Ecological footprint - Knowledge (XXG)

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ecological deficit because their per capita ecological footprints are higher than the hectares of bioproductive land available on average globally (this was estimated at <1.7 hectares per person in 2019). Examples include France, Germany and Saudi Arabia. In other cases, per capita resource use may be lower than the global available average, but countries are running an ecological deficit because their populations are high enough that they still use more bioproductive land than they have within their national borders. Examples include China, India and the Philippines. Finally, many countries run an ecological deficit because of both high per capita resource use and large populations; such countries tend to be way over their national available biocapacities. Examples include Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

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nation is found by multiplying its per capita ecological footprint by its total population. Total ecological footprint ranges from 5,540,000,000 global hectares used (China) to 145,000 (Cook Islands) global hectares used. In 2022, the top ten countries in total ecological footprint were: China (5.54 billion global hectares), United States (2.66 billion), India (1.64 billion), Russian Federation (774 million), Japan (586 million), Brazil (542 million), Indonesia (460 million), Germany (388 million), Republic of Korea (323 million) and Mexico (301 million). These were the ten nations putting the greatest strain on global

380: 323:, humanity's total ecological footprint has exhibited an increasing trend since 1961, growing an average of 2.1% per year (SD= 1.9). Humanity's ecological footprint was 7.0 billion gha in 1961 and increased to 20.6 billion gha in 2014, a function of higher per capita resource use and population increase. The world-average ecological footprint in 2014 was 2.8 global hectares per person. The carbon footprint is the fastest growing part of the ecological footprint and accounts currently for about 60% of humanity's total ecological footprint. 552:(2006) has argued that the ecological footprint concept may have an anti-urban bias, as it does not consider the opportunities created by urban growth. He argues that calculating the ecological footprint for densely populated areas, such as a city or small country with a comparatively large population—e.g. New York and Singapore respectively—may lead to the perception of these populations as "parasitic". But in reality, ecological footprints just document the resource dependence of cities on rural 480:, had a total footprint of 2.56 gha per capita, including both the many guests and visitors who travel to the community. However, the residents alone had a footprint of 2.71 gha, a little over half the UK national average and one of the lowest ecological footprints of any community measured so far in the industrialized world. Keveral Farm, an organic farming community in Cornwall, was found to have a footprint of 2.4 gha, though with substantial differences in footprints among community members. 255:(2018) find that the trends for countries and the world have stayed consistent despite data updates. In addition, a recent study by the Swiss Ministry of Environment independently recalculated the Swiss trends and reproduced them within 1–4% for the time period that they studied (1996–2015). Since 2006, a first set of ecological footprint standards exist that detail both communication and calculation procedures. The latest version are the updated standards from 2009. 167: 7579: 607: 5595: 6818: 5989: 5127: 5979: 334:

decreased river health; and decreased land left wild or fallow which decreased wildlife populations on agricultural lands. This reminds us that ecological footprint calculations are anthropocentric, assuming that all Earth's biocapacity is legitimately available to human beings. If we assume that some biocapacity should be left for other species, the level of ecological overshoot increases.

5139: 248:. The total footprint number of Earths needed to sustain the world's population at that level of consumption are also calculated. Every year the calculations are updated to the latest year with complete UN statistics. The time series are also recalculated with every update, since UN statistics sometimes correct historical data sets. Results are available on an open data platform. 621: 341:", where humanity is using more resources and generating waste at a pace that the ecosystem cannot renew, since the 1970s. According to the Global Footprint Network's calculations, currently people use Earth's resources at approximately 171% of capacity. This implies that humanity is well over Earth's human carrying capacity at current levels of affluence. According to the GFN: 4106: 6807: 564:. But this is similar to blaming a scale for the user's dietary choices. Even if true, such criticisms do not negate the value of measuring different cities', regions', or nations' ecological footprints and comparing them. Such assessments can provide helpful insights into the success or failure of different environmental policies. 308:. Wackernagel and Rees originally estimated that the available biological capacity for the 6 billion people on Earth at that time was about 1.3 hectares per person, which is smaller than the 1.6 global hectares published for 2024, because the initial studies neither used global hectares nor included bioproductive marine areas. 187:

for ores and minerals, where the limiting factor is how much damage to the biosphere we are willing to accept to extract and concentrate those materials, rather than by how much of them is still left underground. Therefore, the focus of ecological footprint accounting is human competition for regenerative resources.

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Environmental identity will lead to some relatively low-impact (high-signaling) pro-environmental behaviors, but it rarely drives serious reductions in the biggest sources of lifestyle emissions. Environmental self-identification rises with income, but so do emissions. (A 2012 study and a 2013 study,

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Wackernagel, Mathis, 1991. "Land Use: Measuring a Community's Appropriated Carrying Capacity as an Indicator for Sustainability"; and "Using Appropriated Carrying Capacity as an Indicator, Measuring the Sustainability of a Community." Report I & II to the UBC Task Force on Healthy and Sustainable

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In a 2012 study of consumers acting 'green' vs. 'brown' (where green people are "expected to have significantly lower ecological impact than 'brown' consumers"), "the research found no significant difference between the carbon footprints of green and brown consumers". A 2013 study concluded the same.

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According to William Rees, writing in 2011, "the average world citizen has an eco-footprint of about 2.7 global average hectares while there are only 2.1 global hectare of bioproductive land and water per capita on earth. This means that humanity has already overshot global biocapacity by 30% and now

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In 2022, countries with the top ten per capita ecological footprints were: Qatar (14.3 global hectares), Luxembourg (13.0), Cook Islands (8.3), Bahrain (8.2), United States (8.1), United Arab Emirates (8.1), Canada (8.1), Estonia (8.0), Kuwait (7.9) and Belize (7.9). Total ecological footprint for a

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fell on August 2nd. Earth Overshoot Day marks the date when humanity has exhausted nature's budget for the year. For the rest of the year, we are maintaining our ecological deficit by drawing down local resource stocks and accumulating carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We are operating in overshoot.

