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960:
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65:
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24:
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1512:, and numerous other technological advances that have changed the way much of the population lives, unlike any other economic period in history. These gains have not been uniform across the globe and there are still many countries where people, and especially young children die from what are now preventable diseases, such as rotovirus and polio.
1434:
Economic growth spread to all regions of the world during the twentieth century, when world GDP per capita quintupled. The highest growth occurred in the 1960s during post-war reconstruction. Global nominal income expanded to $ 1 trillion by 1960 and $ 10 trillion by 1980. Some increase in the volume
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was the only civilization in all of history to connect over 40% of the global population, accounting for approximately 49.4 million of the world's 112.4 million people in around 480 BC. Later, the Roman Empire expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to
899:
revolutionized trade in the second half of the century, by making it cheaper to transport goods, especially internationally. These gains have not been uniform across the globe; there are still many countries where people, especially young children, die from what are now preventable diseases, such as
1288:
In the Middle Ages the world economy slowly expanded with the increase of population and trade. The silk road was used for trading between Europe, Central Asia and China. During the early period of the Middle Ages, Europe was an economic backwater, however, by the later
Medieval period rich trading
1008:
Agriculture emerged in the fertile crescent, and soon after and apparently independently, in South and East Asia, and the
Americas. Cultivation provided complementary carbohydrates in diets, and could potentially produce a surplus to feed off-farm workers enabling the development of diversified and
1350:
et al. opened up new opportunities for trade with the New World and Asia, newly-powerful monarchies wanted a more powerful military state to boost their status. Mercantilism was a political movement and an economic theory that advocated the use of the state's military power to ensure that local
1082:
in the third millennium. By charging interest and ground rent on their own assets and property, temples helped legitimize the idea of interest‑bearing debt and profit seeking in general. Later, while the temples no longer included the handicraft workshops which characterized third‑millennium
1508:" that was mostly predicated on housing and an increase in the use of leverage by both banks and households, the late twentieth and early twenty-first century has seen great increases in global GDP. Much of these increase are due to technological innovations, such as high-speed internet,
1062:
and their city state neighbors later developed the earliest system of prices using a measure of various commodities that was fixed in a legal code. The early law codes from Sumer could be considered the first (written) financial law, and had many attributes still in use in the current
981:
tribal units became naturally isolated through time from the over-all developments in skill and technique present within their neighbouring environment. To utilize artifacts made by tribes specializing in areas of production not present to other tribes, exchange and trade became
972:
the activity of individuals was differentiated to specific activities, and the characteristic of some of these activities were limited by the resources naturally present and available from within each tribe's territory, creating specializations of skill.
1137:
During the time of the trade of the
Occident with Rome, Egypt was the wealthiest of all places within the Roman Empire. The merchants of Rome acquired produce from Persia through Egypt, by way of the port of Berenice, and subsequently the Nile.
1417:
After 1860, the enormous expansion of wheat production in the United States flooded the world market, lowering prices by 40%, and (along with the expansion of potato growing) made a major contribution to the nutritional welfare of the poor.
1032:
939:, humans both dispersed and adapted to a greater variety of environments, and also developed their technologies and behaviors to increase productivity in existing environments taking the global population to between 1 and 15 million.
1001:, shell jewellery in the form of strung beads also dates back to this period, and had the basic attributes needed of commodity money. To organize production and to distribute goods and services among their populations, before
1435:
of international trade is due to the reclassification of within-country trade to international trade due to the increasing number of countries and resulting changes in national boundaries, however, the effect is small.
1104:
and China accounted for more than half the size of the world economy for the next 1,500 years. Despite the high GDP, these nations being major population centers, did not have significantly higher GDP per capita.
895:. Economic growth spread to all regions of the world during the twentieth century, when world GDP per capita quintupled. The highest growth occurred in the 1960s during post-war reconstruction. In particular,
950:
This period began with the end of the last glacial period over 10,000 years ago involving the gradual domestication of plants and animals and the formation of settled communities at various times and places.
963:
The global contribution to world's GDP by major economies from 1 CE to 2003 CE according to Angus
Maddison's estimates. Up until the early 18th century, India and China were the two largest economies by GDP
927:(small kin group). Communication between bands occurred for the purposes of trading ideas, stories, tools, foods, animal skins, mates, and other commodities. Economic resources were constrained by typical
872:, the world economy slowly expanded with the increase of population and trade. During the early period of the Middle Ages, Europe was an economic backwater. However, by the later Medieval period, rich
942:
It has been estimated that throughout prehistory, the world average GDP per capita was about $ 158 per annum (adjusted to 2013 dollars), and did not rise much until the
Industrial Revolution.
