1791:
of and the wages paid to people who differ along many dimensions. Given this kind of data, the estimated coefficient on years of education in the equation above reflects both the effect of education on wages and the effect of other variables on wages, if those other variables were correlated with education. For example, people born in certain places may have higher wages and higher levels of education. Unless the econometrician controls for place of birth in the above equation, the effect of birthplace on wages may be falsely attributed to the effect of education on wages.
1015:
49:
876:
864:
2358:
half of the text develops fundamental results that are common to all the applications. The concept of multiple regression and the linear regression model in particular constitutes the underlying platform of most modeling, even if the linear model itself is not ultimately used as the empirical specification.
1010:
model. In modern econometrics, other statistical tools are frequently used, but linear regression is still the most frequently used starting point for an analysis. Estimating a linear regression on two variables can be visualised as fitting a line through data points representing paired values of the
1790:
If the researcher could randomly assign people to different levels of education, the data set thus generated would allow estimation of the effect of changes in years of education on wages. In reality, those experiments cannot be conducted. Instead, the econometrician observes the years of education
2357:
Ultimately, all of these will require a common set of tools, including, for example, the multiple regression model, the use of moment conditions for estimation, instrumental variables (IV) and maximum likelihood estimation. With that in mind, the organization of this book is as follows: The first
1476:. In this, the design of observational studies in econometrics is similar to the design of studies in other observational disciplines, such as astronomy, epidemiology, sociology and political science. Analysis of data from an observational study is guided by the study protocol, although
1396:. An estimator is unbiased if its expected value is the true value of the parameter; it is consistent if it converges to the true value as the sample size gets larger, and it is efficient if the estimator has lower standard error than other unbiased estimators for a given sample size.
1353:
were not significantly different from 0, the test would fail to find evidence that changes in the growth rate and unemployment rate were related. The variance in a prediction of the dependent variable (unemployment) as a function of the independent variable (GDP growth) is given in
934:
based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference." An introductory economics textbook describes econometrics as allowing economists "to sift through mountains of data to extract simple relationships."
2524:
1643:
1201:
2166:
2320:
2436:
2242:
2521:
2002:, resulting in enormous numbers of models with similar explanatory ability but different covariates and regression estimates. Regarding the plurality of models compatible with observational data-sets,
1814:
is uncorrelated with education produces a misspecified model. Another technique is to include in the equation additional set of measured covariates which are not instrumental variables, yet render
2862:
1741:
1056:
1794:
The most obvious way to control for birthplace is to include a measure of the effect of birthplace in the equation above. Exclusion of birthplace, together with the assumption that
1781:
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1697:
1130:
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1839:
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1351:
1312:
1285:
1258:
1231:
1110:
1083:
2317:
1812:
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2433:
1400:(OLS) is often used for estimation since it provides the BLUE or "best linear unbiased estimator" (where "best" means most efficient, unbiased estimator) given the
2234:
2297:
2155:
1314:
is estimated to be -1.77. This means that if GDP growth increased by one percentage point, the unemployment rate would be predicted to drop by 1.77 * 1 points,
2487:
1928:
4044:
4000:
2139:
906:
838:
2859:
1994:
In some cases, economic variables cannot be experimentally manipulated as treatments randomly assigned to subjects. In such cases, economists rely on
2312:
2174:
2006:
urged that "professionals ... properly withhold belief until an inference can be shown to be adequately insensitive to the choice of assumptions".
1699:
is a random variable representing all other factors that may have direct influence on wage. The econometric goal is to estimate the parameters,
1512:. Such methods may allow researchers to estimate models and investigate their empirical consequences, without directly manipulating the system.
2076:
1870:
2461:
2115:
1018:
Okun's law representing the relationship between GDP growth and the unemployment rate. The fitted line is found using regression analysis.