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in 1992. Originally, Wackernagel and Rees called the concept "appropriated carrying capacity". To make the idea more accessible, Rees came up with the term "ecological footprint", inspired by a computer technician who praised his new computer's "small footprint on the desk". In 1996, Wackernagel and

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The human enterprise is in potentially disastrous 'overshoot', exploiting the ecosphere beyond ecosystems' regenerative capacity and filling natural waste sinks to overflowing. Economic behavior that was once 'rational' has become maladaptive. This situation is the inevitable outcome of humanity's

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Ecological footprint accounting is built on the recognition that regenerative resources are the physically most limiting resources of all. Even fossil fuel use is far more limited by the amount of sequestration the biosphere can provide rather than by the amounts left underground. The same is true

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The simplest way to define an ecological footprint is the amount of environmental resources necessary to produce the goods and services that support an individual's lifestyle, a nation's prosperity, or the economic activity of humanity as a whole. The model is a means of comparing lifestyles, per

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However, this increased biocapacity for people came at the expense of other species. Agricultural intensification involved increased fertilizer use which led to eutrophication of streams and ponds; increased pesticide use which decimated pollinator populations; increased water withdrawals which

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Marques, Alexandra; Martins, Inês S.; Kastner, Thomas; Plutzar, Christoph; Theurl, Michaela C.; Eisenmenger, Nina; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Wood, Richard; Stadler, Konstantin; Bruckner, Martin; Canelas, Joana; Hilbers, Jelle P.; Tukker, Arnold; Erb, Karlheinz; Pereira, Henrique M. (2019-03-04).

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A number of national government agencies have performed collaborative or independent research to test the reliability of the ecological footprint accounting method and its results. They have largely confirmed the accounts' results; those who reproduced the assessment generating near-identical

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An additional strand of critique is from Giampietro and Saltelli (2014), with a reply from Goldfinger et al., 2014, and a rejoinder by Giampietro and Saltelli (2014). A joint paper authored by the critical researchers (Giampietro and Saltelli) and proponents (various Global Footprint Network

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has a marked influence on total consumption and production, with larger populations becoming less sustainable. Most countries around the world continue to become more populous, although a few seem to have stabilized or are even beginning to shrink. The information generated by reports at the

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Currently, more than 85% of humanity lives in countries that run an ecological deficit. This means their citizens use more resources and generate more waste and pollution than can be sustained by the biocapacity found within their national boundaries. In some cases, countries are running an

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Footprint and biocapacity can be compared at the individual, regional, national or global scale. Both footprint and demands on biocapacity change every year with number of people, per person consumption, efficiency of production, and productivity of ecosystems. At a global scale, footprint

460:. Despite being populated by relatively average people, BedZED was found to have a footprint of 3.20 gha per capita (not including visitors), due to on-site renewable energy production, energy-efficient architecture, and an extensive green lifestyles program that included London's first 125:. The tool can inform policy by examining to what extent a nation uses more (or less) than is available within its territory, or to what extent the nation's lifestyle and population density would be replicable worldwide. The footprint can be a useful tool to educate people about 1989:

Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine (2021).

425:). The graph shows what is necessary for countries to maintain an acceptable standard of living for their citizens while, at the same time, maintaining sustainable resource use. The general trend is for higher standards of living to become less sustainable. As always, 397:

The world-average ecological footprint in 2013 was 2.8 global hectares per person. The average per country ranges from 14.3 (Qatar) to 0.5 (Yemen) global hectares per person. There is also a high variation within countries, based on individual lifestyles and wealth.

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no significant difference is found between the impacts of environmentally aware and environmentally unaware consumers, i.e. both 'Brown' and 'Supergreen' consumers consume approximately the same amount of energy and produce approximately the same amount of carbon

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Yasin, Iftikhar; Ahmad, Nawaz; Chaudhary, M. Aslam (2019-07-22). "Catechizing the Environmental-Impression of Urbanization, Financial Development, and Political Institutions: A Circumstance of Ecological Footprints in 110 Developed and Less-Developed Countries".

194:. Ecological footprints therefore track how much biocapacity is needed to provide for all the inputs that human activities demand. It can be calculated at any scale: for an activity, a person, a community, a city, a region, a nation, or humanity as a whole. 144:(TEF) is the ecological footprint of visitors to a particular destination, and depends on the tourists' behavior. Comparisons of TEFs can indicate the benefits of alternative destinations, modes of travel, food choices, types of lodging, and activities. 1871:

Lin, D; Hanscom, L; Murthy, A; Galli, A; Evans, M; Neill, E; Mancini, MS; Martindill, J; Medouar, F-Z; Huang, S; Wackernagel, M. (2018). "Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018".

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Borucke, M; Moore, D; Cranston, G; Gracey, K; Lazarus, E; Morales, J.C.; Wackernagel, M. (2013). "Accounting for demand and supply of the biosphere's regenerative capacity: The National Footprint Accounts' underlying methodology and framework".

244:'s inception in 2003, it has calculated the ecological footprint from UN data sources for the world as a whole and for over 200 nations (known as the National Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts). This task has now been taken over by FoDaFo and 522:

was published in June 2008. The European Commission's review found the concept unique and useful for assessing progress on the EU's Resource Strategy. They also recommended further improvements in data quality, methodologies and assumptions.

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Footprints can be split into consumption categories: food, housing, and goods and services. Or it can be organized by are types occupied: cropland, pasture, forests for forest products, forests for carbon sequestration, marine areas, etc.

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For 2023 Global Footprint Network estimated humanity's ecological footprint as 1.71 planet Earths. According to their calculations this means that humanity's demands were 1.71 times more than what the planet's ecosystems renewed.

