1080:. This did lead to positive economic impacts, such as steady wage increases. However, from the 1990s through the Great Recession, there has been an increasing distrust in this globalized system. With rising income inequalities and little protection against natural economic occurrences, many Europeans have begun to embrace economic nationalism. This is because modern European nationalists see their nation's economy becoming generally more globalized at the expense of one's own economic status. Globalization, like the type one can observe in the European Union, is easy to oppose as it creates winners and losers. Those who lose their jobs due to globalization are more likely to be drawn to parties espousing economic nationalism.
888:, was also caused by the lack of economic and political integration between Austrians and Slavs. Though Hungary relied on Austria economically, as it provided a market for Hungary's agriculture production, there was a deep social and economic rift between the Austrians and Slavic people, who actively boycotted and protested Austrian rule in favor of more autonomy in the Balkans. Regions within the empire began using forms of price discrimination to strengthen national economies. As a result, intra-empire trade began to fail. Grain prices fluctuated throughout the empire after the 1880s into World War I, however an ethnic breakdown of the empire showed that
881:
industry in favor of trade with France, and it seemed content to watch other
European powers modernize and gain influence through their colonies. Various groups began to put pressure on the Italian government, from textile to ceramic manufacturers, and although the Italian government imposed tariffs the industrialists felt that it was not enough. The push for economic nationalism with industrialization and protectionism quickly spun Italy into an economic crisis in 1887, exposing Italian industrial woes.
1089:
1980s, its economic effects still impact the
European electorate today. In particular, the Brexit vote showed the impact this shock had on the electorate, as regions which were most impacted by the China trade shock were still economically weak (in terms of GDP per capita) in comparison to other regions like London, even over a decade later. There is a strong positive correlation in regions most impacted by the China trade shock and an increase in votes to leave the European Union.
1176:, he argued that consumer preference for local goods gives local producers monopoly power, affording them the ability to lift prices to extract greater profits, and firms that produce locally produced goods can charge a premium for that good. He concluded that consumers who favor products by local producers may end up being exploited by profit-maximizing local producers, and that locally produced goods can attract a premium if consumers show a
741:
2343:
1061:
interests of competition. In many cases the shareholders supported the foreign bid. For instance in France after the bid for Suez by Enel was counteracted by the French public energy and gas company Gaz De France the shareholders of Suez complained and the unions of Gaz De France were in an uproar because of the privatization of their jobs.
916:
The philosophical foundations of economic nationalism are difficult to trace due to the ideology's lengthy history and its unique appeal to different types of groups. The four general pillars come from its political, cultural, economic, and social roots. Though details surrounding these four pillars
1192:
policy in the United States placed tariffs on foreign cars, giving local producers (Ford and GM market) market power that allowed them to raise the price of cars, which he said negatively affected
American consumers who faced fewer choices and higher prices. An old criticism of economic nationalism
1083:
Although some
European nations were impacted differently, nations that saw an increased exposure to the China trade shock did move significantly further right politically and generally supported more nationalist and protectionist policies. Even industries which did not see increased exposure to the
1092:
Immigration plays a large part in the policy of modern economic nationalists. With a considerable influx of immigration, particularly from parts of eastern Europe and the Middle East, those who gravitate towards economic nationalism find that their national identity and culture has been diluted by
892:
between two predominantly
Austrian territories, or two predominantly Slavic territories, led to a gradual decrease in grain prices from the 1870s up to World War I. This was mainly due to the increased presence of railroads in the late 1800s. The only trade pairing that did not observe decreasing
1088:
generally shifted towards right wing policies. This shows that, while some voters shifted their political support due to their worsening economic conditions, many voters shifted to right-wing policy due to a community-wide reaction from the China trade shock. Although the shock took place in the
932:
played an influential role in the rise in economic nationalism during the 1800s. List brought elements of economic theory and national identity together, as he postulated that an individual's quality of life was in correlation with the success of their country and was a well-known proponent of
880:
In the mid-to-late 1800s, Italian economic thinkers began to gravitate towards the theories of
Fredrich List. Led by Italian economists like Alessandro Rossi, policies favoring nationalist protectionism of industries gained momentum. The Italian government had previously been ignoring Italian
1060:
capable of competing at both a
European and global level. Both the French and US government used national security as the reason for opposing takeovers of Danone, Unocal, and the bid by DP World for 6 US ports. In none of the examples given above was the original bid deemed to be against the
1153:
953:
is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes, the following list of would be examples of an economic nationalistic policy, where there is consistent and rational doctrine associated with each individual protectionist measure:
1149:
893:
grain prices were two territories of varying nationality. Overall, grain prices were cheaper, and the price gap was smaller, when the two territories trading more closely resembled each other ethnically and linguistically.