2983:
1523:. Typically, the most readily available data is retrospective. However, retrospective analysis of observational data may be subject to
2632:
2607:
2410:
2382:
2350:
2051:
1543:
2016:
1404:
assumptions. When these assumptions are violated or other statistical properties are desired, other estimation techniques such as
1934:
1489:
1030:
growth to the unemployment rate. This relationship is represented in a linear regression where the change in unemployment rate (
2702:
1911:
1539:
899:
1956:
where two variables are correlated but causally unrelated. In a study of the use of econometrics in major economics journals,
3482:
1323:
3663:
3452:
3442:
3135:
1409:
1405:
499:
237:
1987:) and to discuss their economic importance. She also argues that some economists also fail to use economic reasoning for
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1702:
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4010:
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3362:
3357:
2294:
2152:
1437:
848:
68:
58:
2545:"The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics: How Better Research Design is Taking the Con out of Econometrics"
1480:
may be useful for generating new hypotheses. Economics often analyses systems of equations and inequalities, such as
1652:
of a person's wage is a linear function of the number of years of education that person has acquired. The parameter
1033:
4004:
3580:
3270:
3260:
1947:
1007:
947:
892:
842:
372:
362:
3150:
1547:
1477:
1413:
252:
1401:
4034:
3980:
3723:
3678:
3517:
3388:
3265:
1984:
1878:
1355:
1319:
821:
559:
514:
367:
136:
80:
3738:
2724:
574:
2770:
3688:
3522:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3230:
3220:
3180:
3170:
3050:
2976:
2071:
1891:
1425:
1389:
1377:
1014:
971:
959:
524:
332:
322:
282:
272:
179:
102:
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3858:
3703:
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3462:
3425:
3175:
3115:
3090:
3060:
3045:
2061:
2036:
1883:
1679:
measures the increase in the natural log of the wage attributable to one more year of education. The term
1397:
1027:
694:
539:
277:
217:
174:
121:
20:
3673:
509:
4069:
3990:
3648:
3633:
3607:
3546:
3225:
3165:
3145:
3140:
1995:
1972:
1953:
1527:, reverse causality, or other limitations that cast doubt on causal interpretation of the correlations.
1524:
1501:
828:
484:
469:
327:
267:
247:
242:
930:
content to economic relationships. More precisely, it is "the quantitative analysis of actual economic
2623:
Card, David (1999). "The Causal Effect of
Education on Earning". In Ashenfelter, O.; Card, D. (eds.).
2368:
2366:
4039:
3743:
3487:
3457:
3410:
3373:
3299:
3250:
3215:
3155:
3120:
3055:
2220:
2081:
2031:
1485:
1458:
1393:
1385:
995:
975:
967:
579:
401:
352:
317:
257:
222:
126:
116:
63:
3969:
3778:
3638:
3597:
3497:
3477:
3437:
3393:
3378:
3334:
3275:
3200:
3190:
3160:
3083:
2215:
2056:
1919:
1863:
1638:{\displaystyle \ln({\text{wage}})=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}({\text{years of education}})+\varepsilon .}
1516:
1469:
1421:
805:
614:
474:
436:
377:
302:
292:
262:
189:
97:
1766:
1746:
1682:
1115:
4024:
3995:
3953:
3758:
3467:
3447:
3415:
3329:
3324:
3304:
3255:
3195:
3185:
3130:
3125:
2969:
2895:
2041:
1902:
1531:
1373:
1196:{\displaystyle \Delta \ {\text{Unemployment}}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}{\text{Growth}}+\varepsilon .}
955:
927:
833:
789:
594:
431:
426:
406:
357:
297:
287:
232:
227:
199:
194:
164:
32:
2946:
2926:
2825:
McCloskey (May 1985). "The Loss
Function has been mislaid: the Rhetoric of Significance Tests".