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can lead to attributing a higher biocapacity to such regions. For example, replacing ancient woodlands or tropical forests with monoculture forests or plantations may therefore decrease the ecological footprint. Similarly if

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Raudsepp-Hearne C, Peterson GD, Tengö M, Bennett EM, Holland T, Benessaiah K, MacDonald GM, Pfeifer L (2010). "Untangling the Environmentalist's Paradox: Why is Human Well-Being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade?".

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If this rate of resource use is not reduced, persistent overshoot would suggest the occurrence of continued ecological deterioration and a potentially permanent decrease in Earth's human carrying capacity.

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D'Odorico, Paolo; Davis, Kyle Frankel; Rosa, Lorenzo; Carr, Joel A.; Chiarelli, Davide; Dell'Angelo, Jampel; Gephart, Jessica; MacDonald, Graham K.; Seekell, David A.; Suweis, Samir; Rulli, Maria Cristina (2018-07-24).

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Ecological footprint for many years has been used by environmentalists as a way to quantify ecological degradation as it relates to an individual. Recently, there has been debate about the reliability of this method.

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government State of the Environment Report included an Ecological Footprint measure for the average Western Australian seven times the average footprint per person on the planet in 2007, a total of about 15 hectares.

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The research found no significant difference between the carbon footprints of green and brown consumers suggesting that individual environmental behaviour does not always modify consumption patterns significantly.

556:. Critics argue that this is a dubious characterization, since farmers in developed nations may easily consume more resources than urban inhabitants, due to transportation requirements and the unavailability of 6341: 6050: 3505:

Alessandro Galli, Mario Giampietro, Steve Goldfinger, Elias Lazarus, David Lin, Andrea Saltelli, Matthis Wackernagel, Felix Müller, 2016, Questioning the ecological footprint, Ecological Indicators, 69,

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Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 2019. Summary for Policymakers. Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany.

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Since then, due to population growth and further refinements in the calculations, available biocapacity per person has decreased to <1.7 hectares per person globally. More recently, Rees has written:

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Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; Mancini, Maria Serena; Martindill, Jon; Medouar, Fatime-Zahra; Huang, Shiyu; Wackernagel, Mathis (2018).

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Wackernagel, Mathis; Lin, David; Evans, Mikel; Hanscom, Laurel; Raven, Peter. 2019. "Defying the Footprint Oracle: Implications of Country Resource Trends." Sustainability 2019, 11(7), 2164;

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combines the footprint calculations with the Living Planet Index of biodiversity. A modified ecological footprint that takes biodiversity into account has been created for use in Australia.

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Rees now believes that economic and demographic degrowth are necessary to create societies with small enough ecological footprints to remain sustainable and avoid civilizational collapse.

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system. The accounts contrast the biologically productive area people use to satisfy their consumption to the biologically productive area available within a region, nation, or the world (

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A 2012 study compared footprints of "green" consumers who try to make eco-friendly choices to the footprints of regular consumers. And they found no meaningful difference between the two.

158:(or CO2e representing GHG warming potential (GGWP)), but it can also be expressed in land areas like ecological footprints. Both can be applied to products, people, or whole societies. 258:

The ecological footprint accounting method at the national level is described on the website of the Global Footprint Network or in greater detail in academic papers, including Borucke

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Analysis of the potential of the Ecological Footprint and related assessment tools for use in the EU's Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources is available at:

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researchers) summarized the terms of the controversy in a paper published by the journal Ecological Indicators. Additional comments were offered by van den Bergh and Grazi (2015).

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71% faster than Earth can renew it, which they describe as meaning humanity's ecological footprint corresponds to 1.71 planet Earths. This overuse is called ecological overshoot.

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Rees, W. E. and M. Wackernagel (1994) Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: Measuring the natural capital requirements of the human economy, in Jansson, A.

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and overpopulation, with the aim of altering personal behavior or public policies. Ecological footprints may be used to argue that current lifestyles and human numbers are not

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Goldfinger; Wackernagel, S. M.; Galli, A.; Lazarus, E.; Lin, D. (2014). "Footprint facts and fallacies: A response to Giampietro and Saltelli (2014) "Footprints to Nowhere"".

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The Earth's biocapacity has not increased at the same rate as the ecological footprint. The increase of biocapacity averaged at only 0.5% per year (SD = 0.7). Because of

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Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Galetti, Mauro; Alamgir, Mohammed; Crist, Eileen; Mahmoud, Mahmoud I.; Laurance, William F. (2017-11-13).

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Une expertise de l'empreinte écologique, Edité par COMMISSARIAT GENERAL AU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE - SERVICE DE L'OBSERVATION ET DES STATISTIQUES. Orléans - 2010

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BAFU (Federal Office for the Environment). 2018. Umwelt-Fussabdrücke der Schweiz (Environmental Footprints of Switzerland). Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU, Bern.

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assessments show how big humanity's demand is compared to what Earth can renew. Global Footprint Network estimates that, as of 2022, humanity has been using

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Van; den Bergh, J.; Grazi, Fabio (2015). "Reply to the first systematic response by the Global Footprint Network to criticism: A real debate finally?".

2505:"An integrated approach of Ecological Footprint (EF) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in human ecology: A base for planning toward sustainability" 1379:"An integrated approach of Ecological Footprint (EF) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in human ecology: A base for planning toward sustainability" 304:

documents a 69% decline in the world's vertebrate populations between 1970 and the present, and links this decline to humanity greatly exceeding global

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were lower than those of conventional methods, this could result in the former being "penalized" with a larger ecological footprint. Complementary

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assessments. It enables people to measure and manage the use of resources throughout the economy and explore the sustainability of individual

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https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/de/home/themen/wirtschaft-konsum/publikationen-studien/publikationen/umwelt-fussabdruecke-der-schweiz.html

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The amount of the planet's regeneration, including how many resources are renewed and how much waste it the planet can absorb, is dubbed

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The figure (right) examines sustainability at the scale of individual countries by contrasting their Ecological Footprint with their UN

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Global Footprint Network has summarized methodological limitations and criticism in a comprehensive report available on its website.

