3151:
474:("initrd") that was loaded previously as the temporary root file system during the bootloader stage. The initrd, which acts as a temporary root filesystem in RAM, allows the kernel to be fully booted and driver modules to be loaded directly from memory, without reliance upon other devices (e.g. a hard disk). initrd contains the necessary modules needed to interface with peripherals, e.g SATA driver, and support a large number of possible hardware configurations. This split of some drivers statically compiled into the kernel and other drivers loaded from initrd allows for a smaller kernel.
3029:
2553:
81:. After being loaded into RAM, the bootloader (also called first-stage bootloader or primary bootloader) will execute to load the second-stage bootloader (also called secondary bootloader). The second-stage bootloader will load the kernel image into memory, decompress and initialize it, and then pass control to this kernel image. The second-stage bootloader also performs several operation on the system such as system hardware check, mounting the root device, loading the necessary kernel modules, etc. Finally, the first user-space process (
222:(MBR). The intermediate stage loader (stage1.5, usually core.img) is loaded and executed by the stage1 loader. The second-stage loader (stage2, the /boot/grub/ files) is loaded by the stage1.5 and displays the GRUB startup menu that allows the user to choose an operating system or examine and edit startup parameters. After a menu entry is chosen and optional parameters are given, GRUB loads the linux kernel into memory and passes control to it. GRUB 2 is also capable of chain-loading of another bootloader. In
385:, and overall system control. This is loaded in two stages – in the first stage, the kernel (as a compressed image file) is loaded into memory and decompressed, and a few fundamental functions are set up such as basic memory management, minimal amount of hardware setup. It's worth noting that kernel image is self-decompressed, which is a part of the kernel image's routine. For some platforms (like ARM 64-bit), kernel decompression has to be performed by the bootloader instead, like U-Boot.
187:
partition table for an active partition. After finding an active partition, first stage bootloader will keep scanning the remaining partitions in the table to ensure that they're all inactive. After this step, the active partition's boot record is read into RAM and executed as the second stage bootloader. The job of the second stage bootloader is to load the Linux kernel image into memory, and optional initial RAM disk. Kernel image isn't an executable kernel, but a
542:"When the kernel is loaded, it immediately initializes and configures the computer's memory and configures the various hardware attached to the system, including all processors, I/O subsystems, and storage devices. It then looks for the compressed initrd image in a predetermined location in memory, decompresses it, mounts it, and loads all necessary drivers. Next, it initializes virtual devices related to the file system, such as
3041:
2565:
3015:
2539:
712:
320:
pathname for each, as well as customized options if needed, is then written together with bootloader code into MBR bootsector. When this bootsector is read and given control by BIOS, LILO loads the menu code and draws it then uses stored values together with user input to calculate and load the Linux
351:
kernel with the Linux kernel at run time. This can be useful in the case of hardware that needs to be switched on via software and for which such configuration programs are proprietary and only available for DOS. This booting method is less necessary nowadays, as Linux has drivers for a multitude of
332:
GRUB 1 includes logic to read common file systems at run-time in order to access its configuration file. This gives GRUB 1 ability to read its configuration file from the filesystem rather than have it embedded into the MBR, which allows it to change the configuration at run-time and specify disks
554:
and freeing up all the memory the disk image once occupied. The kernel then creates a root device, mounts the root partition read-only, and frees any unused memory. At this point, the kernel is loaded into memory and operational. However, since there are no user applications that allow meaningful
186:
The first stage bootloader, which is a part of the MBR, is a 512-byte image containing the vendor-specific program code and a partition table. As mentioned earlier in the introduction part, the first stage bootloader will find and load the second stage bootloader. It does this by searching in the
149:
In BIOS systems, the BIOS will respectively perform power-on self test (POST), which is to check the system hardware, then enumerate local device and finally initialize the system. For system initialization, BIOS will start by searching for the bootable device on the system which stores the OS. A
172:
The system startup stage on embedded Linux system starts by executing the firmware/program on the on-chip boot ROM, which is stored on the storage device of the system like USB flash drive, SD card, eMMC, NAND flash, NOR flash, etc. The sequences of system startup in on-chip boot ROM varies by
478:, also known as early user space, has been available since version 2.5.46 of the Linux kernel, with the intent to replace as many functions as possible that previously the kernel would have performed during the startup process. Typical uses of early user space are to detect what
173:
processors but all include hardware initialization and system hardware testing steps. For example in a system with an i.MX7D processor and a bootable device which stores the OS (including U-Boot, an external bootloader), the on-chip boot ROM sets up the
150:
bootable device can be storage devices like floppy disk, CD-ROM, USB flash drive, a partition on a hard disk (where a hard disk stores multiple OS, e.g
Windows and Fedora), a storage device on local network, etc. A hard disk to boot Linux stores the
675:, software engineers that initially developed systemd, sought to surpass the efficiency of the init daemon in several ways. They wanted to improve the software framework for expressing dependencies, to allow more processing to be done in
58:. Those are grouped into 4 steps: system startup, bootloader stage, kernel stage, and init process. When a Linux system is powered up or reset, its processor will execute a specific firmware/program for system initialization, such as the
559:
At this point, with interrupts enabled, the scheduler can take control of the overall management of the system, to provide pre-emptive multi-tasking, and the init process is left to continue booting the user environment in user space.