1817:
1655:
1530:
In the absence of evidence from controlled experiments, econometricians often seek illuminating
1329:
1290:
1263:
1236:
1209:
1088:
1061:
2936:
1797:
3888:
3863:
3813:
3773:
3653:
3541:
3344:
3280:
3245:
3235:
3105:
2940:
2847:
2628:
2603:
2576:
2504:
2457:
2406:
2378:
2346:
2190:
2134:
2111:
2046:
2026:
1784:
1649:
1500:. These methods are analogous to methods used in other areas of science, such as the field of
1493:
1481:
1465:
1450:
1367:
1322:
as to whether an increase in GDP growth is associated with a decrease in the unemployment, as
987:
724:
699:
649:
609:
489:
446:
382:
347:
337:
169:
131:
87:
2749:
1841:
identifiable. An overview of econometric methods used to study this problem were provided by
3938:
3883:
3868:
3853:
3838:
3818:
3768:
3748:
3728:
3683:
3290:
3240:
3210:
3205:
3095:
3033:
2566:
2556:
2099:
2021:
1957:
1559:
1535:
1505:
1454:
991:
774:
719:
704:
689:
674:
654:
604:
584:
564:
519:
392:
342:
312:
307:
1519:. Regression methods are important in econometrics because economists typically cannot use
48:
4049:
3943:
3908:
3873:
3808:
3733:
3718:
3612:
3568:
3405:
3339:
3314:
3309:
3285:
3028:
3013:
2866:
2528:
2491:
2440:
2324:
2301:
2170:
2159:
1988:
1976:
1417:
1315:
868:
779:
744:
709:
644:
569:
554:
441:
416:
411:
387:
159:
154:
2336:
2334:
2332:
1952:
Like other forms of statistical analysis, badly specified econometric models may show a
3963:
3948:
3913:
3898:
3878:
3848:
3698:
3668:
3319:
3040:
3008:
2843:
2596:
2540:
2401:
Wooldridge, Jeffrey (2012). "Chapter 1: The Nature of
Econometrics and Economic Data".
2186:
1509:
799:
784:
749:
734:
714:
684:
534:
504:
421:
111:
107:
4063:
3928:
3918:
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3833:
3828:
3823:
3803:
3793:
3763:
3753:
3658:
3558:
3531:
3295:
2425:
2194:
2003:
1980:
1968:
1446:
1023:
983:
940:
936:
764:
754:
729:
669:
664:
659:
639:
629:
599:
589:
494:
397:
2698:
2396:
2394:
3958:
3903:
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3788:
3783:
3708:
3553:
3018:
1858:
880:
794:
739:
634:
624:
619:
544:
2310: • Aris Spanos (2008), "statistics and economics",
1783:
is uncorrelated with years of education, then the equation can be estimated with
3933:
3923:
3713:
3592:
3536:
3023:
2476:
769:
759:
549:
184:
2800:
3843:
3643:
3420:
1983:; some economists fail to report estimates of the size of effects (apart from
1842:
1520:
1473:
931:
923:
679:
479:
2580:
3693:
3623:
3070:
3000:
2992:
2086:
1999:
1381:
963:
529:
460:
40:
2957:
The interview with Clive
Granger – Nobel winner in 2003, about econometrics
863:
3472:
1380:
to evaluate and develop econometric methods. Econometricians try to find
962:
to evaluate and develop econometric methods. Econometricians try to find
2789:
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=lecr20
2571:
2479:(1969). "Econometrics as Pioneering in Nonexperimental Model Building",
2899:
2886:
Leamer, Edward (March 1983). "Let's Take the Con out of
Econometrics".
2561:
2544:
2105:
1961:
2956:
2921:
1991:, especially for deciding which variables to include in a regression.
1515:
One of the fundamental statistical methods used by econometricians is
2648:
1558:
A simple example of a relationship in econometrics from the field of
2484:
2304:, citing Ragnar Frisch (1936), "A Note on the Term 'Econometrics'",
1488:. Consequently, the field of econometrics has developed methods for
2516:
Edward E. Leamer (2008). "specification problems in econometrics",
1923:, which includes reviews on econometric books and software as well.
2787:
Econometric
Reviews Print ISSN: 0747-4938 Online ISSN: 1532-4168
2503:
For an overview of a linear implementation of this framework, see
1013:
2235:"1969 - Jan Tinbergen: Nobelprijs economie - Elsevierweekblad.nl"
1085:), a given value of GDP growth multiplied by a slope coefficient
2916:
2850:(2004). "Size Matters: The Standard Error of Regressions in the
2205:
22(2), p. 142. , as described and cited in
Pesaran (1987) above.
2965:
943:, also coined the term in the sense in which it is used today.
939:
is one of the two founding fathers of econometrics. The other,
2951:
2673:
2278:
International
Migration in Europe: Data, Models and Estimates.
2961:
2405:(5th ed.). South-Western Cengage Learning. p. 2.
1468:
to study economic questions, but most often they are with
1853:
The main journals that publish work in econometrics are:
1915:, which applies econometrics to a wide various problems.