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results. Such reviews include those of Switzerland, Germany, France, Ireland, the United Arab Emirates and the European Commission.

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Fatemi, Mahsa; Rezaei-Moghaddam, Kurosh; Karami, Ezatollah; Hayati, Dariush; Wackernagel, Mathis (2021-04-16). Vasa, László (ed.).

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DG Environment – June 2008: "Potential of the Ecological Footprint for monitoring environmental impact from natural resource use"

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is a component of the total ecological footprint. Often, when only the carbon footprint is reported, it is expressed in weight of

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Fiala, N. (2008). "Measuring sustainability: Why the ecological footprint is bad economics and bad environmental science".

7624: 7379: 6497: 6435: 6002: 5907: 5387: 5164: 5143: 5111: 4988: 4915: 38:, i.e. the quantity of nature it takes to support people and their economies. It tracks human demand on nature through an 7569: 3164:

van den Bergh, Jeroen C.J.M; Grazi, Fabio (2014). "Ecological Footprint Policy? Land Use as an Environmental Indicator".

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When this approach is applied to an activity such as the manufacturing of a product or driving a car, it uses data from

530:. published a critical paper in 2013. It led to a reply from Rees and Wackernagel (2013), and a rejoinder by Blomqvist 7609: 6952: 6862: 6464: 6348: 6105: 5912: 5544: 5271: 5184: 5008: 4940: 4316: 512: 3943:

Wackernagel, M; Schulz, NB; Deumling, D; Linares, AC; Jenkins, M; Kapos, V; Monfreda, C; Loh, J; et al. (2002).

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Lenzen, Manfred; Murray Shauna A. (2001). "A modified ecological footprint method and its application to Australia".

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national, regional and city scales confirm the global trend towards societies becoming less sustainable over time.

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in Vancouver, Canada, from 1990 to 1994. The first academic publication about ecological footprints was written by

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Since this metric tracks biocapacity, the replacement of original ecosystems with high-productivity agricultural

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Ecological Footprint per person and HDI of countries by world regions (2014) and its natural resource consumption

1104:; Wackernagel, Mathis (August 2023). "Ecological Footprint Accounting: Thirty Years and Still Gathering Steam". 1068:(PhD thesis). Vancouver, Canada: School of Community and Regional Planning. The University of British Columbia. 367:

natural expansionist tendencies reinforced by ecologically vacuous growth-oriented 'neoliberal' economic theory.

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Fatemi, Mahsa; Rezaei-Moghaddam, Kurosh; Karami, Ezatollah; Hayati, Dariush; Wackernagel, Mathis (2021-04-16).

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and Verbruggen in 1999, which was updated in 2014. Their colleague Fiala published similar criticism in 2008.

3471:(2014) "Footprint Facts and Fallacies: A Response to Giampietro and Saltelli (2014) Footprints to nowhere"". 1492:

Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Barnard P, Moomaw WR. 2020. World scientists' warning of a climate emergency.

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which has developed standards to make results comparable. FoDaFo, supported by Global Footprint Network and

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per capita (gha) with variations between regions ranging from 4.80 gha (Wales) to 5.56 gha (East England).

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https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/catalogues-databases/publications.assetdetail.343230.html

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The National Accounts Review Committee has published a research agenda on how to improve the accounts.

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Wackernagel, Mathis; Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Galli, Alessandro; Iha, Katsunori (2019-01-01),

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Wackernagel, Mathis; Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Galli, Alessandro; Iha, Katsunori (2019-01-01),

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Ecological Footprint and Appropriated Carrying Capacity: A Tool for Planning Toward Sustainability

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The ecological footprint concept and calculation method was developed as the PhD dissertation of

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Giampietro, M.; Saltelli, A.; et al. (2014b). "Footworking in circles: Reply to Goldfinger

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Blomqvist, L.; Brook, B.W.; Ellis, E.C.; Kareiva, P.M.; Nordhaus, T.; Shellenberger, M. (2013).

3793:"The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity" 7524: 7393: 7386: 7341: 7205: 7149: 6666: 6541: 6487: 6286: 6271: 5937: 5932: 5864: 5682: 5637: 5624: 5579: 5221: 5099: 5082: 5053: 4848: 4732: 4538: 4291: 4228: 4115: 4010: 3984: 3933: 3822: 3744: 3397: 3346: 3295: 3189: 2802: 2631: 2593: 2552: 2534: 2485: 2439: 2404: 2386: 2338: 2320: 2273: 2196: 2188: 2063: 2032:"National Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts - Open Data Platform - data.footprintnetwork.org" 2013: 1944: 1934: 1588: 1537: 1475: 1426: 1408: 1351: 1301: 1283: 1212: 1069: 1005: 995: 850: 733: 712: 650: 645: 426: 410: 403: 222: 456:, was designed by Bill Dunster Architects and sustainability consultants BioRegional for the 280:

In 2022, the average biologically productive area per person worldwide was approximately 1.6

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Giampietro, M. Saltelli A. (2014a): Footprint to nowhere, Ecological Indicators 46: 610–621.

3387: 3377: 3336: 3326: 3285: 3275: 3232: 3181: 3129: 3083: 2623: 2583: 2542: 2524: 2477: 2431: 2394: 2378: 2328: 2312: 2263: 2253: 2180: 2131: 2003: 1731: 1626: 1527: 1465: 1457: 1416: 1398: 1343: 1291: 1275: 1163: 1121: 842: 812: 723: 640: 606: 230: 171: 148: 3364:

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3107:"Spatial sustainability, trade and indicators: an evaluation of the 'ecological footprint'" 1144:"Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out" 7494: 7184: 7088: 7078: 6754: 6671: 6651: 6631: 6531: 6380: 5801: 5788: 5766: 5751: 5662: 5574: 5448: 5392: 4858: 4768: 4753: 4619: 4584: 4393: 4025: 3701:

https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/limitations-and-criticisms/

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Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2020-06-19).