795:
in the economy, including policies like domestic control and the use of tariffs and restrictions on labor, goods, and capital movement. The core belief of economic nationalism is that the economy should serve
1335:
827:. To economic nationalists, markets are to be subordinate to the state, and should serve the interests of the state (such as providing national security and accumulating military power). The doctrine of
1180:
towards it, so firms have an incentive to pass foreign goods off as local goods if foreign goods have cheaper costs of production than local goods. In one example provided by Daniel J. Ikenson for the
917:
may differ depending on a nation's status, generally a nation's own status and economic stability takes precedence over another. During the late-19th and early-20th century this meant an emphasis on
884:
The Austro-Hungarian empire’s ethnic diversity made it an unusual case of the rise of
European nationalism. The fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, while mostly caused by the empire's defeat in
896:
At an economic summit in
September 1974, one topic of discussion was the gradual dissolution of economic barriers to the movement of goods, people and services across borders in the post
1145:
908:
would motivate economic nationalism: "This has had enormously beneficial effect; Now, however, there is some danger that inflation may drive countries in economic nationalism."
1889:
1682:
1056:
for the
Arcelor employees based in France and Luxembourg. The cases of French Suez and Spanish Endesa involved the desire for respective European governments to create a
862:, there is evidence that the phrase has been in use since earlier times to describe nationalist intervention by the state. In an early instance of its use, speechwriter
1484:
1052:
The reason for a policy of economic protectionism in the cases above varied from bid to bid. In the case of Mittal's bid for Arcelor, the primary concerns involved
941:, as List felt that Smith reduced the role of national identity too much and favored of a globalized approach which ignored certain complexities of political life.
1197:, who argued that it contributed to competition and warfare between states as they were motivated to annex territory containing resources, markets and seaports.
877:
system, wrote, "Our common denominator is nationalism – both a military and economic patriotism – which inclines us to the side of pervasive national defense."
771:
1148:, is regarded by many opponents as a manifestation of economic (and social) nationalism, and right-wing populism more broadly. However, the majority of UK
1093:
increased immigration. Although studies have shown marginal improvements to both native employment and wages when put in competition with immigrants.
846:
on the rest of the economy, enhances the self-sufficiency and political autonomy of the country, and is a crucial aspect in building military power.
2375:
1934:
1872:
1694:
1666:
1401:
1277:
1267:
1141:
1048:
Limits on foreign participation and ownership in Russia's natural resource sectors and selected Russian industries, beginning in 2008
2802:
1900:
1113:
764:
520:
2162:
1925:
Rutland, Peter (2016). "The place of economics in Russian national identity debates". In Pål Kolstø; Helge Blakkisrud (eds.).
2976:
2873:
2612:
2347:
61:
2327:
1006:
1096:
The impact of Europe's move towards a globalized economy has led to the passing of nationalist policies and the support of
2971:
2573:
2184:
Born, Benjamin; Gernot, Muller (October 2019). "The Costs of Economic Nationalism: Evidence from the Brexit Experiment*".