2931:
2377:(7th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 34, 41–42.
2177:
revision by J. Geweke, J. Horowitz, and H. P. Pesaran).
1538:
to draw credible causal inference. The methods include
1998:, often using data sets with many strongly associated
1717:
1820:
1800:
1769:
1749:
1743:
under specific assumptions about the random variable
1705:
1685:
1658:
1571:
1384:
that have desirable statistical properties including
1332:
1293:
1266:
1239:
1212:
1141:
1118:
1091:
1064:
1036:
966:
that have desirable statistical properties including
3979:
3621:
3355:
3104:
3069:
2999:
2345:(7th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 47–48.
2341:Greene, William (2012). "Chapter 1: Econometrics".
2595:
1833:
1806:
1775:
1755:
1736:{\displaystyle \beta _{0}{\mbox{ and }}\beta _{1}}
1735:
1691:
1671:
1637:
1345:
1306:
1279:
1252:
1225:
1195:
1124:
1104:
1077:
1050:
16:Empirical statistical testing of economic theories
2197:(1954). "Report of the Evaluative Committee for
2881:
2879:
1051:{\displaystyle \Delta \ {\text{Unemployment}}}
2977:
1929:Journal of Business & Economic Statistics
1445:uses theoretical econometrics and real-world
982:uses theoretical econometrics and real-world
900:
8:
2454:Introductory Econometrics, A modern approach
2403:Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach
1449:for assessing economic theories, developing
986:for assessing economic theories, developing
2627:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 1801–1863.
2140:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
2984:
2970:
2962:
2598:Causality: Model, Reasoning, and Inference
907:
893:
27:
2570:
2560:
2267:in: 'Econometric Theory 3, 1987, 117–142.
1825:
1819:
1799:
1768:
1748:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1684:
1663:
1657:
1618:
1609:
1596:
1581:
1570:
1418:Estimators that incorporate prior beliefs
1337:
1331:
1298:
1292:
1271:
1265:
1244:
1238:
1217:
1211:
1179:
1173:
1160:
1148:
1140:
1117:
1096:
1090:
1069:
1063:
1043:
1035:
2674:"The Review of Economics and Statistics"
2518:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
2430:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
2313:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
2289:• H. P. Pesaran (1990), "Econometrics",
2265:The ET Interview: Professor J. Tinbergen
2263:Magnus, Jan & Mary S. Morgan (1987)
19:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2280:New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons: 117.
2143:, v. 2, p. 8 . Reprinted in J. Eatwell
2127:
39:
2952:The Society for Financial Econometrics
2077:Single-equation methods (econometrics)
2052:Important publications in econometrics
1960:concluded that some economists report
1895:, which also publishes the supplement
1871:The Review of Economics and Statistics
1318:. The model could then be tested for
1011:independent and dependent variables.
1006:A basic tool for econometrics is the
946:A basic tool for econometrics is the
7:
2543:; Pischke, Jörn-Steffen (May 2010).
2100:Econometric Theory book on Wikibooks
2705:from the original on 6 October 2011
2456:. South-Western, Cengage learning.
1420:are advocated by those who favour
1142:
1037:
926:to economic data in order to give
14:
2917:Journal of Financial Econometrics
2771:"Journal of Applied Econometrics"
2107:Understanding Economic Statistics
1906:, which is a theoretical journal.
1058:) is a function of an intercept (
3507:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
2549:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1935:American Statistical Association
874:
862:
47:
2947:Applied Econometric Association
2775:Journal of Applied Econometrics
2245:from the original on 1 May 2018
1912:Journal of Applied Econometrics
1882:, which was established by the
1540:regression discontinuity design
1424:over traditional, classical or
1002:Basic models: linear regression
149:Concepts, theory and techniques
2602:. Cambridge University Press.
2291:Econometrics: The New Palgrave
2224:. 18th ed., McGraw-Hill, p. 5.
2149:Econometrics: The New Palgrave
1874:, which is over 100 years old.
1648:This example assumes that the
1623:
1615:
1586:
1578:
1464:Econometrics may use standard
1:
3443:Critique of political economy
1498:simultaneous equations models
1410:generalized method of moments
1406:maximum likelihood estimation
2452:Wooldridge, Jeffrey (2013).
