404:. The erosion of the dam's material by overtopping runoff will remove masses of material whose weight holds the dam in place and against the hydraulic forces acting to move the dam. Even a small sustained overtopping flow can remove thousands of tons of overburden soil from the mass of the dam within hours. The removal of this mass unbalances the forces that stabilize the dam against its reservoir as the mass of water still impounded behind the dam presses against the lightened mass of the embankment, made lighter by surface erosion. As the mass of the dam erodes, the force exerted by the reservoir begins to move the entire structure. The embankment, having almost no elastic strength, would begin to break into separate pieces, allowing the impounded reservoir water to flow between them, eroding and removing even more material as it passes through. In the final stages of failure, the remaining pieces of the embankment would offer almost no resistance to the flow of the water and continue to fracture into smaller and smaller sections of earth or rock until they disintegrate into a thick suspension of earth, rocks and water.
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246:. Its height of 485 ft (148 m) above the river bed and 95 sq mi (250 km) reservoir make it the largest earth-filled dam in the world. The principal element of the project is an embankment 9,000 feet (2,700 m) long with a maximum height of 465 feet (142 m). The dam used approximately 200 million cubic yards (152.8 million cu. meters) of fill, which makes it one of the largest man-made structures in the world.
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201:. This type of dam is a good choice for sites with wide valleys. They can be built on hard rock or softer soils. For a rock-fill dam, rock-fill is blasted using explosives to break the rock. Additionally, the rock pieces may need to be crushed into smaller grades to get the right range of size for use in an embankment dam.
373:. The timber was later replaced by concrete as the design was applied to irrigation and power schemes. As CFRD designs grew in height during the 1960s, the fill was compacted and the slab's horizontal and vertical joints were replaced with improved vertical joints. In the last few decades, design has become popular.
324:. The majority of such dams are built with rock and/or gravel as the primary fill. Almost 100 dams of this design have now been built worldwide since the first such dam was completed in 1962. All asphalt-concrete core dams built so far have an excellent performance record. The type of asphalt used is a
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of clay into the rock fill due to seepage forces, the core is separated using a filter. Filters are specifically graded soil designed to prevent the migration of fine grain soil particles. When suitable building material is at hand, transport is minimized, leading to cost savings during construction.
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The building of a dam and the filling of the reservoir behind it places a new weight on the floor and sides of a valley. The stress of the water increases linearly with its depth. Water also pushes against the upstream face of the dam, a nonrigid structure that under stress behaves semiplastically,
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leaks 35-80 cubic meters per second. Sufficiently fast seepage can dislodge a dam's component particles, which results in faster seepage, which turns into a runaway feedback loop that can destroy the dam in a piping-type failure. Seepage monitoring is therefore an essential safety consideration.
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Therefore, safety requirements for the spillway are high, and require it to be capable of containing a maximum flood stage. It is common for its specifications to be written such that it can contain at least a one-hundred-year flood. A number of embankment dam overtopping protection systems were
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to produce a watertight core. Rolled-earth dams may also employ a watertight facing or core in the manner of a rock-fill dam. The frozen-core dam is a temporary earth dam occasionally used in high latitudes by circulating a coolant through pipes inside the dam to maintain a watertight region of
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on its upstream face. This design provides the concrete slab as an impervious wall to prevent leakage and also a structure without concern for uplift pressure. In addition, the CFRD design is flexible for topography, faster to construct and less costly than earth-fill dams. The CFRD concept
287:, plastic membrane, steel sheet piles, timber or other material. The impervious zone may also be inside the embankment, in which case it is referred to as a "core". In the instances where clay is used as the impervious material, the dam is referred to as a "composite" dam. To prevent
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rolled-earth dam is entirely constructed of one type of material but may contain a drain layer to collect seep water. A zoned-earth dam has distinct parts or zones of dissimilar material, typically a shell of locally plentiful material with a watertight
279:-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious zone. The earth used often contains a high percentage of large particles, hence the term "rock-fill". The impervious zone may be on the upstream face and made of
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and causes greater need for adjustment (flexibility) near the base of the dam than at shallower water levels. Thus the stress level of the dam must be calculated in advance of building to ensure that its break level threshold is not exceeded.
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of the rock-fill during an earthquake. Liquefaction potential can be reduced by keeping susceptible material from being saturated, and by providing adequate compaction during construction. An example of a rock-fill dam is
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core. Modern zoned-earth embankments employ filter and drain zones to collect and remove seep water and preserve the integrity of the downstream shell zone. An outdated method of zoned earth dam construction used a
169:. Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds the particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance.
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material that can adjust to the movements and deformations imposed on the embankment as a whole, and to settlement of the foundation. The flexible properties of the asphalt make such dams especially suited to
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dam shows a shape like a bank, or hill. Most have a central section or core composed of an impermeable material to stop water from seeping through the dam. The core can be of clay, concrete, or
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mound of various compositions of soil or rock. It has a semi-pervious waterproof natural covering for its surface and a dense, impervious core. This makes the dam impervious to surface or
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Because earthen dams can be constructed from local materials, they can be cost-effective in regions where the cost of producing or bringing in concrete would be prohibitive.
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built an asphalt-core rock-fill dam. Upon completion in 2018 the 320 m long, 150 m high and 460 m wide dam is anticipated to be the world's highest of its kind.
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832:. in "Dams: Impact, Stability and Design", Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge NY, USA, Ed. W.P. Hayes and M.C. Barnes, Chapter 4, pp. 101-132.