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Loh, J.; R. Green; T. Ricketts; J. Lamoreux; M. Jenkins; V. Kapos; J. Randers (2005).

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Global Footprint Network; FoDaFo; Ecological Footprint Initiative at York University.

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http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-AU-06-001/EN/KS-AU-06-001-EN.PDF

3629:"SAFER-Data: Economy wide material flow analysis and ecological footprint of Ireland" 3250: 3201: 2924: 2301:"Agricultural intensification and the collapse of Europe's farmland bird populations" 2285: 1363: 862: 799:

Wackernagel, Mathis; Lin, David; Evans, Mikel; Hanscom, Laurel; Raven, Peter (2019).

457: 337:

According to Wackernagel and the organisation he has founded, the Earth has been in "

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Ehrlich, P.R.; Holden, J.P. (1974). "Human Population and the global environment".

2161:"The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection" 2145: 2136: 2111: 1803: 1549: 1532: 1507: 1347: 580: 330:, biocapacity was at 9.6 billion gha in 1961 and grew to 12.2 billion gha in 2016. 6028: 4007:

Sharing Nature's Interest: Ecological Footprints as an Indicator of Sustainability

3900: 3537: 3492: 3445: 3146: 3066:

Tabi, Andrea (2013). "Does pro-environmental behaviour affect carbon emissions?".

1735: 1569:

Avoiding collapse: An agenda for sustainable degrowth and relocalizing the economy

1125: 994:. Katharina Rout (translation support). Gabriola Island, BC, Canada. p. 288. 3930:

Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability

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Switzerland's ecological footprint: A contribution to the sustainability debate

3087: 1255: 635: 568: 305: 289: 191: 130: 122: 43: 5474: 3779:

On the bioproductivity and land-disturbance metrics of the Ecological Footprint

3766: 3366:"The ecological footprint remains a misleading metric of global sustainability" 2358: 1279: 1168: 1143: 846: 7499: 7484: 7434: 7326: 7053: 7048: 6927: 6912: 6636: 5756: 5629: 5296: 4803: 4788: 4614: 4594: 3589:"Scientific assessment and evaluation of the indicator 'Ecological Footprint'" 2841:

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division

2382: 2008: 1991: 1948: 1009: 602: 576: 553: 461: 3748: 3739: 3714: 3193: 2597: 2588: 2571: 2538: 2489: 2390: 2324: 2277: 2192: 2160: 2017: 1541: 1479: 1412: 1355: 1287: 854: 7424: 7108: 7073: 6957: 6932: 6902: 6759: 6405: 5276: 5072: 5018: 4472: 4046: 2969:"Conscious consumerism is a lie. Here's a better way to help save the world" 2300: 2184: 1461: 1073: 492:

Ecological Footprint per person and HDI of countries by world regions (2014)

72:

Ecological footprint analysis is widely used around the world in support of

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Global Footprint Network's website links to those studies on their website

3401: 3350: 3299: 3005:

European Round Table on Sustainable Consumption and Production (ERSCP) 2012

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are now providing the national assessments of Footprints and biocapacity.

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Moray. Sustainable Development Research Centre, UHI Millennium Institute.

2758:

Report identifies population and consumption as an environmental priority

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capita consumption, and population numbers, and checking these against

3617:

https://side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/202277

1907:

A Research Agenda for Improving National Ecological Footprint Accounts

7407: 7159: 6972: 6892: 6410: 5357: 5176: 4502: 4018: 3762: 2112:"What's blocking sustainability? Human nature, cognition, and denial" 1977:

The millennium ecosystem assessment: Ecosystems and human well-being.

1653:"Guidance on how to measure and report your greenhouse gas emissions" 1630: 1508:"What's blocking sustainability? Human nature, cognition, and denial" 453: 445: 206: 4135: 2031: 1830: 1686: 960: 877: 7336: 7043: 7027: 5231: 1777: 1616: 931: 487: 473: 378: 297: 293: 226: 218: 175: 165: 4153: 3054:

both based on a survey in Hungary, found roughly the same thing.)

2836: 560:. Furthermore, such moral conclusions seem to be an argument for 6847: 2795:

Transition to Sustainability: Towards a Humane and Diverse World

359:

lives unsustainabily by depleting stocks of 'natural capital'."

214: 6851: 6032: 5478: 5180: 4157: 3264:"Does the shoe fit? Real versus imagined ecological footprints" 182:, and are being used unsustainably given current levels of use. 2939:

Ecological Footprint of the Findhorn Foundation and Community.

1992:"Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future" 520:

Directorate-General for the Environment (European Commission)

383:

Ecological footprint for different nations compared to their

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Crist, Eileen; Mora, Camilo; Engelman, Robert (2017-04-21).

1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1209:

Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth

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Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth

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Ecological footprint : managing our biocapacity budget

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Wackernagel, Mathis; Beyers, Bert; Rout, Katharina (2019).

1106:

Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development

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Ecological footprint : managing our biocapacity budget

4132:, a biannual calculation of national and global footprints 3877:"Data Accuracy in Ecological Footprint's Carbon Footprint" 3703:

This page also links to a 50 page guidebook to criticisms.

1750: 1662:. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK) 904: 3945:"Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy" 2609: 2607: 2299:

Donald, P. F.; Green, R. E.; Heath, M. F. (2001-01-07).