2067:Methodological individualism
2017:Augmented Dickey–Fuller test
1776:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
1756:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
1692:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
1287:is estimated to be 0.83 and
1125:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
2625:Handbook of Labor Economics
1438:Methodology of econometrics
4086:
3581:Real business-cycle theory
2856:Journal of Socio-Economics
2699:"The Econometrics Journal"
2653:www.econometricsociety.org
1979:) and neglect concerns of
1948:Criticisms of econometrics
1945:
1942:Limitations and criticisms
1933:which is published by the
1834:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1672:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1536:quasi-experimental methods
1435:
1365:
1346:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1316:other things held constant
1307:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1280:{\displaystyle \beta _{0}}
1253:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1226:{\displaystyle \beta _{0}}
1105:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1078:{\displaystyle \beta _{0}}
1008:multiple linear regression
948:multiple linear regression
18:
4021:
2725:"Journal of Econometrics"
2527:23 September 2015 at the
2276:Willlekens, Frans (2008)
2110:, OECD Publishing, 2008,
1807:{\displaystyle \epsilon }
1548:difference-in-differences
1478:exploratory data analysis
1414:generalized least squares
2927:The Econometrics Journal
2888:American Economic Review
2852:American Economic Review
2827:American Economic Review
2373:Greene, William (2012).
2137:(1987). "Econometrics",
1985:statistical significance
1879:The Econometrics Journal
1862:, which is published by
1426:"frequentist" approaches
1372:Econometric theory uses
1356:polynomial least squares
1320:statistical significance
137:JEL classification codes
3221:Industrial organization
3051:Computational economics
2428:(2008). "forecasting",
2072:Predetermined variables
1897:Annals of Econometrics.
1892:Journal of Econometrics
1378:mathematical statistics
1260:can be estimated. Here
1206:The unknown parameters
960:mathematical statistics
323:Industrial organization
180:Computational economics
3426:Modern monetary theory
3091:Experimental economics
3061:Pluralism in economics
3046:Mathematical economics
2490:24 August 2017 at the
2214:Paul A. Samuelson and
2062:Mathematical sociology
2037:Financial econometrics
1884:Royal Economic Society
1835:
1808:
1785:ordinary least squares
1777:
1757:
1737:
1693:
1673:
1639:
1544:instrumental variables
1521:controlled experiments
1484:hypothesized to be in
1474:controlled experiments
1398:Ordinary least squares
1347:
1308:
1281:
1254:
1227:
1197:
1126:
1106:
1079:
1052:
1022:For example, consider
1019:
175:Experimental economics
21:Mathematical economics
2937:Teaching Econometrics
2594:Pearl, Judea (2000).
2300:15 March 2023 at the
2158:15 March 2023 at the
1996:observational studies
1973:tests of significance
1954:spurious relationship
1836:
1809:
1778:
1758:
1738:
1694:
1674:
1640:
1525:omitted-variable bias
1502:system identification
1472:data, rather than in
1348:
1326:. If the estimate of
1309:
1282:
1255:
1228:
1198:
1127:
1107:
1080:
1053:
1017:
922:is an application of
3300:Social choice theory
3056:Behavioral economics
2865:25 June 2010 at the
2848:Deirdre N. McCloskey
2375:Econometric Analysis
2343:Econometric Analysis
2082:Spatial econometrics
2032:Econometric software
1818:
1798:
1767:
1747:
1703:
1683:
1656:
1569:
1443:Applied econometrics
1330:
1291:
1264:
1237:
1210:
1139:
1116:
1089:
1062:
1034:
980:Applied econometrics
402:Social choice theory
3384:American (National)
3084:Economic statistics
2922:Econometric Society
2439:18 May 2012 at the
2323:18 May 2012 at the
2241:. 12 October 2015.
2239:elsevierweekblad.nl
2216:William D. Nordhaus
2169:18 May 2012 at the
2104:Giovannini, Enrico
2057:Macroeconomic model
1920:Econometric Reviews
1864:Econometric Society
1532:natural experiments
1517:regression analysis
1422:Bayesian statistics
1112:and an error term,
924:statistical methods
869:Business portal
190:Operations research
170:National accounting
2562:10.1257/jep.24.2.3
2541:Angrist, Joshua D.