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Earth-fill dams, also called earthen dams, rolled-earth dams or earth dams, are constructed as a simple embankment of well-compacted earth. A
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developed in the early 21st century. These techniques include concrete overtopping protection systems,
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in the 1860s when miners constructed rock-fill timber-face dams for
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The tallest CFRD in the world is the 233 m-tall (764 ft)
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Embankment
Overtopping Protections System and Earth Dam Spillways
583:. International Water Power and Dam Construction. Archived from
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underneath the dam, but embankment dams are prone to seepage
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A concrete-face rock-fill dam (CFRD) is a rock-fill dam with
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Overtopping or overflow of an embankment dam beyond its
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103:. It is the largest earth-filled dam in the world.
737:. Chinese Committee on Large Dams. Archived from
436:, and precast concrete block protection systems.
774:"Pressures Associated with Dams and Reservoirs"
154:. It is typically created by the placement and
484:- an earthen dam that suffered a catastrophic
242:, about 50 km (31 mi) northwest of
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581:"Asphalt concrete cores for embankment dams"
292:Rock-fill dams are resistant to damage from
699:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. p. 341.
320:A core that is growing in popularity is
177:Embankment dams come in two types: the
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60:of all important aspects of the article.
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872:Maryland Department of the Environment
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
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693:Neves, E. Maranha das, ed. (1991).
189:) made of compacted earth, and the
865:"Seepage Detection and Monitoring"
531:"Introduction to rock filled dams"
447:the dam as well; for example, the
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472:List of largest dams in the world
400:capacity will cause its eventual
34:
881:from the original on 2023-06-05
846:from the original on 2021-02-27
805:from the original on 2013-06-19
780:from the original on 2013-11-28
713:from the original on 2023-09-16
696:Advances in rockfill structures
646:from the original on 2015-11-17
617:from the original on 2015-11-17
537:from the original on 2001-03-16
512:from the original on 2011-04-11
48:may be too short to adequately
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
799:"Dams â Appurtenant Features"
356:Concrete-face rock-fill dams
348:the Norwegian power company
665:"Devoll Hydropower | F.A.Q"
607:"Devoll Hydropower Project"
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430:minimum energy loss weirs
342:Moglicë Hydro Power Plant
253:Rock-fill embankment dams
193:. A cross-section of an
669:www.devollhydropower.al
439:All dams are prone to
432:, embankment overflow
365:originated during the
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234:is a large dam on the
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27:Type of artificial dam
384:, completed in 2008.
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636:"Devoll | Statkraft"
367:California Gold Rush
744:on 5 September 2011
675:on 17 November 2015
760:2021-05-18 at the
449:Usoi landslide dam
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158:of a complex semi-
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839:978-1-60692-618-5
706:978-0-7923-1267-3
640:www.statkraft.com
434:stepped spillways
371:sluice operations
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322:asphalt concrete
289:internal erosion
199:asphalt concrete
181:(also called an
179:earth-filled dam
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268:is a rock-fill
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191:rock-filled dam
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152:artificial dam
148:embankment dam
86:North Carolina
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920:Dams by type
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883:. Retrieved
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848:. Retrieved
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807:. Retrieved
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782:. Retrieved
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746:. Retrieved
739:the original
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673:the original
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648:. Retrieved
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619:. Retrieved
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589:. Retrieved
585:the original
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564:. Retrieved
560:the original
556:"About Dams"
550:
539:. Retrieved
525:
514:. Retrieved
506:"Dam Basics"
500:
444:
438:
410:timber cribs
406:
395:
391:
378:Shuibuya Dam
375:
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326:viscoelastic
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298:liquefaction
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128:Tataragi Dam
63:
47:
45:lead section
486:dam failure
467:Gravity dam
414:sheet-piles
294:earthquakes
236:Indus River
232:Tarbela Dam
228:within it.
211:homogeneous
187:terrain dam
183:earthen dam
150:is a large
136:HyĆgo Pref.
97:Tarbela Dam
82:Chatuge Dam
909:Categories
885:2023-02-28
850:2009-11-19
824:H. Chanson
809:2007-02-05
784:2007-02-05
732:"Shuibuya"
717:2015-11-09
679:2015-11-03
650:2015-11-03
621:2015-11-03
566:2007-02-03
541:2007-02-05
516:2007-02-03
335:earthquake
311:Fierza Dam
307:California
226:permafrost
195:embankment
156:compaction
748:23 August
482:Teton Dam
350:Statkraft
337:regions.
244:Islamabad
66:July 2023
50:summarize
876:Archived
844:Archived
826:(2009).
803:Archived
778:Archived
758:Archived
711:Archived
644:Archived
615:Archived
535:Archived
510:Archived
456:See also
398:spillway
340:For the
285:concrete
266:Virginia
240:Pakistan
113:Mica Dam
101:Pakistan
591:3 April
508:. PBS.
488:in 1976
445:through
441:seepage
422:gabions
402:failure
346:Albania
330:plastic
315:Albania
309:or the
281:masonry
167:erosion
164:seepage
160:plastic
836:
703:
418:riprap
388:Safety
117:Canada
879:(PDF)
868:(PDF)
742:(PDF)
735:(PDF)
493:Notes
382:China
173:Types
140:Japan
132:Asago
834:ISBN
750:2011
701:ISBN
593:2011
420:and
277:Rock
216:clay
111:The
380:in
344:in
313:in
305:in
264:in
238:in
185:or
146:An
130:in
115:in
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84:in
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