630:
which codify the various processes involved in setting up or leaving the given runlevel, and it is these scripts which are referenced as necessary in the boot process. Init scripts are typically held in directories with names such as
356:. Another use case is when the Linux is located on a storage device which is not available to the BIOS for booting: DOS or Windows can load the appropriate drivers to make up for the BIOS limitation and boot Linux from there.
177:
controller at first which allows the boot ROM's program to obtain the SoC configuration data from the external bootloader on the bootable device. The on-chip boot ROM then loads the U-Boot into RAM for the bootloader stage.
42:-style boot processes, from which it derives. Although the Linux booting process depends very much on the computer architecture, those architectures share similar stages and software components, including system startup,
751:, "Introduction", "The process of booting a Linux® system consists of a number of stages. But whether you're booting a standard x86 desktop or a deeply embedded PowerPC® target, much of the flow is surprisingly similar."
651:. After it has spawned all of the processes specified, init goes dormant, and waits for one of three events to happen: processes that started to end or die, a power failure signal, or a request via
312:) is created in a live system which maps raw offset information (mapper tool) about location of kernel and ram disks (initrd or initramfs). The configuration file, which includes data such as boot
497:
which unmounts the temporary root file system and replaces it with the use of the real one, once the latter is accessible. The memory used by the temporary root file system is then reclaimed.
214:, which is now used, differs from GRUB 1 by being capable of automatic detection of various operating systems and automatic configuration. The stage1 is loaded and executed either by the
1054:
2115:
297:
is a bootloader for embedded systems. It is used on systems that do not have a BIOS/UEFI but rather employ custom methods to read the bootloader into memory and execute it.
2724:
62:, invoking the reset vector to start a program at a known address in flash/ROM (in embedded Linux devices), then load the bootloader into RAM for later execution. In
599:
Historically this was the "SysV init", which was just called "init". More recent Linux distributions are likely to use one of the more modern alternatives such as
3079:
1404:
2729:
251:
SYSLINUX/ISOLINUX is a bootloader that specializes in booting full Linux installations from FAT filesystems. It is often used for boot or rescue floppy discs,
931:
2754:
2204:
2199:
2975:
647:, checking the integrity of the root file system (which was mounted read-only) and then remounting it for full read-write access, and sets up the
1276:
1329:
1226:
819:
1282:
3033:
2988:
2557:
291:, and field upgrades provided by the vendor if need be. Parts of coreboot becomes the systems BIOS and stays resident in memory after boot.
687:. Systemd's initialization instructions for each daemon are recorded in a declarative configuration file rather than a shell script. For
3652:
555:
input to the system, not much can be done with it." An initramfs-style boot is similar, but not identical to the described initrd boot.
3150:
3137:
3072:
1260:
1058:
663:
is a modern alternative to SysV init. Like init, systemd is a daemon that manages other daemons. All daemons, including systemd, are
3728:
3721:
2998:
2739:
2714:
1936:
1704:
639:. During system boot, it checks whether a default runlevel is specified in /etc/inittab, and requests the runlevel to enter via the
2734:
2603:
1434:
2046:
543:
2691:
1374:
3786:
3391:
3121:
3065:
2993:
2480:
3245:
2686:
2361:
1409:
3816:
3413:
2782:
2719:
1763:
688:
1079:
531:= 1). A message is printed by the kernel upon mounting the file system, and by Init upon starting the Init process.
3958:
3114:
3107:
2820:
2681:
2462:
2276:
1394:
1322:
730:
382:
938:
626:, which takes a value from 0 to 6 and determines which subsystems are made operational. Each runlevel has its own
3454:
3280:
3252:
2825:
2467:
2109:
1445:
622:
init processes, from which it derived. In a standard Linux system, init is executed with a parameter, known as a
317:
85:
process) starts, and other high-level system initializations are performed (which involve with startup scripts).