2042:Financial modeling
1903:Econometric Theory
1831:
1804:
1773:
1763:. For example, if
1753:
1733:
1721:
1689:
1669:
1635:
1620:years of education
1466:statistical models
1451:econometric models
1374:statistical theory
1343:
1304:
1277:
1250:
1223:
1193:
1122:
1102:
1075:
1048:
1020:
988:econometric models
956:statistical theory
952:Econometric theory
200:Industrial complex
195:Middle income trap
4057:
4056:
3588:New institutional
2941:Economics Network
2932:Econometric Links
2844:Stephen T. Ziliak
2729:www.scimagojr.com
2505:linear regression
2463:978-1-111-53104-1
2135:M. Hashem Pesaran
2116:978-92-64-03312-2
2047:Granger causality
2027:Cowles Foundation
1720:
1650:natural logarithm
1621:
1584:
1482:supply and demand
1368:Estimation theory
1182:
1151:
1147:
1046:
1042:
917:
916:
4077:
3261:Natural resource
3096:Economic history
3034:Mechanism design
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2904:
2903:
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2874:
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2255:
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2206:
2184:
2178:
2132:
2022:Choice modelling
1840:
1838:
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1636:
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1614:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1585:
1582:
1560:labour economics
1506:systems analysis
1455:economic history
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
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1341:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
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1076:
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1073:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1026:, which relates
992:economic history
909:
902:
895:
881:Money portal
879:
878:
877:
867:
866:
363:Natural resource
155:Economic systems
51:
28:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4050:Business portal
4017:
4016:
4015:
3975:
3739:von Böhm-Bawerk
3627:
3626:
3617:
3389:Ancient thought
3367:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3100:
3065:
3029:Contract theory
3014:Decision theory
2995:
2990:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2867:Wayback Machine
2842:
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2593:
2592:
2588:
2539:
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2529:Wayback Machine
2515:
2511:
2502:
2498:
2492:Wayback Machine
2475:
2471:
2464:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2441:Wayback Machine
2432:, 2nd Edition.
2424:
2420:
2413:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2325:Wayback Machine
2316:, 2nd Edition.
2309:
2302:Wayback Machine
2288:
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2275:
2271:
2262:
2258:
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2209:
2187:P. A. Samuelson
2185:
2181:
2171:Wayback Machine
2160:Wayback Machine
2147:, eds. (1990).
2133:
2129:
2124:
2096:
2094:Further reading
2091:
2012:
1989:model selection
1977:null-hypotheses
1967:(following the
1950:
1944:
1851:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1796:
1795:
1765:
1764:
1745:
1744:
1723:
1719: and
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824:
814:
813:
812:
811:
575:von Böhm-Bawerk
463:
452:
451:
213:
205:
204:
160:Economic growth
150:
142:
141:
83:
81:classifications
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4083:
4081:
4073:
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3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:Disequilibrium
3450:
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3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
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3327:
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3307:
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3293:
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3268:
3266:Organizational
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
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3208:
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3058:
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3048:
3043:
3041:Macroeconomics
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3009:Microeconomics
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:(Index by the
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2911:External links
2909:
2906:
2905:
2875:
2836:
2817:
2792:
2780:
2762:
2741:
2716:
2690:
2678:direct.mit.edu
2665:
2640:
2634:978-0444822895
2633:
2615:
2609:978-0521773621
2608:
2586:
2532:
2509:
2496:
2477:Herman O. Wold
2469:
2462:
2444:
2418:
2411:
2390:
2383:
2362:
2351:
2328:
2308:, 4(1), p. 95.
2282:
2269:
2256:
2226:
2207:
2195:J. R. N. Stone
2191:T. C. Koopmans
2179:
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2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2008:
1981:type II errors
1943:
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1510:control theory
1490:identification
1436:Main article:
1433:
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368:Organizational
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212:By application
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177:
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157:
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37:
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15:
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10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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3705:
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3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
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3687:
3685:
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3680:
3677:
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3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:de Mandeville
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3576:New classical
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Malthusianism
3530:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:Institutional
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
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3409:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
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3387:
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3354:
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3333:
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3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:Public choice
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Participation
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Institutional
3229:
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3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Expeditionary
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Environmental
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
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3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
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3025:
3022:
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3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
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2915:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2858:, 33(5), pp.