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for business deals (interest rates), fines for 'wrongdoing', inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, within etc. For a summary of the laws, see
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1952:
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stratified societies (including a standing military and 'leisured class'). Soon after livestock became domesticated particularly in the middle east (goats, sheep, cattle), enabling
2144:
The
Ancient History: containing the history of the Egyptians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Medes, Lydians, Carthaginians, Persians, Macedonians, the Seleucidae in Syria, and Parthians
2097:
A General
Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World: Many of which are Now First Translated Into English; Digested on a New Plan
3113:
1100:
90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time) and covering 5.0 million square kilometres at its height in AD 117. Eventually,
1454:
1480:
leading to the price of oil had rising to nearly 300%, from US$ 3 per barrel ($ 19/m^3) to nearly $ 12 per barrel ($ 75/m^3) globally. The latter happened in the wake of
1496:
decreased dramatically raising the prices of oil doubling it to $ 39.50 per barrel ($ 248/m^3). Oil prices did not return to pre-crisis levels until the mid-1980s.
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consist of its 40%, were responsible for 25% of global output, that led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth, ultimately leading to the
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in
Britain and then in the rest of Europe, due to high amounts of energy conversion taking place. Global nominal income expanded to $ 100 billion by 1880.
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in the third millennium. Later, in their embassy functions, they legitimized profit‑seeking trade, as well as by being a major beneficiary. According to
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3214:
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developed a trade and market economy based originally on the commodity money of the shekel which was a certain weight measure of barley, while the
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Cattle were probably the first object or physical thing specifically used in a way similar enough to the modern definition of money, that is, as a
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824:. The early law codes from Sumer could be considered the first (written) financial law, and had many attributes still in use in the current
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1370:, worth a quarter of world GDP in the 17th century and early 18th century, especially its largest and economically most developed province
2222:
101:
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1944:
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in the modern sense first occurred during the
Industrial Revolution in Britain and then in the rest of Europe due to high amounts of
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1917:
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1721:
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happened from 2007 to 2009. Global nominal income expanded to $ 100 trillion by 2020. Since 2020, economies have suffered from the
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revolutionized trade in the second half of the century, by making it cheaper to transport goods domestically and internationally.
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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were probably the first object or physical thing specifically used in a way similar enough to the modern definition of
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The first economist (at least from within opinion generated by the evidence of extant writings) is considered to be
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The first economist (at least from within opinion generated by the evidence of extant writings) is considered to be
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factors: density and replacement rates of edible flora and fauna, competition from other consumers (organisms) and
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The two major changes in commercial activity due to expedition known by historical recounting, are those led by
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1087:, in their embassy functions they legitimized profit‑seeking trade, as well as by being a major beneficiary.
3544:
3335:
1375:
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1242:. Many other Greek writings show understanding of sophisticated economic concepts. For instance, a form of
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were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coin. It is thought that these first stamped
122:
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and their city state neighbors later developed the earliest system of prices using a measure of various
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312:
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image: located in the lobby of into the
Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the UPM (
1426:
3810:
3765:
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3585:
2463:
An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization
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1227:, was composed between the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, and is often credited to the Indian thinker
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Economic history as it relates to economic growth in the modern sense first occurred during the
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was a neo-platonic who is cited as having heavily influenced early Muslim economic scholarship.
1210:, by the fact of his having written on the fundamental subject of the scarcity of resources, in
847:, by the fact of his having written on the fundamental subject of the scarcity of resources, in
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2007:
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1430:
World GDP per capita in dollars during the twentieth century. Data before 1950 is not annual.
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The World That Trade Created: Society, Culture, And the World Economy, 1400 to the Present
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888:
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685:
367:
1921:
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Economics of Good and Evil: The Quest for Economic Meaning from Gilgamesh to Wall Street
2064:
Introduction to the New Testament: History, culture, and religion of the Hellenistic age
1054:
was home to almost half of the global population by 30th century BC. The city states of
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3345:
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The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and The World Economy Bigger
2138:
2058:
1974:
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1403:
1283:
1212:
1072:
849:
758:
404:
2349:(2012). "Borders Redrawn: Measuring the Statistical Creation of International Trade".
1763:
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Era, which was between 500,000 and 10,000 BC, the primary socio-economic unit was the
840:
were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coin around 650–600 BC.
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throughout time. It has been estimated that throughout prehistory, the world average
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244:
2004:
The World Economy. A Millennial Perspective (Vol. 1). Historical Statistics (Vol. 2)
1979:
The World Economy. A Millennial Perspective (Vol. 1). Historical Statistics (Vol. 2)
1346:
saw new national economic frameworks begin to be strengthened. After the voyages of
3932:
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1945:"Stable Economy: Traditional Economy: The Early Evolution of Interest-Bearing Debt"
1462:
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1367:
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cities in Italy emerged, creating the first modern accounting and finance systems.