1447:
1038:
2986:
2981:
871:
757:
2878:
1211:
626:
546:
713:
611:
2823:
2766:
2752:
2725:
2657:
2533:
2368:
440:
372:
365:
253:
2938:
2933:
681:
676:
2568:
2563:
1121:
792:
295:
290:
1510:
937:
in the United States. List's ideas on economics and nationalism directly challenged the economic theories of
2771:
1609:
1129:
494:
1568:"Economic nationalism and economic integration: the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the late nineteenth century"
2868:
2602:
1020:
601:
591:
2235:
831:
is a prominent variant of economic nationalism. Economic nationalists tend to see international trade as
2898:
2776:
2679:
2674:
2590:
2538:
2489:
1136:
support since Brexit. This is a prominent example of the rise in nationalism and anti-globalization, as
1133:
1105:
651:
394:
389:
315:
258:
209:
2843:
2761:
2735:
2720:
2684:
2585:
2511:
2494:
2361:
2212:
1194:
1181:
1120:
in Greece. Such parties have formed governments in a number of European countries, including Poland (
963:
576:
484:
445:
435:
399:
360:
310:
231:
214:
187:
86:
36:
1645:
Helleiner, Eric (2023), Bukovansky, Mlada; Keene, Edward; Reus-Smit, Christian; Spanu, Maja (eds.),
2918:
2701:
2689:
2627:
2474:
2438:
1231:
1206:
1097:
1032:
855:
801:
698:
661:
656:
641:
450:
404:
325:
194:
2135:
1729:
2637:
2607:
2595:
2558:
2528:
2516:
2499:
2479:
2298:
2117:
2068:
1996:
1940:
1646:
1590:
1515:
1109:
1057:
1024:
981:
616:
489:
428:
423:
345:
330:
319:
278:
248:
236:
219:
199:
169:
2281:
Baker, David (2006), "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?",
2991:
2903:
2863:
2848:
2838:
2807:
2706:
2662:
2652:
2632:
2543:
2521:
2506:
2484:
2458:
2433:
2428:
2109:
2060:
1930:
1868:
1690:
1662:
1397:
1355:
1316:
1273:
1226:
1042:
843:
839:
832:
596:
581:
556:
411:
377:
355:
263:
241:
226:
204:
136:
111:
106:
1862:
2928:
2908:
2833:
2786:
2781:
2642:
2403:
2290:
2193:
2099:
2050:
2042:
1986:
1658:
1654:
1582:
1347:
1306:
1221:
1177:
1165:
901:
666:
566:
551:
541:
504:
499:
350:
76:
2307:(a review of economic nationalism as manifested under the various forms of generic fascism)
2893:
2622:
2617:
2580:
2548:
2453:
2398:
1236:
874:
859:
842:(and often aids industries with state support), due to beliefs that industry has positive
745:
671:
571:
340:
335:
300:
268:
131:
81:
71:
66:
2950:
2923:
2858:
2853:
2448:
2239:
1944:
1185:
1069:
1065:
929:
863:
561:
283:
121:
1448:"The Phantom of Palais Brongniart: "Economic Patriotism" and the Paris Stock Exchange"
740:
2965:
2730:
2443:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2302:
2121:
2072:
2000:
1594:
1586:
1189:
1014:
918:
867:
820:
812:
586:
477:
116:
96:
91:
2913:
2828:
2423:
2319:
1073:
1053:
897:
828:
708:
536:
159:
126:
101:
1927:
The New Russian Nationalism: Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000–2015
1567:
1311:
1294:
1156:, in part likely due to the economic impacts of the deal agreed by the EU and UK.
800:
goals. As a prominent modern ideology, economic nationalism stands in contrast to
2261:
1391:
1374:
17:
2883:
2384:
2163:"The European Union Economy, Brexit, and the Resurgence of Economic Nationalism"
1241:
1169:
1101:
1085:
999:
922:
904:, who was United States Treasury Secretary at that time, there was concern that
889:
885:
797:
631:
621:
460:
44:
2328:
The Nationalist Dilemma: A Global History of Economic Nationalism, 1776–Present
2046:
1687:
The Nationalist Dilemma: A Global History of Economic Nationalism, 1776–Present
2945:
2294:
1485:"'Economic patriotism': Explaining the vague, finger-wagging, immortal phrase"
1458:
1351:
938:
816:
725:
693:
646:
305:
174:
164:
154:
2113:
2064:
2030:
1610:"The Financial Conference on Inflation, Washington, D.C., September 20, 1974"
1359:
1320:
2740:
2647:
905:
805:
606:
973:(France) as a 'strategic industry' to pre-empt a potential takeover bid by
835:, where the goal is to derive relative gains (as opposed to mutual gains).