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2790:
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42:
38:
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30:
29:
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4070:Econometrics
4045:Publications
4001:Publications
3968:
3564:Neoclassical
3554:Mercantilism
3463:Evolutionary
3325:Sociological
3298: /
3196:Geographical
3176:Evolutionary
3151:Digitization
3116:Agricultural
3079:Econometrics
3078:
3019:Price theory
2894:(1): 31–43.
2891:
2887:
2870:
2855:
2851:
2839:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:
2795:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2753:. Retrieved
2744:
2732:. Retrieved
2728:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2677:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:
2643:
2624:
2618:
2597:
2589:
2572:1721.1/54195
2552:
2548:
2535:
2517:
2512:
2499:
2481:Econometrica
2480:
2472:
2453:
2447:
2429:
2421:
2402:
2374:
2356:
2342:
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2306:Econometrica
2305:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2238:
2229:
2219:
2210:
2203:Econometrica
2202:
2199:Econometrica
2198:
2182:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2130:
2106:
1993:
1962:
1951:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1877:
1869:
1859:Econometrica
1857:
1852:
1793:
1789:
1647:
1557:
1529:
1514:
1463:
1453:, analysing
1442:
1441:
1402:Gauss-Markov
1386:unbiasedness
1371:
1324:hypothesized
1205:
1150:Unemployment
1045:Unemployment
1021:
1005:
990:, analysing
979:
968:unbiasedness
951:
945:
920:Econometrics
919:
918:
839:Publications
804:
427:Sociological
400: /
298:Geographical
278:Evolutionary
253:Digitization
218:Agricultural
122:Mathematical
93:Econometrics
92:
25:
3839:von Neumann
3608:Supply-side
3593:Physiocracy
3537:Marginalism
3226:Information
3166:Engineering
3146:Development
3141:Demographic
3024:Game theory
3001:Theoretical
2810:14 February
2734:14 February
2683:14 February
2658:14 February
2555:(2): 3–30.
1486:equilibrium
1459:forecasting
1394:consistency
996:forecasting
976:consistency
675:von Neumann
328:Information
268:Engineering
248:Development
243:Demographic
185:Game theory
127:Methodology
3996:Economists
3869:Schumacher
3774:Schumpeter
3744:von Wieser
3664:von Thünen
3624:Economists
3523:Circuitism
3488:Humanistic
3483:Historical
3458:Ecological
3448:Democratic
3421:Chartalism
3411:Behavioral
3374:Mainstream
3335:Statistics
3330:Solidarity
3251:Managerial
3216:Humanistic
3211:Historical
3156:Ecological
3121:Behavioral
2801:"Journals"
2122:References
2000:covariates
1946:See also:
1494:estimation
1416:are used.
1390:efficiency
1382:estimators
1366:See also:
1024:Okun's law
972:efficiency
964:estimators
834:Economists
705:Schumacher
610:Schumpeter
580:von Wieser
500:von Thünen
461:economists
437:Statistics
432:Solidarity
353:Managerial
318:Humanistic
313:Historical
258:Ecological
223:Behavioral
117:Mainstream
3914:Greenspan
3879:Samuelson
3859:Galbraith
3829:Tinbergen
3769:von Mises
3764:Heckscher
3724:Edgeworth
3603:Stockholm
3598:Socialist
3498:Keynesian
3478:Happiness
3438:Classical
3399:Mutualism
3394:Anarchist
3379:Heterodox
3276:Personnel
3236:Knowledge
3201:Happiness
3191:Financial
3161:Education
3136:Democracy
3071:Empirical
2993:Economics
2709:8 October
2581:0895-3309
2522:Abstract.
2434:Abstract.
2318:Abstract.