1247:
1220:
1064:
1037:
924:
825:
375:
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today. Temples are history's first documented creditors at interest, beginning in
2456:
An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe: Diversity and Industrialization
2035:
1005:
existed, people relied on tradition, top-down command, or community cooperation.
3522:
2592:
1801:
Contours of the world economy, 1-2030 AD : essays in macro-economic history
1335:
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1084:
1059:
1010:
920:
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817:
813:
789:
554:
549:
419:
269:
64:
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New voyages and travels: consisting of originals, translations, and abridgments
3407:
2543:
A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present
1835:
A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present
1509:
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to develop, to exploit lower productivity grasslands unsuited to agriculture.
877:
821:
570:
380:
333:
308:
254:
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More: A History of the World Economy from the Iron Age to the Information Age
1818:
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1343:
1297:
1235:
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998:
994:
928:
833:
762:
673:
394:
258:
2563:
Encyclopedia of World Trade. Volumes 1-4: From Ancient Times to the Present
2482:
Bowden, Bradley. "Management history in the modern world: an overview." in
2200:
The Prehistory of Modern Economic Thought: The Aristotle in Austrian Theory
1078:
Temples are history's first documented creditors at interest, beginning in
3903:
3533:
3649:
3572:
1239:
1228:
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happened from 2007 to 2009. Since 2020, economies have suffered from the
385:
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Greek and Roman thinkers made various economic observations, especially
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837:
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2518:
Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century
3554:
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1187:
1181:
1177:
844:
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1044:, and tablets used to facilitate accounting in ancient Mesopotamia,
1186:) denomination. To complement the stater, fractions were made: the
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1101:
1079:
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774:
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Atlantic Empires: The Network of Trade and Revolution, 1713–1826
1489:
1399:
3380:
2596:
2037:
Quintus Curtius Rufus: Life and exploits of Alexander the Great
1504:
Despite setbacks related to the global economic crisis or the "
1445:
The economic boom of the 50s and 60s ended in the 70s with the
1466:
160:
58:
17:
3376:
1150:
Lydian stater coins made from a mixture of silver, gold, and
765:(adjusted to 2013 dollars), and did not rise much until the
2587:
Globalization: Encyclopedia of Trade, Labor, and Politics
1304:
China in the ninth century (with expanded use during the
1453:. The former began in October 1973 when members of the
3771:
International Conference on Population and Development
788:
was home to almost half of the global population. The
3892:
2553:
The rise of the western world: A new economic history
1863:. Exeter University and the University of Wales Press
2319:
Oceans of Grain: How American Wheat Remade the World
1764:"Estimates of World GDP, One Million B.C. – Present"
1691:(2nd ed.). Thames&Hudson. pp. 171–73.
3824:
3749:
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3563:
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3253:
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89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1666:(4th Paperback ed.). Oxford. pp. 21–23.
1455:Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
1117:, which facilitated multi-national trade, and the
2470:A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World
2428:"US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions"
2100:. Vol. 17. Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme.
1638:(2nd ed.). Thames&Hudson. p. 32.
977:division of labour and evolution of new crafts
975:
1202:Developments in economic awareness and thought
1198:(sixth), and so forth in lower denominations.
1022:Early developments in formal money and finance
3392:
2608:
1623:(3 ed.). Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.
864:accounted for more than half the size of the
730:
8:
2551:North, Douglass C., and Robert Paul Thomas.
2510:. New York : Longmans, Green, and Co, 1921.
1402:that propelled the Industrial Revolution in
3796:United Nations world population conferences
2525:An Economic History of the World Since 1400
2484:The Palgrave Handbook of Management History
2477:Trade and Empire in the Atlantic, 1400–1600
1354:The first banknote in Europe was issued by
1351:markets and supply sources were protected.
1223:, an Indian work that includes sections on
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3709:Population and housing censuses by country
3399:
3385:
3377:
2615:
2601:
2593:
2120:. Vol. 1. Sir Richard Phillips and Co
1884:. Archived from the original on 2011-08-09
978:
737:
723:
575:
231:
2520:(2022) global history with stress on USA.
2370:
2256:Arthashastra : the science of wealth
220:Learn how and when to remove this message
202:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
3432:Estimates of historical world population
2491:The economic history of world population
3899:
2538:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983).
2203:. Institute for Business Cycle Research
1664:A Concise Economic History of the World
1611:
1584:
659:
243:
2571:Persson, Karl Gunnar, and Paul Sharp.