1618:

Exploring the Ecological Footprint of Tourism in Ontario

1446:"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" 5043:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

3315:"The Shoe Fits, but the Footprint is Larger than Earth" 1896:. Federal Office for the Environment. 2018. p. 87. 1584:

Environmental Economics and Natural Resource Management

1195:: Footprint, New York Times Magazine, February 17, 2008 4138:, a quarterly calculation of city footprints in Canada 4005:

Chambers, N., Simmons, C. and Wackernagel, M. (2000),

3699:

Global Footprint Network - Limitations and Criticism.

3649:

United Arab Emirates – Al Basama Al Beeiya Initiative

137:

show the inequalities of resource use on this planet.

7567: 1571:. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, BC Office. 3777:

Lenzen, M., C. Borgstrom Hansson and S. Bond (2006)

1776:

Ecological Footprint Initiative at York University.

7417: 7350: 7299: 7193: 7137: 7036: 6885: 6685: 6473: 6136: 6066: 5822: 5602: 5512: 5411: 5310: 5214: 5032: 4969: 4741: 4668: 4577: 4529: 4501: 4458: 4412: 4379: 4252: 4209: 1317: 1315: 3689:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/natres/studies.htm 3251:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/natres/studies.htm 1324:"Ecological economics for humanity's plague phase" 1203: 1201: 205:. Such applications translate the consumption of 3651:http://www.agedi.ae/ecofootprintuae/default.aspx 27:Individual's or a group's human demand on nature 4068:Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy 3797:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1211:. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. 300:1.0 gha. In its Living Planet Report 2022, the 88:, neighborhoods, cities, regions, and nations. 5067:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 4062:Ohl, B.; Wolf, S.; & Anderson, W. (2008). 3105:J.C.J.M. van den Bergh; H. Verbruggen (1999). 2079:World Wildlife Fund, Global Planet Report 2022 1587:(5 ed.). London: Routledge. p. 279. 438:The UK's average ecological footprint is 5.45 288:footprint per person was 7.5 gha, and that of 6863: 6044: 5490: 5192: 4169: 2792:Adams, W. M. & Jeanrenaud, S. J. (2008). 2781:. 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The 310: 7574: 1894:Environmental Footprints of Switzerland 758: 6552:Effects of climate change on livestock 4676:Corporate environmental responsibility 2675:"The Human Nature of Unsustainability" 2622:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 270–282, 2430:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 270–282, 1954: 1015: 955: 953: 237:(gha) needed to provide these inputs. 7630:Environmental social science concepts 7359:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral 2728: 2726: 2700: 2698: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2105: 2103: 1924: 1922: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1563: 1561: 1559: 878:"Ecological Footprint Standards 2009" 319:According to the 2018 edition of the 7: 6806: 6662:Tropical cyclones and climate change 5049:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 4143:US Environmental Footprint Factsheet 3875:Jóhannesson, Sigurður (April 2020). 3715:"The environmental impact of cities" 3313:Rees, W.E.; Wackernagel, M. 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Washington D.C.:Island Press. 2882:, Global Footprint Network. 2008 774:"Ecological Footprint: Overview" 619: 605: 7615:Human impact on the environment 6627:Land surface effects on climate 6084:Environmental impact assessment 6060:Human impact on the environment 5762:Science, technology and society 5257:Environmental management system 5252:Environmental impact assessment 4681:Corporate social responsibility 4610:Ocean thermal energy conversion 4549:Community-supported agriculture 4234:Human impact on the environment 1933:. 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Global Footprint Network 495: 390: 7635:Environmental terminology 7129:Twelve Tribes communities 6800: 6735:Environmental engineering 6582:Environmental degradation 6359:fishing down the food web 5973: 5591: 5121: 4544:Climate-smart agriculture 4191: 2869:Living Planet Report 2008 2660:data.footprintnetwork.org 2383:10.1038/s41559-019-0824-3 2009:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419 1835:data.footprintnetwork.org 1687:"Footprint Data Platform" 1322:Rees, William E. 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(1994). 242:Global Footprint Network 113:Rees published the book 55:Global Footprint Network 7119:Testimony of simplicity 7037:Religious and spiritual 6998:Subsistence agriculture 6993:Slow movement (culture) 6787:Sustainable consumption 6128:Social ecology (ethics) 5565:Environmental sociology 5540:Environmental economics 5520:Ecological anthropology 5454:Sustainable development 5444:Environmental economics 5383:Precautionary principle 5378:Polluter pays principle 5323:Cradle-to-cradle design 4559:Sustainable agriculture 4047:10.1525/bio.2010.60.8.4 2683:. Post Carbon Institute 2616:"Ecological Footprint☆" 2464:Cafaro, Philip (2010). 2424:"Ecological Footprint☆" 2185:10.1126/science.aal2011 1183:Communities, Vancouver. 936:footprint.info.yorku.ca 419:Human Development Index 385:Human Development Index 7450:Appropriate technology 7008:Sustainable sanitation 6953:Low-impact development 6730:Ecological engineering 6510:runaway climate change 5555:Environmental politics 5424:Design for environment 5292:Material flow analysis 5102:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 4971:Sustainable management 4956:Urban drainage systems 4696:Environmental planning 4660:Water recycling shower 4650:Tidal stream generator 4445:Sustainable industries 4404:Sustainable population 4389:Demographic transition 4371:Tragedy of the commons 4136:Green Score City Index 3970:10.1073/pnas.142033699 3809:10.1098/rstb.2004.1584 2957:Leeds. 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Best Foot Forward. 