2835:
2030:
2015:
1931:
1719:
2373:
2172:
1808:
1696:
1651:
1601:
1585:
1562:
516:
441:
2696:
1384:
845:
843:
841:
839:
2874:
2867:
2815:
2518:
2495:
2490:
2325:
2291:
2281:
2153:
2098:
1975:
1514:
680:
644:
374:
334:
592:. The init system is the first daemon to start (during booting) and the last daemon to terminate (during
63:
3968:
2659:
2569:
2472:
1315:
1162:
643:
if not. It then proceeds to run all the relevant boot scripts for the given runlevel, including loading
508:) is called to start the Init process (the first user-space process), and then starts the idle task via
1292:
798:
Bin, Niu; Dejian, Li; Zhangjian, LU; Lixin, Yang; Zhihua, Bai; Longlong, He; Sheng, Liu (August 2020).
515:
Thus, the kernel stage initializes devices, mounts the root filesystem specified by the bootloader as
448:
capabilities, and then switches to non-architecture specific Linux kernel functionality via a call to
3661:
3627:
3577:
3447:
3342:
3259:
3183:
3176:
2963:
2792:
2502:
2104:
1666:
1364:
593:
483:
237:
226:
systems, the stage1 and stage1.5 usually are the same UEFI application file (such as grubx64.efi for
166:
88:
For each of these stages and components, there are different variations and approaches; for example,
77:
monitor, and is stored in the mainboard. In embedded Linux systems, this firmware/program is called
3668:
3641:
3472:
3312:
3266:
2951:
2596:
2298:
1777:
1636:
1570:
1234:
963:
589:
161:
systems, the Linux kernel can be executed directly by UEFI firmware via EFISTUB, but usually uses
3929:
3700:
3634:
2840:
2706:
2676:
2452:
2286:
1872:
1772:
1709:
1631:
1626:
1414:
825:
692:
676:
668:
664:
627:
573:
528:
463:
305:
219:
151:
121:
101:
66:
59:
55:
3936:
3605:
3598:
3384:
2648:
2423:
2071:
2041:
2036:
1887:
1542:
1504:
1256:
815:
684:
487:
467:
437:
370:
313:
207:
135:
333:
and partitions in a human-readable format rather than relying on offsets. It also contains a
3901:
3848:
3841:
3427:
3349:
2797:
2787:
2628:
2177:
1739:
1460:
1450:
1359:
995:
993:
807:
804:
2020 International
Symposium on Computer Engineering and Intelligent Communications (ISCEIC)
648:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
3777:
3335:
3190:
2983:
2744:
2413:
2081:
1862:
1286:
1198:
51:
154:(MBR), which contains the first-stage/primary bootloader in order to be loaded into RAM.
116:-style, or the system configuration can be performed through modern alternatives such as
699:
available to the running daemons. Systemd is also capable of aggressive parallelization.
132:
System startup has different steps based on the hardware that Linux is being booted on.
3963:
3305:
3045:
2907:
2807:
2749:
2633:
2589:
2443:
2348:
2259:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
1904:
1729:
1724:
1369:
640:
445:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
3952:
3500:
3493:
3231:
2957:
2929:
2900:
2893:
2845:
2777:
2378:
2194:
2000:
1990:
1749:
1621:
1499:
829:
577:
479:
353:
322:
1250:
3755:
3521:
3273:
3019:
2886:
2830:
2653:
2620:
2543:
2264:
2182:
2076:
2020:
1379:
1338:
811:
717:
520:
366:
288:
266:
47:
3887:
3823:
3486:
3438:
2935:
2921:
2861:
2638:
2269:
2162:
1744:
1641:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
672:
585:
538:, the detailed kernel process at this stage is therefore summarized as follows:
337:, which makes it easier to fix or modify GRUB if it is misconfigured or corrupt.
17:
1255:(2nd ed.). Editorial CĂrculo Rojo; 1st edition (published March 3, 2017).