1894:
1067:today; such as codified quantities of
808:which was a certain weight measure of
1918:"The Code of Hammurabi: Introduction"
1780:from the original on 15 November 2006
1272:Economy of England in the Middle Ages
1109:Expedition and long distance commerce
1017:Early antiquity: Bronze and Iron ages
753:encompasses the development of human
7:
3865:
2555:(Cambridge University Press, 1973).
1133:External trade with the Roman Empire
87:adding citations to reliable sources
3801:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
2575:(Cambridge University Press, 2015).
1955:from the original on 11 August 2003
876:emerged, creating the first modern
2465:(Cambridge University Press, 2006)
2458:(Cambridge University Press. 2012)
2221:Sedláček, Tomáš (1 October 2011).
887:During the Industrial Revolution,
868:for the next 1,500 years. In the
14:
3693:Population and Development Review
2394:Levinson, Marc (7 January 2008).
2006:. OECD. p. 263, Table B–21.
1981:. OECD. p. 261, Table B–12.
1920:. Yale University. Archived from
1550:List of regions by past GDP (PPP)
1472:against countries that supported
1176:were minted around 650–600 BC. A
33:This article has multiple issues.
3926:
3914:
3902:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3741:Population concern organizations
3447:Projections of population growth
2660:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2541:Neal, Larry, and Rondo Cameron.
2363:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01454.x
1168:, and most modern scholars, the
836:, and most modern scholars, the
165:
63:
22:
3842:Human impact on the environment
3776:Population Action International
2317:Nelson, Scott Reynolds (2022).
1571:Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt
1565:Timeline of international trade
1296:was also introduced. The first
98:"Economic history of the world"
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
3791:United Nations Population Fund
2472:(Atlantic Monthly Press, 2008)
2400:. Princeton University Press.
2289:"Economics in the Middle Ages"
2197:Ptak, Justin (3 August 2009).
1:
3301:Confederate States of America
2624:Economic histories by country
2573:An economic history of Europe
2561:Northrup, Cynthia Clark, ed.
1949:www.appropriate-economics.org
1762:Bradford De Long, J. (1998).
1180:coin was made in the stater (
1155:
796:developed a trade and market
751:economic history of the world
2147:. Vol. 1. Robert Carter
1803:. Oxford: University Press.
1716:. Robinson. pp. 10–20.
1619:Vaswani, Padma, ed. (2012).
1500:Twenty-first century onwards
1276:Medieval economy of Scotland
1194:
1188:
1182:
1091:Classical and late antiquity
3816:World Population Foundation
3806:World Population Conference
3719:World population milestones
3361:Scotland in the Middle Ages
3230:Mongolian People's Republic
2227:. Oxford University Press.
1859:Davies, Roy; Davies, Glyn.
1838:. Oxford University Press.
1687:Scarre, Chris, ed. (2009).
1634:Scarre, Chris, ed. (2009).
1280:Europeans in Medieval China
3970:
3688:Population and Environment
3311:England in the Middle Ages
2565:(Routledge, 2004). 1200pp
1916:Horne, Charles F. (1915).
1882:"The Reforms of Urukagina"
1832:Cameron, Rondo E. (1993).
1714:A Brief History of Mankind
1488:where oil production from
1315:
1269:
1263:
1025:
784:By the 3rd millennium BC,
3860:
3598:Human population planning
3422:Demographics of the world
2040:. D. Appleton and Company
1901:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1799:Angus., Maddison (2007).
1737:Hassan, Fekri A. (1981).
1266:Medieval economic history
1046:Oriental Institute Museum
3603:Compulsory sterilization
2094:Pinkerton, John (1814).
2002:Maddison, Angus (2006).
800:based originally on the
3545:Malthusian growth model
2254:Trautmann, Tom (2016).
1376:proto-industrialization
1362:Proto-industrialization
1142:Introduction of coinage
874:trading cities in Italy
174:Some of this article's
3672:Zero population growth
3667:Sustainable population
3591:Malthusian catastrophe
3550:Overshoot (population)
3427:Demographic transition
3042:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2531:48 university lectures
2468:Bernstein, William J.
2347:Crespo-Cuaresma, Jesus
2028:Rufus, Quintus Curtius
1739:Demographic Archeology
1662:; Neal, Larry (2003).
1536:, the methods of study
1431:
1407:
1161:
1119:Roman conquest of Gaul
1048:
984:
965:
3781:Population Connection
3645:Mere addition paradox
3484:Physiological density
3235:Serbia and Montenegro
3196:Former industrialized
2585:Vaidya, Ashish, ed.
2516:DeLong, J. Bradford.
2508:A History of Commerce
2067:. Walter de Gruyter.
2032:Crosby, William Henry
1712:Aydon, Cyril (2007).