2221:Economics
2087:Unit root
1975:of point
1969:Fisherian
1958:McCloskey
1823:β
1802:ϵ
1771:ε
1751:ε
1725:β
1708:β
1687:ε
1661:β
1630:ε
1607:β
1594:β
1576:
1534:or apply
1335:β
1296:β
1269:β
1242:β
1215:β
1188:ε
1171:β
1158:β
1143:Δ
1120:ε
1094:β
1067:β
1038:Δ
932:phenomena
928:empirical
750:Greenspan
715:Samuelson
695:Galbraith
665:Tinbergen
605:von Mises
600:Heckscher
560:Edgeworth
378:Personnel
338:Knowledge
303:Happiness
293:Financial
263:Education
238:Democracy
132:Political
98:Heterodox
41:Economics
4064:Category
4025:Category
4005:journals
3991:Glossary
3944:Stiglitz
3909:Rothbard
3889:Buchanan
3874:Friedman
3864:Koopmans
3854:Leontief
3834:Robinson
3719:Marshall
3569:Lausanne
3473:Georgism
3468:Feminist
3416:Buddhist
3406:Austrian
3305:Regional
3281:Planning
3256:Monetary
3186:Feminist
3131:Cultural
3126:Business
2863:Archived
2755:14 March
2703:Archived
2525:Archived
2488:Archived
2437:Archived
2321:Archived
2298:Archived
2243:Archived
2218:, 2004.
2167:Archived
2164:Abstract
2156:Archived
2010:See also
1849:Journals
1845:(1999).
843:journals
829:Glossary
780:Stiglitz
745:Rothbard
725:Buchanan
710:Friedman
700:Koopmans
690:Leontief
670:Robinson
555:Marshall
459:Notable
407:Regional
383:Planning
358:Monetary
288:Feminist
233:Cultural
228:Business
33:a series
31:Part of
4040:Outline
4011:Schools
4003: (
3964:Piketty
3959:Krugman
3824:Kuznets
3814:Kalecki
3789:Polanyi
3679:Cournot
3674:Bastiat
3659:Ricardo
3649:Malthus
3639:Quesnay
3542:Marxian
3433:Chicago
3363:history
3358:Schools
3345:Welfare
3315:Service
3106:Applied
2900:1803924
2869:(press
2805:Default
1965:-values
1554:Example
1432:Methods
950:model.
849:Schools
841: (
800:Piketty
795:Krugman
660:Kuznets
650:Kalecki
625:Polanyi
515:Cournot
510:Bastiat
495:Ricardo
485:Malthus
475:Quesnay
447:Welfare
417:Service
88:Applied
64:Outline
59:History
3949:Thaler
3929:Ostrom
3924:Becker
3919:Sowell
3899:Baumol
3804:Myrdal
3799:Sraffa
3794:Frisch
3784:Knight
3779:Keynes
3754:Fisher
3749:Veblen
3734:Pareto
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3613:Thermo
3291:Public
3286:Policy
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3206:Health
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2860:527-46
2750:"Home"
2649:"Home"
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2349:
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2145:et al.
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1392:, and
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1181:Growth
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974:, and
785:Thaler
765:Ostrom
760:Becker
755:Sowell
735:Baumol
640:Myrdal
635:Sraffa
630:Frisch
620:Knight
615:Keynes
590:Fisher
585:Veblen
570:Pareto
550:Menger
545:George
540:Jevons
535:Walras
525:Gossen
393:Public
388:Policy
343:Labour
308:Health
165:Market
4035:Lists
4030:Index
3981:Lists
3954:Hoppe
3939:Lucas
3904:Solow
3894:Arrow
3884:Simon
3849:Lange
3844:Hicks
3819:Röpke
3809:Hayek
3759:Pigou
3729:Clark
3644:Smith
3559:Mixed
3518:Post-
3340:Urban
3320:Socio
3310:Rural
2943:(UK))
2896:JSTOR
2494:-381.
2249:1 May
1412:, or
954:uses
822:Lists
790:Hoppe
775:Lucas
740:Solow
730:Arrow
720:Simon
685:Lange
680:Hicks
655:Röpke
645:Hayek
595:Pigou
565:Clark
480:Smith
442:Urban
422:Socio
412:Rural
112:Macro
108:Micro
69:Index
3970:more
3694:Marx
3684:Mill
3669:List
3547:Neo-
3503:Neo-
2846:and
2833:(2).
2812:2024
2757:2024
2736:2024
2711:2013
2685:2024
2660:2024
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2604:ISBN
2577:ISSN
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2295:p. 2
2251:2018
2175:2008
2153:p. 1
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