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
799:
308:
does not understand or parse filesystem layout. Instead, a configuration file (
3922:
3908:
3748:
3420:
3222:
2356:
2331:
2318:
2223:
2211:
2141:
2051:
1537:
1440:
1399:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
707:
581:
551:
424:) to decompressed the kernel. Kernel startup is then executed via a different
348:
294:
138:
hardware is one architecture Linux is commonly used on; on these systems, the
97:
43:
1137:
3894:
3542:
3377:
3370:
3326:
2914:
2880:
2772:
2218:
2187:
2056:
1892:
1681:
1552:
1509:
607:
475:
174:
906:
255:, and other lightweight boot systems. ISOLINUX is generally used by Linux
3915:
3880:
3714:
3570:
3507:
3363:
3356:
3160:
3088:
2941:
2336:
2157:
2146:
2066:
2010:
2005:
1951:
1899:
1788:
1714:
725:
623:
276:
252:
203:
105:
93:
89:
78:
788:, "Linux booting process are grouped into 4 stages, based on IBM source"
776:, "Overview", "Figure 1. The 20,000-foot view of the Linux boot process"
482:
are needed to load the main user space file system and load them from a
3809:
3549:
3528:
3479:
3319:
3298:
3092:
3057:
2946:
2418:
2403:
2313:
2303:
2243:
2167:
2061:
1985:
1926:
1840:
1803:
1734:
1676:
1671:
1575:
1532:
1301:
660:
600:
535:
340:
326:
256:
241:
192:
188:
117:
109:
31:
3862:
3591:
3556:
2408:
2393:
2383:
2238:
2233:
1995:
1946:
1919:
1882:
1852:
1819:
1798:
1547:
1494:
1389:
471:
262:
211:
202:
In x86 PC, first- and second-stage bootloaders are combined into the
162:
34:
process involves multiple stages and is in many ways similar to the
1297:
3855:
3707:
3563:
3535:
3514:
3014:
2612:
2538:
2228:
2091:
2025:
1980:
1941:
1909:
1877:
1835:
1830:
1793:
1661:
1656:
1616:
1611:
1112:
711:
696:
436:
for the kernel (also called the swapper or process 0) establishes
3800:
3793:
3762:
3584:
3238:
3215:
3208:
2308:
2086:
1914:
1845:
1489:
615:
569:
547:
413:
389:
284:
280:
270:
245:
223:
215:
196:
158:
143:
139:
113:
74:
70:
39:
3061:
2585:
1311:
1307:
2388:
2366:
1180:
619:
527:) which is designated as the first process run by the system (
462:
executes a wide range of initialization functions. It sets up
378:
344:
227:
35:
412:
will do basic setup to environment (stack, etc.), clears the
800:"Research and design of Bootrom supporting secure boot mode"
1099:
984:
849:
301:
Historical bootloaders, no longer in common use, include:
2581:
365:
The kernel stage occurs after the bootloader stage. The
440:(paging tables and memory paging), detects the type of
400:) is called to do some basic hardware setup then calls
112:), while the startup scripts can be either traditional
392:
microprocessor. When its bzImage is invoked, function
233:
Beside GRUB, there are some more popular bootloaders:
493:
The root file system is later switched via a call to
100:
can be used as bootloaders (historical examples are
3872:
3833:
3776:
3740:
3692:
3685:
3651:
3619:
3464:
3437:
3405:
3290:
3200:
3168:
3158:
3099:
2974:
2854:
2806:
2765:
2705:
2669:
2619:
2511:
2451:
2442:
2347:
2252:
1968:
1861:
1771:
1762:
1695:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1561:
1523:
1482:
1475:
1423:
1352:
1345:
635:. The top level configuration file for init is at
1293:Bootchart: Boot Process Performance Visualization
1049:
1047:
603:. Below is a summary of the main init processes:
388:For details of those steps, take an example with
240:(formerly Gummiboot), a bootloader included with
1252:Linux Driver Development for Embedded Processors
369:handles all operating system processes, such as
490:to generate and maintain the initramfs image.
352:hardware devices, but it has seen some use in
3073:
2597:
1323:
8:
1149:
1038:
999:
893:
872:
785:
773:
748:
1283:Greg O'Keefe - From Power Up To Bash Prompt
1140:Linux Boot Process - by Kim Oldfield (2001)
1133:
1131:
1129:
568:Once the kernel has started, it starts the
343:is a bootloader that can replace a running
3689:
3675:
3461:
3165:
3080:
3066:
3058:
2604:
2590:
2582:
2448:
2344:
1768:
1597:
1590:
1479:
1349:
1330:
1316:
1308:
1138:http://oldfield.wattle.id.au/luv/boot.html
964:"MS denies secure boot will exclude Linux"
679:during system booting, and to reduce the
470:), further configures memory, mounts the
444:and any additional functionality such as
244:that requires minimal configuration (for
69:(PCs), this firmware/program is either a
3034:Free and open-source software portal
2558:Free and open-source software portal
2116:Earliest eligible virtual deadline first
1057:. Redhat.com. 2008-08-30. Archived from
741:
584:, for example by checking and mounting
987:, p. 29, , "Linux Boot Process".
852:, p. 28, , "Linux Boot Process".
611:
7:
1304:, February 11, 2015, by Matt Fleming
1298:The bootstrap process on EFI systems
1249:Alberto Liberal De Los RĂos (2017).
1163:"From Power Up To Bash Prompt: Init"
930:Kinney, Michael (1 September 2000).
46:execution, loading and startup of a
2976:Professional related certifications
932:"Solving BIOS Boot Issues with EFI"
206:(GRUB), and formerly Linux Loader (
422:./arch/i386/boot/compressed/misc.c
406:./arch/i386/boot/compressed/head.S
146:firmware plays an important role.