1429:
1412:Industrial Revolution
1398:fuelled primarily by
1389:
1382:Industrial Revolution
1159: 6th century BC
1149:
1036:A collection of clay
1035:
962:
900:rotavirus and polio.
767:Industrial Revolution
325:Age of the human race
3811:World Population Day
3766:Church of Euthanasia
3655:Non-identity problem
3630:Political demography
3586:Human overpopulation
3254:Historical economies
2503:(Hachette UK, 2020).
2180:"World's First Coin"
2178:Goldsborough, Reid.
1924:on September 8, 2007
1348:Christopher Columbus
1123:invasions of Britain
820:that was fixed in a
83:improve this article
3660:Reproductive rights
3491:Population dynamics
3442:Population momentum
3097:Republic of Ireland
2776:Antigua and Barbuda
2578:Pomeranz, Kenneth.
2547:3003 edition online
2523:Harreld, Donald J.
2475:Birmingham, David.
1545:Lists of recessions
1440:shipping containers
1340:international trade
1115:Alexander the Great
988:medium for exchange
897:shipping containers
858:Indian subcontinent
779:medium for exchange
400:Classical antiquity
3786:Population Matters
3501:Population pyramid
3479:Population density
3474:Population decline
2489:Cipolla, Carlo M.
2479:(Routledge, 2000).
1861:"History of Money"
1771:delong.typepad.com
1741:. Academic Press.
1521:COVID-19 recession
1482:Iranian Revolution
1432:
1408:
1254:Bryson of Heraclea
1162:
1049:
1011:pastoral societies
966:
909:COVID-19 recession
3890:
3889:
3761:7 Billion Actions
3635:Population ethics
3528:Carrying capacity
3437:Population growth
3374:
3373:
3326:Habsburg monarchy
3294:Republic of China
2293:Economy-point.org
2234:978-0-19-983190-6
2112:Phillips, Richard
2013:978-92-64-02261-4
1988:978-92-64-02261-4
1943:Hudson, Michael.
1845:978-0-19-507445-1
1592:Watt steam engine
1422:Twentieth century
1392:Watt steam engine
1294:Islamic economics
1225:political economy
1097:Achaemenid Empire
1042:accounting tokens
937:Upper Paleolithic
935:. Throughout the
893:energy conversion
755:economic activity
747:
746:
699:
698:
691:Political history
316:
304:
274:
270:Pleistocene epoch
230:
229:
222:
212:
211:
204:
159:
158:
151:
133:
56:
3961:
3949:Economic history
3931:
3930:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3880:
3879:
3868:
3867:
3837:Green Revolution
3618:Two-child policy
3613:One-child policy
3536:
3496:Population model
3452:World population
3401:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3316:Ethiopian Empire
3271:Byzantine Empire
3220:Empire of Brazil
2617:
2610:
2603:
2594:
2499:Coggan, Philip.
2461:Berend, Ivan T.
2454:Berend, Ivan T.
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2295:. Archived from
2285:
2279:
2278:Spengler (1964).
2276:
2270:
2269:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2184:rg.ancients.info
2175:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1599:
1589:
1540:Energy economics
1534:Economic history
1465:, proclaimed an
1457:(OAPEC), led by
1356:Stockholms Banco
1342:. The waning of
1324:Early modern era
1318:Price revolution
1312:Early Modern Era
1246:is presented in
1197:
1191:
1185:
1160:
1157:
1028:History of money
1003:market economies
980:
777:, that is, as a
761:was about $ 158
739:
732:
725:
714:
708:
669:Age of Discovery
576:
344:Earliest records
330:Recorded history
306:
294:
266:
264:
253:
232:
225:
218:
207:
200:
196:
193:
187:
169:
161:
154:
147:
143:
140:
134:
132:
91:
67:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3901:
3893:
3891:
3886:
3856:
3820:
3754:
3752:
3745:
3697:
3676:
3625:Overconsumption
3608:Family planning
3565:
3559:
3532:
3516:
3513:
3505:
3467:
3464:
3456:
3410:
3405:
3375:
3370:
3249:
3225:Empire of Japan
3205:Austria-Hungary
3197:
3191:
3170:
3008:
2964:Solomon Islands
2865:
2764:
2626:
2621:
2545:(5th ed. 2015)
2534:Liss, Peggy K.
2451:
2449:Further reading
2446:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:. Basic Books.
2316:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:. UK: Penguin.
