771:(wife and
709:Background
675:Occupation
665:East Timor
474:Supersemar
93:Allegiance
59:1921-06-08
2314:May 1999
2305:The Times
1748:Footnotes
1681:air force
1524:Singapore
1520:Bob Hasan
1478:Surakarta
1260:before a
1250:T-Brigade
1084:Supriyadi
1082:, led by
1060:Surakarta
1052:chudancho
1035:shodancho
873:Sukarno's
778:Children
573:Elections
553:Dwifungsi
507:Cabinets
495:New Order
464:Kopkamtib
322:Indonesia
318:President
193:1940—1974
185:(1945–74)
172:(1942–45)
159:(1940–42)
134:Indonesia
2298:obituary
2290:obituary
1701:Malaysia
1693:Sumatera
1669:Malaysia
1626:Jayapura
1589:Sulawesi
1585:Makassar
1502:Semarang
1455:Salatiga
1439:Makassar
1427:Makassar
1403:Sudirman
1345:divided
1330:Sudirman
1310:Sudirman
1258:Magelang
1254:Semarang
1219:Semarang
1199:Sudirman
1183:Sudirman
1151:Semarang
1147:Sudirman
1143:Semarang
1139:Ambarawa
1135:Magelang
1131:Semarang
940:Wonogiri
928:Javanese
888:Javanese
702:Downfall
680:Genocide
670:Invasion
223:Commands
143:Service/
2381:Suharto
1653:Sukarno
1638:jajasan
1633:Jakarta
1622:Sukarno
1557:Jakarta
1549:Bandung
1544:jajasan
1535:Sukarno
1528:jajasan
1516:jajasan
1511:Sukarno
1204:Sjahrir
1195:Sjahrir
1191:Sukarno
1171:Sukarno
1163:Jakarta
1096:Sukarno
1064:Jakarta
1040:bushido
1017:Cisarua
1013:Gombong
1004:Gombong
977:Sukarno
920:Kemusuk
865:Suharto
826:Gallery
789:Bambang
541:Seventh
364:Suharto
231:Kostrad
217:Kostrad
86:Jakarta
66:Kemusuk
35:Suharto
22:Suharto
2260:
2237:
2218:
1907:
1767:
1610:Peleng
1595:, and
1467:Klaten
1363:Bantul
1306:Madiun
1155:Kendal
1080:Blitar
1068:Madiun
1066:, and
802:Mamiek
793:Titiek
763:Family
548:Golkar
526:Fourth
516:Second
145:branch
131:
118:
105:
1825:Tempo
1618:UNTEA
1302:Musso
1223:opium
1100:Hatta
1056:Bogor
1054:) in
1048:Wates
982:Dutch
951:dukun
798:Tommy
786:Sigit
782:Tutut
692:ASEAN
558:Aspri
536:Sixth
531:Fifth
521:Third
511:First
2317:Time
2258:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2216:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1695:and
1602:Biak
1137:and
1098:and
970:Haji
608:1999
603:1997
598:1992
593:1987
588:1982
583:1977
578:1971
379:2nd
331:1998
327:1967
213:Unit
198:Rank
169:PETA
156:KNIL
76:Died
53:Born
2330:PBS
2282:BBC
1628:).
1332:'s
1256:to
1165:to
1011:in
320:of
2372::
2346:,
2186:^
2123:^
2096:^
2021:^
1970:^
1931:^
1885:,
1862:^
1847:^
1832:^
1810:.
1785:^
1591:,
1551:.
1409:.
1317:.
1086:.
1062:,
1019:.
68:,
43:c.
41:,
2266:.
2243:.
2224:.
1913:.
1814:.
1771:.
1505:(
853:e
846:t
839:v
775:)
497:"
493:"
333:)
329:–
325:(
61:)
57:(
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