27:Multi-stage initialisation process
25:
2755:List of software package managers
2740:Security-focused operating system
966:. The Register. 23 September 2011
614:simply "init") is similar to the
3149:
3040:
3039:
3027:
3013:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2537:
1405:Supported computer architectures
1289: (archived October 23, 2009)
1277:Reading the Linux Kernel Sources
1100:Alberto Liberal De Los RĂos 2017
985:Alberto Liberal De Los RĂos 2017
937:. pp. 47–50. Archived from
850:Alberto Liberal De Los RĂos 2017
710:
279:is a free implementation of the
191:instead, compressed into either
50:image, and execution of various
2730:Distributions that run from RAM
1435:The Linux Programming Interface
1227:"Inside the Linux boot process"
907:"EFI stub kernel - Gentoo Wiki"
655:to further change the runlevel.
189:"compressed file" of the kernel
812:10.1109/ISCEIC51027.2020.00009
287:and usually deployed with the
1:
3787:Preboot Execution Environment
3392:Run-Time Abstraction Services
1102:, p. 20, , "Bootloader".
550:before unmounting the initrd
3246:MultiProcessor Specification
2687:GNU/Linux naming controversy
1225:M. Tim Jones (31 May 2006).
3817:Remote Initial Program Load
3414:Common Firmware Environment
2783:Linux Documentation Project
2725:Netbook-specific comparison
689:inter-process communication
3985:
3406:Hybrid firmware bootloader
3147:
2682:Criticism of desktop Linux
2277:High-performance computing
2099:Process and I/O schedulers
1002:, , "Stage 2 boot loader".
875:, , "Stage 1 boot loader".
731:Booting process of Windows
506:arch/i386/kernel/process.c
383:interprocess communication
3455:Comparison of bootloaders
3007:
2692:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
2531:
2110:Completely Fair Scheduler
1375:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
486:. Many distributions use
430:./arch/i386/kernel/head.S
259:and bootable install CDs.
2031:Kernel same-page merging
1082:. Redhat.com. 2013-09-30
588:, and starting up other
204:GRand Unified Bootloader
3343:Phoenix SecureCore UEFI
2374:OS-level virtualization
1080:"Product Documentation"
1055:"Product Documentation"
432:. The startup function
414:Block Started by Symbol
398:./arch/i386/boot/head.S
2868:Free Software Magazine
2798:Linux User Group (LUG)
2519:List of Linux adopters
1461:Linux User Group (LUG)
681:computational overhead
335:command-line interface
1167:users.cecs.anu.edu.au
896:, , "System startup".
3662:EFI system partition
3628:GUID Partition Table
3578:Windows Boot Manager
3448:Bootloader unlocking
3260:Legacy Plug and Play
3184:Open-source firmware
3177:Proprietary firmware
2793:Linux Mark Institute
2105:Brain Fuck Scheduler
1365:Linux Mark Institute
665:background processes
484:temporary filesystem
428:function located in
3669:BIOS boot partition
3642:Apple Partition Map
3473:Acronis OS Selector
3313:American Megatrends
2299:Real-time computing
1571:Linux Standard Base
1113:"Initramfs arrives"
693:Unix domain sockets
418:decompress_kernel()
416:(BSS) then invokes
3930:Power-on self-test
3635:Master boot record
2720:Distributions list
2715:General comparison
2677:Criticism of Linux
2287:Compute Node Linux
1873:C standard library
944:on 23 January 2007
669:Lennart Poettering
464:interrupt handling
220:Master boot record
152:Master Boot Record
67:personal computers
60:power-on self-test
3959:Booting processes
3946:
3945:
3772:
3771:
3620:Partition layouts
3615:
3614:
3599:Plop Boot Manager
3401:
3400:
3055:
3054:
2579:
2578:
2527:
2526:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2072:Network scheduler
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1758:
1757:
1505:Linux kernel oops
1471:
1470:
1451:Linux conferences
1150:M. Tim Jones 2006
1039:M. Tim Jones 2006
1000:M. Tim Jones 2006
894:M. Tim Jones 2006
873:M. Tim Jones 2006
821:978-1-7281-8171-4
786:M. Tim Jones 2006
774:M. Tim Jones 2006
749:M. Tim Jones 2006
438:memory management
371:memory management
193:zImage or bzImage
169:as a bootloader.
136:IBM PC compatible
64:IBM PC–compatible
16:(Redirected from
3976:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3902:Execute in place
3897:
3890:
3883:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3690:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3462:
3457:
3450:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3350:TianoCore EDK II
3345:
3338:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3133:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3020:Linux portal
3018:
3017:
2989:Linux Foundation
2788:Linux Foundation
2606:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2544:Linux portal
2542:
2541:
2449:
2345:
2154:Security Modules
1769:
1598:
1591:
1480:
1360:Linux Foundation
1350:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1309:
1266:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1233:. Archived from
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1199:"systemd README"
1195:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1003:
997:
988:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
943:
936:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
903:
897:
891:
876:
870:
853:
847:
834:
833:
806:. pp. 5–8.