2253:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2139:Rollin, Charles
2137:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2059:Koester, Helmut
2057:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1975:Maddison, Angus
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1811:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1560:Natural capital
1529:
1517:Great Recession
1506:Great Recession
1502:
1451:1979 oil crisis
1447:1973 oil crisis
1438:In particular,
1424:
1384:
1364:
1320:
1314:
1286:
1268:
1262:
1204:
1158:
1144:
1135:
1111:
1093:
1030:
1024:
1019:
997:is attested in
957:
948:
919:Throughout the
917:
905:Great Recession
889:economic growth
882:finance systems
802:commodity money
743:
712:
706:
701:
700:
695:
655:
654:
645:
631:
612:
593:
592:
573:
563:
562:
561:
545:
531:
522:
508:
494:
493:
483:
473:
472:
471:
462:
448:
429:
410:
409:
390:
370:
360:
359:
358:
339:
320:
319:
305:
293:
285:
262:
251:
226:
215:
214:
213:
208:
197:
191:
188:
185:
170:
155:
144:
138:
135:
92:
90:
80:
68:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3923:
3911:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3874:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3852:Sustainability
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3825:Related topics
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3714:Largest cities
3711:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3534:I = P × A  × T
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3351:Ottoman Empire
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Dutch Republic
3303:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3266:Ashanti Empire
3263:
3261:Ancient Greece
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:Czechoslovakia
3207:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3154:United Kingdom
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Czech Republic
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2582:(3rd ed. 2012)
2576:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2532:
2521:
2514:
2504:
2497:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2419:
2406:
2386:
2357:(7): 946–952.
2334:
2328:978-1541646469
2327:
2309:
2280:
2271:
2265:978-8184756111
2264:
2246:
2233:
2213:
2189:
2170:
2157:
2130:
2103:
2086:
2073:
2050:
2019:
2012:
1994:
1987:
1966:
1935:
1908:
1873:
1851:
1844:
1824:
1809:
1791:
1754:
1747:
1729:
1722:
1704:
1697:
1689:The Human Past
1679:
1672:
1660:Cameron, Rondo
1651:
1644:
1636:The Human Past
1626:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1501:
1498:
1478:Yom Kippur War
1423:
1420:
1406:and the world.
1383:
1380:
1363:
1360:
1326:was a time of
1313:
1310:
1284:Byzantine silk
1264:Main article:
1261:
1258:
1213:Works and Days
1203:
1200:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1110:
1107:
1092:
1089:
1073:Babylonian law
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
956:
953:
947:
944:
916:
913:
850:Works and Days
759:GDP per capita
745:
744:
742:
741:
734:
727:
719:
716:
715:
703:
702:
697:
696:
694:
693:
688:
683:
682:
681:
671:
665:
662:
661:
657:
656:
653:
652:
646:
644:
643:
638:
636:Southeast Asia
632:
630:
629:
624:
619:
613:
611:
610:
605:
600:
594:
591:
590:
585:
579:
574:
569:
568:
565:
564:
560:
559:
558:
557:
546:
544:
543:
538:
536:Southeast Asia
532:
530:
529:
523:
521:
520:
515:
509:
507:
506:
501:
495:
492:
491:
485:
484:
479:
478:
475:
474:
470:
469:
463:
461:
460:
455:
453:Southeast Asia
449:
447:
446:
441:
436:
430:
428:
427:
422:
417:
411:
408:
407:
405:Late antiquity
402:
397:
391:
389:
388:
383:
378:
372:
371:
366:
365:
362:
361:
357:
356:
351:
346:
340:
338:
337:
327:
321:
318:
317:
287:
286:
281:
280:
277:
276:
248:
247:
241:
240:
228:
227:
210:
209:
176:listed sources
173:
171:
164:
157:
156:
71:
69:
62:
57:
31:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3966:
3955:
3954:World history
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3883:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:Bennett's law
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3753:organizations
3748:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Kaya identity
3538:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3367:
3366:Tamil Country
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Mongol Empire
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
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2856:United States
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2488:
2486:(2020): 3-22.