2342:
1152:
in have shown support for rejoining the EU, or ceasing the Brexit process
925:, as it was a means of modifying an occupied country's culture and creed.
2888:
2711:
2104:
2087:
1991:
1974:
1832:
1806:
1780:
1754:
1420:
1077:
1041:
in 2006 to sell port management businesses in six major U.S. seaports to
720:
703:
636:
416:
2197:
2055:
2747:
2667:
1216:
985:
974:
959:
824:
455:
382:
27:
Ideology that favors state intervention to protect the domestic economy
2694:
1137:
1125:
1117:
991:
970:
950:
934:
688:
470:
465:
53:
1072:
as a whole has become more economically globalized since the end of
1193:
dating back to the late 1920s is that of American social scientist
1028:
1132:, headed by PM Boris Johnson, has absorbed the vast majority of
1068:
has in part led to a recent resurgence of economic nationalism.
1010:
995:
2357:
2353:
1336:"Economic nationalism: from Friedrich List to Robert Reich"
1651:
The Oxford Handbook of History and International Relations
2311:
Buell, Raymond Leslie. 1925. "Economic Nationalism." in
2136:"Boris Johnson, Hungary and rightwing European populism"
1709:
Notz, William (June 1926). "Frederick List in America".
1683:"The Birth of the National Economy in Europe, 1789–1860"
1446:
Callaghan, Helen; Lagneau-Ymonet, Paul (December 2010).
1108:
views, although there was also a growth in support for
984:, an Italian toll-road operator by the Spanish company
2088:"The Surge of Economic Nationalism in Western Europe"
1975:"The Surge of Economic Nationalism in Western Europe"
1164:
One critical view of economic nationalism is that of
1076:, embracing economic integration and introducing the
1864:
The US-China Trade Dispute: Facts, Figures and Myths
1728:
Capron, Laurence; Guillén, Mauro (12 October 2006).
2816:
2795:
2467:
2391:
1393:
The Neomercantilists: A Global Intellectual History
1415:
1413:
2086:Colantone, Italo; Stanig, Piero (November 2019).
1653:, Oxford University Press, pp. 334–C23P112,
1542:de Rosa, Luigi. "Economic Nationalism in Italy".
2029:Bergh, Andreas; Kärnä, Anders (1 October 2021).
1566:Schulz, Max-Stephen; Wolf, Nikolaus (May 2012).
1269:The Political Economy of International Relations
1140:, a result of lengthy campaigns by UKIP and the
1128:), and, arguably, the United Kingdom, where the
858:" has been attributed to French parliamentarian
1421:"French economic nationalism: Colbert was here"
815:and some question the benefits of unrestricted
1689:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 44–75,
1272:. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–34.
2369:
921:, increased role of the government, and even
765:
8:
1856:
1854:
1144:faction of the Conservatives for a national
2016:Economic Nationalism in a Globalizing World
1929:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 348.
1890:"Genesis of Economic Nationalism in Russia"
1031:(PR China), and the subsequent takeover by
2376:
2362:
2354:
772:
758:
31:
2103:
2054:
1990:
1310:
1973:Colantone, Italo; Stanig, Piero (2019).
1730:"Fighting economic nationalism in deals"
838:Economic nationalism tends to emphasize
1867:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 62.
1295:"The Diversity of Economic Nationalism"
1253:
43:
2031:"Globalization and populism in Europe"
2211:Harry Binswanger (5 September 2003).
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1659:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198873457.013.22
1621:
1619:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1509:Safire, William (19 September 1985).
7:
1626:Abbas, Ali. "Economic Nationalism".