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
752:
746:
720:
715:
714:
691:, systemd makes
654:
638:
634:
613:
526:
511:
507:
503:
496:
472:initial RAM disk
461:
455:
451:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
311:
182:Bootloader stage
84:
21:
18:Early user space
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3736:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3465:Implementations
3460:
3453:
3446:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3291:Implementations
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3196:
3191:Custom firmware
3189:
3182:
3175:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3095:
3086:
3056:
3051:
3028:
3026:
3012:
3003:
2970:
2850:
2802:
2761:
2745:Package manager
2701:
2665:
2644:Booting process
2615:
2610:
2580:
2575:
2552:
2550:
2536:
2523:
2507:
2454:
2430:
2414:User-mode Linux
2343:
2248:
1956:
1864:
1857:
1776:
1754:
1691:
1603:
1580:
1557:
1519:
1467:
1419:
1410:Version history
1341:
1336:
1287:Wayback Machine
1273:
1263:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1203:freedesktop.org
1197:
1196:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1006:
998:
991:
983:
979:
969:
967:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
941:
934:
929:
928:
924:
915:
913:
911:wiki.gentoo.org
905:
904:
900:
892:
879:
871:
856:
848:
837:
822:
797:
796:
792:
784:
780:
772:
755:
747:
743:
739:
716:
709:
706:
652:
636:
632:
566:
524:
509:
505:
501:
494:
459:
453:
449:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
363:
309:
230:UEFI systems).
184:
130:
82:
52:startup scripts
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3982:
3980:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3466:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3212:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3023:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2984:CompTIA Linux+
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2911:
2908:Linux Magazine
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2750:Package format
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2547:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2353:
2351:
2349:Virtualization
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2195:Device drivers
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:SCHED_DEADLINE
2134:
2132:O(1) scheduler
2129:
2127:O(n) scheduler
2124:
2122:Noop scheduler
2119:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Kernel modules
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1880:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1730:Memory barrier
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1272:
1271:External links
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:978-8491600190
1261:
1246:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1190:
1172:
1154:
1142:
1125:
1104:
1092:
1071:
1043:
1004:
989:
977:
955:
922:
898:
877:
854:
835:
820:
790:
778:
753:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
728:
722:
721:
705:
702:
701:
700:
657:
656:
641:system console
565:
562:
557:
556:
480:device drivers
460:start_kernel()
450:start_kernel()
446:floating point
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:mobile devices
338:
330:
310:/etc/lilo.conf
299:
298:
292:
274:
260:
249:
248:systems only).
183:
180:
129:
128:System startup
126:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3981:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:BootX (Linux)
3498:
3495:
3494:BootX (Apple)
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:Open Firmware
3229:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3048:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:Revolution OS
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2930:Linux Outlaws
2928:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2901:Linux Journal
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:Linux Gazette
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2846:Linux malware
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Linux Counter
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:Organizations
2764:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2707:Distributions
2704:
2698:
2697:SCO and Linux
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:Controversies
2668:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:Thin client:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Linux-VServer
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Device mapper
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:, Wikiversity
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1237:on 2007-10-11
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1061:on 2008-08-30
1060:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:, , "Kernel".
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
978:
965:
959:
956:
940:
933:
926:
923:
912:
908:
902:
899:
895:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
831:
827:
823:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
754:
750:
745:
742:
736:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
719:
713:
708:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:
658:
653:/sbin/telinit
650:
646:
642:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
606:
605:
604:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
563:
561:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
539:
537:
534:According to
532:
530:
522:
518:
513:
502:kernel_thread
498:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
457:
454:./init/main.c
447:
443:
439:
415:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
355:
350:
346:
342:
339:
336:
331:
328:
324:
319:
315:
307:
304:
303:
302:
296:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
236:
235:
234:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
195:formats with
194:
190:
181:
179:
176:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3969:Linux kernel
3834:ROM variants
3778:Network boot
3756:Raspberry Pi
3522:systemd-boot
3130:
3044:
3025:
3011:
2964:
2956:
2934:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2887:Linux Format
2885:
2873:
2866:
2841:Range of use
2658:
2643:
2621:Linux kernel
2568:
2549:
2535:
2265:Linux kernel
2183:Tomoyo Linux
1778:File systems
1524:
1433:
1385:SCO disputes
1346:Organization
1339:Linux kernel
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1230:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1145:
1116:. Retrieved
1107:
1095:
1084:. Retrieved
1074:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
980:
970:24 September
968:. Retrieved
958:
948:14 September
946:. Retrieved
939:the original
925:
914:. Retrieved
910:
901:
803:
793:
781:
744:
718:Linux portal
637:/etc/inittab
633:"/etc/rc..."