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2429:
2423:
2420:
2409:
2407:9781400828586
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2398:
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2360:
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2352:
2351:World Economy
2348:
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2324:
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2299:on 2011-10-11
2298:
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2290:
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2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1928:September 14,
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1883:
1877:
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1862:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1810:9780199227204
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1748:9780123313508
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1723:9781845297480
1719:
1715:
1708:
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1698:9780195127058
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1673:9780195127058
1669:
1665:
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1486:Iran-Iraq War
1483:
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1471:
1468:
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1300:were used in
1299:
1295:
1292:The field of
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1259:
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1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:Gresham's Law
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1201:
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1196:
1192:(third), the
1190:
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1164:According to
1153:
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1127:Julius Caesar
1124:
1120:
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1108:
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1103:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Ancient Egypt
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
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912:
910:
906:
901:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:world economy
863:
859:
854:
852:
851:
846:
841:
839:
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831:
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823:
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807:
803:
799:
795:
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787:
786:Ancient Egypt
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
721:
720:
718:
717:
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705:
704:
692:
689:
687:
684:
680:
679:Postmodernity
677:
676:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
663:
658:
651:
648:
647:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
609:
608:South America
606:
604:
603:North America
601:
599:
596:
595:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
578:
577:
572:
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566:
556:
553:
552:
551:
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547:
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539:
537:
534:
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525:
524:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
490:
487:
486:
482:
481:Postclassical
477:
476:
468:
465:
464:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
426:
425:South America
423:
421:
420:North America
418:
416:
413:
412:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
369:
364:
363:
355:
354:Proto-writing
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
335:
331:
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326:
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310:
303:
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298:
292:
289:
288:
284:
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278:
273:
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271:
260:
256:
250:
249:
246:
245:Human history
242:
238:
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233:
224:
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206:
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195:
183:
182:
177:
172:
168:
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162:
153:
150:
142:
131:
128:
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121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100: –
99:
95:
94:Find sources:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:This article
70:
66:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
3869:
3681:Publications
3640:Antinatalism
3578:
3555:World3 model
3415:Major topics
3356:Roman Empire
3321:Feudal Japan
3289:Ming dynasty
3284:Song dynasty
3240:Soviet Union
3215:East Germany
3019:
2959:Saudi Arabia
2876:
2735:South Africa
2637:
2623:
2589:(2 vol 2005)
2586:
2579:
2572:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2535:
2524:
2517:
2507:
2506:Day, Clive.
2500:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:
2422:
2411:. Retrieved
2396:
2389:
2354:
2350:
2337:
2318:
2312:
2301:. Retrieved
2297:the original
2292:
2283:
2274:
2255:
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2223:
2216:
2205:. Retrieved
2199:
2192:
2183:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2149:. Retrieved
2143:
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2116:
2106:
2096:
2089:
2078:. Retrieved
2063:
2053:
2042:. Retrieved
2036:
2022:
2003:
1997:
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1948:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:the original
1911:
1886:. Retrieved
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1854:
1834:
1827:
1800:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1770:
1757:
1738:
1732:
1713:
1707:
1688:
1682:
1663:
1654:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1587:
1569:
1514:
1503:
1463:Saudi Arabia
1444:
1437:
1433:
1416:
1409:
1396:steam engine
1372:Bengal Subah
1368:Mughal India
1365:
1353:
1328:mercantilism
1321:
1306:Song dynasty
1302:Tang dynasty
1291:
1287:
1252:
1248:Aristophanes
1233:
1221:Arthashastra
1218:
1211:
1205:
1163:
1136:
1112:
1094:
1077:
1065:price system
1050:
1007:
992:
985:
976:
968:Within each
967:
949:
941:
918:
902:
886:
856:Eventually,
855:
848:
842:
826:price system
812:, while the
783:
750:
748:
713:
588:Contemporary
583:Early modern
349:Protohistory
301:Contemporary
295:
268:
267:
263:
216:
198:
189:
178:
145:
136:
126:
119:
112:
105:
93:
81:Please help
76:verification
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
3564:Society and
3523:Biocapacity
3331:Inca Empire
3279:Han dynasty
3187:New Zealand
3149:Switzerland
3114:Netherlands
2974:South Korea
2954:Philippines
2934:North Korea
2690:Ivory Coast
2372:10419/71853
2164:Herodotus.
1959:30 November
1784:30 November
1621:Transitions
1510:smartphones
1476:during the
1459:King Faisal
1336:nationalism
1332:colonialism
1260:Middle Ages
1085:Mesopotamia
1060:Babylonians
993:Trading in
921:Paleolithic
915:Paleolithic
870:Middle Ages
818:commodities
814:Babylonians
790:city states
555:Renaissance
179:may not be
3943:Categories
3751:Events and
3566:population
3512:Population
3463:Population
3408:Population
3245:Yugoslavia
2989:Tajikistan
2899:East Timor
2884:Azerbaijan
2878:Arab world
2710:Mozambique
2700:Madagascar
2437:2021-11-30
2413:2012-05-15
2343:Roser, Max
2303:2011-08-03
2240:2012-05-16
2207:2012-05-16
2151:2012-05-15
2124:2012-05-15
2080:2012-06-01
2074:3110146924
2044:2012-05-15
1888:2009-01-04
1867:2012-05-15
1606:References
1316:See also:
1270:See also:
1026:See also:
982:necessary,
946:Mesolithic
878:accounting
822:legal code
686:Futurology
627:South Asia
527:South Asia
444:South Asia
381:Bronze Age
376:Copper Age
334:Common Era
309:10,000 BCE
255:Prehistory
109:newspapers
38:improve it
3909:Economics
3847:Migration
3724:6 billion
3198:economies
3182:Australia
3109:Lithuania
2969:Singapore
2944:Palestine
2909:Indonesia
2836:Nicaragua
2781:Argentina
2381:152515194
2166:Histories
1819:183199362
1358:in 1661.