1261:
1259:
1257:
1023:opposition to the takeover bid for
1628:Journal of Competitiveness Studies
998:(Germany), and the counter-bid by
962:(Spain, France and Luxembourg) by
25:
2803:List of nationalist organizations
2236:"The Big Three's Shameful Secret"
2234:Daniel J. Ikenson (6 July 2003).
1100:parties, which generally espouse
1045:based in the United Arab Emirates
521:List of nationalist organizations
2341:
2092:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1979:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1587:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00587.x
1013:(Italy), and the counter-bid by
791:is an ideology that prioritizes
739:
2213:"'Buy American' is UN-American"
2167:Fletcher Forum of World Affairs
1340:Review of International Studies
969:French governmental listing of
854:While the coining of the term "
2874:Historiography and nationalism
2260:Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929).
1755:"Europe's nascent merger boom"
1373:Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929).
612:Historiography and nationalism
62:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
1:
2574:Palingenetic ultranationalism
2331:. Cambridge University Press.
2161:Alogoskoufis, George (2017).
1861:Imad Moosa (1 January 2012).
1544:Faculty of Maritime Economics
1483:Bump, Philip (17 July 2014).
1312:10.1080/13563467.2020.1841137
1064:The modern phenomenon of the
811:Economic nationalists oppose
704:Seasonal or cultural festival
2266:. H. Holt. pp. 114–119.
1711:The American Economic Review
1681:Suesse, Marvin, ed. (2023),
1455:MPIfG Discussion Paper 10/14
1396:. Cornell University Press.
1168:, an American professor and
872:Strategic Defense Initiative
2018:. Cornell University Press.
1888:Liuhto, Kari (March 2008).
1833:"From Karl Marx's copybook"
1781:"Don't take the high roads"
1575:The Economic History Review
1379:. H. Holt. pp. 95–120.
1212:Anti-globalization movement
1154:during the period 2016-2020
1021:United States Congressional
928:In both Germany and Italy,
547:Anti-globalization movement
3008:
2934:Principle of nationalities
2047:10.1007/s11127-020-00857-8
1608:Simon, William E. (1974).
1150:opinion polls since Brexit
677:Principle of nationalities
2824:Anarchism and nationalism
2753:List of fascist movements
2534:Constitutional patriotism
2295:10.1080/13563460600655581
1352:10.1017/S0260210597003598
1334:Levi-Faur, David (1997).
870:proposal of the national
254:Constitutional patriotism
2313:International Relations.
2014:Helleiner, Eric (2004).
1390:Helleiner, Eric (2021).
1293:Helleiner, Eric (2021).
2325:Suesse, Marvin (2023).
2322:. Nationalities Papers.
2320:Nationalism and Economy
2263:International Relations
1945:10.3366/j.ctt1bh2kk5.19
1511:"The Year of Dee-fense"
1376:International Relations
1266:Gilpin, Robert (1987).
2869:Gender and nationalism
866:in 1985, in defending
602:Gender and nationalism
2977:Development economics
2899:National indifference
2283:New Political Economy
2215:. Capitalism Magazine
1647:"Regulating Commerce"
1299:New Political Economy
1106:socially conservative
1005:Proposed takeover of
990:Proposed takeover of
958:Proposed takeover of
789:nationalist economics
652:National indifference
2972:Economic nationalism
2844:Cultural nationalism
2736:National syndicalist
2350:at Wikimedia Commons
2348:Economic nationalism
2186:The Economic Journal
2105:10.1257/jep.33.4.128
1992:10.1257/jep.33.4.128
1195:Raymond Leslie Buell
1182:American libertarian
1172:author. Writing for
1039:Political opposition
980:Blocked takeover of
964:Mittal Steel Company
785:Economic nationalism
577:Cultural nationalism
446:National syndicalist
2987:International trade
2982:Economic ideologies
2919:Nationalism studies
2318:Fetzer, T. (2020).
1897:University of Turku
1807:"To the barricades"
1489:The Washington Post
1457:: 6. Archived from
1232:Economic patriotism
1207:Alter-globalization
1174:Capitalism Magazine
1098:right-wing populist
1058:'national champion'
856:economic patriotism
802:economic liberalism
746:Politics portal
699:Right-wing populism
657:Nationalism studies
2192:(623): 2722–2744.