598:
586:file systems
567:
564:Init process
558:
546:or software
533:
514:
499:
495:pivot_root()
492:
458:
434:startup_32()
426:startup_32()
420:(located in
410:startup_32()
404:(located in
402:startup_32()
387:
367:Linux kernel
364:
300:
289:system board
267:boot manager
238:systemd-boot
232:
201:
185:
171:
167:systemd-boot
156:
148:
134:
131:
87:
48:Linux kernel
29:
3888:ROM hacking
3824:Wake-on-LAN
3487:BootManager
3439:Bootloaders
2936:Linux Voice
2922:Ubuntu User
2875:Full Circle
2862:DistroWatch
2735:Lightweight
2649:Kernel oops
2639:Linux-libre
2634:Linus's law
2270:Linux-libre
2163:Exec Shield
2042:Framebuffer
1745:Video4Linux
1602:System Call
1430:Developers
1370:Linus's law
1219:Works cited
1152:, , "Init".
1118:14 November
673:Kay Sievers
576:which then
572:process, a
519:, and runs
452:located in
327:boot-loader
3953:Categories
3923:Instant-on
3909:Devicetree
3749:Bus Pirate
3653:Partitions
3421:Das U-Boot
3306:Award BIOS
3223:Video BIOS
3201:Interfaces
2357:Hypervisor
2319:PREEMPT_RT
2224:KernelCare
2212:Raw device
2142:SCHED_FIFO
2052:KMS driver
1969:Components
1824:securityfs
1710:Crypto API
1652:Linux-only
1538:System.map
1441:kernel.org
1400:menuconfig
1395:GNU GPL v2
1241:2024-01-14
1208:2012-09-09
1185:man.he.net
1086:2014-01-22
1065:2024-08-23
916:2020-11-02
737:References
582:user space
578:bootstraps
552:disk image
525:/sbin/init
510:cpu_idle()
375:scheduling
349:Windows 9x
325:any other
323:chain-load
321:kernel or
295:Das U-Boot
175:DDR memory
98:Das U-Boot
44:bootloader
38:and other
30:The Linux
3895:ROM image
3686:Utilities
3543:OpeniBoot
3385:Kickstart
3378:LinuxBoot
3371:Libreboot
3336:InsydeH2O
3327:AMI Aptio
3267:AlphaBIOS
3100:Processes
2915:LinuxUser
2881:Linux.com
2773:LinuxChix
2496:LYME-LYCE
2219:initramfs
2188:Linux PAM
2057:Netfilter
1927:libcgroup
1893:libhybris
1865:libraries
1813:hugetlbfs
1764:Userspace
1697:In-kernel
1682:readahead
1604:Interface
1553:initramfs
1510:SystemTap
1483:Debugging
1476:Technical
1415:Criticism
830:231714880
608:SysV init
590:processes
517:read only
500:Finally,
476:initramfs
314:partition
253:live USBs
218:from the
3937:EDL mode
3916:Fastboot
3881:Boot ROM
3741:Hardware
3729:Heimdall
3715:UEFITool
3701:flashrom
3693:Software
3571:SYSLINUX
3508:GNU GRUB
3364:Coreboot
3357:OpenBIOS
3161:firmware
3159:Booting
3089:Firmware
3046:Category
2965:The Code
2952:Phoronix
2942:LugRadio
2826:Embedded
2816:Adopters
2808:Adoption
2570:Category
2512:Adopters
2487:Server:
2468:Embedded
2444:Adoption
2337:PSXLinux
2260:Mainline
2253:Variants
2205:graphics
2158:AppArmor
2147:SCHED_RR
2067:nftables
2011:dm-crypt
2006:dm-cache
1952:liburing
1942:libevdev
1900:dietlibc
1789:configfs
1715:io uring
726:SYSLINUX
704:See also
677:parallel
624:runlevel
594:shutdown
277:coreboot
273:systems.