1344:feudalism
1298:banknotes
1250:' Frogs.
1236:Aristotle
1166:Herodotus
999:Swaziland
995:red ochre
955:Neolithic
929:ecosystem
834:Herodotus
763:per annum
674:Modernity
641:West Asia
622:East Asia
541:West Asia
518:East Asia
458:West Asia
439:East Asia
395:Axial Age
297:Neolithic
291:Timelines
259:Stone Age
192:June 2023
139:June 2023
44:talk page
3882:Category
3650:Natalism
3573:Eugenics
3336:Iroquois
3159:Scotland
3134:Slovakia
3124:Portugal
3047:Bulgaria
2994:Thailand
2949:Pakistan
2939:Mongolia
2929:Malaysia
2889:Cambodia
2846:Paraguay
2806:Colombia
2786:Barbados
2769:Americas
2760:Zimbabwe
2670:Ethiopia
2655:Botswana
2493:(1978).
2114:(1819).
2061:(2000).
2034:(1858).
1977:(2006).
1953:Archived
1897:cite web
1775:Archived
1527:See also
1484:and the
1449:and the
1240:Xenophon
1229:Chanakya
1152:electrum
660:See also
504:Americas
489:Timeline
386:Iron Age
283:Holocene
237:a series
235:Part of
181:reliable
3921:History
3895:Portals
3871:Commons
3514:ecology
3465:biology
3175:Oceania
3092:Ireland
3087:Hungary
3077:Germany
3067:Estonia
3062:Denmark
3052:Croatia
3037:Belgium
3032:Austria
3027:Albania
3004:Vietnam
2861:Uruguay
2826:Jamaica
2816:Ecuador
2745:Tunisia
2730:Somalia
2725:Senegal
2715:Nigeria
2705:Morocco
2675:Eritrea
2645:Algeria
2527:(2016)
2168:, I, 94
2141:(184).
1470:embargo
1404:Britain
1170:Lydians
1125:led by
964:output.
933:climate
838:Lydians
804:of the
798:economy
617:Oceania
513:Oceania
434:Oceania
368:Ancient
313:Present
123:scholar
3581:genics
3346:Muisca
3275:China
3144:Sweden
3129:Russia
3119:Norway
3082:Greece
3072:France
3021:Europe
3013:Europe
2999:Turkey
2984:Taiwan
2919:Israel
2841:Panama
2831:Mexico
2796:Canada
2791:Brazil
2755:Zambia
2750:Uganda
2720:Rwanda
2685:Guinea
2650:Angola
2639:Africa
2631:Africa
2567:online
2557:online
2529:online
2512:online
2495:online
2404:
2379:
2325:
2262:
2231:
2071:
2010:
1985:
1842:
1817:
1807:
1745:
1720:
1695:
1670:
1642:
1596:Madrid
1474:Israel
1394:, the
1338:, and
1282:, and
1208:Hesiod
1178:stater
1038:bullae
845:Hesiod
810:barley
806:shekel
771:Cattle
710:Future
650:Europe
598:Africa
571:Modern
550:Europe
499:Africa
467:Europe
415:Africa
125:
118:
111:
104:
96:
3933:World
3702:Lists
3164:Wales
3139:Spain
3104:Italy
2979:Syria
2924:Japan
2904:India
2894:China
2821:Haiti
2801:Chile
2740:Sudan
2695:Kenya
2680:Ghana
2665:Egypt
2377:S2CID
1778:(PDF)
1767:(PDF)
1579:Notes
1555:Money
1195:hekte
1189:trite
1183:trite
1174:coins
1102:India
1080:Sumer
1069:money
1056:Sumer
970:tribe
862:China
830:Sumer
794:Sumer
775:money
130:JSTOR
116:books
2914:Iran
2870:Asia
2851:Peru
2811:Cuba
2432:NBER
2402:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1961:2021
1930:2007
1903:link
1840:ISBN
1815:OCLC
1805:ISBN
1786:2021
1743:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1515:The
1494:Iraq
1492:and
1490:Iran
1400:coal
1366:The
1322:The
1238:and
1219:The
1121:and
1095:The
925:band
903:The
880:and
860:and
749:The
102:news
3579:Dys
2367:hdl
2359:doi
1467:oil
1461:of
1308:).
979:...
792:of
769:.
85:by
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