1761:. 1 September 2005
1516:The New York Times
1130:Conservative Party
1110:left-wing populist
900:era. According to
868:President Reagan's
806:economic socialism
793:state intervention
617:Imagined community
451:National Bolshevik
170:Self-determination
2959:
2958:
2904:National question
2864:Gastronationalism
2849:Diaspora politics
2839:Banal nationalism
2808:Nationalist Clubs
2346:Media related to
2308:
2198:10.1093/ej/uez020
1936:978-1-4744-1042-7
1874:978-1-78100-155-4
1696:978-1-108-83138-3
1668:978-0-19-887345-7
1403:978-1-5017-6014-3
1279:978-0-691-02262-8
1227:Domestic sourcing
1112:parties, such as
1086:China trade shock
1043:Dubai Ports World
844:spillover effects
840:industrialization
823:and advocate for
782:
781:
597:Gastronationalism
582:Diaspora politics
557:Banal nationalism
18:Economic populism
16:(Redirected from
2999:
2942:
2929:Plurinationalism
2909:National revival
2879:Internationalism
2834:Anti-nationalism
2817:Related concepts
2378:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2345:
2306:
2305:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2142:. 7 January 2020
2132:
2126:
2125:
2107:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2058:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1970:
1949:
1948:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1899:. Archived from
1894:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1572:
1563:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1464:on 4 August 2020
1463:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1263:
1222:Developmentalism
1166:Harry Binswanger
902:William E. Simon
825:self-sufficiency
774:
767:
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667:Plurinationalism
627:Internationalism
567:Communitarianism
552:Anti-imperialism
542:Anti-nationalism
531:Related concepts
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2569:Expansionist
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2243:. Retrieved
2229:
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2056:10419/210945
2041:(1): 51–70.
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2015:
2009:
1982:
1978:
1926:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1896:
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1514:
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1459:the original
1454:
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1424:
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1124:), Hungary (
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1051:
1009:(France) by
948:
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898:World War II
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829:mercantilism
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709:Subsidiarity
537:Anationalism
296:Expansionist
273:
160:Independence
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2937: [
2884:Irredentism
2772:Territorial
2392:Development
2385:Nationalism
1242:War economy
1184:think tank
1170:Objectivist
1142:Eurosceptic
1102:nationalist
1000:Gas Natural
994:(Spain) by
923:colonialism
890:grain trade
886:World War I
798:nationalist
680: [
632:Irredentism
622:Imperialism
495:Territorial
461:Legionarism
149:Core values
45:Nationalism
2966:Categories
2946:Revanchism
2603:Linguistic
2549:Ecological
1717:: 249–266.
1546:: 537–574.
1248:References
1178:preference
1146:referendum
982:Autostrade
939:Adam Smith
912:Philosophy
817:free trade
726:Xenophobia
694:Revanchism
647:Militarism
306:Indigenism
301:Homosexual
269:Ecological
175:Solidarity
165:Patriotism
155:Allegiance
2777:Terrorism
2741:Falangism
2680:Christian
2675:Religious
2596:Communist
2591:Left-wing
2539:Corporate
2529:Communist
2490:Bourgeois
2480:Anarchist
2303:155046186
2122:211447432
2114:0895-3309
2073:213654236
2065:1573-7101
2001:211447432
1595:154778592
1360:1469-9044
1321:1356-3467
1160:Criticism
1027:(USA) by
906:inflation
607:Globalism
592:Francoism
395:Christian
390:Religious
316:Left-wing
259:Corporate
249:Communist
210:Bourgeois
200:Anarchist
2992:Populism
2889:Jingoism
2762:Romantic
2721:Resource
2712:Hindutva
2690:Clerico-
2685:Catholic
2628:Populist
2586:Integral
2564:European
2554:Economic
2512:American
2495:Business
2459:Treasure
2434:Language
2429:Identity
2315:H. Holt.