1716:Ecological Indicators 1462:10.1093/biosci/bix125 1260:Nature Communications 697:Life cycle assessment 507:Reviews and critiques 491: 470:intentional community 452:development in South 382: 364: 343: 314: 296:3.6 gha, and that of 292:was 3.7 gha, that of 169: 40:ecological accounting 18:Ecological footprints 7625:Ecological economics 7490:Front Porch Republic 7480:Ecological footprint 7300:Modern-day adherents 6715:Community resilience 6515:in the United States 6483:Biodiversity threats 6156:cannabis cultivation 6123:Planetary boundaries 6089:Environmental issues 6079:Ecological footprint 5742:Integrated geography 5620:Behavioral geography 5525:Ecological economics 5434:Ecological economics 5373:Industrial symbiosis 5353:Efficient energy use 5302:Stakeholder analysis 5242:Ecological footprint 4961:Urban infrastructure 4655:Water heat recycling 4478:Conservation biology 4322:Steady-state economy 4297:Micro-sustainability 4282:Ecological footprint 4239:Planetary boundaries 4009:. Earthscan, London 3842:Ecological Economics 3217:Ecological Economics 3114:Ecological Economics 2656:"Open Data Platform" 2482:10.5840/eip201011118 2470:Essays in Philosophy 2259:10.1029/2017rg000591 2094:footprintnetwork.org 2060:Scotland's Footprint 1808:footprintnetwork.org 1567:Rees, W. E. (2014). 1328:Ecological Economics 965:footprintnetwork.org 778:footprintnetwork.org 740:The Limits to Growth 662:Ecological economics 589:Living Planet Report 450:mixed-income housing 375:Footprint by country 32:ecological footprint 7605:Economic indicators 7557:Work–life interface 7440:Anarcho-primitivism 7281:Henry David Thoreau 7165:Open Source Ecology 6777:Restoration ecology 6710:Climate engineering 6647:Ocean acidification 6637:Loss of green belts 6607:Holocene extinction 6602:Habitat destruction 6277:Environmental crime 6013:Research institutes 5535:Environmental crime 5343:Eco-industrial park 5062:Earth Summit (1992) 4716:Metrics and indices 4569:Sustainable fishery 4488:Holocene extinction 4307:Product stewardship 4277:Earth Overshoot Day 4080:2008SSPP....4....5O 3961:2002PNAS...99.9266W 3893:2020EcInd.11105983J 3854:2001EcoEc..37..229L 3731:2006EnUrb..18..275N 3530:2015EcInd..58..458V 3485:2014EcInd..46..260G 3438:2014EcInd..46..622G 3229:2008EcoEc..67..519F 3178:2014JInEc..18...10V 3126:1999EcoEc..29...61V 3080:2013EnPol..63..972T 2900:UNEP Grid Arendal. 2521:2021PLoSO..1650167F 2375:2019NatEE...3..628M 2250:2018RvGeo..56..456D 2177:2017Sci...356..260C 2128:2010SSPP....6...13R 1728:2013EcInd..24..518B 1524:2010SSPP....6...13R 1395:2021PLoSO..1650167F 1340:2020EcoEc.16906519R 1272:2020NatCo..11.3107W 1160:1992EnUrb...4..121R 1118:2023ESPSD..65e...5R 729:Simon–Ehrlich wager 707:Netherlands fallacy 667:Ecosystem valuation 656:Earth Overshoot Day 466:Findhorn Ecovillage 347:Earth Overshoot Day 203:life-cycle analysis 7610:Waste minimisation 7515:Intentional living 7401:Small Is Beautiful 7276:George Skene Keith 7124:Tolstoyan movement 7023:War tax resistance 7003:Sustainable living 6792:Waste minimization 6750:Mitigation banking 6745:Industrial ecology 6705:Cleaner production 6657:Resource depletion 6193:Corporate behavior 6151:animal agriculture 5983:Environment portal 5737:Industrial ecology 5419:Cleaner production 5403:Waste valorization 5398:Waste minimisation 5267:Input–output model 5208:Industrial ecology 4521:Sustainable energy 4483:Endangered species 4440:Sustainable design 4354:Consumer behaviour 4114:has a profile for 4024:2019-09-05 at the 3675:2011-04-09 at the 3656:2010-05-28 at the 3186:10.1111/jiec.12045 3151:2010-06-27 at the 3014:on 19 October 2019 2928:, August 11, 2008. 2919:2009-01-23 at the 2779:American Scientist 2763:2016-10-18 at the 818:10.3390/su11072164 687:Happy Planet Index 613:Environment portal 558:economies of scale 494: 423:standard of living 411:Western Australian 404:ecosystem services 389: 317: 184: 98:Mathis Wackernagel 82:goods and services 7565: 7564: 7525:Rainbow Gathering 7394:The Power of Half 7387:Mother Earth News 7206:Ernest Callenbach 7138:Secular movements 6845: 6844: 6667:Water degradation 6542:Ecological crisis 6488:biodiversity loss 6287:Industrialisation 6272:Genetic pollution 6118:Impact assessment 6026: 6025: 5865:Green criminology 5625:Community studies 5580:Political ecology 5472: 5471: 5328:Dematerialization 5222:Agent-based model 5174: 5173: 5100:Earth Summit 2002 5083:Lisbon Principles 5055:Our Common Future 4733:Sustainable yield 4539:Civic agriculture 4292:Green consumption 4229:Global governance 4120: 3803:(1454): 289–295. 2865:on 27 March 2009. 2808:978-2-8317-1072-3 2637:978-0-444-64130-4 2445:978-0-444-64130-4 2171:(6335): 260–264. 1940:978-1-55092-704-7 1456:(12): 1026–1028. 1001:978-1-55092-704-7 930:York University. 734:Social metabolism 713:Our Common Future 651:Dependency theory 646:Carrying capacity 427:population growth 223:building material 172:natural resources 84:, organizations, 16:(Redirected from 7642: 7582: 7581: 7573: 7465:Critique of work 7445:Anti-consumerism 7312:Robin Greenfield 7271:E. 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hierarchy 5306: 5210: 5205: 5175: 5170: 5117: 5042: 5034: 5033:Agreements and 5028: 4965: 4769:Climate finance 4737: 4664: 4620:Reclaimed water 4573: 4525: 4497: 4454: 4408: 4394:Family planning 4375: 4248: 4205: 4187: 4182: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4061: 4031: 4026:Wayback Machine 3955:(14): 9266–71. 3942: 3922: 3920:Further reading 3917: 3916: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3760: 3756: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3677:Wayback Machine 3667: 3663: 3658:Wayback Machine 3648: 3644: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3596:Umweltbundesamt 3591: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3153:Wayback Machine 3145: 3141: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2977: 2975: 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4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4262:Anthropization 4258: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4185:Sustainability 4183: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4110: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098:External links 4096: 4095: 4094: 4059: 4041:(8): 576–589. 4029: 4003: 3993: 3940: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3867: 3848:(2): 229–255. 3832: 3783: 3770: 3754: 3725:(2): 275–295. 3705: 3692: 3680: 3661: 3642: 3639:on 2011-07-21. 3620: 3608: 3605:on 2011-06-10. 3580: 3568: 3555: 3543: 3508: 3498: 3459: 3416: 3407: 3356: 3305: 3254: 3242: 3223:(4): 519–525. 3207: 3156: 3139: 3097: 3058: 3028: 2988: 2959: 2951:Radical Routes 2943: 2930: 2906: 2893: 2846: 2828: 2807: 2784: 2769: 2750: 2722: 2694: 2680:postcarbon.org 2665: 2642: 2636: 2603: 2562: 2495: 2456: 2444: 2414: 2369:(4): 628–637. 2348: 2291: 2244:(3): 456–531. 2223: 2214: 2151: 2099: 2081: 2072: 2048: 2023: 1981: 1968: 1939: 1918: 1899: 1885: 1847: 1821: 1790: 1768: 1741: 1702: 1673: 1643: 1607: 1593: 1573: 1555: 1498: 1496:70 (8): 8 –12. 1485: 1436: 1369: 1311: 1246: 1221: 1197: 1185: 1175: 1154:(2): 121–130. 