257:live CDs
106:SYSLINUX
94:coreboot
79:boot ROM
3873:Related
3810:NetBoot
3550:RedBoot
3529:loadlin
3480:Barebox
3320:AMIBIOS
3299:SeaBIOS
3138:Android
3108:Windows
3093:booting
2994:Red Hat
2947:LWN.net
2821:Desktop
2629:History
2503:Devices
2463:Desktop
2424:coLinux
2419:MkLinux
2404:L4Linux
2332:ÎĽClinux
2314:Xenomai
2304:RTLinux
2244:Ksplice
2173:SELinux
2168:seccomp
2118:(EEVDF)
2062:Netlink
1991:Console
1986:cgroups
1937:libalsa
1863:Wrapper
1841:systemd
1804:debugfs
1773:Daemons
1735:New API
1677:inotify
1672:dnotify
1576:x32 ABI
1533:vmlinux
1525:Startup
1424:Support
1302:LWN.net
1285:at the
683:of the
661:systemd
649:network
645:modules
628:scripts
601:systemd
536:Red Hat
394:start()
373:, task
341:Loadlin
242:systemd
122:Upstart
118:systemd
110:Loadlin
56:daemons
32:booting
3863:EEPROM
3763:ft2232
3676:/boot/
3592:Yaboot
3557:rEFInd
2999:Ubuntu
2836:Mobile
2831:Gaming
2473:Gaming
2455:of use
2409:ELinOS
2400:Other
2394:OpenVZ
2384:Lguest
2328:-less
2239:kpatch
2234:kGraft
2200:802.11
1996:bcache
1947:libusb
1932:libdrm
1920:Newlib
1905:EGLIBC
1888:Bionic
1883:uClibc
1853:Kmscon
1827:sockfs
1820:procfs
1816:pipefs
1799:devpts
1725:kernfs
1667:splice
1622:select
1594:Kernel
1548:initrd
1543:dracut
1495:ftrace
1457:Users
1390:Linaro
1353:Kernel
1259:
1181:"init"
828:
818:
612:a.k.a.
574:daemon
488:dracut
361:Kernel
318:kernel
263:rEFInd
212:GRUB 2
163:GRUB 2
3964:Linux
3856:EPROM
3708:fwupd
3564:rEFIt
3536:NTLDR
3515:iBoot
3169:Types
3131:Linux
2855:Media
2660:more…
2613:Linux
2453:Range
2292:SLURM
2229:kexec
2178:Smack
2112:(CFS)
2092:zswap
2033:(KSM)
2026:evdev
1981:BlueZ
1910:klibc
1878:glibc
1836:tmpfs
1831:sysfs
1794:devfs
1785:bpffs
1662:epoll
1657:futex
1637:close
1617:ioctl
1612:POSIX
1500:kdump
942:(PDF)
935:(PDF)
826:S2CID
697:D-Bus
685:shell
73:or a
3849:PROM
3801:iPXE
3794:gPXE
3722:Odin
3606:MILO
3585:xOSL
3428:ARCS
3239:ACPI
3216:BIOS
3209:UEFI
3091:and
2491:LAMP
2481:LTSP
2309:RTAI
2087:zram
2082:SLUB
2077:perf
2021:EDAC
1915:musl
1846:udev
1809:FUSE
1705:ALSA
1642:sync
1632:read
1627:open
1586:APIs
1563:ABIs
1490:CRIU
1446:LKML
1257:ISBN
1120:2011
972:2011
950:2010
816:ISBN
695:and
671:and
618:and
616:Unix
580:the
570:init
548:RAID
521:Init
504:(in
468:IRQs
396:(of
390:i386
316:and
306:LILO
285:BIOS
281:UEFI
271:UEFI
269:for
265:, a
246:UEFI
224:UEFI
216:BIOS
208:LILO
197:zlib
159:UEFI
144:UEFI
140:BIOS
114:init
102:LILO
90:GRUB
83:init
75:UEFI
71:BIOS
54:and
40:Unix
3842:ROM
3281:SFI
3274:SRM
3253:APM
2654:Tux
2389:LXC
2367:Xen
2362:KVM
2326:MMU
2282:INK
2047:LVM
2037:LIO
2016:DRM
1750:IIO
1740:RCU
1720:DRM
1515:BPF
1380:Tux
1231:IBM
808:doi
620:BSD
596:).
544:LVM
529:PID
442:CPU
408:).
379:I/O
347:or
345:DOS
283:or
228:x64
210:).
165:or
157:In
142:or
120:or
108:or
96:or
36:BSD
3955::
3122:NT
3115:9x
2156::
1300:,
1229:.
1201:.
1183:.
1165:.
1128:^
1046:^
1007:^
992:^
909:.
880:^
857:^
838:^
824:.
814:.
802:.
756:^
667:.
512:.
456:.
381:,
377:,
199:.
124:.
104:,
92:,
3081:e
3074:t
3067:v
2605:e
2598:t
2591:v
2101::
1775:,
1686:…
1646:…
1331:e
1324:t
1317:v
1265:.
1244:.
1211:.
1187:.
1169:.
1122:.
1089:.
1068:.
974:.
952:.
919:.
832:.
810::
610:(
523:(
466:(
329:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.