2245:17 April
2219:17 April
1201:See also
1017:(France)
833:zero-sum
721:Trumpism
662:Nativism
642:Localism
637:Jingoism
485:Romantic
436:Resource
417:Hindutva
405:Clerical
400:Catholic
361:Japanese
320:populism
311:Integral
291:European
274:Economic
232:American
215:Business
137:Treasure
112:Language
107:Identity
37:a series
35:Part of
2748:Fascism
2702:Islamic
2668:Zionism
2500:Welfare
2475:African
2468:By type
2404:Colours
2146:10 June
1217:Autarky
1114:Podemos
1033:Chevron
1002:(Spain)
986:Abertis
975:PepsiCo
966:(India)
960:Arcelor
935:tariffs
850:History
456:Fascism
383:Zionism
326:Musical
220:Welfare
195:African
77:Colours
56:forming
2787:Ultra-
2782:Trans-
2695:Mormon
2658:Korean
2648:Berber
2638:Racial
2608:Mystic
2559:Ethnic
2544:Cyber-
2517:French
2454:Symbol
2414:Flower
2399:Anthem
2301:
2238:. The
2120:
2112:
2071:
2063:
1999:
1943:
1933:
1910:23 May
1871:
1843:22 May
1817:22 May
1791:22 May
1765:22 May
1739:22 May
1693:
1665:
1593:
1522:24 May
1494:24 May
1468:24 May
1431:22 May
1400:
1358:
1319:
1276:
1138:Brexit
1134:UKIP's
1126:Fidesz
1118:Syriza
1025:Unocal
992:Endesa
971:Danone
951:policy
689:Racism
505:Ultra-
500:Trans-
471:Rexism
466:Nazism
424:Muslim
373:Korean
346:Racial
331:Mystic
279:Ethnic
264:Cyber-
237:French
132:Symbol
87:Father
82:Emblem
72:Church
67:Anthem
54:Nation
2941:]
2707:Hindu
2663:White
2653:Black
2633:Queer
2581:Homo-
2522:Irish
2507:Civic
2485:Blind
2449:Sport
2439:Music
2299:S2CID
2173:: 27.
2118:S2CID
2069:S2CID
1997:S2CID
1941:JSTOR
1904:(PDF)
1893:(PDF)
1591:S2CID
1571:(PDF)
1462:(PDF)
1451:(PDF)
1035:(USA)
1029:CNOOC
977:(USA)
949:As a
684:]
672:Post-
412:Hindu
378:White
366:ShĹŤwa
356:Black
242:Irish
227:Civic
205:Blind
188:Types
127:State
122:Sport
2643:Arab
2623:Neo-
2618:Pan-
2444:Myth
2419:Epic
2409:Flag
2247:2012
2221:2012
2148:2022
2110:ISSN
2061:ISSN
1931:ISBN
1912:2018
1869:ISBN
1845:2018
1819:2018
1793:2018
1767:2018
1741:2018
1691:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1524:2018
1496:2018
1470:2018
1433:2018
1398:ISBN
1356:ISSN
1317:ISSN
1274:ISBN
1188:, a
1104:and
1078:euro
1011:Enel
1007:Suez
996:E.ON
804:and
429:Sikh
351:Arab
341:Pan-
336:Neo-
117:Myth
97:Epic
92:Flag
2613:New
2424:God
2291:doi
2194:doi
2190:129
2100:doi
2051:hdl
2043:doi
2039:189
1987:doi
1655:doi
1583:doi
1348:doi
1307:doi
787:or
102:God
2968::
2939:fr
2297:,
2287:11
2285:,
2188:.
2171:41
2169:.
2165:.
2138:.
2116:.
2108:.
2096:33
2094:.
2090:.
2067:.
2059:.
2049:.
2037:.
2033:.
1995:.
1983:33
1981:.
1977:.
1953:^
1939:.
1895:.
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1835:.
1809:.
1783:.
1757:.
1732:.
1715:16
1713:.
1685:,
1661:,
1649:,
1632:25
1630:.
1618:^
1589:.
1579:65
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1573:.
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1532:^
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