1131: 1093: 1051: 1029: 1000: 977: 949: 922: 909:www.fodafo.org 895: 868: 841:(2): 621–649. 824: 805:Sustainability 791: 757: 756: 754: 751: 749: 748: 743: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 653: 648: 643: 638: 632: 631: 630: 627:Ecology portal 616: 600: 597: 508: 505: 485: 482: 435: 432: 421:(a measure of 391:Main article: 376: 373: 269: 266: 163: 160: 154: 93: 90: 74:sustainability 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7647: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7620:Human ecology 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7571: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7500:The good life 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7373:The Good Life 7370: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7332:Peace Pilgrim 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7317:Ted Kaczynski 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7266:Dugald Semple 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7256:Peace Pilgrim 7254: 7252: 7251:Scott Nearing 7249: 7247: 7246:Helen Nearing 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7226:Richard Gregg 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7201:Wendell Berry 7199: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7155:Environmental 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7018:Vegetarianism 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6879:Simple living 6873: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6814: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6765:Reforestation 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:Cultured meat 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6700:Birth control 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6522:Deforestation 6520: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6297:Manufacturing 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6245:nuclear power 6243: 6241: 6240:fracking (US) 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5964: 5963:environmental 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5928:environmental 5926: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898:environmental 5896: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5873:environmental 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5858:environmental 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5845:Ecopsychology 5843: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829:Architecture 5828: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5643:environmental 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5615:Anthrozoology 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570:Human ecology 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5488: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5459:Urban ecology 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5089:Earth Charter 5087: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4979:Environmental 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4911:Refurbishment 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4901:Organizations 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4814:Green economy 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4799:Eco-socialism 4797: 4795: 4794:Eco-investing 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4779:Disinvestment 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4600:Marine energy 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4554:Cultured meat 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4312:Simple living 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4113: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4015:1-85383-739-3 4012: 4008: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3938:1-55963-316-6 3935: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068:Energy Policy 3062: 3059: 3055: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2925:Sunday Herald 2922: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2818:on 2022-04-08 2814: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2457: 2447: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2269:11577/3286061 2265: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2068:0-9546042-0-2 2065: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1822: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1779: 1772: 1769: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1644: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1611: 1608: 1596: 1594:9780815359036 1590: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1250: 1247: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217:0-86571-312-X 1214: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1083:on 2011-07-17 1079: 1075: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1025: 1019: 1011: 1007: 1003: 997: 993: 992: 984: 982: 978: 966: 962: 956: 954: 950: 937: 933: 926: 923: 910: 906: 899: 896: 883: 879: 872: 869: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 828: 825: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 795: 792: 779: 775: 769: 767: 765: 763: 759: 752: 747: 744: 742: 741: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 714: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 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7064:Distributism 6978:Sattvic diet 6968:Permaculture 6963:Off-the-grid 6938:Gift economy 6908:Downshifting 6898:Cord-cutting 6458:urban sprawl 6453:Urbanization 6401:Particulates 6386:Overdrafting 6101:Human impact 6078: 6074:Anthropocene 5883:occupational 5878:epidemiology 5849:Engineering 5747:Permaculture 5710:Ethnobiology 5241: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5130: 5054: 4819:Construction 4742:Applications 4460:Biodiversity 4281: 4219:Anthropocene 4141: 4116: 4071: 4067: 4038: 4034: 4006: 3996: 3952: 3948: 3929: 3926: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3773: 3757: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3695: 3683: 3664: 3645: 3637:the original 3632: 3623: 3611: 3600:the original 3595: 3583: 3571: 3558: 3546: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3501: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3373: 3370:PLOS Biology 3369: 3359: 3322: 3319:PLOS Biology 3318: 3308: 3271: 3268:PLOS Biology 3267: 3257: 3245: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3172:(1): 10–19. 3169: 3165: 3159: 3142: 3120:(1): 61–72. 3117: 3113: 3100: 3091: 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